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Zhang B, Hu Y, Du H, Han S, Ren L, Cheng H, Wang Y, Gao X, Zheng S, Cui Q, Tian L, Liu T, Sun J, Chai R. Tissue engineering strategies for spiral ganglion neuron protection and regeneration. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:458. [PMID: 39085923 PMCID: PMC11293049 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cochlear implants can directly activate the auditory system's primary sensory neurons, the spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), via circumvention of defective cochlear hair cells. This bypass restores auditory input to the brainstem. SGN loss etiologies are complex, with limited mammalian regeneration. Protecting and revitalizing SGN is critical. Tissue engineering offers a novel therapeutic strategy, utilizing seed cells, biomolecules, and scaffold materials to create a cellular environment and regulate molecular cues. This review encapsulates the spectrum of both human and animal research, collating the factors contributing to SGN loss, the latest advancements in the utilization of exogenous stem cells for auditory nerve repair and preservation, the taxonomy and mechanism of action of standard biomolecules, and the architectural components of scaffold materials tailored for the inner ear. Furthermore, we delineate the potential and benefits of the biohybrid neural interface, an incipient technology in the realm of implantable devices. Nonetheless, tissue engineering requires refined cell selection and differentiation protocols for consistent SGN quality. In addition, strategies to improve stem cell survival, scaffold biocompatibility, and molecular cue timing are essential for biohybrid neural interface integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Public Health, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yangnan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Public Health, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Haoliang Du
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Shanying Han
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Lei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Public Health, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Public Health, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yusong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Public Health, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Public Health, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Shasha Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Public Health, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qingyue Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Public Health, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Lei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Public Health, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Public Health, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Jiaqiang Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
| | - Renjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Public Health, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
- Southeast University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518063, China.
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Zhang P, Chen Y, Zhang S, Chen G. Mitochondria-Related Ferroptosis Drives Cognitive Deficits in Neonatal Mice Following Sevoflurane Administration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:887062. [PMID: 35935755 PMCID: PMC9355652 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.887062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sevoflurane exposure may result in cognitive deficits in neonatal animals. This study attempted to investigate the potential mechanism of sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity in developing hippocampus. Neonatal animals received sevoflurane anesthesia, then the behavioral tests and Golgi-Cox staining were employed to detect the effect of sevoflurane inhalation in adult mice. And the mitochondrial function was evaluated using MitoSOX staining, Fluo calcium indicators, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) assay, and JC-1 probe after sevoflurane administration. Meanwhile, mitochondrial lipid hydroperoxide and ferroptosis were measured by MitoPeDPP and Mito-FerroGreen signals following sevoflurane exposure. Moreover, the ferroptosis and behavioral performance were assessed after deferiprone (DFP) treatment. The results showed that sevoflurane administration induced cognitive impairment accompanied by reducing dendritic length, density, and nodes. Additionally, sevoflurane exposure elevated mitochondrial ROS production and cytoplasm calcium levels, triggered the opening of mPTP, and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). However, supplement of elamipretide (SS-31) effectively reversed mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial lipid hydroperoxide production was increased after sevoflurane administration, whereas Fer-1 treatment reduced lipid hydroperoxide formation. Sevoflurane exposure induced mitochondrial iron overload, whereas Mito-Tempo treatment reduced iron accumulation. Prussian blue staining showed that the hippocampal iron deposition was apparently increased after sevoflurane inhalation. Additionally, the ferroptosis-related protein expression (including ACSL4, COX2, GPX4, and FTH1) was significantly changed, whereas DFP effectively suppressed ferroptosis and enhanced sevoflurane-induced behavioral malfunction. These findings demonstrated that sevoflurane administration elicited mitochondrial dysfunction and iron dyshomeostasis and eventually resulted in cognitive impairments, whereas protecting mitochondrial function and chelating neurotoxic iron effectively reversed these pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeru Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - ShuXia Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Osuru HP, Lavallee M, Thiele RH. Molecular and Cellular Response of the Myocardium (H9C2 Cells) Towards Hypoxia and HIF-1α Inhibition. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:711421. [PMID: 35928940 PMCID: PMC9343679 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.711421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oxidative phosphorylation is an essential feature of Animalian life. Multiple adaptations have developed to protect against hypoxia, including hypoxia-inducible-factors (HIFs). The major role of HIFs may be in protecting against oxidative stress, not the preservation of high-energy phosphates. The precise mechanism(s) of HIF protection is not completely understood. Materials and Methods To better understand the role of hypoxia-inducible-factor-1, we exposed heart/myocardium cells (H9c2) to both normoxia and hypoxia, as well as cobalt chloride (prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor), echniomycin (HIF inhibitor), A2P (anti-oxidant), and small interfering RNA to beclin-1. We measured cell viability, intracellular calcium and adenosine triphosphate, NADP/NADPH ratios, total intracellular reactive oxidative species levels, and markers of oxidative and antioxidant levels measured. Results Hypoxia (1%) leads to increased intracellular Ca2+ levels, and this response was inhibited by A2P and echinomycin (ECM). Exposure of H9c2 cells to hypoxia also led to an increase in both mRNA and protein expression for Cav 1.2 and Cav 1.3. Exposure of H9c2 cells to hypoxia led to a decrease in intracellular ATP levels and a sharp reduction in total ROS, SOD, and CAT levels. The impact of hypoxia on ROS was reversed with HIF-1 inhibition through ECM. Exposure of H9c2 cells to hypoxia led to an increase in Hif1a, VEGF and EPO protein expression, as well as a decrease in mitochondrial DNA. Both A2P and ECM attenuated this response to varying degrees. Conclusion Hypoxia leads to increased intracellular Ca2+, and inhibition of HIF-1 attenuates the increase in intracellular Ca2+ that occurs with hypoxia. HIF-1 expression leads to decreased adenosine triphosphate levels, but the role of HIF-1 on the production of reactive oxidative species remains uncertain. Anti-oxidants decrease HIF-1 expression in the setting of hypoxia and attenuate the increase in Ca2+ that occurs during hypoxia (with no effect during normoxia). Beclin-1 appears to drive autophagy in the setting of hypoxia (through ATG5) but not in normoxia. Additionally, Beclin-1 is a powerful driver of reactive oxidative species production and plays a role in ATP production. HIF-1 inhibition does not affect autophagy in the setting of hypoxia, suggesting that there are other drivers of autophagy that impact beclin-1.
