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Chi K, Zou Y, Liu C, Dong Z, Liu Y, Guo N. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A induces DNA damage in hepatocytes and liver tissues. Toxicon 2022; 221:106980. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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2
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Mortazavi A, Mohammad Pour Kargar H, Beheshti F, Anaeigoudari A, Vaezi G, Hosseini M. The effects of carvacrol on oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver function indicators in a systemic inflammation model induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2021; 93:111-121. [PMID: 34024144 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of carvacrol (CAR) on oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver dysfunction induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was explored. The rats (n=40) were daily injected (2 weeks) by saline as control, LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p.), and 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg CAR (i.p.) before LPS. LPS increased aspartate transaminase (AST: 162±13 U/L), alanine aminotransferase (ALT: 74.6±2.15 U/L), alkaline phosphatase (ALK-P: 811±51 U/L), interlukine-1β (IL-1β: 1254±51 pg/g tissue), malondialdehyde (MDA: 32±1.09 nM/g tissue), and nitric oxide (NO: 224±13.5 nM/g tissue) (P<0.01-P<0.001) while, decreased total protein(4.08±0.38 g/dl), albumin(2.79±0.16 g/dl), thiol (5.16±0.19 μM/g tissue), superoxide dismutase (SOD: 10.57±0.13 U/g tissue), and catalase (CAT: 0.78±0.02 U/g tissue) compared to control (P<0.001). CAR reversed the effects of LPS (P<0.05-P<0.001). In the rats treated by 100 mg/kg CAR, the indicators were as follows: AST: 118±10.1 U/L, ALT: 42.5±4.13 U/L, ALK-P: 597±39.91 U/L, IL-1β: 494±15 pg/g tissue, and NO: 141±5.35 nM/g tissue. Both 50 and 100 mg/kg CAR corrected oxidative stress indicators and in the group treated by 100 mg/kg CAR, they were: MDA: 23.4±0.91 nM/g tissue, thiol: 7.98±0.18 μM/g tissue, SOD: 21±0.8 U/g tissue, and CAT: 1.12±0.02 U/g tissue(P<0.05-P<0.001). In conclusion, CAR improved liver function, accompanied with antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mortazavi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | | | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Akbar Anaeigoudari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Gholamhasan Vaezi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Cavaillon JM. Exotoxins and endotoxins: Inducers of inflammatory cytokines. Toxicon 2017; 149:45-53. [PMID: 29056305 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxins and exotoxins are among the most potent bacterial inducers of cytokines. During infectious processes, the production of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), gamma interferon (IFNγ) and chemokines orchestrates the anti-infectious innate immune response. However, an overzealous production, leading up to a cytokine storm, can be deleterious and contributes to mortality consecutive to sepsis or toxic shock syndrome. Endotoxins of Gram-negative bacteria (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) are particularly inflammatory because they generate auto-amplificatory loops after activation of monocytes/macrophages. LPS and numerous pore-forming exotoxins also activate the inflammasome, the molecular platform that allows the release of mature IL-1β and IL-18. Among exotoxins, some behave as superantigens, and as such activate the release of cytokines by T-lymphocytes. In most cases, pre-exposure to exotoxins enhances the cytokine production induced by LPS and its lethality, whereas pre-exposure to endotoxin usually results in tolerance. In this review we recall the various steps, which, from the very early discovery of pyrogenicity induced by bacterial products, ended to the discovery of the endogenous pyrogen. Furthermore, we compare the specific characteristics of endotoxins and exotoxins in their capacity to induce inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Cavaillon
- Unit Cytokines & Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Dr. Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
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Chen Y, Huang Y, Liang B, Dong H, Yao S, Xie Y, Long Y, Zhong H, Yang Y, Zhu B, Gong S, Zhou Z. Inverse relationship between toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 antibodies and interferon-γ and interleukin-6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with pediatric tonsillitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 97:211-217. [PMID: 28483238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pediatric tonsillitis is frequently caused by Staphylococcus aureus, which is the most common pathogen that causes serious pyogenic infections in humans and endangers human health. S. aureus produces numerous potent virulence factors that play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the infection caused by this bacterium, and one of the most important toxins produced by S. aureus is toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). The aim of this study is to investigate the first time the levels of IFN-γ and interleukin IL-6 in TSST-1-stimulated PBMCs from pediatric tonsillitis patients and the