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Liu M, Li Q, Tan L, Wang L, Wu F, Li L, Zhang G. Host-microbiota interactions play a crucial role in oyster adaptation to rising seawater temperature in summer. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114585. [PMID: 36252835 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change, represented by rising and fluctuating temperature, induces systematic changes in marine organisms and in their bacterial symbionts. However, the role of host-microbiota interactions in the host's response to rising temperature and the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood in marine organisms. Here, the symbiotic intestinal microbiota and transcriptional responses between diploid and triploid oysters that displayed susceptible and resistant performance under the stress of rising temperature during a summer mortality event were compared to investigate the host-microbiota interactions. The rising and fluctuating temperatures triggered an earlier onset and higher mortality in susceptible oysters (46.7%) than in resistant oysters (17.3%). Correlation analysis between microbial properties and environmental factors showed temperature was strongly correlated with indices of α-diversity and the abundance of top 10 phyla, indicating that temperature significantly shaped the intestinal microbiota of oysters. The microbiota structure of resistant oysters exhibited more rapid changes in composition and diversity compared to susceptible oysters before peak mortality, indicating that resistant oysters possessed a stronger ability to regulate their symbiotic microbiota. Meanwhile, linear discriminant analysis effect size (LefSe) analysis found that the probiotics Verrucomicrobiales and Clostridiales were highly enriched in resistant oysters, and that potential pathogens Betaproteobacteriales and Acidobacteriales were enriched in susceptible oysters. These results implied that the symbiotic microbiota played a significant role in the oysters' adaptation to rising temperature. Accompanying the decrease in unfavorable bacteria before peak mortality, genes related to phagocytosis and lysozymes were upregulated and the xenobiotics elimination pathway was exclusively expressed in resistant oysters, demonstrating the validity of these immunological functions in controlling proliferation of pathogens driven by rising temperature. Compromised immunological functions might lead to proliferation of pathogens in susceptible oysters. This study might uncover a conserved mechanism of adaptation to rising temperature in marine invertebrates from the perspective of interactions between host and symbiotic microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qingyuan Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lintao Tan
- Rushan Marine Economy and Development Center, Rushan, 264599, China
| | - Luping Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fucun Wu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Li Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Guofan Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, 266071, China
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2
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Histopathologic Lesions in Bivalve Mollusks Found in Portugal: Etiology and Risk Factors. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bivalve mollusks are an important resource due to their socioeconomic value and to the historical and genetic value of some species. Two nationally important oyster species-Portuguese oyster (Crassostrea angulata) and Japanese oyster (Crassostrea gigas) from distinctive areas in Portugal were studied to evaluate their sanitary status. Oysters were sampled from four different sites in Portugal. Oysters collected from Japanese oyster populations were cultivated in a strong ocean-influenced environment and Portuguese oyster populations were cultivated in wild-beds. The histopathological examination of both oyster species revealed the presence of parasites in gills, mantle epithelium, digestive gland tubules and connective tissue, with a moderate prevalence. In both populations was observed hemocytosis in the connective tissue, edema and metaplasia in the digestive gland and tissues necrosis. In wild populations from Sado and Mira estuaries the prevalence of mud blisters and gill lesions were higher than from populations produced on 0.50 m tables from mudflats. Biosecurity measures and diagnostic techniques are fundamental to control pathogenic agents, including the identification of pathogens at an early stage in their life cycles. This will prevent diseases and improve pathogen reduction on transport of animals from different countries and regions to new production areas to avoid the transmission of diseases.
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3
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Burge CA, Friedman CS, Kachmar ML, Humphrey KL, Moore JD, Elston RA. The first detection of a novel OsHV-1 microvariant in San Diego, California, USA. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 184:107636. [PMID: 34116033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The spread, emergence, and adaptation of pathogens causing marine disease has been problematic to fisheries and aquaculture industries for the last several decades creating the need for strategic management and biosecurity practices. The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), a highly productive species globally, has been a target of disease and mortality caused by a viral pathogen, the Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) and its microvariants (OsHV-1 µvars). During routine surveillance to establish health history at a shellfish aquaculture nursery system in San Diego, California, the presence of OsHV-1 in Pacific oyster juveniles was detected. Quantification of OsHV-1 in tissues of oysters revealed OsHV-1 viral loads > 106 copies/mg. We characterized and identified the OsHV-1 variant by sequencing of ORFs 4 (C2/C6) and 43 (IA1/IA2), which demonstrated that this variant is a novel OsHV-1 microvariant: OsHV-1 µvar SD. A pilot transmission study indicates that OsHV-1 µvar SD is infectious with high viral loads ~ 7.57 × 106 copies/mg detected in dead individuals. The detection of OsHV-1 µvar SD in a large port mirrors previous studies conducted in Australia where aquaculture farms and feral populations near port locations may be at a higher risk of OsHV-1 emergence. Further research is needed to understand the impacts of OsHV-1 µvar SD, such as transmission studies focusing on potential vectors and characterization of virulence as compared to other OsHV-1 µvars. To increase biosecurity of the global aquaculture industry, active and passive surveillance may be necessary to reduce spread of pathogens and make appropriate management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A Burge
- Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
| | - Carolyn S Friedman
- School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Mariah L Kachmar
- Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | | | - James D Moore
- California Department of Fish & Wildlife, UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory, 2099 Westside Road, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Ralph A Elston
- AquaTechnics Inc, 455 West Bell Street, Sequim, WA 98382, USA
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Itoïz S, Perennou M, Mouronvalle C, Derelle E, Le Goïc N, Bidault A, de Montaudouin X, Arzul I, Soudant P, Chambouvet A. Development of duplex TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Perkinsus olseni and P. chesapeaki in host Manila clam tissue samples. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 184:107603. [PMID: 33971219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aetiological agent Perkinsus olseni is globally recognised as a major threat for shellfish production considering its wide geographical distribution across Asia, Europe, Australia and South America. Another species, Perkinsus chesapeaki, which has never been known to be associated with significant mortality events, was recently detected along French coasts infecting clam populations sporadically in association with P. olseni. Identifying potential cryptic infections affecting Ruditapes philippinarum is essential to develop appropriate host resource management strategies. Here, we developed a molecular method based on duplex real-time quantitative PCR for the simultaneous detection of these two parasites, P. olseni and P. chesapeaki, in the different clam tissues: gills, digestive gland, foot, mantle, adductor muscle and the rest of the soft body. We firstly checked the presence of possible PCR inhibitors in host tissue samples. The qPCR reactions were inhibited depending on the nature of the host organ. The mantle and the rest of the soft body have a high inhibitory effect from threshold of host gDNA concentration of 2 ng.µL-1, the adductor muscle and the foot have an intermediate inhibition of 5 ng.µL-1, and the gills and digestive gland do not show any inhibition of the qPCR reaction even at the highest host gDNA concentration of 20 ng.µL-1. Then, using the gills as a template, the suitability of the molecular technique was checked in comparison with the Ray's Fluid Thioglycolate Medium methodology recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health. The duplex qPCR method brought new insights and unveiled cryptic infections as the co-occurrence of P. olseni and P. chesapeaki from in situ tissue samples in contrast to the RFTM diagnosis. The development of this duplex qPCR method is a fundamental work to monitor in situ co-infections that will lead to optimised resource management and conservation strategies to deal with emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Itoïz
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Morgan Perennou
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Clara Mouronvalle
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France; EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD, CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Perpignan F-66360, France
| | - Evelyne Derelle
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Adeline Bidault
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Xavier de Montaudouin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, Station Marine, F-33120 Arcachon, France
| | - Isabelle Arzul
- IFREMER, Laboratory of Genetics and Pathology, Av de Mus de Loup-17390, La Tremblade, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France.