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Li Y, Ren M, Wang J, Ma R, Chen H, Xie Q, Li H, Li J, Wang J. Progress in Borneol Intervention for Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:606682. [PMID: 34017247 PMCID: PMC8129537 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.606682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Borneol is a terpene and bicyclic organic compound that can be extracted from plants or chemically synthesized. As an important component of proprietary Chinese medicine for the treatment of stroke, its neuroprotective effects have been confirmed in many experiments. Unfortunately, there is no systematic review of these studies. This study aimed to systematically examine the neuroprotective effects of borneol in the cascade reaction of experimental ischemic stroke at different periods. Methods: Articles on animal experiments and cell-based research on the actions of borneol against ischemic stroke in the past 20°years were collected from Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and other biomedical databases. Meta-analysis was performed on key indicators in vivo experiments. After sorting the articles, we focused on the neuroprotective effects and mechanism of action of borneol at different stages of cerebral ischemia. Results: Borneol is effective in the prevention and treatment of nerve injury in ischemic stroke. Its mechanisms of action include improvement of cerebral blood flow, inhibition of neuronal excitotoxicity, blocking of Ca2+ overload, and resistance to reactive oxygen species injury in the acute ischemic stage. In the subacute ischemic stage, borneol may antagonize blood-brain barrier injury, intervene in inflammatory reactions, and prevent neuron excessive death. In the late stage, borneol promotes neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Conclusion: Borneol prevents neuronal injury after cerebral ischemia via multiple action mechanisms, and it can mobilize endogenous nutritional factors to hasten repair and regeneration of brain tissue. Because the neuroprotective effects of borneol are mediated by various therapeutic factors, deficiency caused by a single-target drug is avoided. Besides, borneol promotes other drugs to pass through the blood-brain barrier to exert synergistic therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mihong Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Kadam M, Perveen S, Kushwah N, Prasad D, Panjwani U, Kumar B, Khan N. Elucidating the role of hypoxia/reoxygenation in hippocampus-dependent memory impairment: do SK channels play role? Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1747-1763. [PMID: 33779792 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Professionals and mountaineers often face the problem of reperfusion injury due to re-oxygenation, upon their return to sea-level after sojourn at high altitude. Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (SK channels) have a role in regulating hippocampal synaptic plasticity. However, the role of SK channels under hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) is unknown. The present study hypothesized that SK channels play a significant role in H/R induced cognitive dysfunction. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to simulated HH (25,000 ft) continuously for 7 days followed by reoxygenation periods 3, 6, 24, 48, 72 and 120 h. It was observed that H/R exposure caused impairment in spatial memory as indicated by increased latency (p < 0.001) and pathlength (p < 0.001). The SK1 channel expression increased upon HH exposure (102.89 ± 7.055), which abrogated upon reoxygenation. HH exposure results in an increase in SK2 (CA3, 297.67 ± 6.69) and SK3 (CA1, 246 ± 5.13) channels which continued to increase gradually upon reoxygenation. The number of pyknotic cells (24 ± 2.03) (p < 0.01) and the expression of caspase-3 increased with HH exposure, which continued in the reoxygenation group (177.795 ± 1.264). Similar pattern was observed in lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001), LDH activity (p < 0.001) and ROS production (p < 0.001). A positive correlation of memory, cell death and oxidative stress indicates that H/R exposure increases oxidative stress coupled with SK channel expression, which may play a role in H/R-induced cognitive decline and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Kadam
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Developmental Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Saba Perveen
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Developmental Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Neetu Kushwah
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Developmental Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Dipti Prasad
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Developmental Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Usha Panjwani
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Developmental Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Bhuvnesh Kumar
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Developmental Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Nilofar Khan
- Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Developmental Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
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Rodent Models of Developmental Ischemic Stroke for Translational Research: Strengths and Weaknesses. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:5089321. [PMID: 31093271 PMCID: PMC6476045 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5089321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia can occur at any stage in life, but clinical consequences greatly differ depending on the developmental stage of the affected brain structures. Timing of the lesion occurrence seems to be critical, as it strongly interferes with neuronal circuit development and determines the way spontaneous plasticity takes place. Translational stroke research requires the use of animal models as they represent a reliable tool to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the generation, progression, and pathological consequences of a stroke. Moreover, in vivo experiments are instrumental to investigate new therapeutic strategies and the best temporal window of intervention. Differently from adults, very few models of the human developmental stroke have been characterized, and most of them have been established in rodents. The models currently used provide a better understanding of the molecular factors involved in the effects of ischemia; however, they still hold many limitations due to matching developmental stages across different species and the complexity of the human disorder that hardly can be described by segregated variables. In this review, we summarize the key factors contributing to neonatal brain vulnerability to ischemic strokes and we provide an overview of the advantages and limitations of the currently available models to recapitulate different aspects of the human developmental stroke.
