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Corps Ricardo AI, Rodríguez Fariñas N, Guzmán Bernardo FJ, Rodríguez Martín-Doimeadios RC, Ríos Á. Screening-confirmation strategy for nanomaterials involving spectroscopic analytical techniques and its application to the control of silver nanoparticles in pastry samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 246:119015. [PMID: 33049466 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The full characterization of nanomaterials (NMs), which requires a range of different and expensive equipment, is not always necessary to meet certain demands of information. Qualitative analytical methods are ideal alternatives when only a piece of information is required. In this work, a qualitative method for the screening of NMs has been developed and statistically validated for the first time, with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a proof of concept. It is based on the generation of chemiluminescence of the luminol/Ag+ system in alkaline media in the presence of AgNPs. Measurements are obtained in a short time with a simple instrument. Probability of detection (POD) curves were constructed at three cut-off values next to the limit of detection of the chemiluminescent method. The unreliability region (UR) was from 0.50 to 1.82 μg L-1. Currently, no regulation on AgNPs exists, but the present method was successfully tested for a hypothetical threshold of 2.5 μg L-1 of 40 nm AgNPs. The method was applied to silver colored pearls, with silver (E-174) or aluminum (E-173) coating, used for decoration of pastry. Performance parameters such as false negative and positive rates as well as specificity, sensitivity and reliability rates were calculated for validation. The results of the screening method were confirmed by asymmetric flow field flow fractionation coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (AF4-ICP-MS). The proposed screening method is simple, fast, economic, and easy to transfer to routine laboratories in the field of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Corps Ricardo
- Environmental Sciences Institute (ICAM), Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Nuria Rodríguez Fariñas
- Environmental Sciences Institute (ICAM), Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Francisco J Guzmán Bernardo
- Environmental Sciences Institute (ICAM), Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Rosa C Rodríguez Martín-Doimeadios
- Environmental Sciences Institute (ICAM), Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Ángel Ríos
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Soriano ML, Zougagh M, Ríos Á, Valcárcel M. Analytical reliability of simple, rapid, minuturizated, direct analytical processes: A call to arms. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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3
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Dried matrix spots and clinical elemental analysis. Current status, difficulties, and opportunities. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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4
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Montereali MR, Pinto V, Schiavella F, Armiento G, Angelone M, Crovato C, Manojlović M, Čabilovski R, Cremisini C. A field screening test for the assessment of concentrations and mobility of potentially toxic elements in soils: a case study on urban soils from Rome and Novi Sad. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:466. [PMID: 28836031 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for environmental pollution control results in the development and use of new procedures for the determination of dangerous chemicals. Simple screening methods, which can be used directly in the field for a preliminary assessment of soil contamination, seem to be extremely advantageous. In our laboratory, we developed and optimized a rapid test for a preliminary evaluation of both the concentration and the mobility of some potentially toxic metals in soils. This screening test consists of a single extraction of the soil sample with a buffer solution, followed by the titration of the extracted solution with dithizone to determine the contents of bi-valent heavy metals (such as Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd). This screening method was then directly applied in the field during the sampling campaign in the framework of an Italian-Serbian collaborative project, finalized in the study of metal availability in soils. The results obtained in the field with the rapid test were compared with those obtained in the laboratory following the conventional procedure commonly used to evaluate metal bioavailability (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic extraction). Moreover, selected samples were analyzed sequentially in the laboratory using the standardized BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure. The screening test gave results conceptually in good agreement with those obtained via the BCR procedure. These preliminary data show that the proposed screening test is a reliable method for the preliminary rapid evaluation of metal total concentrations and of potential metal mobility in soils, supporting sampling activities directly in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Montereali
- ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development - Department SSPT-PROTER-BIOGEOC, Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Pinto
- ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Frascati Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi 45, Frascati, 00044, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Schiavella
- ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development - Department SSPT-PROTER-BIOGEOC, Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Armiento
- ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development - Department SSPT-PROTER-BIOGEOC, Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Angelone
- ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development - Department SSPT-PROTER-BIOGEOC, Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Crovato
- ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development - Department SSPT-PROTER-BIOGEOC, Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Maja Manojlović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, Novi Sad, 21 000, Serbia
| | - Ranko Čabilovski
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, Novi Sad, 21 000, Serbia
| | - Carlo Cremisini
- ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development - Department SSPT-PROTER-BIOGEOC, Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy
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5
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Paper-based maskless enzymatic sensor for glucose determination combining ink and wire electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 93:40-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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6
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de la Asunción-Nadal V, Armenta S, Garrigues S, de la Guardia M. Identification and determination of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal products by dry film attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy. Talanta 2017; 167:344-351. [PMID: 28340730 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new procedure has been developed for the identification and quantitative determination of synthetic cannabinoids in illicit herbal preparations. The methodology is based on the use of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) measurement of sample extracts with 2-propanol drying 5µL of the extracts onto the ATR crystal. The qualitative identification was carried out on the 2-propanol extract after identification of the herbal matrix, followed by its subtraction and using a cut-off criterion of 75%. Quantitative determination was made by univariate calibration using the absorbance of the band located at 1520cm-1 of the spectrum. Four different cannabinoids, RCS-4, JWH-210, UR-144 and JWH-081 were used as test analytes and the ATR-FTIR method provided limits of quantification from 14 till 79mgL-1. Sized blank market samples were successfully identified and UR-144 quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor de la Asunción-Nadal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Building, University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Armenta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Building, University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Salvador Garrigues
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Building, University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Building, University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Lead screening in DBS by solid sampling high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: application to newborns and pregnant women. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2057-70. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: DBS have become a clinical specimen especially adequate for establishing home-based collection protocols. In this work, high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry is evaluated for the direct monitoring of Pb in DBS, both as a quantitative tool and a screening method. Methodology: The development of the screening model is based on the establishment of the unreliability region around the threshold limits, 100 or 50 μg l-1. More than 500 samples were analyzed to validate the model. Conclusion: The screening method demonstrated high sensitivity (the rate of true positives detected was always higher than 95%), an excellent LOD (1 µg l-1) and high throughput (10 min per sample).
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Armenta S, Garrigues S, de la Guardia M, Brassier J, Alcalà M, Blanco M. Analysis of ecstasy in oral fluid by ion mobility spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy after liquid–liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1384:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Graphene packed needle trap device as a novel field sampler for determination of perchloroethylene in the air of dry cleaning establishments. Talanta 2015; 131:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Dantas HV, Barbosa MF, Nascimento EC, Moreira PN, Galvão RK, Araújo MC. Screening analysis of natural gas with respect to methane content by near-infrared spectrometry. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Armenta S, de la Guardia M, Alcalà M, Blanco M. Noninvasive double confirmation of cocaine abuse. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11382-90. [PMID: 24171548 DOI: 10.1021/ac4023583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A double confirmation procedure, based on the combined application of Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) and Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), has been developed for the noninvasive unambiguous identification of cocaine consume. The use of nasal mucus as a biological specimen for cocaine abuse confirmation has been proposed as an alternative to the use of blood and urine due to its noninvasive character and the presence of the parent compound instead of its metabolites. Sampling conditions, interferences caused by cutting agents and other substances, and limits of identification (LOI) and confirmation (LOC) have been deeply evaluated. The procedure combines the high sensitivity of the IMS to identify positive samples with the high selectivity of the IR procedure to confirm positive results. Thus, the proposed two tier method has been applied to the detection and identification of cocaine in the nasal mucus of different individuals, consumers, and nonconsumers, providing results comparable with those obtained by a reference procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Armenta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Building, University of Valencia , 50th Dr. Moliner St., E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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12