correlation of these cytokine levels with TSST-1-specific IgG in serum. METHODS TSST-1 gene of S. aureus was cloned and expressed in a prokaryotic expression system, and purified recombinant TSST-1 protein was used for measuring TSST-1-specific antibodies in the serum of patients with pediatric tonsillitis caused by S. aureus. Moreover, the levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-6 in TSST-1-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from pediatric tonsillitis patients were investigated. RESULTS In patients with pediatric tonsillitis caused by S. aureus, significantly higher levels of serum TSST-1-specific IgG (P < 0.05) and IgG1 (P < 0.05) were detected than in healthy children. Moreover, PBMCs from the patients exhibited higher IFN-γ (P < 0.05) production in response to TSST-1 than did PBMCs from healthy children. In patients with pediatric tonsillitis caused by S. aureus, the positive rate of TSST-1-specific IgG was 70%, and the patients who tested negative for TSST-1-specific IgG exhibited significantly higher levels of IFN-γ (P < 0.05) and IL-6 (P < 0.05) than did the IgG-positive patients, in accord, the levels of TSST-1-specific IgG correlated inversely with the levels of IFN-γ and IL-6 in patients PBMCs stimulated with TSST-1. CONCLUSIONS TSST-1 induces humoral and cellular immunity in pediatric tonsillitis caused by S. aureus, which suggests that TSST-1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of pediatric tonsillitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinshuang Chen
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No.318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
| | - Yanmei Huang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No.318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
| | - Bingshao Liang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No.318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
| | - Hui Dong
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No.318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
| | - Shuwen Yao
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No.318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
| | - Yongqiang Xie
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No.318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
| | - Yan Long
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No.318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
| | - Huamin Zhong
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No.318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
| | - Yiyu Yang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No.318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
| | - Bing Zhu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No.318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
| | - Sitang Gong
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No.318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
| | - Zhenwen Zhou
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No.318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
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Chiu CC, Huang YT, Wang YC, Chang YC, Ching YH, Chen HHC, Chuang HL. Pretreatment with lipopolysaccharide ameliorates Pseudomonas exotoxin A-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013; 35:296-303. [PMID: 23384342 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2013.764503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Liver injury can be induced by various hepatotoxicants, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PEA). Our previous study indicated that PEA-induced rat hepatotoxicity was T cells and Kupffer cells dependent. Several reports have demonstrated that non-toxic doses of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can protect liver against the chemicals-induced toxicity such as acetaminophen and concanavalin-A. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the protecting mechanisms of LPS on PEA-induced hepatotoxicity. RESULTS Rats pretreated with LPS (40 μg/kg, 12 h before PEA admission) significantly decreased animal mortality, serum enzyme (ALT, AST and T-bil) activities, histopathological changes and hepatocytes apoptosis following challenge with PEA. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) were reduced, but IL-6 and IL-10 were increased in the serum. In addition, prior treatment of these LPS-pretreated rats with gadolinium chloride (GdCl3), a selective Kupffer cell depletion agent, markedly enhanced liver injury after PEA administration. In contrast, the pretreatment of LPS to T-cell deficient athymic nude rats still display significant attenuation of PEA-induced liver injury. This observation further confirmed our hypothesis that LPS ameliorate PEA-hepatotoxicity was through Kupffer cells but not T cells. Moreover, LPS-induced hepatoprotection ability was neutralized by co-treatment with anti-TNF-α antibodies, but not with anti-IFN-γ antibodies. Finally, replacement of LPS with RS-LPS (Rhodobacter sphaeroides LPS), a Toll like receptor-4 (TLR-4) antagonist, resulted in severe hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSION These results suggested that Kupffer cells, TNF-α and TLR-4 play central mediator roles during the hepatoprotection against PEA-induced hepatotoxicity conferred by LPS.