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Cui RS, Wang K, Wang ZL. Sevoflurane anesthesia alters cognitive function by activating inflammation and cell death in rats. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4127-4130. [PMID: 29849771 PMCID: PMC5962843 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia on the cognitive function of rats and to investigate the molecular mechanisms mediating this effect. A total of 100 healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: i) Control (air inhalation), ii) low-dose (1.5% sevoflurane inhalation for 2 h), iii) high-dose (3% sevoflurane inhalation for 2 h), and iv) nimodipine group (3% sevoflurane inhalation for 2 h + nimodipine). Sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia resulted in cognitive dysfunction in a dose-dependent manner. Sevoflurane also upregulated the expression of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) −6, −8, and Caspase-3 in the hippocampus. The intervention with nimodipine partially recovered the cognitive function and the abnormal expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and Caspase-3 induced by sevoflurane. The results showed that the cognitive dysfunction caused by sevoflurane inhalation in rats may be related to the activation of inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. The neuroprotective effect of nimodipine suggests that abnormal calcium transport is partially responsible for the sevoflurane toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Sheng Cui
- Department of Anesthesia, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong 276800, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong 276800, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Li Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong 276800, P.R. China
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Cerullo P, Brancaccio P, Anzilotti S, Vinciguerra A, Cuomo O, Fiorino F, Severino B, Di Vaio P, Di Renzo G, Annunziato L, Pignataro G. Acute and long-term NCX activation reduces brain injury and restores behavioral functions in mice subjected to neonatal brain ischemia. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:180-191. [PMID: 29551690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HI) accounts for the majority of developmental, motor and cognitive deficits in children, leading to life-long neurological impairments. Since the plasmamembrane sodium/calcium exchanger (NCX) plays a fundamental role in maintaining ionic homeostasis during adult brain ischemia, in the present work we aimed to demonstrate (1)the involvement of NCX in the pathophysiology of neonatal HI and (2)a possible NCX-based pharmacological intervention. HI was induced in neonatal mice at postnatal day 7(P7) by unilateral cut of the right common carotid artery, followed by 60 min exposure to 8%O2. Expression profiles of NCX isoforms from embryos stage to adulthood was evaluated in the hippocampus of hypoxic-ischemic and control mice. To assess the effect of NCX pharmacological stimulation, brain infarct volume was evaluated in brain sections, obtained at several time intervals after systemic administration of the newly synthesized NCX activator neurounina. Moreover, the long term effect of NCX activation was evaluated in adult mice (P60) subjected to neonatal HI and daily treated with neurounina for three weeks. Hypoxic-ischemic insult induced a reduction of NCX1 and NCX3 expression starting from day 7 until day 60. Notably, 8 weeks after HI induction in P7 mice, NCX pharmacological stimulation not only reduced infarct volume but improved also motor behaviour, spatial and visual memory. The present study highlights the significant role of NCX in the evolution of neonatal brain injury and in the learning and memory processes that are impaired in mice injured in the neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Cerullo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Brancaccio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Vinciguerra
- Division of Pharmacology, Department Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Fiorino
- Department Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Montesano, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Beatrice Severino
- Department Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Montesano, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Di Vaio
- Department Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Montesano, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Di Renzo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Ortega JA, Sirois CL, Memi F, Glidden N, Zecevic N. Oxygen Levels Regulate the Development of Human Cortical Radial Glia Cells. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:3736-3751. [PMID: 27600849 PMCID: PMC6075453 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxygen (O2) concentration is a vital parameter for controlling the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neural stem cells. A prenatal reduction of O2 levels (hypoxia) often leads to cognitive and behavioral defects, attributable to altered neural development. In this study, we analyzed the effects of O2 levels on human cortical progenitors, the radial glia cells (RGCs), during active neurogenesis, corresponding to the second trimester of gestation. Small changes in O2 levels profoundly affected RGC survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Physiological hypoxia (3% O2) promoted neurogenesis, whereas anoxia (<1% O2) and severe hypoxia (1% O2) arrested the differentiation of human RGCs, mainly by altering the generation of glutamatergic neurons. The in vitro activation of Wnt-β-catenin signaling rescued the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of RGCs subjected to anoxia. Pathologic hypoxia (≤1% O2) also exerted negative effects on gliogenesis, by decreasing the number of O4+ preoligodendrocytes and increasing the number of reactive astrocytes derived from cortical RGCs. O2-dependent alterations in glutamatergic neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis can lead to significant changes in cortical circuitry formation. A better understanding of the cellular effects caused by changes in O2 levels during human cortical development is essential to elucidating the etiology of numerous neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alberto Ortega
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Carissa L Sirois
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Fani Memi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Nicole Glidden
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Nada Zecevic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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GE CL, WANG XM, HUANG ZG, XIA Q, WANG N, XU DJ. Tongqiao Huoxue Decoction ameliorates learning and memory defects in rats with vascular dementia by up-regulating the Ca 2+ -CaMKII-CREB pathway. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 13:823-830. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Smith RW, Cash P, Hogg DW, Buck LT. Proteomic changes in the brain of the western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii) during exposure to anoxia. Proteomics 2015; 15:1587-97. [PMID: 25583675 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
