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Macroevolutionary analyses point to a key role of hosts in diversification of the highly speciose eriophyoid mite superfamily. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 179:107676. [PMID: 36535519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The superfamily Eriophyoidea includes >5000 named species of very small phytophagous mites. As for many groups of phytophagous invertebrates, factors responsible for diversification of eriophyoid mites are unclear. Here, we used an inferred phylogeny of 566 putative species of eriophyoid mites based on fragments of two mitochondrial genes and two nuclear genes to examine factors associated with their massive evolutionary diversification through time. Our dated phylogeny indicates a Carboniferous origin for gymnosperm-associated Eriophyoidea with subsequent diversification involving multiple host shifts to angiosperms-first to dicots, and then to monocots or shifts back to gymnosperms-beginning in the Cretaceous period when angiosperms diverged. Speciation rates increased more rapidly in the Eriophyidae + Diptilomiopidae (mostly infesting angiosperms) than in the Phytoptidae (mostly infesting gymnosperms). Phylogenetic signal, speciation rates, dispersal and vicariance results combined with inferred topologies show that hosts played a key role in the evolution of eriophyoid mites. Speciation constrained by hosts was probably the main driver behind eriophyoid mite diversification worldwide. We demonstrate monophyly of the Eriophyoidea, whereas all three families, most subfamilies, tribes, and most genera are not monophyletic. Our time-calibrated tree provides a framework for further evolutionary studies of eriophyoid mites and their interactions with host plants as well as taxonomic revisions above the species level.
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Tatineni S, Hein GL. High Plains wheat mosaic virus: An enigmatic disease of wheat and corn causing the High Plains disease. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1167-1179. [PMID: 34375024 PMCID: PMC8435230 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BRIEF HISTORY In 1993, severe mosaic and necrosis symptoms were observed on corn (maize) and wheat from several Great Plains states of the USA. Based on the geographical location of infections, the disease was named High Plains disease and the causal agent was tentatively named High Plains virus. Subsequently, researchers renamed this virus as maize red stripe virus and wheat mosaic virus to represent the host and symptom phenotype of the virus. After sequencing the genome of the pathogen, the causal agent of High Plains disease was officially named as High Plains wheat mosaic virus. Hence, High Plains virus, maize red stripe virus, wheat mosaic virus, and High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV) are synonyms for the causal agent of High Plains disease. TAXONOMY High Plains wheat mosaic virus is one of the 21 definitive species in the genus Emaravirus in the family Fimoviridae. VIRION The genomic RNAs are encapsidated in thread-like nucleocapsids in double-membrane 80-200 nm spherical or ovoid virions. GENOME CHARACTERIZATION The HPWMoV genome consists of eight single-stranded negative-sense RNA segments encoding a single open reading frame (ORF) in each genomic RNA segment. RNA 1 is 6,981-nucleotide (nt) long, coding for a 2,272 amino acid protein of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. RNA 2 is 2,211-nt long and codes for a 667 amino acid glycoprotein precursor. RNA 3 has two variants of 1,439- and 1,441-nt length that code for 286 and 289 amino acid nucleocapsid proteins, respectively. RNA 4 is 1,682-nt long, coding for a 364 amino acid protein. RNA 5 and RNA 6 are 1,715- and 1,752-nt long, respectively, and code for 478 and 492 amino acid proteins, respectively. RNA 7 and RNA 8 are 1,434- and 1,339-nt long, code for 305 and 176 amino acid proteins, respectively. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES HPWMoV can infect wheat, corn (maize), barley, rye brome, oat, rye, green foxtail, yellow foxtail, and foxtail barley. HPWMoV is transmitted by the wheat curl mite and through corn seed. DISEASE MANAGEMENT Genetic resistance against HPWMoV in wheat is not available, but most commercial corn hybrids are resistant while sweet corn varieties remain susceptible. Even though corn hybrids are resistant to virus, it still serves as a green bridge host that enables mites to carry the virus from corn to new crop wheat in the autumn. The main management strategy for High Plains disease in wheat relies on the management of green bridge hosts. Cultural practices such as avoiding early planting can be used to avoid mite buildup and virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Tatineni
- USDA‐ARS and Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Gary L. Hein
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
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Karpicka-Ignatowska K, Laska A, Rector BG, Skoracka A, Kuczyński L. Temperature-dependent development and survival of an invasive genotype of wheat curl mite, Aceria tosichella. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 83:513-525. [PMID: 33661416 PMCID: PMC8041678 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00602-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying basic biological data, such as the effects of variable temperatures on development and survival, is crucial to predicting and monitoring population growth rates of pest species, many of which are highly invasive. One of the most globally important pests of cereals is the eriophyoid wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella, which is the primary vector of several plant viruses. The aim of this study was to evaluate temperature-dependent development and survival of WCM at a wide range of constant temperatures in the laboratory (17-33 °C). The development time of each stage depended significantly on temperature and it was negatively correlated with temperature increase. At high temperatures (27-33 °C), individuals had shorter developmental times, with the shortest (6 days) at 33 °C, whereas at the lowest tested temperatures (17-19 °C), developmental time was almost 3× longer. Moreover, temperature had a clear effect on survival: the higher the temperature, the lower the survival rate. These data provide information promoting more efficient and effective manipulation of WCM laboratory colonies, and further our understanding of the ramifications of temperature change on WCM physiology and implications for the growth and spread of this globally invasive pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Karpicka-Ignatowska
