1
|
Koppolu B, Zaharoff DA. The effect of antigen encapsulation in chitosan particles on uptake, activation and presentation by antigen presenting cells. Biomaterials 2012; 34:2359-69. [PMID: 23274070 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Particle-based vaccine delivery systems are under exploration to enhance antigen-specific immunity against safe but poorly immunogenic polypeptide antigens. Chitosan is a promising biomaterial for antigen encapsulation and delivery due to its ability to form nano- and microparticles in mild aqueous conditions thus preserving the antigenicity of loaded polypeptides. In this study, the influence of chitosan encapsulation on antigen uptake, activation and presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is explored. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA) were used as model protein antigens and encapsulated in chitosan particles via precipitation-coacervation at loading efficiencies >89%. Formulation conditions were manipulated to create antigen-encapsulated chitosan particles (AgCPs) with discrete nominal sizes (300 nm, 1 μm, and 3 μm). Uptake of AgCPs by dendritic cells and macrophages was found to be dependent on particle size, antigen concentration and exposure time. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that uptake of AgCPs enhanced upregulation of surface activation markers on APCs and increased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Lastly, antigen-specific T cells exhibited higher proliferative responses when stimulated with APCs activated with AgCPs versus soluble antigen. These data suggest that encapsulation of antigens in chitosan particles enhances uptake, activation and presentation by APCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhanuprasanth Koppolu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 4188-B Bell Engineering Center, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Immune response of heifers against a Staphylococcus aureus CP5 whole cell vaccine formulated with ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant. J DAIRY RES 2012; 80:72-80. [PMID: 23171590 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029912000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The shortcomings of Staphylococcus aureus vaccines to control bovine mastitis have been attributed to insufficient capacity of the vaccines to induce opsonizing antibodies and to stimulate cellular immune responses. Types of antigen, administration route and adjuvant used in a vaccine formulation have been identified as critical factors for the development of opsonic antibodies. Current commercially available vaccines for Staph. aureus bovine mastitis control are formulated with Al(OH)3 and oil-based adjuvants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune response of heifers immunized with a Staph. aureus CP5 whole cell vaccine formulated either with Al(OH)3 or ISCOMATRIX™. Twenty primigravid Holstein dairy heifers in the last trimester of gestation were immunized either with a vaccine formulated with ISCOMATRIX™ (n = 6), Al(OH)3 (n = 7), or saline solution (placebo) (n = 7). Immunization was carried out 38 and 10 d before calving. Heifers vaccinated with Staph. aureus adjuvanted with ISCOMATRIX™ responded with significantly higher levels of anti-bacterin and anti-CP5 IgG and IgG2 in sera than animals in the Al(OH)3 or control groups. Animals in the ISCOMATRIX™ group responded with significantly higher anti-bacterin specific IgG in whey than animals in the Al(OH)3 and control groups, detected from the first week post calving until 60 d of lactation. Sera from animals inoculated with Staph. aureus in ISCOMATRIX™, obtained 7 d post partum, significantly increased both the number of neutrophils ingesting bacteria and the number of bacteria being ingested by the neutrophils, compared with sera obtained from heifers vaccinated with Al(OH)3 or non-vaccinated controls. These features coupled to safety of the ISCOMATRIX™ formulation, warrant additional studies.