During anoxia, overall protein synthesis is almost undetectable in the brain of the western painted turtle. The aim of this investigation was to address the question of whether there are alterations to specific proteins by comparing the normoxic and anoxic brain proteomes. Reductions in creatine kinase, hexokinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase reflected the reduced production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during anoxia while the reduction in transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase reflected the conservation of ATP or possibly a decrease in intracellular Ca(2+). In terms of neural protection programed cell death 6 interacting protein (PDCD6IP; a protein associated with apoptosis), dihydropyrimidinase-like protein, t-complex protein, and guanine nucleotide protein G(o) subunit alpha (Go alpha; proteins associated with neural degradation and impaired cognitive function) also declined. A decline in actin, gelsolin, and PDCD6IP, together with an increase in tubulin, also provided evidence for the induction of a neurological repair response. Although these proteomic alterations show some similarities with the crucian carp (another anoxia-tolerant species), there are species-specific responses, which supports the theory of no single strategy for anoxia tolerance. These findings also suggest the anoxic turtle brain could be an etiological model for investigating mammalian hypoxic damage and clinical neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Smith
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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12
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Piracetam Ameliorated Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation-Induced Injury in Rat Cortical Neurons Via Inhibition of Oxidative Stress, Excitatory Amino Acids Release and P53/Bax. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:539-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the perinatal period with an incidence of 1/4000 live births. Biochemical events such as energy failure, membrane depolarization, brain edema, an increase of neurotransmitter release and inhibition of uptake, an increase of intracellular Ca(2+), production of oxygen-free radicals, lipid peroxidation, and a decrease of blood flow are triggered by hypoxia-ischemia and may lead to brain dysfunction and neuronal death. These abnormalities can result in mental impairments, seizures, and permanent motor deficits, such as cerebral palsy. The physical and emotional strain that is placed on the children affected and their families is enormous. The care that these individuals need is not only confined to childhood, but rather extends throughout their entire life span, so it is very important to understand the pathophysiology that follows a hypoxic-ischemic insult. This review will highlight many of the mechanisms that lead to neuronal death and include the emerging area of white matter injury as well as the role of inflammation and will provide a summary of therapeutic strategies. Hypothermia and oxygen will also be discussed as treatments that currently lack a specific target in the hypoxic/ischemic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Calvert
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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14
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Evidence for therapeutic intervention in the prevention of cerebral palsy: hope from animal model research. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2013; 20:75-83. [PMID: 23948682 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge translation, as defined by the Canadian Institute of Health Research, is defined as the exchange, synthesis, and ethically sound application of knowledge--within a complex system of interactions among researchers and users--to accelerate the capture of the benefits of research through improved health, more effective services and products, and a strengthened healthcare system. The requirement for this to occur lies in the ability to continue to determine mechanistic actions at the molecular level, to understand how they fit at the in vitro and in vivo levels, and for disease states, to determine their safety, efficacy, and long-term potential at the preclinical animal model level. In this regard, particularly as it relates to long-term disabilities such as cerebral palsy that begin in utero, but only express their full effect in adulthood, animal models must be used to understand and rapidly evaluate mechanisms of injury and therapeutic interventions. In this review, we hope to provide the reader with a background of animal data upon which therapeutic interventions for the prevention and treatment of cerebral palsy, benefit this community, and increasingly do so in the future.
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15
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Volpe JJ. Neonatal encephalopathy: an inadequate term for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Ann Neurol 2012; 72:156-66. [PMID: 22926849 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This Point of View article addresses neonatal encephalopathy (NE) presumably caused by hypoxia-ischemia and the terminology currently in wide use for this disorder. The nonspecific term NE is commonly utilized for those infants with the clinical and imaging characteristics of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Multiple magnetic resonance imaging studies of term infants with the clinical setting of presumed hypoxia-ischemia near the time of delivery have delineated a topography of lesions highly correlated with that defined by human neuropathology and by animal models, including primate models, of hypoxia-ischemia. These imaging findings, coupled with clinical features consistent with perinatal hypoxic-ischemic insult(s), warrant the specific designation of neonatal HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Volpe
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury affects the glutamatergic signal transduction coupled with neuronal ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 150:583-6. [PMID: 22235390 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-011-1196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Agonists of glutamate ionotropic (NMDA) and metabotropic receptors (mGluRI and mGluRIII) had the regulatory effect on ADP-ribosyl cyclase/CD38 activity in cerebellar granular cells of newborn rats. Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury was followed by dysregulation of this mechanism.