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Prado-Alvarez M, García-Fernández P, Faury N, Azevedo C, Morga B, Gestal C. First detection of OsHV-1 in the cephalopod Octopus vulgaris. Is the octopus a dead-end for OsHV-1? J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 183:107553. [PMID: 33596434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ostreid herpes virus (OsHV-1), associated with massive mortalities in the bivalve Crassostrea gigas, was detected for the first time in the cephalopod Octopus vulgaris. Wild adult animals from a natural breeding area in Spain showed an overall prevalence of detection of 87.5% between 2010 and 2015 suggesting an environmental source of viral material uptake. Overall positive PCR detections were significantly higher in adult animals (p = 0.031) compared to newly hatched paralarvae (62%). Prevalence in embryos reached 65%. Sequencing of positive amplicons revealed a match with the variant OsHV-1 µVar showing the genomic features that distinguish this variant in the ORF4. Gill tissues from adult animals were also processed for in situ hybridization and revealed positive labelling. Experimental exposure trials in octopus paralarvae were carried out by cohabitation with virus injected oysters and by immersion in viral suspension observing a significant decrease in paralarval survival in both experiments. An increase in the number of OsHV-1 positive animals was detected in dead paralarvae after cohabitation with virus injected oysters. No signs of viral replication were observed based on lack of viral gene expression or visualization of viral structures by transmission electron microscopy. The octopus response against OsHV-1 was evaluated by gene expression of previously reported transcripts involved in immune response in C. gigas suggesting that immune defences in octopus are also activated after exposure to OsHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prado-Alvarez
- Marine Molecular Pathobiology Group, Marine Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Marine Molecular Pathobiology Group, Marine Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Nicole Faury
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Carlos Azevedo
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Benjamin Morga
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Camino Gestal
- Marine Molecular Pathobiology Group, Marine Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
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6
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Kim HJ, Jun JW, Giri SS, Yun S, Kim SG, Kim SW, Kang JW, Han SJ, Kwon J, Oh WT, Jeon HB, Chi C, Jeong D, Park SC. Mass mortality in Korean bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) associated with Ostreid Herpesvirus-1 μVar. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1442-1448. [PMID: 30972971 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Since November 2017, mass mortalities of larvae of bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) were reported in hatcheries located at the southern area of Republic of Korea. Over 90% of larvae aged 5-10 days sank to the bottom of the tank and died. The hatcheries could not produce spat, and thus artificial seed production industry incurred huge losses. We identified Ostreid Herpesvirus-1 μVar (OsHV-1 μVar) associated with mass mortality by PCR, sequencing and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All the samples were positive for OsHV-1 μVar with 99% sequence identity to previously reported OsHV-1 μVar sequences. Partial sequence of ORF-4 of OsHV-1 detected in this study was more closely related to sequences isolated from Europe. This is the first report to confirm the mortality caused by an OsHV-1 infection in the bay scallop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoun Joong Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Department of Aquaculture, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Saekil Yun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Guen Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Wha Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Kang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Jin Han
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Kwon
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Taek Oh
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Bae Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Cheng Chi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Ecology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dalsang Jeong
- Department of Aquaculture, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Cáceres-Martínez J, Vásquez-Yeomans R, Danigo P, Reyes-Roel C. Histological Alterations in Pacific Oysters Crassostrea gigas that Survived a Summer Mortality Event in Baja California, Mexico. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2018; 30:31-38. [PMID: 29595887 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A mortality episode (>90%) of triploid and diploid Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas cultured in Baja California Sur occurred during summer 2012, coinciding with a thermal anomaly, an algal bloom, and low oxygen values. To help explain the cause of the mortalities, histological analyses and molecular tests for specific pathogens (ostreid herpesvirus 1 [OsHV-1] and Perkinsus marinus) were performed on oysters surviving at the end of the episode. Triploid oysters showed a high percentage of males (43%) and hermaphrodites (30%); 93% of these oysters were in the gonadic reabsorption stage, and in some cases, hemocytes completely filled the lumen of the gonadic follicles. Oysters presented large areas with severe hemocyte infiltration that extended toward the digestive gland. Diploid oysters showed similar gonad alterations. None of samples showed histological or molecular evidence of OsHV-1 or P. marinus. Histological alterations can be related to physiological disorders caused by the mechanism driving summer mortality. This is the first case history of a summer mortality episode among Pacific oysters in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cáceres-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana Number 3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Rebeca Vásquez-Yeomans
- Instituto de Sanidad Acuícola, Asociación Civil, Calle de la Marina Sin Número, esquina Caracoles, Fraccionamiento Playa Ensenada, 22880, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Philippe Danigo
- Sol Azul, Sociedad Anónima de Capital Variable, Boulevard Álvaro Obregón 720-2, Colonia El Esterito, 23020, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Carlos Reyes-Roel
- Sol Azul, Sociedad Anónima de Capital Variable, Boulevard Álvaro Obregón 720-2, Colonia El Esterito, 23020, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
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8
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Arzul I, Corbeil S, Morga B, Renault T. Viruses infecting marine molluscs. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 147:118-135. [PMID: 28189502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although a wide range of viruses have been reported in marine molluscs, most of these reports rely on ultrastructural examination and few of these viruses have been fully characterized. The lack of marine mollusc cell lines restricts virus isolation capacities and subsequent characterization works. Our current knowledge is mostly restricted to viruses affecting farmed species such as oysters Crassostrea gigas, abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta or the scallop Chlamys farreri. Molecular approaches which are needed to identify virus affiliation have been carried out for a small number of viruses, most of them belonging to the Herpesviridae and birnaviridae families. These last years, the use of New Generation Sequencing approach has allowed increasing the number of sequenced viral genomes and has improved our capacity to investigate the diversity of viruses infecting marine molluscs. This new information has in turn allowed designing more efficient diagnostic tools. Moreover, the development of experimental infection protocols has answered some questions regarding the pathogenesis of these viruses and their interactions with their hosts. Control and management of viral diseases in molluscs mostly involve active surveillance, implementation of effective bio security measures and development of breeding programs. However factors triggering pathogen development and the life cycle and status of the viruses outside their mollusc hosts still need further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Arzul
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Station La Tremblade, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Serge Corbeil
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong East, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Station La Tremblade, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Tristan Renault
- Ifremer, RBE, Centre Atlantique, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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9
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In situ localization and tissue distribution of ostreid herpesvirus 1 proteins in infected Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 136:124-35. [PMID: 27066775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays were conducted on paraffin sections from experimentally infected spat and unchallenged spat produced in hatchery to determine the tissue distribution of three viral proteins within the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Polyclonal antibodies were produced from recombinant proteins corresponding to two putative membrane proteins and one putative apoptosis inhibitor encoded by ORF 25, 72, and 87, respectively. Results were then compared to those obtained by in situ hybridization performed on the same individuals, and showed a substantial agreement according to Landis and Koch numeric scale. Positive signals were mainly observed in connective tissue of gills, mantle, adductor muscle, heart, digestive gland, labial palps, and gonads of infected spat. Positive signals were also reported in digestive epithelia. However, few positive signals were also observed in healthy appearing oysters (unchallenged spat) and could be due to virus persistence after a primary infection. Cellular localization of staining seemed to be linked to the function of the viral protein targeted. A nucleus staining was preferentially observed with antibodies targeting the putative apoptosis inhibitor protein whereas a cytoplasmic localization was obtained using antibodies recognizing putative membrane proteins. The detection of viral proteins was often associated with histopathological changes previously reported during OsHV-1 infection by histology and transmission electron microscopy. Within the 6h after viral suspension injection, positive signals were almost at the maximal level with the three antibodies and all studied organs appeared infected at 28h post viral injection. Connective tissue appeared to be a privileged site for OsHV-1 replication even if positive signals were observed in the epithelium cells of different organs which may be interpreted as a hypothetical portal of entry or release for the virus. IHC constitutes a suited method for analyzing the early infection stages of OsHV-1 infection and a useful tool to investigate interactions between OsHV-1 and its host at a protein level.