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The Role of Ion Mobility Spectrometry to Support the Food Protected Designation of Origin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59562-1.00009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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13
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Pena-Pereira F, Costas-Mora I, Lavilla I, Bendicho C. Rapid screening of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in waters by directly suspended droplet microextraction-microvolume fluorospectrometry. Talanta 2011; 89:217-22. [PMID: 22284483 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple screening method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water samples is proposed. The method is based on the combination of a miniaturized sample preparation approach, namely, directly suspended droplet microextraction (DSDME), and microvolume fluorospectrometry. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was used as the model compound for screening purposes. Under optimal conditions, a detection limit of 0.024 μg L(-1) and an enrichment factor of 159 were obtained for BaP in 5 min. The repeatability, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), was 4.9% (n=8). The unreliability region of the screening method was 0.54-0.67 μg L(-1), by using a cut-off value of 0.6 μg L(-1) of BaP. Finally, the proposed method was applied to the in situ achievement of the binary "yes/no" response for PAHs in different water samples and recovery studies were performed at three different levels, with BaP recoveries in the range of 93-104%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Pena-Pereira
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Alimentaria, Área de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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14
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Sainz-Gonzalo F, Fernandez-Sanchez J, Fernandez-Gutierrez A. The development of a screening molecularly imprinted polymer optosensor for detecting xylenes in water samples. Microchem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Sainz-Gonzalo F, Medina-Castillo A, Fernández-Sánchez J, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. Synthesis and characterization of a molecularly imprinted polymer optosensor for TEXs-screening in drinking water. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3331-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Aguilera-Herrador E, Cruz-Vera M, Valcárcel M. Analytical connotations of point-of-care testing. Analyst 2010; 135:2220-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00307g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Morais CMQDJ, Durães TDS, Nóbrega AWD, Jacob SDC. Presença de resíduos de antibióticos em leite bovino pasteurizado. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-20612009005000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a presença de resíduos de antibióticos no leite bovino pasteurizado comercializado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e propor um programa de monitoramento à Vigilância Sanitária Municipal com base nesses dados. Durante o período de abril a agosto de 2006 foram analisadas 57 amostras de leite através de ensaios imunoenzimáticos para análise qualitativa dos betalactâmicos, tetraciclinas e estreptomicina/diidroestreptomicina na forma de kits. Os resultados evidenciaram que os antimicrobianos continuam sendo utilizados no tratamento do gado leiteiro.
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18
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Petri M, Jiang JQ, Maier M. Screening analysis of volatile organic contaminants in commercial inorganic coagulants used for drinking water treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2009; 91:142-148. [PMID: 19717219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A method for quality screening is suggested to detect volatile impurities in inorganic coagulants that are used for drinking water treatment. Static headspace gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (HS-GCMS) is sensitive and selective to detect volatiles in low concentrations. This study has discovered that volatile organic impurities are detectable in ferric and aluminium-based coagulants which are used for drinking water treatment. For ferric chloride, 2-propanol was detected at a level of 17-24 microg ml(-1), acetone at 0.7-1.7 microg ml(-1), 1,1,1-trichloroacetone at 0.02-0.04 microg ml(-1), trichloromethane at 0.01-0.02 microg ml(-1) and toluene at 0.01-0.12 microg ml(-1). For ferric chloride sulfate, acetone was detected at a level of 0.12 microg ml(-1), 1,1,1-trichloroacetone at 0.06-0.08 microg ml(-1), trichloromethane at 0.13-0.23 microg ml(-1), bromodichloromethane at 0.04-0.06 microg ml(-1) and dibromochloromethane at 0.04-0.05 microg ml(-1). For aluminium hydroxide chloride, only trichloromethane was detectable, but below the method detection limits (MDL). Although the concentrations of these impurities in commercial coagulants are low, this observation is important and should have impact on water industries for them to pay attention to the chemicals they are using for drinking water production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Petri
- Zweckverband Bodensee-Wasserversorgung, Betriebs- und Forschungslabor, D-88662 Uberlingen, Germany
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19