Collapse
|
3
|
Miller LA, Gionfriddo JP, Fagerstone KA, Rhyan JC, Killian GJ. The single-shot GnRH immunocontraceptive vaccine (GonaCon) in white-tailed deer: comparison of several GnRH preparations. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008; 60:214-23. [PMID: 18782282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2008.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM An effective, single-injection, multi-year, GnRH contraceptive agent is needed to control reproduction in overabundant white-tailed deer populations. METHOD OF STUDY Two GnRH conjugates, GonaCon (GnRH-KLH) and GonaCon-B (GnRH-blue protein), were prepared in emulsion form as one-injection and two-injection immunocontraceptive vaccine formulations. In addition, the GnRH-KLH protein conjugate was lyophilized and suspended in AdjuVac adjuvant to produce a fifth vaccine formulation. Each formulation was administered to a group of five captive adult female white-tailed deer. Reproductive performance of treated female deer was monitored for 5 years to determine the comparative efficacy of the various treatments. RESULTS The longevity of the contraceptive response (2-5 years) was strongly influenced by the design of the conjugate antigen, the adjuvant used, and the delivery form of the vaccine. CONCLUSION One-injection and two-injection formulations of GonaCon and GonaCon-B produced multi-year contraception in adult female white-tailed deer. GonaCon-B provided a longer lasting contraceptive effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lowell A Miller
- USDA/Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, CO 80521, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Snoeck V, Verfaillie T, Verdonck F, Goddeeris BM, Cox E. The jejunal Peyer's patches are the major inductive sites of the F4-specific immune response following intestinal immunisation of pigs with F4 (K88) fimbriae. Vaccine 2006; 24:3812-20. [PMID: 16099554 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A recently developed oral immunisation model in pigs in which F4 (K88) fimbriae of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli are administered to induce a protective intestinal immunity, was used to determine the optimal inductive sites of the F4-specific intestinal immune response. Hereto, pigs were immunised with F4 orally, in the lumen of the mid-jejunum, ileum or mid-colon. Throughout the small intestine, the highest number of ASC was found following jejunal immunisation, followed by ileal, oral and colonic immunisation. To determine the signifance of Peyer's patches in the induced immune response, F4 was injected into the jejunal Peyer's patches (JPP), lamina propria (LP) and ileal Peyer's patches (IPP). Immunisation in the JPP induced the highest number ASC in the small intestine, whereas immunisation in the LP and IPP resulted in lower intestinal antibody responses. In conclusion, we have shown that the JPP are the major inductive sites of the F4-specific intestinal antibody response. This knowledge could be important when using the pig as an animal model for vaccination studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Snoeck
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hogan JS, Cannon VB, Smith KL, Rinehart C, Miller S. Effects of adjuvants on safety and efficacy of an Escherichia coli J5 bacterin. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:534-42. [PMID: 15653518 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of using a water-soluble adjuvant or an emulsified oil-based adjuvant on the safety, antibody titer, and clinical responses of an Escherichia coli J5 bacterin were tested in an experimental infection trial. Fifty-one cows were assigned to 17 blocks of 3. Two cows within each block of 3 were vaccinated with a commercially prepared E. coli J5 bacterin containing either a water-soluble adjuvant or the same bacterin preparation emulsified in oil. One cow in each block was an unvaccinated control. Cows were immunized at drying off and 42 d later. The right or left front mammary quarter of each experimental cow was challenged by intramammary infusion of E. coli 727 between 14 and 35 DIM. Areas of inflammation at the primary injection site were greater 1, 2, and 3 d following primary vaccination for bacterin containing oil-in-water adjuvant compared with bacterin containing water-soluble adjuvant. Whey anti-E. coli J5 IgG titers were higher at calving for cows vaccinated with bacterin containing oil-in-water adjuvant than for cows either vaccinated with bacterin containing water-soluble adjuvant or unvaccinated controls. Serum x-E. coli J5 IgG titers were higher at calving for vaccinated cows than for unvaccinated controls. Peak bacterial counts in milk from challenged quarters were greater for unvaccinated controls than for cows vaccinated with bacterin containing water-in-oil adjuvant. Bacterial counts in milk from challenged quarters and clinical score both were greater in unvaccinated controls than cows vaccinated with bacterin containing water-in-oil