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10
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California mussels (Mytilus californianus) as sentinels for marine contamination with Sarcocystis neurona. Parasitology 2016; 143:762-9. [PMID: 27003262 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sarcocystis neurona is a terrestrial parasite that can cause fatal encephalitis in the endangered Southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis). To date, neither risk factors associated with marine contamination nor the route of S. neurona infection to marine mammals has been described. This study evaluated coastal S. neurona contamination using California mussels (Mytilus californianus) as sentinels for pathogen pollution. A field investigation was designed to test the hypotheses that (1) mussels can serve as sentinels for S. neurona contamination, and (2) S. neurona contamination in mussels would be highest during the rainy season and in mussels collected near freshwater. Initial validation of molecular assays through sporocyst spiking experiments revealed the ITS-1500 assay to be most sensitive for detection of S. neurona, consistently yielding parasite amplification at concentrations ⩾5 sporocysts/1 mL mussel haemolymph. Assays were then applied on 959 wild-caught mussels, with detection of S. neurona confirmed using sequence analysis in three mussels. Validated molecular assays for S. neurona detection in mussels provide a novel toolset for investigating marine contamination with this parasite, while confirmation of S. neurona in wild mussels suggests that uptake by invertebrates may serve as a route of transmission to susceptible marine animals.
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11
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López Sanmartín M, Power DM, de la Herrán R, Navas JI, Batista FM. Experimental infection of European flat oyster Ostrea edulis with ostreid herpesvirus 1 microvar (OsHV-1μvar): Mortality, viral load and detection of viral transcripts by in situ hybridization. Virus Res 2016; 217:55-62. [PMID: 26945849 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) infections have been reported in several bivalve species. Mortality of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas spat has increased considerably in Europe since 2008 linked to the spread of a variant of OsHV-1 called μvar. In the present study we demonstrated that O. edulis juveniles can be infected by OsHV-1μvar when administered as an intramuscular injection. Mortality in the oysters injected with OsHV-1μvar was first detected 4 days after injection and reached 25% mortality at day 10. Moreover, the high viral load observed and the detection of viral transcripts by in situ hybridization in several tissues of dying oysters suggested that OsHV-1μvar was the cause of mortality in the O. edulis juveniles. This is therefore the first study to provide evidence about the pathogenicity of OsHV-1μvar in a species that does not belong to the Crassostrea genus. Additionally, we present a novel method to detect OsHV-1 transcripts in infected individuals' using in situ hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat López Sanmartín
- Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Centro Agua del Pino, Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. El Rompido-Punta Umbría, km 4, 21459 Cartaya, Spain.
| | - Deborah M Power
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | | | - José I Navas
- Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Centro Agua del Pino, Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. El Rompido-Punta Umbría, km 4, 21459 Cartaya, Spain
| | - Frederico M Batista
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Divisão de Aquicultura e Valorização, Estação Experimental de Moluscicultura de Tavira, Av. 5 de Outubro, 8700-305 Olhão, Portugal
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12
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Barbosa Solomieu V, Renault T, Travers MA. Mass mortality in bivalves and the intricate case of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. J Invertebr Pathol 2015. [PMID: 26210497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Massive mortality outbreaks in cultured bivalves have been reported worldwide and they have been associated with infection by a range of viral and bacterial pathogens. Due to their economic and social impact, these episodes constitute a particularly sensitive issue in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) production. Since 2008, mortality outbreaks affecting C. gigas have increased in terms of intensity and geographic distribution. Epidemiologic surveys have lead to the incrimination of pathogens, specifically OsHV-1 and bacteria of the Vibrio genus, in particular Vibrio aestuarianus. Pathogen diversity may partially account for the variability in the outcome of infections. Host factors (age, reproductive status...) including their genetic background that has an impact on host susceptibility toward infection, also play a role herein. Finally, environmental factors have significant effects on the pathogens themselves, on the host and on the host-pathogen interaction. Further knowledge on pathogen diversity, classification, and spread, may contribute toward a better understanding of this issue and potential ways to mitigate the impact of these outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Barbosa Solomieu
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Direction Europe et International, Présidence, 3 rue des Archives, CS93837, 29238 Brest CEDEX 3, France
| | - Tristan Renault
- Ifremer, Unité Santé Génétique Microbiologie des Mollusques (SG2M), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins (LGPMM), 17390 La Tremblade, France.