- Population Ecology Lab, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Alicja Laska
- Population Ecology Lab, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Brian G Rector
- USDA-ARS, Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Anna Skoracka
- Population Ecology Lab, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Lechosław Kuczyński
- Population Ecology Lab, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
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4
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Complete nucleotide sequence of chrysanthemum mosaic-associated virus, a novel emaravirus infecting chrysanthemum. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1241-1245. [PMID: 33566195 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the complete genome sequence of chrysanthemum mosaic-associated virus (ChMaV), a putative new member of the genus Emaravirus. The ChMaV genome comprises seven negative-sense RNA segments (RNAs 1, 2, 3a, 3b, 4, 5, and 6), and the amino acid sequences of its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA1), glycoprotein precursor (RNA2), nucleocapsid protein (RNA3), and movement protein (RNA4) showed the closest relationship to pear chlorotic leaf spot-associated virus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that it clusters with emaraviruses whose host plants originate from East Asia.
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Kubota K, Usugi T, Tomitaka Y, Shimomoto Y, Takeuchi S, Kadono F, Yanagisawa H, Chiaki Y, Tsuda S. Perilla Mosaic Virus Is a Highly Divergent Emaravirus Transmitted by Shevtchenkella sp. (Acari: Eriophyidae). PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1352-1361. [PMID: 32202482 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-20-0013-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Shiso (Perilla frutescens var. crispa) is widely grown as an important vegetable or herb crop in Japan. Beginning around the year 2000, occurrences of severe mosaic symptoms on shiso were documented and gradually spread across Kochi Prefecture, one of four major shiso production areas in Japan. Next generation sequencing and cloning indicated the presence of a previously unknown virus related to the members of the genus Emaravirus, for which we proposed the name Perilla mosaic virus (PerMV). The genome of PerMV consists of 10 RNA segments, each encoding a single protein in the negative-sense orientation. Of these proteins, P1, P2, P3a, P3b, P4, and P5 show amino acid sequence similarities with those of known emaraviruses, whereas no similarities were found in P6a, P6b, P6c, and P7. Characteristics of the RNA segments as well as phylogenetic analysis of P1 to P4 indicate that PerMV is a distinct and highly divergent emaravirus. Electron microscopy observations and protein analyses corresponded to presence of an emaravirus. Transmission experiments demonstrated that an eriophyid mite, Shevtchenkella sp. (family Eriophyidae), transmits PerMV with a minimum 30-min acquisition access period. Only plants belonging to the genus Perilla tested positive for PerMV, and the plant-virus-vector interactions were evaluated. The nucleotide sequences reported here are available in the DDBJ/ENA/GenBank databases under accession numbers LC496090 to LC496099.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kubota
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
| | - Tomio Usugi
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tomitaka
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Suya, Koshi, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan
| | | | - Shigeharu Takeuchi
- Kochi Agricultural Research Center, Hataeda, Nankoku, Kochi 783-0023, Japan
| | - Fujio Kadono
- Department of Clinical Plant Science, Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Kajino-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan
| | - Hironobu Yanagisawa
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
| | - Yuya Chiaki
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsuda
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
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Chen Y, Dessau M, Rotenberg D, Rasmussen DA, Whitfield AE. Entry of bunyaviruses into plants and vectors. Adv Virus Res 2019; 104:65-96. [PMID: 31439153 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The majority of plant-infecting viruses are transmitted by arthropod vectors that deliver them directly into a living plant cell. There are diverse mechanisms of transmission ranging from direct binding to the insect stylet (non-persistent transmission) to persistent-propagative transmission in which the virus replicates in the insect vector. Despite this diversity in interactions, most arthropods that serve as efficient vectors have feeding strategies that enable them to deliver the virus into the plant cell without extensive damage to the plant and thus effectively inoculate the plant. As such, the primary virus entry mechanism for plant viruses is mediated by the biological vector. Remarkably, viruses