adjuvant between 12 and 24 h postchallenge. Clinical responses were similar between unvaccinated controls and cows vaccinated with bacterin containing water-soluble adjuvant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Hogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster 44691, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rodrigues Júnior JM, Lima KDM, Castelo AAMC, Martins VLDB, Santos SAD, Faccioli LH, Silva CL. É possível uma vacina gênica auxiliar no controle da tuberculose? J Bras Pneumol 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132004000400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacinas de DNA, ainda em fase de experimentação e testes clínicos, podem se tornar uma importante ferramenta de combate a doenças infecciosas para as quais, até hoje, não existe prevenção segura e eficaz, como a tuberculose. Nos últimos anos vários estudos têm sido dedicados ao desenvolvimento de vacinas de DNA que codificam proteínas de micobactérias, entre as quais destacam-se as que codificam o antígeno 85 (Ag 85) e a proteína de choque térmico de 65 kDa (hsp65). Estes dois antígenos foram os mais estudados apresentando resultados bastante satisfatórios em ensaios pré-clínicos e com grande volume de dados registrados na literatura. Além de proteger contra infecção experimental por Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulenta, a vacina DNA-hsp65 também apresenta atividade terapêutica, ou seja, é capaz de curar os animais previamente infectados, inclusive aqueles com bacilos resistentes a múltiplas drogas. Esta vacina, hoje em avaliação clínica no Brasil também para o tratamento de câncer, é capaz de induzir a produção de citocinas de padrão Th1 tal como IFN- interferon-gama, associadas ao controle da doença. Além disso, a vacina de DNA-hsp65 é capaz de estimular clones de células CD8 citotóxicos e CD4 que podem ser caracterizados como células de memória sendo responsáveis por conferir imunidade duradoura contra a infecção. Quando utilizada na terapia da infecção, a vacina de DNA-hsp65 faz com que haja uma mudança no padrão de resposta imune, induzindo a secreção de citocinas de padrão Th1 criando um ambiente favorável à erradicação do bacilo. Os resultados demonstram ainda que a via de administração e a formulação na qual a vacina é administrada exerce fundamental influência no padrão e duração da resposta imune desencadeada. O conjunto de resultados hoje disponíveis mostra que uma vacina de DNA contra a tuberculose contribuirá de maneira significativa no controle desta doença.
Collapse
|
7
|
Morein B, Hu KF, Abusugra I. Current status and potential application of ISCOMs in veterinary medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004; 56:1367-82. [PMID: 15191787 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2003] [Accepted: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immune stimulating complex (ISCOM) is a 40 nm nanoparticle used as a delivery system for vaccine antigens, targeting the immune system both after parenteral and mucosal administration. The ISCOM is made up of saponin, lipids and antigen usually held together by hydrophobic interaction between these three components. The compulsory elements to form the ISCOM structure are cholesterol and saponin. When the antigen is omitted the ISCOM-MATRIX is formed. There are a number of saponins that can form ISCOMs, and many other substances (including antigens, targeting and immuno-modulating molecules) can be incorporated into the ISCOM provided they are hydrophobic or rendered to be hydrophobic. Thus, it is possible to create ISCOM particles with different properties. After parenteral immunisation of the ISCOM, the T cell response is first detected in the draining lymph node. Subsequently, the T cell response is localised to the spleen, while the B cell response is first found both in the draining lymph nodes and in the spleen. Up to 50 days later, the majority of the antibody producing cells is found in the bone marrow (BM). In contrast, antigens that have been adjuvanted in an oil emulsion, limit the T cell response to the draining lymph nodes while the B cell response is found in the draining lymph nodes and spleen, but not in the BM. The ISCOM efficiently evokes CD8+, MHC class 1 restricted T cell response. The deposit of antigens both to the endosomal vesicles and to the cytosol of antigen presenting cells (APCs) explains why both T helper cells (vesicles) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (cytosol) are efficiently induced by ISCOMs. The T helper (Th) cell response is balanced in the sense that both Th1 and Th2 cells are induced. Prominent IL-12 production by cells in the innate system is a characteristic reaction induced by ISCOMs, promoting the development of a strong Th1 response. After mucosal administration by the intranasal or the intestinal routes, the ISCOM induces strong specific mucosal IgA responses in local and remote mucosal surfaces. Also T cell responses are evoked by the mucosal administration. A large number of