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Host DNA repair proteins in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in lung epithelial cells and in mice. Infect Immun 2010; 79:75-87. [PMID: 20956573 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00815-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although DNA repair proteins in bacteria are critical for pathogens' genome stability and for subverting the host defense, the role of host DNA repair proteins in response to bacterial infection is poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that infection with the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa significantly altered the expression and enzymatic activity of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) in lung epithelial cells. Downregulation of OGG1 by a small interfering RNA strategy resulted in severe DNA damage and cell death. In addition, acetylation of OGG1 is required for host responses to bacterial genotoxicity, as mutations of OGG1 acetylation sites increased Cockayne syndrome group B (CSB) protein expression. These results also indicate that CSB may be involved in DNA repair activity during infection. Furthermore, OGG1 knockout mice exhibited increased lung injury after infection with P. aeruginosa, as demonstrated by higher myeloperoxidase activity and lipid peroxidation. Together, our studies indicate that P. aeruginosa infection induces significant DNA damage in host cells and that DNA repair proteins play a critical role in the host response to P. aeruginosa infection, serving as promising targets for the treatment of this condition and perhaps more broadly Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Cheluvappa R, Denning GM, Lau GW, Grimm MC, Hilmer SN, Le Couteur DG. Pathogenesis of the hyperlipidemia of Gram-negative bacterial sepsis may involve pathomorphological changes in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14:e857-67. [PMID: 20609608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common opportunistic pathogens, especially after liver transplantation. Pathophysiological alterations of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) have far-reaching repercussions on the liver and on metabolism. LSECs are perforated with fenestrations, pores that facilitate the transfer of lipoproteins and macromolecules between blood and hepatocytes. Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and the P. aeruginosa toxin, pyocyanin, have marked effects on LSECs. Initial loss of LSEC porosity (defenestration) induced by P. aeruginosa pyocyanin and LPS may confer subsequent immune tolerance to circulating bacterial antigens and toxins. This review collates the known immune responses of the liver to Gram-negative bacterial toxins, with a focus on LSECs. Hyperlipidemia is an important response to Gram-negative bacterial sepsis. The mechanisms proposed for sepsis-associated hyperlipidemia include tissue lipoprotein lipase inhibition and upregulated hepatic triglyceride production. In this review, we propose defenestration of the LSECs by bacterial toxins as an additional mechanism for the hyperlipidemia of sepsis. Given the role of LSECs in hyperlipidemia and liver allograft rejection, LSEC changes induced by P. aeruginosa toxins including LPS and pyocyanin may have significant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Cheluvappa
- Department of Medicine, St. George Clinical School and Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, Wallace Wurth Building, University of New South Wales, Gate 9 High Street, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Cheluvappa R, Denning GM, Lau GW, Grimm MC, Hilmer SN, Le Couteur DG. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the hyperlipidaemia of sepsis. Pathology 2009; 41:615-21. [DOI: 10.3109/00313020903257764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Chuang HL, Chiu CC, Chen TH, Chen HHC, Chu YY, Huang YT. Different bacteria species lipopolysaccharide co-exposure with Pseudomonas exotoxin A on multiple organ injury induction. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2009; 31:616-24. [PMID: 19874231 DOI: 10.3109/08923970902926402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of different bacterial species lipopolysaccharide plus Pseudomonas exotoxin A (LPS/PEA) on the induction of multiple organ injury (MOI). Rats were injected with various LPS from Salmonella (SAE, SAT), E. coli (EB4, EB5), or P. aeruginosa (PAL) and PEA showed a greater mortality in the SAE/PEA and SAT/PEA groups. Histological alterations, serum enzymes, and cytokines changes were severer in the SAE/PEA group than the EB4/PEA or PAL/PEA group. EB4/PEA and PAL/PEA failed to induce MOI, even at the LPS doses increased up to 2-4- and 4-8-fold, respectively. Rats co-treated with Salmonella lipid A/PEA developed severer MOI than the E. coli lipid A/PEA. The results indicated the critical roles of MOI induction, which were related to LPS derived from appropriate bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Li Chuang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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10