that are transmitted in a propagative manner (bunyaviruses, rhabdoviruses, and reoviruses) have developed an ability to replicate in hosts from two kingdoms. Viruses in the order Bunyavirales are of emerging importance and with the advent of new sequencing technologies, we are getting unprecedented glimpses into the diversity of these viruses. Plant-infecting bunyaviruses are transmitted in a persistent, propagative manner must enter two unique types of host cells, plant and insect. In the insect phase of the virus life cycle, the propagative viruses likely use typical cellular entry strategies to traverse cell membranes. In this review, we highlight the transmission and entry strategies of three genera of plant-infecting bunyaviruses: orthotospoviruses, tenuiviruses, and emaraviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Chen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Moshe Dessau
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Dorith Rotenberg
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - David A Rasmussen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Anna E Whitfield
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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Gupta AK, Hein GL, Graybosch RA, Tatineni S. Octapartite negative-sense RNA genome of High Plains wheat mosaic virus encodes two suppressors of RNA silencing. Virology 2018; 518:152-162. [PMID: 29499560 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV, genus Emaravirus; family Fimoviridae), transmitted by the wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella Keifer), harbors a monocistronic octapartite single-stranded negative-sense RNA genome. In this study, putative proteins encoded by HPWMoV genomic RNAs 2-8 were screened for potential RNA silencing suppression activity by using a green fluorescent protein-based reporter agroinfiltration assay. We found that proteins encoded by RNAs 7 (P7) and 8 (P8) suppressed silencing induced by single- or double-stranded RNAs and efficiently suppressed the transitive pathway of RNA silencing. Additionally, a Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV, genus Tritimovirus; family Potyviridae) mutant lacking the suppressor of RNA silencing (ΔP1) but having either P7 or P8 from HPWMoV restored cell-to-cell and long-distance movement in wheat, thus indicating that P7 or P8 rescued silencing suppressor-deficient WSMV. Furthermore, HPWMoV P7 and P8 substantially enhanced the pathogenicity of Potato virus X in Nicotiana benthamiana. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the octapartite genome of HPWMoV encodes two suppressors of RNA silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh K Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Gary L Hein
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Robert A Graybosch
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) and Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Satyanarayana Tatineni
- USDA-ARS and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States.
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8
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Abstract
Members of the genus Emaravirus are plant viruses transmitted by eriophyoid mites. The emaravirus genome consists of multiple, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA segments, that have been shown to be highly divergent. Recent studies have revealed that emaraviruses are associated with long-recognized diseases of world important crops such as fig mosaic disease or sterility mosaic disease of pigeon pea. Furthermore, along with the popularization of deep sequencing technologies, new putative members of emaraviruses have been reported year by year. This paper presents an overview of agricultural damages caused by emaraviruses worldwide and characteristics of their genomic RNAs and proteins. In addition, our research project to prevent a disease of a herb crop (shiso, Perilla frutescens) caused by Perilla mosaic virus, a putative emaravirus recently identified in Japan, is outlined.
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Tatineni S, McMechan AJ, Wosula EN, Wegulo SN, Graybosch RA, French R, Hein GL. An eriophyid mite-transmitted plant virus contains eight genomic RNA segments with unusual heterogeneity in the nucleocapsid protein. J Virol 2014; 88:11834-45. [PMID: 25100845 PMCID: PMC4178757 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01901-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eriophyid mite-transmitted, multipartite, negative-sense RNA plant viruses with membrane-bound spherical virions are classified in the genus Emaravirus. We report here that the eriophyid mite-transmitted Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV), an Emaravirus, contains eight genomic RNA segments, the most in a known negative-sense RNA plant virus. Remarkably, two RNA 3 consensus sequences, encoding the nucleocapsid protein, were found with 12.5% sequence divergence, while no heterogeneity was observed in the consensus sequences of additional genomic RNA segments. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, glycoprotein precursor, nucleocapsid, and P4 proteins of WMoV exhibited limited sequence homology with the orthologous proteins of other emaraviruses, while proteins encoded by additional genomic RNA segments displayed no significant homology with proteins reported in GenBank, suggesting that the genus Emaravirus evolved further with a divergent octapartite genome. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that WMoV formed an evolutionary link between members of the Emaravirus genus and the family Bunyaviridae. Furthermore, genomic-length virus- and virus-complementary (vc)-sense strands of all WMoV genomic RNAs accumulated asymmetrically in infected wheat, with 10- to 20-fold more virus-sense genomic RNAs than vc-sense RNAs. These data further confirm the octapartite negative-sense polarity of the WMoV genome. In WMoV-infected wheat, subgenomic-length mRNAs of vc sense were detected for genomic RNAs 3, 4, 7, and 8 but not for other RNA species, suggesting that the open reading frames present in the complementary sense of genomic RNAs are expressed through subgenomic- or near-genomic-length vc-sense mRNAs. Importance: Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV), an Emaravirus, is the causal agent of High Plains disease of wheat and maize. In this study, we demonstrated that the genome of WMoV comprises eight negative-sense RNA segments with an unusual sequence polymorphism in an RNA encoding the nucleocapsid protein but not in the additional genomic RNA segments. WMoV proteins displayed weak or no homology with reported emaraviruses, suggesting that the genus Emaravirus further evolved with a divergent octapartite genome. The current study also examined the profile of WMoV RNA accumulation in wheat and provided evidence for the synthesis of subgenomic-length mRNAs of virus complementary sense. This is the first report to demonstrate that emaraviruses produce subgenomic-length mRNAs that are most likely utilized for genome expression. Importantly, this study facilitates the examination of gene functions and virus diversity and the development of effective diagnostic methods and management strategies for an economically important but poorly understood virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Tatineni
- USDA Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Anthony J McMechan
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Everlyne N Wosula
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Stephen N Wegulo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Robert A Graybosch
- USDA Agricultural Research Service and Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Roy French
- USDA Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Gary L Hein
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Navia D, de Mendonça RS, Skoracka A, Szydło W, Knihinicki D, Hein GL, da Silva Pereira PRV, Truol G, Lau D. Wheat curl mite, Aceria tosichella, and transmitted viruses: an expanding pest complex affecting cereal crops. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23179064 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-012-9633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella, and the plant viruses it transmits represent an invasive mite-virus complex that has affected cereal crops worldwide. The main damage caused by WCM comes from its ability to transmit and spread multiple damaging viruses to cereal crops, with Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV) being the most important. Although WCM and transmitted viruses have been of concern to cereal growers and researchers for at least six decades, they continue to represent a challenge. In older affected areas, for example in North America, this mite-virus complex still has significant economic impact. In Australia and South America, where this problem has only emerged in the last decade, it represents a new threat to winter cereal production. The difficulties encountered in making progress towards managing WCM and its transmitted viruses stem from the complexity of the pathosystem. The most effective methods for minimizing losses from WCM transmitted viruses in cereal crops have previously focused on cultural and plant resistance methods. This paper brings together information on biological and ecological aspects of WCM, including its taxonomic status, occurrence, host plant range, damage symptoms and economic impact. Information about the main viruses transmitted by WCM is also included and the epidemiological relationships involved in this vectored complex of viruses are also addressed. Management strategies that have been directed at this mite-virus complex are presented, including plant resistance, its history, difficulties and advances. Current research perspectives to address this invasive mite-virus complex and minimize cereal crop losses worldwide are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Navia
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Final W5 Norte, Asa Norte, Cx Postal 02372, Brasília, DF 70770-917, Brazil.
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11
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Mielke-Ehret N, Mühlbach HP. Emaravirus: a novel genus of multipartite, negative strand RNA plant viruses. Viruses 2012; 4:1515-36. [PMID: 23170170 PMCID: PMC3499817 DOI: 10.3390/v4091515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ringspot symptoms in European mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.), fig mosaic, rose rosette, raspberry leaf blotch, pigeonpea sterility mosaic (Cajanus cajan) and High Plains disease of maize and wheat were found to be associated with viruses that share several characteristics. They all have single-stranded multipartite RNA genomes of negative orientation. In some cases, double membrane-bound virus-like particles of 80 to 200 nm in diameter were found in infected tissue. Furthermore, at least five of these viruses were shown to be vectored by eriophyid mites. Sequences of European mountain ash ringspot-associated virus (EMARaV), Fig mosaic virus (FMV), rose rosette virus (RRV), raspberry leaf blotch virus (RLBV), pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus and High Plains virus strongly support their potential phylogenetic relationship. Therefore, after characterization of EMARaV, the novel genus Emaravirus was established, and FMV was the second virus species assigned to this genus. The recently sequenced RRV and RLBV are supposed to be additional members of this new group of plant RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mielke-Ehret
- Biocentre Klein Flottbek, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, Hamburg 22609, Germany.