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- Ifremer, Unité Santé Génétique Microbiologie des Mollusques (SG2M), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins (LGPMM), 17390 La Tremblade, France
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13
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Zhang L, Li L, Guo X, Litman GW, Dishaw LJ, Zhang G. Massive expansion and functional divergence of innate immune genes in a protostome. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8693. [PMID: 25732911 PMCID: PMC4346834 DOI: 10.1038/srep08693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecules that mediate innate immunity are encoded by relatively few genes and exhibit broad specificity. Detailed annotation of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) genome, a protostome invertebrate, reveals large-scale duplication and divergence of multigene families encoding molecules that effect innate immunity. Transcriptome analyses indicate dynamic and orchestrated specific expression of numerous innate immune genes in response to experimental challenge with pathogens, including bacteria, and a pathogenic virus. Variable expression of individual members of the multigene families encoding these genes also occurs during different types of abiotic stress (environmentally-equivalent conditions of temperature, salinity and desiccation). Multiple families of immune genes are responsive in concert to certain biotic and abiotic challenges. Individual members of expanded families of immune genes are differentially expressed under both biotic challenge and abiotic stress conditions. Members of the same families of innate immune molecules also are transcribed in developmental stage- and tissue-specific manners. An integrated, highly complex innate immune system that exhibits remarkable discriminatory properties and responses to different pathogens as well as environmental stress has arisen through the adaptive recruitment of tandem duplicated genes. The co-adaptive evolution of stress and innate immune responses appears to have an ancient origin in phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ximing Guo
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Institute of National and Local Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Port Norris, NJ 08349, USA
| | - Gary W Litman
- 1] Morsani College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA [2] All Children's Hospital Johns Hopkins Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Larry J Dishaw
- Morsani College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Guofan Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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14
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Evans O, Paul-Pont I, Hick P, Whittington R. A simple centrifugation method for improving the detection of Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) in natural seawater samples with an assessment of the potential for particulate attachment. J Virol Methods 2014; 210:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Development of an in situ hybridization assay for the detection of ostreid herpesvirus type 1 mRNAs in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. J Virol Methods 2014; 211:43-50. [PMID: 25455903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An in situ hybridization protocol for detecting mRNAs of ostreid herpesvirus type 1 (OsHV-1) which infects Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, was developed. Three RNA probes were synthesized by cloning three partial OsHV-1 genes into plasmids using three specific primer pairs, and performing a transcription in the presence of digoxigenin dUTP. The RNA probes were able to detect the virus mRNAs in paraffin sections of experimentally infected oysters 26 h post-injection. The in situ hybridization showed that the OsHV-1 mRNAs were mainly present in connective tissues in gills, mantle, adductor muscle, digestive gland and gonads. DNA detection by in situ hybridization using a DNA probe and viral DNA quantitation by real-time PCR were also performed and results were compared with those obtained using RNA probes.
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16
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Normand J, Blin JL, Jouaux A. Rearing practices identified as risk factors for ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) infection in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas spat. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 110:201-211. [PMID: 25114044 DOI: 10.3354/dao02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of Pacific oyster spat infected with ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) could prevent introduction of OsHV-1-infected individuals into farming areas or onshore rearing facilities, thus reducing the risk of infection of naïve oysters in such production systems. Experiments were conducted on several hundred oyster spat provided by producers in order to examine whether early rearing practices could be considered as potential risk factors for (1) OsHV-1 infection as detected by molecular methods and (2) spat mortality experimentally induced through thermal challenge. Spat groups collected on oyster beds and hatchery spat reared in growout areas during summer exhibited higher viral DNA contamination and mortalities during the trial than spat kept in onshore rearing facilities. Quantification of viral DNA before and during the trial showed that infection prevalence and intensity changed over time and revealed latent infection initially unsuspected in 3 of 10 groups. Thermal challenge induced a clear increase in the probability of detecting infected individuals, particularly for groups exhibiting significant prevalence of OsHV-1-contaminated spat prior to the challenge. The use of detection methods are discussed in relation to early rearing practices and disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Normand
- Centre de Référence sur l'Huître, Université de Caen Basse Normandie, Caen, France
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17
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Segarra A, Faury N, Pépin JF, Renault T. Transcriptomic study of 39 ostreid herpesvirus 1 genes during an experimental infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 119:5-11. [PMID: 24681357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Massive mortality outbreaks have been reported in France since 2008 among Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, with the detection of a particular OsHV-1 variant called μVar. Virus infection can be induced in healthy spat in experimental conditions allowing to better understand the disease process, including viral gene expression. Although gene expression of other herpesviruses has been widely studied, we provide the first study following viral gene expression of OsHV-1 over time. In this context, an in vivo transcriptomic study targeting 39 OsHV-1 genes was carried out during an experimental infection of Pacific oyster spat. For the first time, several OsHV-1 mRNAs were detected by real-time PCR at 0 h, 2 h, 4 h, 18 h, 26 h and 42 h post-injection. Several transcripts were detected at 2h post-infection and at 18 h post-infection for all selected ORFs. Quantification of virus gene expression at different times of infection was also carried out using an oyster housekeeping gene, Elongation factor. Developing an OsHV-1-specific reverse transcriptase real time PCR targeting 39 viral gene appears a new tool in terms of diagnosis and can be used to complement viral DNA detection in order to monitor viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Segarra
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Unité Santé, Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques (SG2M), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins (LGPMM), Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Nicole Faury
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Unité Santé, Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques (SG2M), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins (LGPMM), Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Jean-François Pépin
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources des Pertuis Charentais (LERPC), Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Tristan Renault
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Unité Santé, Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques (SG2M), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins (LGPMM), Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France.
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18
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Grijalva-Chon JM, Castro-Longoria R, Ramos-Paredes J, Enríquez-Espinoza TL, Mendoza-Cano F. Detection of a new OsHV-1 DNA strain in the healthy Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, from the Gulf of California. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:965-968. [PMID: 24033643 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Grijalva-Chon
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
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19
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Abstract
In vitro cell culture systems from molluscs have significantly contributed to our basic understanding of complex physiological processes occurring within or between tissue-specific cells, yielding information unattainable using intact animal models. In vitro cultures of neuronal cells from gastropods show how simplified cell models can inform our understanding of complex networks in intact organisms. Primary cell cultures from marine and freshwater bivalve and gastropod species are used as biomonitors for environmental contaminants, as models for gene transfer technologies, and for studies of innate immunity and neoplastic disease. Despite efforts to isolate proliferative cell lines from molluscs, the snail Biomphalaria glabrata Say, 1818 embryonic (Bge) cell line is the only existing cell line originating from any molluscan species. Taking an organ systems approach, this review summarizes efforts to establish molluscan cell cultures and describes the varied applications of primary cell cultures in research. Because of the unique status of the Bge cell line, an account is presented of the establishment of this cell line, and of how these cells have contributed to our understanding of snail host-parasite interactions. Finally, we detail the difficulties commonly encountered in efforts to establish cell lines from molluscs and discuss how these difficulties might be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Yoshino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706
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20
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Du Y, Zhang L, Xu F, Huang B, Zhang G, Li L. Validation of housekeeping genes as internal controls for studying gene expression during Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) development by quantitative real-time PCR. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:939-945. [PMID: 23357023 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hatchery-reared larvae of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) often suffer from massive mortality induced by Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) infection, indicating the importance of better understanding of oyster immune defense systems. The accuracy of measurements of gene expression levels based on quantitative real-time PCR assays relies on the use of housekeeping genes as internal controls; however, few studies have focused on the selection of such internal controls. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of internal control genes during oyster development in virus-infected and uninfected samples. Transcriptome data for 38 developmental stages were downloaded and the gene expression patterns were classified into 30 clusters. A total of 317 orthologs of classical housekeeping genes in the oyster genome were annotated. After combining the expression profiles and oyster housekeeping gene dataset, 14 candidate internal controls were selected for further investigation: Elongation factor-1α (EF-1α), 18S rRNA (18S), 28S rRNA (28S), Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-actin (ACT), Ribosomal protein L7 (RL7), Ribosomal protein L27 (RL27), Ribosomal protein L36 (RL36), Ribosomal protein S18 (RS18), Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (RO21), Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (EF2), Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D2 (UBCD1), S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1) and Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q (HNRPQ). RNA was extracted from oyster larvae infected with OsHV-1 (group A; GA), and OsHV-1 free larvae (group B; GB). The expression levels of the 14 candidate internal controls were studied in GA and GB larvae by real-time PCR. Their expression stabilities were further analyzed using the GeNorm program. RL7 and RS18 were the most stable genes in both OsHV-1 infected (GA) and uninfected (GB) larvae. These results suggest that RL7 and RS18 could be used as internal controls for studying gene expression in normal growing oyster larvae and in OsHV-1 infected larvae. These high quality internal controls will be a valuable resource in future studies of oyster larval mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishuai Du
- Lab of Marine Molluscan Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
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21
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A previously undescribed ostreid herpes virus 1 (OsHV-1) genotype detected in the pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Ireland. Parasitology 2012; 139:1526-32. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012000881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Jiang JZ, Liang YY, Luo LJ, Guo ZX, Zhuang J, Liu GF, Su YL, Wang JY. Nested PCR detection of abalone shriveling syndrome-associated virus in China. J Virol Methods 2012; 184:21-6. [PMID: 22633927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Haliotis diversicolor (small abalone) is an economic seafood found off the Southern coast of China. Since 1999, the cultured abalone yields in China have been affected severely by continual outbreaks of a fatal epidemic disease caused by abalone shriveling syndrome associated virus (AbSV), a double-stranded DNA virus. Although the pathogenicity and genome of AbSV have been ascertained, the epidemiology of AbSV infection remains to be investigated. In the present study, four pairs of AbSV-specific primers were designed on the basis of open reading frame (ORF)24 and ORF25 sequences in the AbSV genome. Two nested PCR detection methods were established by optimization of the annealing temperatures of primers. The results showed that the specificity of primers for AbSV detection could not be interfered with by the host genome and other aquaculture species or viruses. The detection limits of the two methods were about 10 copies of recombinant plasmid containing AbSV genes in 20μL reaction mixture. The results of detection of the AbSV epidemic showed that AbSV was still present in juvenile abalones in some farms along the Southern coast of China (Fujian and Guangdong).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Zhe Jiang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China.