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Chiu CC, Huang YT, Chuang HL, Chen HHC, Chung TC. Co-exposure of lipopolysaccharide and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A-induced multiple organ injury in rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2009; 31:75-82. [PMID: 18798044 DOI: 10.1080/08923970802357724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A (PEA) induces hepatotoxicity in experimental animals. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) interacts synergistically with xenotoxics to induce severe organ injury. We examined the combination of non-injurious doses of LPS and sub-hepatotoxic PEA in the induction of multiple organ injury (MOI). Rats treated with 20 or 40 microg/kg LPS plus 10 microg/kg PEA developed severe liver, kidney, and lung injury; elevation of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-2; and high mortality. Depletion of Kupffer cells or T-cells by pretreatment with Gadolinium Chloride or FK506, respectively, attenuated MOI. Thus LPS + PEA acted synergistically on Kupffer and T-cells to induce proinflammatory cytokines contributing to MOI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chao Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Shaw PJ, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Tumor necrosis factor alpha is a proximal mediator of synergistic hepatotoxicity from trovafloxacin/lipopolysaccharide coexposure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 328:62-8. [PMID: 18820134 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.143792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of trovafloxacin (TVX), a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, was severely restricted because of an association of TVX therapy with idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity in patients. The mechanisms underlying idiosyncratic toxicity are unknown; however, one hypothesis is that an inflammatory stress can render an individual sensitive to the drug. Previously, we reported that treatment of mice with TVX and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha-dependent liver injury, whereas TVX or LPS treatment alone was nontoxic. The goal of this study was to elucidate the role of TNFalpha in TVX/LPS-induced liver injury. TNF receptor (TNFR) 1 p55(-/-) and TNFR2 (p75(-/-)) mice were protected from hepatotoxicity caused by TVX/LPS coexposure, suggesting that TVX/LPS-induced liver injury requires both TNF receptors. TNFalpha inhibition using etanercept significantly reduced the TVX/LPS-induced increases in the plasma concentrations of several cytokines around the time of onset of liver injury. However, despite the reduction in chemokines, etanercept treatment did not affect the TVX/LPS-induced hepatic accumulation of neutrophils. In addition, etanercept treatment attenuated TVX/LPS induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and this was associated with a reduction in hepatic fibrin deposition. Mice treated with TVX and a nontoxic dose of TNFalpha also developed liver injury. In summary, TNFalpha acts through p55 and p75 receptors to precipitate an innocuous inflammatory cascade. TVX enhances this cascade, converting it into one that results in hepatocellular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Wang H, Chen K, Cai W, Li Z, He L, Kashefi A, Chen X. Integrin-targeted imaging and therapy with RGD4C-TNF fusion protein. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1044-53. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Sass G, Shembade ND, Haimerl F, Lamoureux N, Hashemolhosseini S, Tannapfel A, Tiegs G. TNF pretreatment interferes with mitochondrial apoptosis in the mouse liver by A20-mediated down-regulation of Bax. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:7042-9. [PMID: 17982095 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.7042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pretreatment with low doses of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF has been shown to prevent hepatocellular apoptosis and liver damage in inflammatory as well as in ischemia/reperfusion-induced liver injury. The underlying mechanisms of protection have not been elucidated so far. In this study, these mechanisms were investigated in murine hepatocyte cultures as well as in a mouse model of TNF-dependent apoptotic liver damage (galactosamine/TNF model). Our results show that pretreatment with TNF, or application of small-interfering RNA directed against the proapoptotic Bcl2 family member Bax, interfered with the onset of mitochondrial apoptosis in vivo. Knockdown of TNF-alpha-induced-protein 3 (A20) restored mitochondrial apoptosis, Bax expression, and liver damage. The underlying mechanism of protection seems to involve a cascade of events, where TNF induces the expression of A20 in hepatocytes, A20 down-modulates Bax expression by interference with transcriptional activation, and the reduced availability of Bax interferes with the onset of mitochondrial apoptosis and the ensuing apoptotic liver damage. In conclusion, we identified Bax and A20 as key players in TNF-induced protection from apoptotic liver damage. Because treatment with TNF itself might be a risk factor for patients, we propose that overexpression of A20 might represent an alternative approach for protection from inflammation related apoptotic liver damage, as well as for TNF preconditioning during transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sass