experimental ISCOM vaccines have been tested and protection has been induced against a number of pathogens in various species including chronic and persistent infections exemplified by human immune deficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), and 2 (HIV-2) and simian immune deficiency virus (SIV) in primates, and various herpes virus infections in several species. In contrast to a conventional rabies virus vaccine the ISCOM rabies formulation protected mice after exposure to the virulent virus. Recently, experimental ISCOM vaccines were shown to efficiently induce immune response in newborns of murine and bovine species in the presence of maternal antibodies, while conventional vaccines have failed. ISCOM vaccines are on the market for horses and cattle and several other ISCOM vaccines are under development. Since the ISCOM and the ISCOM-MATRIX can be blended with live attenuated vaccine antigens without hampering the proliferation of the live vaccine antigens, it opens the possibility to use the ISCOM adjuvant system in a mixture of live and killed vaccine antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bror Morein
- ISCONOVA AB, Uppsala Science Park, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 54 A, 75183 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
DesCôteaux L, Cécyre D, Elsener J, Beauchamp G. Comparison of humoral immune responses in dairy heifers vaccinated with 3 different commercial vaccines against bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus-1. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2003; 44:816-21. [PMID: 14601677 PMCID: PMC340297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
A randomized clinical trial was conducted to compare the humoral immune response to 3 different commercial vaccines in dairy heifers housed in 3 different dairy farms in Quebec. All heifers were seronegative to type 1 bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) (Singer strain), type 2 BVDV (NVSL 125c strain), and bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) at the beginning of the trial. In addition, control heifers in group 1 remained seronegative to the 2 viruses till the end of the trial. Significant differences in humoral immune responses occurred among the 3 commercial vaccines at 4 weeks and 6 months following vaccination. The vaccine in group 2 elicited higher mean antibody titers and seroconversion rates to both type 1 and type 2 BVDV than that in groups 3 or 4. Vaccines in groups 2 and 3 induced higher mean antibody titers to BHV-1 than did the vaccine in group 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc DesCôteaux
- Départment de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 7C6
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Grove S, Høie S, Evensen Ø. Distribution and retention of antigens of Aeromonas salmonicida in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) vaccinated with a DeltaaroA mutant or formalin-inactivated bacteria in oil-adjuvant. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 15:349-358. [PMID: 12969656 DOI: 10.1016/s1050-4648(02)00184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study we report the differences in distribution and retention of Aeromonas salmonicida antigens after vaccination with two different vaccines. Parr of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were given intraperitoneal injections of either a commercial, monovalent furunculosis vaccine (Apoject) or live, attenuated A. salmonicida (DeltaaroA). Fish were sampled at weeks 2, 4 and 12 post-vaccination and head kidney and spleen were collected. Presence of LPS and 16S rDNA in isolated leukocytes were investigated by immunocytochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).16S rDNA was detected in head kidney and spleen of all DeltaaroA vaccinated and most Apoject-vaccinated fish at weeks 2 and 4. At week 12, 16S rDNA was detected in none of the DeltaaroA vaccinated fish, but it was detected in head kidney of 75% of Apoject-vaccinated fish. LPS was detected in both vaccination groups at all sampling times, but most frequently in the DeltaaroA vaccinated fish (in head kidney 75-83% vs. 50%, in spleen 58-67% vs. 17-25%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Grove
- Department of Fish Health, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 Dep., N-0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Purcell AW, Zeng W, Mifsud NA, Ely LK, Macdonald WA, Jackson DC. Dissecting the role of peptides in the immune response: theory, practice and the application to vaccine design. J Pept Sci 2003; 9:255-81. [PMID: 12803494 DOI: 10.1002/psc.