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23
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Jiang JZ, Zhu ZN, Zhang H, Liang YY, Guo ZX, Liu GF, Su YL, Wang JY. Quantitative PCR detection for abalone shriveling syndrome-associated virus. J Virol Methods 2012; 184:15-20. [PMID: 22609257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Haliotis diversicolor (small abalone) is an important seafood found along the southern coast of China. Since 1999, the yields of cultured abalone in China have been severely affected by an epidemic of continuous outbreaks of a fatal disease. A novel double-stranded DNA virus, abalone shriveling syndrome-associated virus (AbSV), was proven to be one of the main causative agent. Although the pathogenicity and genome of AbSV has been ascertained, the epidemiology of AbSV remains to be investigated. In this study, four pairs of AbSV-specific primers were designed on the basis of the AbSV genome, and were tested for their specificities and sensitivities in quantitative real-time PCRs (qPCRs) after optimization of the annealing temperature. The 3F3/3B3 primer pair was finally chosen with a good specificity and high efficiency of amplification, with a detection limit of about 10 copies of recombinant plasmid containing AbSV genes in a 20-μL reaction mixture. In the detection of AbSV in abalone samples along the southern coast of China, most of the diseased samples had more than 80 virus copies in 1ng host genome DNA. AbSV was also demonstrated in mature hybrid (LY) and juvenile (JH) abalones from assays of healthy animals collected in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Zhe Jiang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China.
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24
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Chen MH, Kuo ST, Renault T, Friedman CS, Chang PH. Development of a polymerase chain reaction for the detection of abalone herpesvirus infection based on the DNA polymerase gene. J Virol Methods 2012; 185:1-6. [PMID: 22579937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 5781-base pair (bp) fragment of genomic DNA from the Taiwanese abalone herpesvirus was obtained and showed 99% (5767/5779) homology in the nucleotide sequence and 99% (1923/1926) in the amino acid sequence with the DNA polymerase gene of the abalone herpesvirus strain Victoria/AUS/2007. Homology of the amino acid sequence with the DNA polymerase of ostreid herpesvirus 1 was 30% (563/1856). In this study, a PCR-based procedure for detecting herpesvirus infection of abalone, Haliotis diversicolor supertexta, in Taiwan was developed. The method employed primer sets targeting the viral DNA polymerase gene, and was able to amplify DNA fragments of the expected size from infected samples. Primer sets of 40f and 146r were designed for amplification of an expected PCR product of 606 bp. Combining the new PCR protocol with histopathology, this assay can serve as a reliable diagnostic for herpesvirus infections in abalone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Garcia C, Thébault A, Dégremont L, Arzul I, Miossec L, Robert M, Chollet B, François C, Joly JP, Ferrand S, Kerdudou N, Renault T. Ostreid herpesvirus 1 detection and relationship with Crassostrea gigas spat mortality in France between 1998 and 2006. Vet Res 2011; 42:73. [PMID: 21635731 PMCID: PMC3129302 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its molecular characterisation, Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) has been regularly detected in Crassostrea gigas in France. Although its pathogenicity was demonstrated on larval stages, its involvement during mortality outbreaks at the juvenile stage was highly suspected but not evidenced. To investigate mortality outbreaks, the French National Network for Surveillance and Monitoring of Mollusc Health (REPAMO) carried out two surveys in juvenile C. gigas. The first survey lasted from 1998 to 2006 and was an epidemiological inquiry occurring when oyster farmers reported mortality outbreaks. The second survey, a longitudinal one, was set up in 1998 to complete the network observations on OsHV-1. Data analysis showed a specific pattern of mortality outbreaks associated with OsHV-1 detection. Ostreid herpesvirus 1 detection mainly appeared during the summer, suggesting the influence of the seawater temperature on its occurrence. It mostly presented a patchy distribution in the field in contrast to the nursery. Significant relationship between OsHV-1 detection and spat mortality was found, preferentially in sheltered and closed environments. The longitudinal survey confirmed most of the network observations. Although subsequent works particularly epidemiological surveys would be useful to confirm the causal link between the detection of OsHV-1 and the mortality outbreaks in juvenile C. gigas, the role of OsHV-1 in oyster mortality is progressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Garcia
- Institut Français pour la Recherche et l'Exploitation de la MER (IFREMER), Laboratoire de Génétique et de Pathologie, Ronce les Bains, 17390 La Tremblade, France.