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Garrido Frenich A, Martínez Vidal JL, Fernández Moreno JL, Romero-González R. Compensation for matrix effects in gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry using a single point standard addition. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4798-808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Song G, Lu C, Lin JM. Application of surfactants and microemulsions to the extraction of pyrene and phenanthrene from soil with three different extraction methods. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 596:312-8. [PMID: 17631112 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2007] [Revised: 06/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the use of surfactants and oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsions as alternative extractants in accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pyrene and phenanthrene) from soils was investigated. In particular, the effect of each individual component within the microemulsions, i.e., oil phase, surfactant and co-surfactant, and extraction conditions on the percentage recovery was systematically studied. When compared to the water and organic solvent, the important findings were that the common surfactant solutions at the concentrations above their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were shown to enhance the percentage recovery at the lower extraction temperature. Moreover, the highest percentage recovery can be obtained using microemulsion as the extractant. The chemical component within the microemulsions and relative amounts of the oil phase appeared to play a much more significant role in ensuring high percentage recovery. Finally, an overall comparison between the percentage recoveries obtained with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ASE using organic solvents, surfactants and microemulsions as extractants was exhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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21
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Lucena R, Cárdenas S, Valcárcel M. Evaporative light scattering detection: trends in its analytical uses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1663-72. [PMID: 17572888 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) is widely recognized as a universal tool for liquid and supercritical chromatographies. In addition, this detection technique is fully compatible with continuous-flow systems. In fact, the combination of continuous non-chromatographic techniques and ELSD affords the design of simple, reliable systems for extracting qualitative information. This paper reviews instrumental innovations regarding the miniaturization of evaporative light scattering detectors and their uses in micro and capillary liquid chromatography; also, it discusses their increasingly important role in the development of vanguard configurations for sample screening and the determination of total indices without the need for chromatographic separation. Moreover, it compares them with other types of chromatographic detectors in terms of performance. Finally, the potential of ELSD for solving real-life analytical problems arising from the need to meet (bio)chemical information needs is illustrated with various selected applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lucena
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
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22
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Evaluation of a rapid semi-quantitative analysis approach using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry with axial viewing. Microchem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Jurado-Sánchez B, Ballesteros E, Gallego M. Comparison of the sensitivities of seven N-nitrosamines in pre-screened waters using an automated preconcentration system and gas chromatography with different detectors. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1154:66-73. [PMID: 17442322 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple, expeditious procedure for confirming the presence of N-nitrosamines in previously screened positive water samples was proposed. Water samples were continuously aspirated into a photometric flow system for screening. Positive samples were then confirmed and N-nitrosamines were identified by gas chromatography using different detectors (mass spectrometry, flame ionization and nitrogen-phosphorus). The system for the screening purpose was based on the preconcentration of the analytes onto a sorbent column, elution, and derivatization to form nitrite, then formation of a coloured product (Griess reaction) and photometric detection. The detection limits of the gas chromatographic method for 100 ml of sample were 2.0-3.5 microg/l, 20-80 and 3-13 ng/l for flame ionization, nitrogen-phosphorus and mass spectrometric detectors, respectively. The precision as RSD was similar for all detectors (3.0-6.5%). The screening of different types of water showed that wastewaters contain levels of N-nitrosamines that can be detected only using MS as a detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Jurado-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
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24