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Ragin MJ, Sahu N, August A. Differential regulation of cytokine production by CD1d-restricted NKT cells in response to superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B exposure. Infect Immun 2006; 74:282-8. [PMID: 16368982 PMCID: PMC1346674 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.1.282-288.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NKT cells are a heterogeneous population characterized by the ability to rapidly produce cytokines, such as interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-4, and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in response to infections by viruses, bacteria, and parasites. The bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) interacts with T cells bearing the Vbeta3, -7, or -8 T-cell receptors, inducing their expansion and cytokine secretion, leading to death in some cases due to cytokine poisoning. The majority of NKT cells bear the Vbeta7 or -8 T-cell receptor, suggesting that they may play a role in regulating this response. Using mice lacking NKT cells (CD1d(-/-) and Jalpha18(-/-) mice), we set out to identify the role of these cells in T-cell expansion, cytokine secretion, and toxicity induced by exposure to SEB. We find that Vbeta8(+) CD4(+) T-cell populations similarly expand in wild-type (WT) and NKT cell-null mice and that NKT cells did not regulate the secretion of IL-2. By contrast, these cells positively regulated the secretion of IL-4 and IFN-gamma production and negatively regulated the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). However, this negative regulation of TNF-alpha secretion by NKT cells provides only a minor protective effect on SEB-mediated shock in WT mice compared to mice lacking NKT cells. These data suggest that NKT cells may regulate the nature of the cytokine response to exposure to the superantigen SEB and may act as regulatory T cells during exposure to this superantigen.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1/physiology
- Antigens, CD1d
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Enterotoxins/physiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Staphylococcal Infections/immunology
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- Superantigens/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/microbiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Ragin
- Center for Molecular Immunology & Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 115 Henning Building, University Park, PA 16803, USA
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Faulkner L, Cooper A, Fantino C, Altmann DM, Sriskandan S. The mechanism of superantigen-mediated toxic shock: not a simple Th1 cytokine storm. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:6870-7. [PMID: 16272345 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The profound clinical consequences of Gram-positive toxic shock are hypothesized to stem from excessive Th1 responses to superantigens. We used a new superantigen-sensitive transgenic model to explore the role of TCRalphabeta T cells in responses to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in vitro and in two different in vivo models. The proliferative and cytokine responses of HLA-DR1 spleen cells were 100-fold more sensitive than controls and were entirely dependent on TCRalphabeta T cells. HLA-DR1 mice showed greater sensitivity in vivo to two doses of SEB with higher mortality and serum cytokines than controls. When d-galactosamine was used as a sensitizing agent with a single dose of SEB, HLA-DR1 mice died of toxic shock whereas controls did not. In this sensitized model of toxic shock there was a biphasic release of cytokines, including TNF-alpha, at 2 h and before death at 7 h. In both models, mortality and cytokine release at both time points were dependent on TCRalphabeta T cells. Anti-TNF-alpha pretreatment was protective against shock whereas anti-IFN gamma pretreatment and delayed anti-TNF-alpha treatment were not. Importantly, anti-TNF-alpha pretreatment inhibited the early TNF-alpha response but did not inhibit the later TNF-alpha burst, to which mortality has previously been attributed. Splenic T cells were shown definitively to be the major source of TNF-alpha during the acute cytokine response. Our results demonstrate unequivocally that TCRalphabeta T cells are critical for lethality in toxic shock but it is the early TNF-alpha response and not the later cytokine surge that mediates lethal shock.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Enterotoxins/toxicity
- Galactosamine/toxicity
- HLA-DR1 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-DR1 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Shock, Septic/etiology
- Shock, Septic/immunology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Superantigens/toxicity
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Faulkner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Sass G, Shembade N, Tiegs G. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-TNF receptor 1-inducible cytoprotective proteins in the mouse liver: relevance of suppressors of cytokine signalling. Biochem J 2005; 385:537-44. [PMID: 15554901 PMCID: PMC1134726 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
TNF (tumour necrosis factor alpha) induces tolerance towards itself in experimental liver injury. Tolerance induction has been shown to be dependent on TNFR1 (TNF receptor 1) signalling, but mechanisms and mediators of TNF-induced hepatic tolerance are unknown. We investigated the TNF-inducible gene-expression profile in livers of TNFR2-/- mice, using cDNA array technology. We found that, out of 793 investigated genes involved in inflammation, cell cycle and signal transduction, 282 were expressed in the mouse liver in response to TNF via TNFR1. Among those, expression of 78 genes was induced, while expression of 60 genes was reduced. We investigated further the cellular expression of the 27 most prominently induced genes, and found that 20 of these genes were up-regulated directly in parenchymal liver cells, representing potentially protective proteins and possible mediators of TNF tolerance. In vitro experiments revealed that overexpression of SOCS1 (silencer of cytokine signalling 1), a member of the SOCS family of proteins, as well as of HO-1 (haem oxygenase-1), but not of SOCS2 or SOCS3, protected isolated primary mouse hepatocytes from TNF-induced apoptosis. The identification of protective genes in hepatocytes is the prerequisite for future development of gene therapies for immune-mediated liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sass