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Analytical biochemistry and synthetic peptide based chemistry have helped to reveal the pivotal role that peptides play in determining the specificity, magnitude and quality of both humoral (antibody) and cellular (cytotoxic and helper T cell) immune responses. In addition, peptide based technologies are now at the forefront of vaccine design and medical diagnostics. The chemical technologies used to assemble peptides into immunogenic structures have made great strides over the past decade and assembly of highly pure peptides which can be incorporated into high molecular weight species, multimeric and even branched structures together with non-peptidic material is now routine. These structures have a wide range of applications in designer vaccines and diagnostic reagents. Thus the tools of the peptide chemist are exquisitely placed to answer questions about immune recognition and along the way to provide us with new and improved vaccines and diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants are chemicals, microbial components, or mammalian proteins that enhance the immune response to vaccine antigens. Interest in reducing vaccine-related adverse effects and inducing specific types of immunity has led to the development of numerous new adjuvants. Adjuvants in development or in experimental and commercial vaccines include aluminum salts (alum), oil emulsions, saponins, immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), liposomes, microparticles, nonionic block copolymers, derivatized polysaccharides, cytokines, and a wide variety of bacterial derivatives. The mechanisms of action of these diverse compounds vary, as does their induction of cell-mediated and antibody responses. Factors influencing the selection of an adjuvant include animal species, specific pathogen, vaccine antigen, route of immunization, and type of immunity needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Spickler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lima KM, Santos SA, Lima VMF, Coelho-Castelo AAM, Rodrigues JM, Silva CL. Single dose of a vaccine based on DNA encoding mycobacterial hsp65 protein plus TDM-loaded PLGA microspheres protects mice against a virulent strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Gene Ther 2003; 10:678-85. [PMID: 12692596 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The high incidence of tuberculosis around the world and the inability of BCG to protect certain populations clearly indicate that an improved vaccine against tuberculosis is needed. A single antigen, the mycobacterial heat shock protein hsp65, is sufficient to protect BALB/c mice against challenge infection when administered as DNA vaccine in a three-dose-based schedule. In order to simplify the vaccination schedule, we coencapsulated hsp65-DNA and trehalose dimicolate (TDM) into biodegradable poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres. BALB/c mice immunized with a single dose of DNA-hsp65/TDM-loaded microspheres produced high levels of IgG2a subtype antibody and high amounts of IFN-gamma in the supernatant of spleen cell cultures. DNA-hsp65/TDM-loaded microspheres were also able to induce high IFN-gamma production in bulk lung cells from challenged mice and confer protection as effective as that attained after three doses of naked DNA administration. This new formulation also allowed a ten-fold reduction in the DNA dose when compared to naked DNA. Thus, this combination of DNA vaccine and adjuvants with immunomodulatory and carrier properties holds the potential for an improved vaccine against tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Deliyannis G, Jackson DC, Ede NJ, Zeng W, Hourdakis I, Sakabetis E, Brown LE. Induction of long-term memory CD8(+) T cells for recall of viral clearing responses against influenza virus. J Virol 2002; 76:4212-21. [PMID: 11932386 PMCID: PMC155065 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.9.4212-4221.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of cytotoxic T-cell-mediated virus-clearing responses by influenza virus T cell determinant-containing peptide immunogens was examined. The most potent synthetic immunogens for eliciting pulmonary viral-clearing responses contained peptides representing determinants for CD4 and CD8 T cells (TH and CTL peptides, respectively) together with two or four palmitic acid (Pal) groups. Inoculated in adjuvant, these Pal2- or Pal4-CTL-TH lipopeptides and the nonlipidated CTL peptide induced equivalent levels of cytolytic activity in the primary effector phase of the response. The ability to recall lytic responses, however, diminished much more rapidly in CTL peptide-primed than in lipopeptide-primed mice. By 15 months postpriming, the recalled lytic activity in lipopeptide-inoculated mice remained potent, but the response induced by the CTL peptide was weak. Enumeration of specific gamma interferon-secreting CD8 T cells revealed that a greater number of these T cells had entered or remained in the memory pool in lipopeptide-primed mice, arguing for a quantitative rather than qualitative enhancement of the response on recall. Addition of either the lipid or the TH peptide to the CTL peptide was not sufficient to provide these long-lived antiviral responses, but inclusion of both components augmented the response. CD4 T cells elicited by the lipopeptides did not influence the rate of viral clearance upon challenge and most likely had a role in induction or maintenance of the memory response. It therefore appears that the lipopeptide immunogens, although not significantly superior at inducing primary effector CD8 T cells, elicit a much more effective memory population, the recall of which may account for their superiority in inducing pulmonary protection after viral challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Deliyannis