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Valero-Navarro A, Fernández-Sánchez JF, Medina-Castillo AL, Fernández-Ibáñez F, Segura-Carretero A, Ibáñez JM, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. A rapid, sensitive screening test for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons applied to Antarctic water. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:903-10. [PMID: 17208278 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe a rapid, sensitive, fluorescence screening test for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples that avoids more costly time-consuming methods. The screening test works by detecting benzo[a]pyrene. It runs without the need for any pre-concentration step, thus rendering it suitable for routine use in water-quality-control laboratories. The test recognizes contaminated samples rapidly (150 s) and inexpensively with a cut-off level of 10 ng l(-1), which is the value that the European Union and World Health Organization (WHO) have laid down in its assessment of the quality of water for human consumption. This was first ascertained by analysing tap and waste-water samples before studying environmental water samples from the Antarctic region. The reliability of the screening test was 2% false positives and 4% false negatives in 200 samples of tap and waste-water. The applicability was confirmed by the fact that the predictions of the screening test coincided exactly with results obtained with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assays. We also discuss the polluted Antarctic samples and the possible sources of the contamination involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Valero-Navarro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, c/Fuentenueva s/n., E-18071 Granada, Spain
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Caro J, Serrano A, Gallego M. Direct screening and confirmation of priority volatile organic pollutants in drinking water. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1138:244-50. [PMID: 17092514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A screening tool was proposed for the rapid detection of eight priority volatile organic pollutants according to European standards in drinking water. The method is based on the direct coupling of a headspace sampler with a mass spectrometer, using a chromatographic column heated to 175 degrees C as an interface. The water sample was subjected to the headspace extraction process and the volatile fraction was introduced directly into the mass spectrometer, without prior chromatographic separation, achieving low detection limits (0.6-1.2 ng/ml) for all compounds. The mass spectrum resulting from the simultaneous ionization and fragmentation of the mixture of molecules constitutes the volatile profile of each sample. An appropriate chemometric treatment of these signals permitted them to be classified, on the basis of their volatile composition, as contaminated or uncontaminated with respect to the legally established concentration levels for these compounds in drinking water, and providing no false negatives. A conventional confirmation method was carried out to analyze positive water samples by using the same instrumental setup as in the screening method, but using an appropriate temperature program in the chromatographic column to separate, identify and quantify each analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Caro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Richter P, Zúñiga C, Calderón K, Carrasco R. Mass spectrometry/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry approach for rapid screening/quantitative determination of perchloroethylene in air. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1102:232-7. [PMID: 16257001 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new mass spectrometry/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS/GC-MS) approach has been developed for the screening and quantitative determination of perchloroethylene (PERC) in workplace and outdoor air samples, which could be extended to the screening and analysis of other analytes and samples. This approach may be rapidly modified in order to be used directly as an MS detector for screening purposes or alternatively as a common GC-MS, for confirmation. The screening alternative by MS is approximately 20 times faster than the quantitative-confirmatory determination by GC-MS. Detection limits of both alternatives are sufficiently low to screen and determine PERC in the above-mentioned matrixes. The advantage of this approach over others previously described is that, in the present case, the sample passes through the chromatographic column only when the confirmatory GC-MS is used. For the MS screening method, the chromatographic column is bypassed by using an appropriate selection valve. In this way, the column lifetime is extended and screening time is considerably shortened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Richter
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile.
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de Medeiros VM, Ugulino Araújo MC, Harrop Galvão RK, da Silva EC, Bezerra Saldanha TC, Salata Toscano IA, Ribeiro de Oliveira MDS, Barbosa Freitas SK, Neto MM. Screening analysis of river seston downstream of an effluent discharge point using near-infrared reflectance spectrometry and wavelet-based spectral region selection. WATER RESEARCH 2005; 39:3089-97. [PMID: 15998532 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Revised: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A methodology for screening analysis of river seston downstream of an industry effluent by using near-infrared reflectance spectrometry was developed. A wavelet transform (WT)-based strategy is used to select a spectral region in which the effect of the effluent on the optical properties of the seston is more evident. The methodology was applied to samples from the River Mumbaba in northeast Brazil. Four sites were monitored: two upstream (1 and 2), one at the discharge point of the effluent (3), and another downstream (4). Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogies (SIMCA) models were built for site 1 and were then applied to the classification of samples from sites 2 and 4. The results reveal that the WT-based spectral region selection is essential to ensure good sensitivity and specificity with respect to the detection of events associated to the effluent discharges at site 3. In fact, the changes in site 4 caused by the effluent are masked by other environmental factors when the full spectrum is employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Maria de Medeiros