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Noula D. Shembade
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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17
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Jenkins CE, Swiatoniowski A, Issekutz AC, Lin TJ. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A induces human mast cell apoptosis by a caspase-8 and -3-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:37201-7. [PMID: 15205454 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405594200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells play an important role in both allergy and innate immunity. Recently, we demonstrated an active interaction between human mast cells and Pseudomonas aeruginosa leading to the production of multiple cytokines. Here, we show that both primary cultured human cord blood-derived mast cells and the human mast cell line HMC-1 undergo apoptosis as determined by single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) formation after stimulation with P. aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA), a major toxin produced by this bacterium. ETA-induced ssDNA formation was completely inhibited by Z-VAD (where Z is benzyloxycarbonyl), which blocks multiple caspases, suggesting a role for caspases in this process. Active caspase-3 formation in mast cells after an ETA challenge was detected by both Western blotting and flow cytometry analysis. ETA-induced caspase-3 activity in human mast cells was demonstrated by the detection of a characteristic 23 kDa product of D4-GDI (where GDI is guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor), an endogenous caspase-3 substrate. Interestingly, a specific caspase-8 inhibitor, Z-IETD-fmk (where fmk is fluoromethyl ketone), blocked ETA-induced cleavage of D4-GDI, but a caspase-9 inhibitor (Z-LEHD-fmk) did not. Treatment of mast cells with caspase-3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-fmk or caspase-8 inhibitor Z-IETD-fmk reduced the generation of ssDNA induced by ETA, suggesting a role for caspase-8 and -3 in ETA-induced mast cell apoptosis. Furthermore, treatment of mast cells with ETA induced decreases of the short form and a long form (p43) of Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD)-like interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (FLICE) (caspase-8)-inhibitory proteins (FLIPs), which are endogenous caspase-8 inhibitors. Taken together, these results suggest that ETA-induced mast cell apoptosis involves down-regulation of antiapoptotic proteins, FLIPs, and activation of caspase-8 and -3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 3G9, Canada
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18
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Pomerantz RG, Grandis JR. The role of epidermal growth factor receptor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Curr Oncol Rep 2003; 5:140-6. [PMID: 12583831 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-003-0101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor receptors play a crucial role in the cell proliferation pathways involved in the development of cancer. One such receptor, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), is upregulated in many types of human tumors, particularly head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). EGFR overexpression in HNSCC has been the basis for investigation of therapeutic strategies that target EGFR. EGFR-blocking methods under evaluation involve immunotoxins, monoclonal antibodies, EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and antisense approaches. These molecular targeting tactics have produced a number of agents that are currently in various stages of preclinical investigation, along with clinical trials to assess their potential as anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Pomerantz
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Eye and Ear Institute, Suite 500, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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19
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Schümann J, Mühlen K, Kiemer AK, Vollmar AM, Tiegs G. Parenchymal, but not leukocyte, TNF receptor 2 mediates T cell-dependent hepatitis in mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:2129-37. [PMID: 12574385 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.4.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
TNF-alpha is a central mediator of T cell activation-induced hepatitis in mice, e.g., induced by Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PEA). In this in vivo mouse model of T cell-dependent hepatitis, liver injury depends on both TNFRs. Whereas TNFR1 can directly mediate hepatocyte death, the in vivo functions of TNFR2 in pathophysiology remained unclear. TNFR2 has been implicated in deleterious leukocyte activation in a transgenic mouse model and in enhancement of TNFR1-mediated cell death in cell lines. In this study, we clarify the role of hepatocyte- vs leukocyte-expressed TNFR2 in T cell-dependent liver injury in vivo, using the PEA-induced hepatitis model. Several types of TNFR2-expressing leukocytes, especially neutrophils and NK cells, accumulated within the liver throughout the pathogenic process. Surprisingly, only parenchymal TNFR2 expression, but not the TNFR2 expression on leukocytes, contributed to PEA-induced hepatitis, as shown by analysis of wild-type --> tnfr2 degrees and the reciprocal mouse bone marrow chimeras. Furthermore, PEA induced NF-kappaB activation and cytokine production in the livers of both wild-type and tnfr2 degrees mice, whereas only primary mouse hepatocytes from wild-type, but not from tnfr2 degrees, mice were susceptible to cell death induced by a combination of agonistic anti-TNFR1 and anti-TNFR2 Abs. Our results suggest that parenchymal, but not leukocyte, TNFR2 mediates T cell-dependent hepatitis in vivo. The activation of leukocytes does not appear to be disturbed by the absence of TNFR2.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, CD/radiation effects