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26
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Burge CA, Strenge RE, Friedman CS. Detection of the oyster herpesvirus in commercial bivalve in northern California, USA: conventional and quantitative PCR. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2011; 94:107-116. [PMID: 21648239 DOI: 10.3354/dao02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1) and related oyster herpesviruses (OsHV) are associated with world-wide mortalities of larval and juvenile bivalves. To quantify OsHV viral loads in mollusc tissues, we developed a SYBR Green quantitative PCR (qPCR) based on the A-region of the OsHV-1 genome. Reaction efficiency and precision were demonstrated using a plasmid standard curve. The analytical sensitivity is 1 copy per reaction. We collected Crassostrea gigas, C. sikamea, C. virginica, Ostrea edulis, O. lurida, Mytilus galloprovincialis, and Venerupis phillipinarum from Tomales Bay (TB), and C. gigas from Drakes Estero (DE), California, U.S.A., and initially used conventional PCR (cPCR) to test for presence of OsHV DNA. Subsequently, viral loads were quantified in selected samples of all tested bivalves except O. lurida. Copy numbers were low in each species tested but were significantly greater in C. gigas (p < 0.0001) compared to all other species, suggesting a higher level of infection. OsHV DNA was detected with cPCR and/or qPCR and confirmed by sequencing in C. gigas, C. sikamea, C. virginica, O. edulis, M. galloprovincialis, and V phillipinarum from TB and C. gigas from DE. These data indicate that multiple bivalve species may act as reservoirs for OsHV in TB. A lack of histological abnormalities in potential reservoirs requires alternative methods for their identification. Further investigation is needed to determine the host-parasite relationship for each potential reservoir, including characterization of viral loads and their relationship with infection (via in situ hybridization), assessments of mortality, and host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A Burge
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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27
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Schikorski D, Renault T, Saulnier D, Faury N, Moreau P, Pépin JF. Experimental infection of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas spat by ostreid herpesvirus 1: demonstration of oyster spat susceptibility. Vet Res 2011; 42:27. [PMID: 21314910 PMCID: PMC3042938 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2008 and 2009, acute mortalities occurred in France among Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas, spat. Different hypothesis including the implication of environmental factors, toxic algae and/or pathogens have been explored. Diagnostic tests indicated that OsHV-1 including a particular genotype, termed OsHV-1 μVar, was detected in most of samples and especially in moribund oysters with the highlighting of virus particles looking like herpes viruses by TEM examination. In this study, an experimental protocol to reproduce OsHV-1 infection in laboratory conditions was developed. This protocol was based on the intramuscular injection of filtered (0.22 μm) tissue homogenates prepared from naturally OsHV-1 infected spat collected on French coasts during mortality outbreaks in 2008. Results of the experimental trials showed that mortalities were induced after injection. Moreover, filtered tissue homogenates induced mortalities whereas the same tissue homogenates exposed to an ultraviolet (UV) treatment did not induce any mortality suggesting that oyster spat mortalities require the presence of a UV sensitive agent. Furthermore, analysis of injected oyster spat revealed the detection of high amounts of OsHV-1 DNA by real-time quantitative PCR. Finally, TEM analysis demonstrated the presence of herpes virus particles. The developed protocol allowed to maintain sources of infective virus which can be useful for the development of further studies concerning the transmission and the development of OsHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schikorski
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Tristan Renault
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Denis Saulnier
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Nicole Faury
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Pierrick Moreau
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Jean-François Pépin
- Ifremer (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), 17390 La Tremblade, France
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28
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Martenot C, Oden E, Travaillé E, Malas JP, Houssin M. Comparison of two real-time PCR methods for detection of ostreid herpesvirus 1 in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. J Virol Methods 2010; 170:86-9. [PMID: 20837066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is considered to be a suitable tool for nucleic acid quantitation because it is accurate, rapid and reliable. The reference protocol for quantitation of ostreid herpesvirus 1 in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas is based on a Sybr(®) Green real-time PCR developed by the IFREMER laboratory. The Frank Duncombe Departmental Laboratory has developed an alternative protocol based on TaqMan(®) chemistry (alternative technique). The quantitation limits were 1000 and 18UG/mg of tissues for the reference method and alternative protocols, respectively, and the latter protocol has a detection limit of 6UG/mg of tissues. The aim of this study was to compare the two protocols using DNA samples obtained from 210 spat. The kappa index (0.41) indicated a moderate concordance between the protocols, according to the measures of Landis and Koch. All samples that were positive by the reference protocol were also positive by the alternative protocol. Of the 76 samples that were negative by the reference protocol, 49 were positives by the alternative protocol. In conclusion, the alternative protocol is an improvement of the reference protocol in terms of sensitivity, specificity and rapidity (<3h).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Martenot
- Laboratoire Départemental du Calvados Frank Duncombe, Saint Contest, France
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30
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Ren W, Renault T, Cai Y, Wang C. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and sensitive detection of ostreid herpesvirus 1 DNA. J Virol Methods 2010; 170:30-6. [PMID: 20813133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for rapid, specific and sensitive detection of ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) DNA. A set of four primers was designed, based on the sequence of the ATPase subunit of the OsHV-1 DNA-packaging terminase gene. The reaction temperature and time were optimized to 64°C and 60min, respectively. LAMP products were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis or by visual inspection of a color change due to addition of fluorescent dye. The developed method was highly specific for detection of OsHV-1, and no cross-reaction was observed with other DNA viruses, such as White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), Penaeus stylirostris densovirus (PstDNV), Turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV) and Lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) found commonly in China. The lower detection limit of the LAMP assay was approximately 20 copies per reaction, and it was 100 times more sensitive than that of conventional PCR. A comparative evaluation of 10 oyster samples using LAMP and PCR assays showed overall correlation in positive and negative results for OsHV-1. These results indicate that the LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, sensitive, specific and reliable technique for the detection of OsHV-1. The LAMP technique has capacity for use for the detection of OsHV-1 both in the laboratory and on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Ren
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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31
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Schikorski D, Faury N, Pepin JF, Saulnier D, Tourbiez D, Renault T. Experimental ostreid herpesvirus 1 infection of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas: kinetics of virus DNA detection by q-PCR in seawater and in oyster samples. Virus Res 2010; 155:28-34. [PMID: 20709119 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Herpes- and herpes-like viruses are known to infect a wide range of bivalve mollusc species throughout the world. Abnormal summer mortalities associated to the detection of ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) have been currently reported in France among larvae and spat of the Pacific cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas. In the present work, we have developed an experimental protocol of horizontal transmission based on the cohabitation between healthy and experimentally infected oysters. Through a cohabitation trial, the kinetics of OsHV-1 detection in different oyster organs and seawater samples were investigated and characterized for the first time using real time quantitative PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schikorski
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), 17390 La Tremblade, France
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32
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Segarra A, Pépin JF, Arzul I, Morga B, Faury N, Renault T. Detection and description of a particular Ostreid herpesvirus 1 genotype associated with massive mortality outbreaks of Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, in France in 2008. Virus Res 2010; 153:92-9. [PMID: 20638433 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) infections have been reported around the world and are associated with high mortalities of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). In the summer 2008, abnormal mortality rates ranging from 80% to 100% were reported in France and affected only Pacific oysters. Analyses of oyster samples collected during mortality outbreaks demonstrated a significant detection of OsHV-1 (75% of analysed batches), which appeared stronger than previous years. DNA sequencing based on C and IA regions was carried out on 28 batches of OsHV-1 infected Pacific oysters collected in 2008. Polymorphisms were described in both the C and IA regions and characterized a genotype of OsHV-1 not already reported and termed OsHV-1 microVar. A microsatellite zone present in the C region showed several deletions. Additionally, 44 isolates collected in France and in the USA, from 1995 to 2007 were sequenced and compared to the 2008 sequences. The analyses of 76 sequences showed OsHV-1 microVar detection only in 2008 isolates. These data suggest that OsHV-1 microVar can be assumed as an emergent genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Segarra
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
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33