- Cooperative Research Center for Vaccine Technology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kunisawa J, Nakagawa S, Mayumi T. Pharmacotherapy by intracellular delivery of drugs using fusogenic liposomes: application to vaccine development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 52:177-86. [PMID: 11718942 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We prepared fusogenic liposomes by fusing conventional liposomes with an ultra-violet inactivated Sendai virus. Fusogenic liposomes can deliver encapsulated contents into the cytoplasm directly in a Sendai virus fusion-dependent manner. Based on the high delivery rates into the cytoplasm, we originally planned to apply the fusogenic liposomes to cancer chemotherapy and gene therapy. We have recently also examined the use of fusogenic liposomes as an antigen delivery vehicle. In terms of vaccine development, cytoplasmic delivery is crucial for the induction of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses that play a pivotal role against infectious diseases and cancer. In this context, our recent studies suggested that fusogenic liposomes could deliver encapsulated antigens into the cytoplasm and induce MHC class I-restricted, antigen-specific CTL responses. In addition, fusogenic liposomes are also effective as a mucosal vaccine carrier. In this review, we present the feasibility of fusogenic liposomes as a versatile and effective antigen delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kunisawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Roth JA, Henderson LM. New technology for improved vaccine safety and efficacy. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2001; 17:585-97, vii. [PMID: 11692510 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all of the 2000 vaccines presently licensed by the US Department of Agriculture for veterinary use in the United States are conventional vaccines containing either killed or modified live whole bacteria or viruses. Recent advances in molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, and genetics and in understanding microbial pathogenesis have led to the development of a wide variety of new approaches for developing safer and more effective vaccines. This article briefly describes these new technologies and their potential advantages and disadvantages as compared with conventional killed and modified live vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Roth
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dijkstra JM, Fischer U, Sawamoto Y, Ototake M, Nakanishi T. Exogenous antigens and the stimulation of MHC class I restricted cell-mediated cytotoxicity: possible strategies for fish vaccines. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 11:437-458. [PMID: 11556476 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2001.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An MHC class I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity assay has recently been established for rainbow trout. MHC class I restricted cytotoxicity probably plays a critical role in immunity to most viral diseases in mammals and may play a similar role in fish. Therefore, it is very important to investigate what types of vaccines can stimulate this immune response. Although logical candidates for vaccine components that can stimulate an MHC class I restricted response are live attenuated viruses and DNA vaccines, these materials are generally not allowed in fish for commercial vaccine use due to potential safety issues. In mammals, however, a number of interesting vaccination strategies based on exogenous antigens that stimulate MHC class I restricted cytotoxicity have been described. Several of these strategies are discussed in this review in the context of fish vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Dijkstra
- Immunology Section, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Tamaki, Mie, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Lysine, an essential cationic amino acid, has a positively charged R group. The structure of lysine is given as (H(3)N(+)-)CH(-COO(-))-CH(2)-CH(2)-CH(2)-CH(2)-N(+)H(3).While the anabolic role(s) of the molecule has been in focus for quite a few decades now, its biological properties, e.g. role in cellular proliferation in vitro (both anchorage dependent and anchorage independent) and in vivo, its ability to induce strong inflammatory and immune responses - both humoral and cell mediated, its role in augmented healing of all types of wounds in animal models as well as in human subjects (both acute and chronic), as well as its role in inducing extensive angiogenic responses, have never received reasonable attention so far. In the current brief and indicative review (rather than exhaustive reviews of each area), we intend to bring these biological properties of the molecule to focus while discussing a few other interesting aspects - lysine as a food preservative as well as its possible role(s) in immune therapy. While the areas look extremely divergent, we propose a common denominator in the form of a possible molecular mechanism of action of the molecule in all these diverse situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Datta