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CCEN, Departamento de Química, Caixa Postal 5093, 58051-970-João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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Castañeda G, Rodríguez-Flores J, Ríos A. Analytical approaches to expanding the use of capillary electrophoresis in routine food analysis. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:915-24. [PMID: 16013817 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) is becoming an ever more powerful analytical technique for the separation, identification, and quantification of a wide variety of compounds of interest in many application fields. Particularly in food analysis this technique can offer interesting advantages over chromatographic techniques because of its greater simplicity and efficiency. Nevertheless, CE needs to advance with regard to compatibility with sample matrices, sensitivity, and robustness of the methodologies in order to gain even wider acceptance in food analysis laboratories, specially for routine work. This article presents various approaches to expanding the analytical usefulness of CE in food analysis, discussing their advantages over conventional CE. These approaches focus on sample screening, automated sample preparation with on-line CE arrangements, and the automatic integration of calibration in routine analytical work with CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Castañeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Castilla--La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela, 10, E-13004 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Delgado B, Pino V, Ayala JH, Gonzalez V, Afonso AM. Coupling micelle-mediated extraction using mixtures of surfactants and fluorescence measurements with a fiber-optic for the screening of PAHs in seawater. Analyst 2005; 130:571-7. [PMID: 15776170 DOI: 10.1039/b415125a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The screening of PAHs from seawater samples using cloud-point extraction (CPE) as a step prior to their determination by fluorescence measurements with a fiber-optic is proposed. The CPE is carried out with the nonionic surfactants mixture POLE and Brij 30. The fluorescence measurement parameters were optimized, allowing selection of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)Py) and benzo(k)fluoranthene (B(k)Ft) as the target analytes for the screening. The reproducibility of the whole screening system, expressed as relative standard deviation, was 9.0% for B(a)Py and 12.1% for B(k)Ft (both for n = 7). The reliability of the method was established at five concentrations for B(a)Py (between 0.5 and 3.3 times the detection limit: 0.31 ng ml(-1)) and at three concentrations for B(k)Ft (between 0.6 and 2.5 times the detection limit: 0.56 ng ml(-1)). The resolution of binary mixtures of these PAHs at different levels of concentration, and a study of the interferences with the rest of the PAHs were also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Delgado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, Campus de Anchieta, Astrofisico Francisco Sanchez s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Spain
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35
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Slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry as screening method for chromium in compost. Talanta 2004; 64:631-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2004.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Revised: 02/12/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Decaestecker TN, Vande Casteele SR, Wallemacq PE, Van Peteghem CH, Defore DL, Van Bocxlaer JF. Information-Dependent Acquisition-Mediated LC−MS/MS Screening Procedure with Semiquantitative Potential. Anal Chem 2004; 76:6365-73. [PMID: 15516129 DOI: 10.1021/ac0492315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of a LC-MS/MS general unknown screening procedure for toxicologically relevant substances in blood samples by means of information-dependent acquisition on a Q-TOF is reported. IDA is an artificial intelligence-based product ion scan mode providing automatic "on-the-fly" MS to MS/MS switching. By performing information-dependent scanning at two different fragmentation energies, two collision-induced dissociation product ion spectra for each of the detected compounds are generated. As such, information-rich MS/MS spectra are obtained from precursor ions not known beforehand. In addition, limitation of the MS/MS acquisition time to an acceptable minimum resulted in an almost instantaneous switch back to the MS mode. As such, this approach provided MS chromatograms that still could be of use for semiquantitative purposes. Since the switching intensity threshold, unequivocally related to the background noise, proved a critical parameter, the solid-phase extraction procedure, the liquid chromatographic conditions, and the mass spectrometric parameters all were optimized to the advantage of information-dependent acquisition. Finally, the screening procedure we developed was benchmarked, on one hand, qualitatively against the results obtained from traditional GUS approaches in a number of routine toxicological laboratories (20 samples) and, on the other hand, quantitatively with respect to its potential against established LC-MS/MS methods (7 samples). The procedure performed very well from a qualitative point of view; almost all of the drugs detected by the conventional techniques were identified, as well as additional drugs that were not previously reported. The procedure proved well-suited for an initial semiquantitative assessment, as is customary in, for example, forensic toxicology before accurate intoxication levels are determined using targeted analytical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke N Decaestecker