- Bacterial Proteins/toxicity
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/radiation effects
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/immunology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/therapy
- Hepatocytes/immunology
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- Kupffer Cells/immunology
- Kupffer Cells/metabolism
- Leukocyte Transfusion
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Leukocytes/radiation effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Radiation Chimera
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/blood
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/radiation effects
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Schümann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, DE-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Duncan SR, Leonard C, Theodore J, Lega M, Girgis RE, Rosen GD, Theofilopoulos AN. Oligoclonal CD4(+) T cell expansions in lung transplant recipients with obliterative bronchiolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:1439-44. [PMID: 12016109 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2107009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is a dreaded and frequent complication of lung transplantation with a poorly understood immunopathogenesis. To further evaluate disease mechanisms, we used T cell antigen receptor (TCR) beta-chain variable region RNase protection assays, after polymerase chain reaction amplification of TCR cDNA, to quantitate circulating CD4(+) and CD8(+) repertoires of transplant recipients with OB or no evidence of rejection (NER). All six recipients with OB had markedly abnormal CD4 expansions (2.5 +/- 0.5 expansions/recipient) attributable to oligoclonal proliferations. Only two of six recipients with NER had a single, much lesser, CD4(+) abnormality each (p < 0.01). Moreover, one of these patients developed OB shortly thereafter, and the other NER abnormality may have predated transplantation. In contrast, CD8(+) expansions were common in both recipient populations. Findings of CD4(+) expansions had 100% sensitivity and 80% specificity for the presence or imminent development of OB. These data suggest proliferations of CD4(+) T cells are important in OB pathogenesis, and these are most likely part of a major histocompatibility complex Class II-dependent process of indirect alloantigen presentation. These CD4(+) clones are likely to have facultative helper functions for the multiple and diverse immune processes that have been implicated in OB. Furthermore, the close association of CD4(+) expansions with OB raises possibilities of development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Duncan
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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21
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Wellmer A, Gerber J, Ragheb J, Zysk G, Kunst T, Smirnov A, Brück W, Nau R. Effect of deficiency of tumor necrosis factor alpha or both of its receptors on Streptococcus pneumoniae central nervous system infection and peritonitis. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6881-6. [PMID: 11598062 PMCID: PMC100067 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.11.6881-6886.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and TNF-beta are key mediators in bacterial inflammation. We therefore examined the role of TNF-alpha and its two receptors in murine pneumococcal central nervous system infection. TNF-alpha knockout mice and age- and sex-matched controls and TNF receptor (p55 and p75)-deficient mice and heterozygous littermates were infected intracerebrally with a Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 strain. Mice were monitored until death or were killed 36 h after infection. Bacterial titers in blood, spleen, and brain homogenates were determined. Leukocyte infiltration and neuronal damage were assessed by histological scores. TNF-alpha-deficient mice died earlier than the controls after intracerebral infection although overall survival was similar. TNF-alpha deficiency did not inhibit leukocyte recruitment into the subarachnoid space and did not lead to an increased density of bacteria in brain homogenates. However, it caused a substantial rise of the concentration of S. pneumoniae cells in blood and spleen. Spleen bacterial titers were also increased in p55- and p75-deficient mice. TNF receptor-deficient mice showed decreased meningeal inflammation. Neuronal damage was not affected by either TNF-alpha or TNF receptor deficiency. In a murine model of pneumococcal peritonitis, 10(2) CFU of S. pneumoniae produced fatal peritonitis in TNF-alpha-deficient, but not wild-type, mice. Early leukocyte influx into the peritoneum was impaired in TNF-alpha-deficient mice. The lack of TNF-alpha or its receptors renders mice more susceptible to S. pneumoniae infections.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Brain Diseases/immunology
- Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Peritonitis/immunology
- Pneumococcal Infections/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wellmer
- Departments of Neurology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Sass G, Koerber K, Bang R, Guehring H, Tiegs G. Inducible nitric oxide synthase is critical for immune-mediated liver injury in mice. J Clin Invest 2001; 107:439-47. [PMID: 11181643 PMCID: PMC199245 DOI: 10.1172/jci10613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Concanavalin A (Con A) causes severe TNF-alpha-mediated and IFN-gamma-mediated liver injury in mice. In addition to their other functions, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma both induce the inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS). Using different models of liver injury, NO was found to either mediate or prevent liver damage. To further elucidate the relevance of NO for liver damage we investigated the role of iNOS-derived NO in the Con A model. We report that iNOS mRNA was induced in livers of Con A-treated mice within 2 hours, with iNOS protein becoming detectable in hepatocytes as well as in Kupffer cells within 4 hours. iNOS-/- mice were protected from liver damage after Con A treatment, as well as in another TNF-alpha-mediated model that is inducible by LPS in D-galactosamine-sensitized (GalN-sensitized) mice. iNOS-deficient mice were not protected after direct administration of recombinant TNF-alpha to GalN-treated mice. Accordingly, pretreatment of wild-type mice with a potent and specific inhibitor of iNOS significantly reduced transaminase release after Con A or GalN/LPS, but not after GalN/TNF-alpha treatment. Furthermore, the amount of plasma TNF-alpha and of intrahepatic TNF-alpha mRNA and protein was significantly reduced in iNOS-/- mice. Our results demonstrate that iNOS-derived NO regulates proinflammatory genes in vivo, thereby contributing to inflammatory liver injury in mice by stimulation of TNF-alpha production.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sass
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Fahrstrasse 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Schümann J, Wolf D, Pahl A, Brune K, Papadopoulos T, van Rooijen N, Tiegs G. Importance of Kupffer cells for T-cell-dependent liver injury in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:1671-83. [PMID: 11073826 PMCID: PMC1885735 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2000] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T cells seem to be responsible for liver damage in any type of acute hepatitis. Nevertheless, the importance of Kupffer cells (KCs) for T-cell-dependent liver failure is unclear. Here we focus on the role of KCs and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production after T cell stimulation in mice. T-cell- and TNF-dependent liver injury were induced either by Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PEA), by concanavalin A (Con A), or by the combination of subtoxic doses of PEA and the superantigen Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB). KCs were depleted by clodronate liposomes. Although livers of PEA-treated mice contained foci of confluent necrosis and numerous apoptotic cells, hardly any apoptotic cells were observed in the livers of Con A-treated mice. Instead, large bridging necroses were visible. Elimination of KCs protected mice from PEA-, Con A-, or PEA/SEB-induced liver injury. In the absence of KCs, liver damage was restricted to a few small necrotic areas. KCs were the main source of TNF. Hepatic TNF mRNA and protein production were strongly attenuated because of KC-depletion whereas plasma TNF levels were unaltered. Our results suggest that KCs play an important role in T cell activation-induced liver injury by contributing TNF. Plasma TNF levels are poor diagnostic markers for the severity of TNF-dependent liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schümann
- Institutes of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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24
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Schümann J, Tiegs G. Pathophysiological mechanisms of TNF during intoxication with natural or man-made toxins. Toxicology 1999; 138:103-26. [PMID: 10576587 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(99)00087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intoxication with different natural toxins or man-made toxicants has been associated with the induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF). These include endotoxin, superantigens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, bacterial DNA, T cell stimulatory agents such as agonistic anti-CD3 mAbs or concanavalin A, alpha-amanitin, paracetamol, ethanol, carbon tetrachloride, dioxin, and dimethylnitrosamine. In this paper we compile and discuss the current knowledge on the pathophysiological role of TNF during intoxication with all mentioned toxins and toxicants. A possible role of gut-derived endotoxin in several TNF-dependent toxic events has been considered. The development of pharmaceuticals that selectively interfere with the detrimental pathways induced by TNF during intoxication with bacteria, viruses, drugs, or other chemicals requires detailed knowledge of the signaling pathways originating from the two TNF receptors (TNFR1 and TNFR2). Major characteristics of these signaling pathways are described and put together.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schümann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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