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17
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Bi Y, Gong M, Jiang W, Wei X, Li T, Chen J. Mesenchymal stromal cell neuroprotection of hydrogen peroxide -challenged pheochromocytoma cells through reducing apoptosis and releasing cytokines. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:954-66. [PMID: 22687189 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.688946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Immunoregulation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) is more efficient at restoring biologic function of injured tissue than transdifferentiation during transplantation. However, the exact mechanisms and characteristics of MSC regarding immunomodulation are still unknown, especially in the damaged niche after hypoxic-ischemic insult. We investigated the anti-apoptotic actions of MSC against the neurotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) on pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. METHODS To mimic hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in vivo, a relatively high H(2)O(2) concentration and short period were used to treat PC12 cells. MSC were co-cultured directly with the injured PC12 cells, and 5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4,5-dimethylthiazoly)-3-(4-sulfophenyl)tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS), lactose dehydrogenase (LDH) and nitric oxide (NO) assays, intracellular Ca(2+) and resting membrane potential (RMP) were analyzed. Apoptotic-associated genes and cytokine releases were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS After exposure to H(2)O(2), the viability of PC12 cells was significantly decreased, while the levels of LDH and NO increased, resulting in intracellular Ca(2+) accumulation and cell apoptosis. Co-culture of MSC with the H(2)O(2)-treated PC12 cells sustained viability of the PC12 cells, reduced LDH levels and NO release, and improved Ca(2+) influx and cell apoptosis. The injured PC12 cells exhibited lower RMP following co-culture with MSC compared with the injured PC12 cells alone. The mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2 were up-regulated and caspase-3 levels down-regulated in the MSC co-culture groups. The release of interleukin (IL)-10 was gradually reduced by co-cultured MSC, while the release of IL-6 was sharply increased following MSC co-culture. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that MSC have neuroprotective effects on suppressing cell apoptosis via regulation of the H(2)O(2)-impaired microenvironment, partly through IL-6 and IL-10 cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorder, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Chao D, Xia Y. Ionic storm in hypoxic/ischemic stress: can opioid receptors subside it? Prog Neurobiol 2009; 90:439-70. [PMID: 20036308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the mammalian central nervous system are extremely vulnerable to oxygen deprivation and blood supply insufficiency. Indeed, hypoxic/ischemic stress triggers multiple pathophysiological changes in the brain, forming the basis of hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy. One of the initial and crucial events induced by hypoxia/ischemia is the disruption of ionic homeostasis characterized by enhanced K(+) efflux and Na(+)-, Ca(2+)- and Cl(-)-influx, which causes neuronal injury or even death. Recent data from our laboratory and those of others have shown that activation of opioid receptors, particularly delta-opioid receptors (DOR), is neuroprotective against hypoxic/ischemic insult. This protective mechanism may be one of the key factors that determine neuronal survival under hypoxic/ischemic condition. An important aspect of the DOR-mediated neuroprotection is its action against hypoxic/ischemic disruption of ionic homeostasis. Specially, DOR signal inhibits Na(+) influx through the membrane and reduces the increase in intracellular Ca(2+), thus decreasing the excessive leakage of intracellular K(+). Such protection is dependent on a PKC-dependent and PKA-independent signaling pathway. Furthermore, our novel exploration shows that DOR attenuates hypoxic/ischemic disruption of ionic homeostasis through the inhibitory regulation of Na(+) channels. In this review, we will first update current information regarding the process and features of hypoxic/ischemic disruption of ionic homeostasis and then discuss the opioid-mediated regulation of ionic homeostasis, especially in hypoxic/ischemic condition, and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongman Chao
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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19
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Salmina AB, Okuneva OS, Malinovskaya NA, Zykova LD, Fursov AA, Morgun AV, Mikhutkina SV, Taranushenko TE. Changes in expression and activity of CD38 in astroglial cells after impairment of the neuron-glia relationship in the brain induced by perinatal hypoxia-ischemia. NEUROCHEM J+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971240903009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Downregulation of PEBP1 in Rat Brain Cortex in Hypoxia. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 41:36-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-009-9275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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21
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Animal models of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Pediatr Neurol 2009; 40:156-67. [PMID: 19218028 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are often presumably the first step in determining mechanisms underlying disease, and the approach and effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Perinatal brain damage, however, evolves over months of gestation, during the rapid maturation of the fetal and newborn brain. Despite marked advances in our understanding of these processes and technologic advances providing an improved window on the timing and duration of injury, neonatal brain injury remains a "moving target" regarding our ability to "mimic" its processes in an animal model. Moreover, interfering with normal processes of development as part of a therapeutic intervention may do "more harm than good." Hence, controversy continues over which animal model can reflect human disease states. Numerous models have provided information regarding the pathophysiology of brain damage in term and preterm infants. Our challenges consist of identifying infants at greatest risk for permanent injury, identifying the timing of injury, and adapting therapies that provide more benefit than harm. A combination of appropriately suitable animal models to conduct these studies will bring us closer to understanding human perinatal damage and the means to treat it.