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Serrano A, Gallego M. Direct screening and confirmation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in water. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1045:181-8. [PMID: 15378893 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel, straightforward sample screening method for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers (BTEX) in water is proposed. The method is based on the direct coupling of a headspace (HS) sampler with a mass spectrometer by using a chromatographic column heated to 200 degrees C as an interface. Samples are acidified and subjected to the headspace generation process, the resulting volatile fraction being directly introduced into the source of the mass spectrometer. The large number of samples to be analyzed and the wide range of m/z ratios scanned (75-110) suggest the use of chemometric approaches based on pattern recognition techniques (PRT). For sample classification purposes, the detection limit of the method (overall response 4.0 ng/ml BTEX) was selected as the cut-off level. The method proved highly reliable as no false negatives were obtained at the legally established concentration levels. Positive water samples were confirmed by using the same instrumental setup as in the screening method, but by heating the chromatographic column at 40-200 degrees C to separate the analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serrano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Pulido A, Ruisánchez I, Boqué R, Rius F. Uncertainty of results in routine qualitative analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(03)01104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dı́az-Garcı́a J, Costa-Fernández JM, Bordel N, Pereiro R, Sanz-Medel A. Energy transfer—room temperature phosphorescence for the optosensing of transition metal ions. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fernández-Sánchez JF, Carretero AS, Cruces-Blanco C, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. A sensitive fluorescence optosensor for analysing propranolol in pharmaceutical preparations and a test for its control in urine in sport. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 31:859-65. [PMID: 12684098 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple and selective method for analysing propranolol and a sensitive test for its control in urine. A flow-through fluorescence optosensor based on on-line immobilization in a non-ionic-exchanger (Amberlite XAD-7) solid support in a continuous flow was used in both cases. Determination was made in 5 mM H(2)PO(4)(-)/HPO(4)(2-) buffer solution at pH 6 at a working temperature of 20 degrees C. Fluorescence intensities were measured at lambda(ex/em) = 300/338 nm with a response time of 80 s, thus obtaining a linear concentration range of between 0 and 250.0 ng ml(-1) with a detection limit of 1.3 ng ml(-1), an analytical sensitivity of 6.0 ng ml(-1) and a standard deviation of 2.40% at a 150 ng ml(-1) concentration level for propranolol. We also propose a test to detect propranolol in urine with a linear concentration range between 0 and 100.0 ng ml(-1), a detection limit of 0.2 ng ml(-1), an analytical sensitivity of 1.0 ng ml(-1), and a standard deviation of 0.84% at a 75 ng ml(-1) concentration level. The effect of proteins presents in urine samples were evaluated. The two proposed methods were satisfactorily applied to commercial formulations and urine samples respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, C/Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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González M, Gallego M, Valcárcel M. Determination of natural and synthetic colorants in prescreened dairy samples using liquid chromatography-diode array detection. Anal Chem 2003; 75:685-93. [PMID: 12585502 DOI: 10.1021/ac020468f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple and novel screening method for food colorants was proposed. Synthetic or natural colorants were discriminated as they were selectively adsorbed on cotton or RP-C18 sorbent columns, respectively. After elution, each fraction was monitored at 400, 530, and 610 nm for yellow, red, and green-blue-brown additives, respectively, with a DAD spectrophotometer. The screening method serves as a filter to indicate whether the target colorants are present above or below the detection limit of the method (6-15 or 25-10,000 n/mL for synthetic or natural colorants, respectively). Positive samples were discriminated by LC-DAD, using a flow system similar to that of the screening method. The LC-DAD discrimination/confirmation method is very sensitive; it exhibits a linear range of 0.01-50 microg/mL (excluding curcumin and caramel, which are linear up to 200 and 1,500 microg/mL, respectively). The method was applied to the determination of natural and synthetic colorants in dairy samples with good precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica González
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain
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46
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Belarra M, Resano M, Vanhaecke F, Moens L. Direct solid sampling with electrothermal vaporization/atomization: what for and how? Trends Analyt Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(02)01206-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Automatic screening method for the rapid and simple discrimination between synthetic and natural colorants in foods. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Fähnrich KA, Pravda M, Guilbault GG. IMMUNOCHEMICAL DETECTION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs). ANAL LETT 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120006666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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50
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Valcárcel M, Cárdenas S. We need reliable ways to bypass preliminary operations in (bio)chemical measurement. Trends Analyt Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(02)00413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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