- School of BioMedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Muir WI, Bryden WL, Husband AJ. Immunity, vaccination and the avian intestinal tract. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 24:325-342. [PMID: 10717296 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(99)00081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Defence of the intestinal mucosal surface from enteric pathogens is initially mediated by secretory IgA (SIgA). As oral immunization of non-replicating antigen induces minimal SIgA antibody titers, novel immunization strategies which selectively induce mucosal immune responses in mammals are now being assessed in chickens. The strategies reviewed include the route of antigen delivery, the incorporation of antigenic components in delivery vehicles, the inclusion of immunomodulators in the vaccine formula or in the diet, and manipulation of intestinal microflora. The differences in anatomical organization and immunological mechanisms between birds and mammals must be considered when manipulating avian intestinal immunity with the latest immunotechnologies developed for mammals. Our knowledge of the function and functioning of the avian mucosal system is discussed. Progress in our understanding of this system, the location of precursor IgA B cells and antigen sampling by these sites is not as advanced as knowledge of the mammalian system, highlighting the need for ongoing research into the avian application of novel vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W I Muir
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Andrianarivo AG, Choromanski L, McDonough SP, Packham AE, Conrad PA. Immunogenicity of a killed whole Neospora caninum tachyzoite preparation formulated with different adjuvants. Int J Parasitol 1999; 29:1613-25. [PMID: 10608448 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A killed whole Neospora caninum tachyzoite preparation was formulated with various adjuvants and tested for its immunogenicity in cattle. The adjuvants used were: Havlogen, a polymer of acrylic acid cross-linked with polyallylsucrose; Polygen, a non-particulate copolymer; a mixture of Havlogen and Bay R-1005, which is a preparation of free base synthetic glycolipids; and Montanide ISA 773, a water-in-oil emulsion made with a mixture of metabolisable and mineral oils. Immune responses in immunised cattle were compared with those of cattle experimentally infected with culture-derived N. caninum tachyzoites. The overall mean serum IFAT titres were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in experimentally infected cattle compared with all immunised cattle. Nonetheless, the maximum antibody titres of the immunised cattle, which were obtained following the third immunisation, were within the range of titres previously described for naturally infected cattle. The overall mean serum IFAT titres were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in cattle immunised with the killed tachyzoite preparation formulated with Polygen and with the mixture of Havlogen and Bay R-1005, compared with cattle immunised with the Havlogen- and Montanide-based preparations. Two of the four adjuvant preparations were able to induce cell-mediated immune responses similar to those of the experimentally infected cattle. The Havlogen-adjuvanted tachyzoite preparation elicited N. caninum-specific proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells statistically similar (P = 0.095) to that of the infected animals. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from animals immunised with the Polygen-adjuvanted tachyzoite preparation produced interferon-gamma concentrations of similar magnitude (P = 0.17) to those from the infected animals. Polygen was one of two adjuvants that elicited the highest antibody responses, and was the only adjuvant that induced interferon-gamma levels similar to those of the infected heifers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A G Andrianarivo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Morein B, Villacrés-Eriksson M, Ekström J, Hu K, Behboudi S, Lövgren-Bengtsson K. ISCOM: a delivery system for neonates and for mucosal administration. ADVANCES IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 1999; 41:405-13. [PMID: 9890031 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Morein
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|