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Ostreid herpes virus 1 infection in families of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, during a summer mortality outbreak: Differences in viral DNA detection and quantification using real-time PCR. Virus Res 2009; 142:181-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Kawasaki S, Fratamico PM, Horikoshi N, Okada Y, Takeshita K, Sameshima T, Kawamoto S. Evaluation of a Multiplex PCR System for Simultaneous Detection ofSalmonellaspp.,Listeria monocytogenes, andEscherichia coliO157:H7 in Foods and in Food Subjected to Freezing. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:81-9. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kawasaki
- Food Hygiene Laboratory, National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Pina M. Fratamico
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania
| | - Naoko Horikoshi
- PRIMA Meat Packers Ltd., Basic Research Department, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukio Okada
- PRIMA Meat Packers Ltd., Basic Research Department, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuko Takeshita
- PRIMA Meat Packers Ltd., Basic Research Department, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Sameshima
- PRIMA Meat Packers Ltd., Basic Research Department, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kawamoto
- Food Hygiene Laboratory, National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
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35
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Pepin JF, Riou A, Renault T. Rapid and sensitive detection of ostreid herpesvirus 1 in oyster samples by real-time PCR. J Virol Methods 2008; 149:269-76. [PMID: 18342377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Herpes and herpes-like virus infections have been reported in various marine mollusc species associated with high mortality rates. Following the characterisation and genome sequencing of ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1), specific diagnostic tools have been developed based on conventional PCR techniques or in situ hybridisation. We have now developed a real-time PCR assay for rapid, sensitive and quantitative detection of OsHV-1, and compared it with a conventional PCR technique described previously. The new assay utilised SYBR((R)) Green chemistry with specific primers C(9)/C(10) targeting the C region. The melt curve analysis of OsHV-1 DNA or DNA extracted from infected material showed only one melting temperature peak (75.75+/-0.1 degrees C). The assay had a detection limit of 4 copies/microL of viral genomic DNA and a dynamic range of 5 logs. Using infected oyster samples as template, the assay was about 100-fold more sensitive than single PCR method using C(2)/C(6) primers. The assay was applied successfully for rapid diagnosis (100 min) and quantitation of OsHV-1 in different developmental stages of Crassostrea gigas. Although it already exists a competitive PCR method to quantify OsHV-1 DNA, quantitative data that will emerge in future using the new sensitive and reliable assay will illuminate aspects of pathogenesis, in particular the viral loads in asymptomatic oysters and the kinetics of infection in specific target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Pepin
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), 17390 La Tremblade, France.
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36
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Possible vector species and live stages of susceptible species not transmitting disease as regards certain mollusc diseases - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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37
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Batista FM, Arzul I, Pepin JF, Ruano F, Friedman CS, Boudry P, Renault T. Detection of ostreid herpesvirus 1 DNA by PCR in bivalve molluscs: A critical review. J Virol Methods 2007; 139:1-11. [PMID: 17079025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Herpes-like viral infections have been reported in different bivalve mollusc species throughout the world. High mortalities among hatchery-reared larvae and juveniles of different bivalve species have been associated often with such infections. The diagnosis of herpes-like viruses in bivalve molluscs has been performed traditionally by light and transmission electron microscopy. The genome sequencing of one of these viruses, oyster herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1), allowed the development of DNA-based diagnostic techniques. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used for the detection of OsHV-1 DNA in bivalve molluscs at different development stages. In addition, the PCR used for detection of OsHV-1 has also allowed the amplification of DNA from an OsHV-1 variant. The literature on DNA extraction methods, primers, PCR strategies, and confirmatory procedures used for the detection and identification of herpesviruses that infect bivalve molluscs are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico M Batista
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e das Pescas (INIAP/IPIMAR), CRIPSul, Av. 5 de Outubro, 8700-305 Olhão, Portugal
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38
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Barbosa-Solomieu V, Dégremont L, Vázquez-Juárez R, Ascencio-Valle F, Boudry P, Renault T. Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) detection among three successive generations of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Virus Res 2005; 107:47-56. [PMID: 15567033 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Revised: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) was likely detected in Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, at different stages of development. Viral infections were associated with high mortality rates in the spat and larvae. Furthermore, the persistance of OsHV-1 in asymptomatic adults was demonstrated by detection of viral DNA and proteins. In the present study, three successive generations of C. gigas (G0 and G1 parental oysters, G1 and G2 larvae) were screened for OsHV-1 by PCR. Viral DNA was detected in 2-day-old larvae, indicating that infection may take place at very early stages. Although results strengthen the hypothesis of a vertical transmission, it was not possible to predict the issue of a particular type of cross. Indeed, the detection of viral DNA in parental oysters did not systematically correspond to a productive infection or result in a successful transmission to the progeny. However, the infective status of the parents appeared to have an influence on both the infection and the survival rates of the progeny. Crosses involving an OsHV-1 infected male and a non-infected female resulted in hatching and larval survival rates statistically lower than those observed in the other types of cross. These results suggest that OsHV-1-infected females may transmit to their offspring some kind of protection or resistance against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Barbosa-Solomieu
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, 17390 La Tremblade, France
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39
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Davison AJ, Trus BL, Cheng N, Steven AC, Watson MS, Cunningham C, Deuff RML, Renault T. A novel class of herpesvirus with bivalve hosts. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:41-53. [PMID: 15604430 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) is the only member of the Herpesviridae that has an invertebrate host and is associated with sporadic mortality in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and other bivalve species. Cryo-electron microscopy of purified capsids revealed the distinctive T=16 icosahedral structure characteristic of herpesviruses, although the preparations examined lacked pentons. The gross genome organization of OsHV-1 was similar to that of certain mammalian herpesviruses (including herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus), consisting of two invertible unique regions (U(L), 167.8 kbp; U(S), 3.4 kbp) each flanked by inverted repeats (TR(L)/IR(L), 7.6 kbp; TR(S)/IR(S), 9.8 kbp), with an additional unique sequence (X, 1.5 kbp) between IR(L) and IR(S). Of the 124 unique genes predicted from the 207 439 bp genome sequence, 38 were members of 12 families of related genes and encoded products related to helicases, inhibitors of apoptosis, deoxyuridine triphosphatase and RING-finger proteins, in addition to membrane-associated proteins. Eight genes in three of the families appeared to be fragmented. Other genes that did not belong to the families were predicted to encode DNA polymerase, the two subunits of ribonucleotide reductase, a helicase, a primase, the ATPase subunit of terminase, a RecB-like protein, additional RING-like proteins, an ion channel and several other membrane-associated proteins. Sequence comparisons showed that OsHV-1 is at best tenuously related to the two classes of vertebrate herpesviruses (those associated with mammals, birds and reptiles, and those associated with bony fish and amphibians). OsHV-1 thus represents a third major class of the herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Davison
- MRC Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Benes L Trus
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Imaging Sciences Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Naiqian Cheng
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alasdair C Steven
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Moira S Watson
- MRC Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Charles Cunningham
- MRC Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | | | - Tristan Renault
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie, IFREMER, 17390 La Tremblade, France
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40
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Renault T, Arzul I, Lipart C. Development and use of an internal standard for oyster herpesvirus 1 detection by PCR. J Virol Methods 2004; 121:17-23. [PMID: 15350728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Revised: 05/19/2004] [Accepted: 05/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oyster samples were examined using a competitive PCR method in order to detect and quantify oyster herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) DNA. Quantitation of viral DNA by competitive PCR assay was based on co-amplification of OsHV-1 DNA and a competitor where a known amount of competitor DNA was present in the same reaction mixture. The competitor was engineered so that it differs in length (deletion of 76 base pairs) from the viral DNA. The assay allowed the detection of 1 fg of viral DNA among 0.5 mg of oyster tissues. The method was used to demonstrate the absence of PCR inhibitors in oyster spat ground tissues. PCR inhibition was observed in adult oyster samples when the same tissue preparation procedure was used. On the contrary, classical phenol/chloroform DNA extraction from adult oyster tissues allowed co-amplification of the internal standard competitor and the viral DNA. The method was successfully used to demonstrate the presence of viral DNA in asymptomatic adult oysters. Quantitation of OsHV-1 DNA in infected spat and asymptomatic adult oysters was also carried out. Viral DNA (1.5-325 pg) were detectable in 0.5 mg of oyster tissues in adults. The amounts of viral DNA in infected oyster spat varied from 750 pg to 35 ng per 0.5 mg of ground tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Renault
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie, 17390 La Tremblade, France.