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22
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He Z, Lu Q, Xu X, Huang L, Chen J, Guo L. DDPH ameliorated oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced injury in rat hippocampal neurons via interrupting Ca2+ overload and glutamate release. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 603:50-5. [PMID: 19105952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work has demonstrated that DDPH (1-(2, 6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino) propane hydrochloride), a competitive alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist, could improve cognitive deficits, reduce histopathological damage and facilitate synaptic plasticity in vivo possibly via increasing NR2B (NMDA receptor 2B) expression and antioxidation of DDPH itself. The present study further evaluated effects of DDPH on OGD (Oxygen and glucose deprivation)-induced neuronal damage in rat primary hippocampal cells. The addition of DDPH to the cultured cells 12 h before OGD for 4 h significantly reduced neuronal damage as determined by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) release experiments. The effects of DDPH on intracellular calcium concentration were explored by Fura-2 based calcium imaging techniques and results showed that DDPH at the dosages of 5 microM and 10 microM suppressed the increase of intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) stimulated by 50 mM KCl in Ca(2+)-containing extracellular solutions. However, DDPH couldn't suppress the increase of [Ca(2+)](i) induced by both 50 microM glutamate in Ca(2+)-containing extracellular solutions and 20 microM ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) in Ca(2+)-free solution. These results indicated that DDPH prevented [Ca(2+)](i) overload in hippocampal neurons by blocking Ca(2+) influx (voltage-dependent calcium channel) but not Ca(2+) mobilization from the intracellular Ca(2+) store in endoplasm reticulum (ER). We also demonstrated that DDPH could decrease glutamate release when hippocampal cells were subjected to OGD. These observations demonstrated that DDPH protected hippocampal neurons against OGD-induced damage by preventing the Ca(2+) influx and decreasing glutamate release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi He
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.
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23
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Salmina AB, Okuneva OS, Malinovskaya NA, Taranushenko TE, Morgun AV, Mantorova NS, Mikhutkina SV. NAD+-dependent mechanisms of disturbances of viability of brain cells during the acute period of hypoxic-ischemic perinatal injury. NEUROCHEM J+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712408030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Nasseh IE, Amado D, Cavalheiro EA, Naffah-Mazzacoratti MDG, Tengan CH. Investigation of mitochondrial involvement in the experimental model of epilepsy induced by pilocarpine. Epilepsy Res 2005; 68:229-39. [PMID: 16337777 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial abnormalities have been associated with several aspects of epileptogenesis, such as energy generation, control of cell death, neurotransmitter synthesis, and free radical (FR) production. Increased production of FRs may cause mtDNA damage leading to decreased activities of oxidative phosphorylation complexes containing mtDNA-encoded subunits. In this study, we investigated whether increased generation of FR during status epilepticus would be sufficient to provoke abnormalities in mtDNA and in the expression and activity of cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), complex IV of the respiratory chain, in the chronic phase of the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. DNA analysis revealed low amounts of a 4.8 kb mtDNA deletion but with no differences in frequency or quantity in the control and experimental groups. We did not find abnormalities in the expression and distribution of an mtDNA-encoded subunit of CCO (CCO-I) or a relative decrease in CCO-I when compared with nuclear-encoded subunits (CCO-IV and SDH-fp). No abnormality in CCO activity was observed through histochemistry. Although evidences of mitochondrial abnormalities were found in previously published studies, our results do not suggest that the FRs, generated during the acute phase, determined important abnormalities in mtDNA, in expression of CCO-I, and in CCO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Elias Nasseh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 781, 7 andar frente, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
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25
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Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B, Casadesus G, Fisher D. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Brain Aging: Nutritional Considerations. Neurochem Res 2005; 30:927-35. [PMID: 16187227 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-005-6967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aging can be defined as the condition where stressors are not counteracted by protective functions, leading to a dysregulation in development. These changes can be translated into decrements in neuronal functioning accompanied by behavioral declines, such as decreases in motor and cognitive performance, in both humans and animals. When coupled with genetic alterations, the ultimate expression of these changes is seen in diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD). This association will be discussed in the last section of this chapter. In this review we will describe motor and cognitive deficits in behavior due to aging, and show how these deficits are related to increased vulnerability to oxidative stress, inflammation or signaling. Importantly, using muscarinic receptors as examples, we will also try to show that the sensitivity to these insults may be differentially expressed among neurotransmitter receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Joseph
- USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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26
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Fraser M, Bennet L, Gunning M, Williams C, Gluckman PD, George S, Gunn AJ. Cortical electroencephalogram suppression is associated with post-ischemic cortical injury in 0.65 gestation fetal sheep. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 154:45-55. [PMID: 15617754 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral edge (SE) is a suggested marker for preterm white matter (WM) injury; however, there are few specific data. We examined the relationship between SE and EEG intensity and white and grey matter injury after a severe ischemic insult, induced by 30 min carotid occlusion (n=10) compared with sham-control (n=7) in preterm fetal sheep at 95-96 days of gestation (term=147 days). Fetuses were instrumented with a microdialysis probe placed within the left periventricular region and with EEG probes over the parietal cortex bilaterally. Fetuses that showed only brief suppression of the EEG during bilateral carotid occlusion (Mild group, n=4) were compared with those who exhibited persistent suppression (Severe group, n=6). After 72 h recovery, the severe ischemia group showed parasagittal cortical neuronal loss accompanied by diffuse WM damage in the right hemisphere, whereas the mild group showed little or no neuronal loss, either with (n=2) or without diffuse (n=2) WM damage. Left sided focal periventricular WM infarction corresponding with probe placement was seen in all groups. EEG intensity and SE were profoundly suppressed in the severe group, with only partial recovery after 72 h (P<0.01), in contrast with transient suppression in the mild group. There was no difference in baseline SE values or post-ischemic responses between the left and right hemisphere. These findings suggest that persistent suppression of EEG SE is primarily a consequence of cortical grey matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhoyra Fraser
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Joseph JA, Fisher DR, Carey A, Szprengiel A. The M3 muscarinic receptor i3 domain confers oxidative stress protection on calcium regulation in transfected COS-7 cells. Aging Cell 2004; 3:263-71. [PMID: 15379850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9728.2004.00123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that muscarinic receptors (MAChRs) are involved in various aspects of neuronal and vascular functioning, and that there is selective oxidative stress sensitivity (OSS) among MAChR subtypes. COS-7 cells transfected with M1, M2 and M4 subtypes show greater OSS than the M1 and M3 subtypes, as seen by the decreased ability of cells to extrude or sequester calcium (Ca(2+)) following exposure to dopamine (DA) or A beta 25-35, and depolarization by oxotremorine. We sought to determine which receptor domain may be responsible for the differential vulnerability to OS between 'OS-sensitive' (M1) and 'non-sensitive' (M3) subtypes. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of each receptor has shown that the third cytoplasmic loop (i3 loop) is the domain with the most variability between the two subtypes. Therefore, mutations were made by either deleting or exchanging the i3 loop of M1 and M3 receptors. Experiments revealed that deletions of the i3 loop increased DA sensitivity (a lower percentage of cells showing recovery of [Ca(2+)](i) following depolarization) in both receptors. Chimerics of M1 in which the i3 loop of the M3 was exchanged with the i3 loop of the M1 (M1M3i3) showed that DA sensitivity was reduced (a greater percentage of cells showing increases in calcium clearance) following depolarization. The M3 chimerics containing the M1 i3 loop (M3M1i3) offered no protection against DA-induced decrements in calcium buffering. Results suggest that the longer i3 loop of the M3 may decrease OSS, possibly playing a role in targeting antioxidants to specific receptor sites that impart OSS.
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Vannucci RC, Towfighi J, Vannucci SJ. Secondary energy failure after cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in the immature rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24:1090-7. [PMID: 15529009 DOI: 10.1097/01.wcb.0000133250.03953.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A delayed or secondary energy failure occurs during recovery from perinatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. The question remains as to whether the energy failure causes or accentuates the ultimate brain damage or is a consequence of cell death. To resolve the issue, 7-day postnatal rats underwent unilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed thereafter by systemic hypoxia with 8% oxygen for 2.5 hours. During recovery, the brains were quick frozen and individually processed for histology and the measurements of 1) high-energy phosphate reserves and 2) neuronal (MAP-2, SNAP-25) and glial (GFAP) proteins. Phosphocreatine (PCr) and ATP, initially depleted during hypoxia-ischemia, were partially restored during the first 18 hours of recovery, with secondary depletions at 24 and 48 hours. During the initial recovery phase (6 to 18 hours), there was a significant correlation between PCr and the histology score (0 to 3), but not for ATP. During the late recovery phase, there was a highly significant correlation between all measured metabolites and the damage score. Significant correlation also exhibited between the neuronal protein markers, MAP-2 and SNAP-25, and PCr as well as the sum of PCr and Cr at both phases of recovery. No correlation existed between the high-energy reserves and the glial protein marker, GFAP. The close correspondence of PCr to histologic brain damage and the loss of MAP-2 and SNAP-25 during both the early and late recovery intervals suggest evolving cellular destruction as the primary event, which precedes and leads to the secondary energy failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Vannucci
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, USA.