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41
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Arzul I, Renault T, Thébault A, Gérard A. Detection of oyster herpesvirus DNA and proteins in asymptomatic Crassostrea gigas adults. Virus Res 2002; 84:151-60. [PMID: 11900847 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Since 1972, several herpes-like virus infections have been reported among different bivalve species around the world. Most of these reports involved larvae or juveniles presenting high mortalities. Two case reports of herpes-like viruses concerned adult oysters, Crassostrea virginica in USA and Ostrea angasi in Australia. Molecular techniques including PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) have been recently developed to detect the oyster herpesvirus genome. In the present study, 30 Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, adults have been analyzed using three different techniques: PCR, ISH and immunochemistry, in order to detect herpesviruses in asymptomatic individuals. PCR and ISH allowed detection of oyster herpesvirus DNA in 93.3 and 86.6%, respectively, of analyzed oysters while polyclonal antibodies allowed detection of viral proteins in 76.6% of analyzed adult oysters. These results suggest that oyster herpesvirus infects adult oysters with high prevalence and that the virus may persist in its host after primary infection. The detection of viral DNA and viral proteins in the gonad of several individuals supports the hypothesis of a possible vertical transmission of the infection. Lastly, concordance among the three techniques used in this study is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Arzul
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie, 17390 La Tremblade, France
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42
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Waechter M, Le Roux F, Nicolas JL, Marissal E, Berthe F. [Characterization of pathogenic bacteria of the cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas]. C R Biol 2002; 325:231-8. [PMID: 12017771 DOI: 10.1016/s1631-0691(02)01428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The French mollusc production is mainly based on the Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Since 1991, outbreaks of mass mortality of juveniles are reported during the summer period. These outbreaks are a major concern of oyster industry. Several studies have established given bacterial strains to be pathogenic for bivalve species, including oysters. Here we present a study of mortality outbreaks of C. gigas, as initiated in 1995. In a first step, bacterial strains were isolated during mass mortality outbreak and were biochemically characterised. Among the isolated strains, some strains of Vibrio splendidus biovar II were found to be pathogenic by means of experimental challenge of oyster juveniles. In the second step, a genotypical identification of the pathogenic strain was undertaken, based on 16S RNA sequences and phylogenetic analysis. It confirmed that the pathogenetic strain belonged to Vibrio splendidus biovar II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Waechter
- Laboratoire de génétique et pathologie, Ifremer, 17390 La Tremblade, France
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43
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Lipart C, Renault T. Herpes-like virus detection in infected Crassostrea gigas spat using DIG-labelled probes. J Virol Methods 2002; 101:1-10. [PMID: 11849678 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An in situ hybridization protocol for detecting the herpes-like virus which infects French Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, was developed. Two DNA probes were synthesized by incorporation of digoxigenin 11-dUTP during PCR. Two oyster herpes-like virus specific primer pairs, A5/A6 and C1/C6, were used. Both DIG-labelled probes were able to detect 50 pg of herpes-like virus PCR amplified DNA in Southern blot hybridizations. The probes hybridized with viral DNA in paraffin sections of infected C. gigas spat. No non-specific binding was observed. The ability of the defined in situ hybridization technique to diagnose herpes-like virus infections in oysters was compared with light and transmission electron microscopy techniques in infected and non-infected spat. In situ hybridization assays were also conducted on paraffin sections to determine virus distribution within the host and to study the pathogenesis infection. In situ hybridization confirmed that the expression pattern of the herpes-like virus was restricted to connective tissues as described previously by light and transmission electron microscopy. However, this technique also allowed the detection of viral DNA in the oyster nervous system. Some labelled cells were observed in the visceral ganglion of infected oyster spat.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lipart
- Laboratoire de Genetique et Pathologie, IFREMER, 17390, La Tremblade, France
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44
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Abstract
Sporadic high mortalities were reported among larval French scallops (Pecten maximus). Electron microscopy of moribund larvae revealed particles with the characteristics of a herpesvirus in association with cellular lesions. PCR and DNA sequencing showed that the virus is a variant of ostreid herpesvirus-1 that has already been described in clams and oysters. This is the first description of a herpesvirus infection of a scallop species. The virus was transmitted successfully from an extract of infected scallop larvae to uninfected scallop or oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae, demonstrating that it is able to infect both species. Detection of viral DNA in asymptomatic adult scallops by in situ hybridisation indicates that the herpesvirus may have been transmitted from adults to larvae. It is notable that, unlike most herpesviruses, this virus has a wide host range reflected by its ability to infect several species of marine bivalve.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arzul
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie, 17390 La Tremblade, France
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45
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Arzul I, Renault T, Lipart C, Davison AJ. Evidence for interspecies transmission of oyster herpesvirus in marine bivalves. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:865-870. [PMID: 11257192 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-4-865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1991, numerous herpesvirus infections associated with high mortality have been reported around the world in various marine bivalve species. In order to determine whether these infections are due to ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV1), a previously characterized pathogen of the Japanese oyster (Crassostrea gigas), PCR analysis was carried out on 30 samples of larvae collected from four bivalve species (C. gigas, Ostrea edulis, Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapes philippinarum), most exhibiting mortality prior to collection. All samples were shown to be infected by OsHV1. Viral genomes in three samples of C. gigas and three of R. philippinarum that originated from the same hatchery were unusual in bearing a deletion of at least 2.8 kbp in an inverted repeat region. The results demonstrate that OsHV1 is capable of infecting several bivalve species, and this raises the possibility that interspecies transmission may be promoted by intensive rearing in modern hatcheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Arzul
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie, 17390 La Tremblade, France1
| | - Tristan Renault
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie, 17390 La Tremblade, France1
| | - Cécile Lipart
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie, 17390 La Tremblade, France1
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