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Koh S, Tibayan FD, Simpson JN, Jensen FE. NBQX or topiramate treatment after perinatal hypoxia-induced seizures prevents later increases in seizure-induced neuronal injury. Epilepsia 2004; 45:569-75. [PMID: 15144420 DOI: 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.69103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of NBQX (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f) quinoxaline-2,3-dione) and topiramate (TPM) given after hypoxia-induced seizures in preventing the delayed effect of hypoxia on subsequent susceptibility to seizures and neuronal injury. METHODS We used "two-hit" rodent seizure model to study the long-term effect of perinatal hypoxia on later kainate (KA) seizure-induced neuronal damage and investigated the therapeutic efficacy of a postseizure treatment protocol in reversing the conditioning effect of early-life seizures. RESULTS Hypoxia at P10 induces seizures without cell death but causes an increase in susceptibility to second seizures induced by KA as early as 96 h after hypoxia, and this lowered seizure threshold persists to adulthood. Furthermore, perinatal hypoxia increases KA-induced neuronal injury at postnatal day (P)21 and 28/30. Repeated doses of NBQX (20 mg/kg) or TPM (30 mg/kg) given for 48 h after hypoxia-induced seizures prevent the increase in susceptibility to KA seizure-induced hippocampal neuronal injury at P28/30. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor blockade after hypoxia prevents the priming effect of perinatal hypoxia-induced seizures and that this protection occurs independent of its anticonvulsant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sookyong Koh
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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30
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Abstract
Controversy continues over which animal model to use as a reflection of human disease states. With respect to perinatal brain disorders, scientists must contend with a disease in evolution. In that regard, the perinatal brain is at risk during a time of extremely rapid development and maturation, involving processes that are required for normal growth. Interfering with these processes, as part of therapeutic intervention must be efficacious and safe. To date, numerous models have provided tremendous information regarding the pathophysiology of brain damage to term and preterm infants. Our challenges will continue to be in identifying those infants at greatest risk for permanent injury, and adapting therapies that provide more benefit than harm. Using animal models to conduct these studies will bring us closer to that goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Y Yager
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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31
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Cao HY, Jiang YW, Liu ZW, Wu XR. Effect of recurrent epileptiform discharges induced by magnesium-free treatment on developing cortical neurons in vitro. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 142:1-6. [PMID: 12694939 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(03)00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
As seizures in infants and children often originate from the neocortex, neocortical epilepsy models may be appropriate for studying epileptiform activity and seizure-induced injury in the developing nervous system. However, the characterization of epileptiform activity or seizure-induced injury in cultured developing cortical neurons has seldom been reported. Therefore, We attempted to establish a cultured developing cortical neuronal epilepsy model, and to study the subsequent effect on neurons. Cultures were exposed to Mg(2+)-free media for 3 h, and then returned to regular media. Using whole-cell patch-clamp intracellular recording techniques, we found that spontaneously recurrent epileptiform discharges for at least 72 h could be induced after transient Mg(2+)-free treatment. Neuron morphology following Mg(2+)-free treatment demonstrated no prominent alterations. At different time points (6, 24 and 72 h) after Mg(2+)-free treatment, neuronal viability, identified by trypan blue staining and LDH activity, and apoptosis, measured by flow cytometry, showed modest but non-significant (P>0.05) changes compared with the age-matched control group after various culture periods (6 and 17 days) in vitro. Mitochondrial metabolic activity, measured by MTT assay, significantly decreased by 15% at 6 h after Mg(2+)-free treatment (P<0.05) in neurons cultured for 6 days, and at 24 h showed a 29% decrease in neurons cultured for 17 days (P<0.05). In conclusion, brief Mg(2+)-free treatment constitutes a cultured developing cortical neuron 'seizure' model, and can induce transient mitochondrial dysfunction without cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Cao
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No. 1, Xi'anmen Dajie, Beijing 100034, PR China
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Grow J, Barks JDE. Pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury in the term infant: current concepts. Clin Perinatol 2002; 29:585-602, v. [PMID: 12516737 DOI: 10.1016/s0095-5108(02)00059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple, biochemical cascades contribute to the pathogenesis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. This article summarizes experimental evidence that supports the role of excitatory amino acids, calcium, free radicals, nitric oxide, proinflammatory cytokines, and bioactive lipids. Specific vulnerabilities that distinguish the response of the immature brain from that of the mature brain are highlighted. These include increased susceptibility to excitotoxicity and free radical injury, greater tendency to apoptotic death, and heightened vulnerability of developing oligodendrocytes. Available supportive evidence from human studies is also included. Implications for clinical neuroprotective strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Grow
- The University of Michigan Medical Center, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, 8301 MSRB III, Box 0646, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0646, USA
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Joseph JA, Fisher DR, Strain J. Muscarinic receptor subtype determines vulnerability to oxidative stress in COS-7 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32:153-61. [PMID: 11796204 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Research has suggested that there may be increased brain-region selective vulnerability to oxidative stress in aging and that Vulnerability to oxidative stress may be important in determining regional differences in neuronal aging. We assessed whether one factor determining vulnerability to oxidative stress might involve qualitative/quantitative differences in receptor subtypes in various neuronal populations. COS-7 cells were transfected with one of five muscarinic receptor subtypes (M1-M5 AChR) to DA (1 mM for 4 h) and intracellular Ca2+ levels were examined via fluorescent imaging analysis prior to and following 750 microM oxotremorine (oxo). Results indicated that the ability of the cells to clear excess Ca2+ (i.e., Ca2+ Recovery) following oxo stimulation varied as a function of transfected mAChR subtype, with DA-treated M1, M2, or M4 cells showing greater decrements in Recovery than those transfected with M3 or M5 AChR. A similar pattern of results in M1- or M3-transfected DA-exposed cells was seen with respect to Viability. Viability of the untransfected cells was unaffected by DA. Pretreatment with Trolox (a Vitamin E analog) or PBN (a nitrone trapping agent) did not alter the DA effects on cell Recovery in the M1-transfected cells, but were effective in preventing the decrements in Viability. The calcium channel antagonists (L and N, respectively), Nifedipine and Conotoxin prevented both the DA-induced deficits in Recovery and Viability. Results are discussed in terms of receptor involvement in the regional differences in Vulnerability to oxidative stress with age, and that loss of neuronal function may not inevitably lead to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Joseph
- USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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