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Ito D, Miller Z, Menalled F, Moffet M, Burrows M. Relative Susceptibility Among Alternative Host Species Prevalent in the Great Plains to Wheat streak mosaic virus. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:1185-1192. [PMID: 30727091 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-11-0746-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wild grasses, crops, and grassy weeds are known to host Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and its vector, the wheat curl mite (WCM). Their relative importance as a source of WSMV was evaluated. A survey of small-grain fields throughout Montana was conducted between 2008 and 2009. Cheatgrass was the most prevalent grassy weed and the most frequent viral host, with 6% infection by WSMV in 2008 (n = 125) and 15% in 2009 (n = 358). By mechanically inoculating plants with WSMV in the greenhouse, the highest susceptibility was found in rye brome (52.1%), jointed goatgrass (80.9%), and wild oat (53.9%. Quackgrass, not previously reported as a host, was susceptible to WSMV (12.7%). Mite transmission efficiency from susceptible grass species was lower than from wheat, and grass species must be a host for both WSMV and the WCM to serve as a virus source. WCM transmission was more efficient than mechanical transmission. Overall, results indicate that grass species can serve as a viral reservoir, regional variation in a weed species' susceptibility to WSMV cannot explain geographic variation in epidemic intensity, and crop species and closely related weeds (e.g., jointed goatgrass) remain the best reservoirs for both WSMV and the WCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ito
- Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Department
| | - Z Miller
- Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Department
| | - F Menalled
- Land Resources and Environmental Sciences Department
| | - M Moffet
- Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Department, Montana State University, Bozeman 59717
| | - M Burrows
- Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Department, Montana State University, Bozeman 59717
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McGavin WJ, Mitchell C, Cock PJA, Wright KM, MacFarlane SA. Raspberry leaf blotch virus, a putative new member of the genus Emaravirus, encodes a novel genomic RNA. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:430-437. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.037937-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new, segmented, negative-strand RNA virus with morphological and sequence similarities to other viruses in the genus Emaravirus was discovered in raspberry plants exhibiting symptoms of leaf blotch disorder, a disease previously attributed to the eriophyid raspberry leaf and bud mite (Phyllocoptes gracilis). The virus, tentatively named raspberry leaf blotch virus (RLBV), has five RNAs that each potentially encode a single protein on the complementary strand. RNAs 1, 2 and 3 encode, respectively, a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a glycoprotein precursor and the nucleocapsid. RNA4 encodes a protein with sequence similarity to proteins of unknown function that are encoded by the genomes of other emaraviruses. When expressed transiently in plants fused to green or red fluorescent protein, the RLBV P4 protein localized to the peripheral cell membrane and to punctate spots in the cell wall. These spots co-localized with GFP-tagged tobacco mosaic virus 30K cell-to-cell movement protein, which is itself known to associate with plasmodesmata. These results suggest that the P4 protein may be a movement protein for RLBV. The fifth RLBV RNA, encoding the P5 protein, is unique among the sequenced emaraviruses. The amino acid sequence of the P5 protein does not suggest any potential function; however, when expressed as a GFP fusion, it localized as small aggregates in the cytoplasm near to the periphery of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J. McGavin
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Carolyn Mitchell
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Peter J. A. Cock
- Information and Computational Sciences Group, JHI, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Kathryn M. Wright
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Stuart A. MacFarlane
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
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de Lillo E, Skoracka A. What's "cool" on eriophyoid mites? EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2010; 51:3-30. [PMID: 19760102 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-009-9297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental knowledge on the morphology, biology, ecology, and economic importance of Eriophyoidea has been exhaustively compiled by Lindquist et al. (Eriophyoid mites--their biology, natural enemies and control; Elsevier, 1996). Since that time, the number of recognized species and the economic importance of the taxon have increased substantially. The aim of this paper is to analyze and briefly review new findings from eriophyoid mites' literature after Lindquist et al. book, stressing persistent gaps and needs. Much recent attention has been given to sampling and detection, taxonomy and systematics, faunistic surveys, internal morphology, rearing techniques, biological and ecological aspects, biomolecular studies, and virus vectoring. Recommendations are made for integrating research and promoting broader dissemination of data among specialists and non-specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico de Lillo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry of Agro-Forestry and Environment (Di.B.C.A.), Entomological and Zoological Section, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bari, via Amendola, 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Seifers DL, Martin TJ, Harvey TL, Haber S, Krokhin O, Spicer V, Ying S, Standing KG. Identification of Variants of the High Plains virus Infecting Wheat in Kansas. PLANT DISEASE 2009; 93:1265-1274. [PMID: 30759510 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-93-12-1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The properties of two virus isolates (U04-82 and U04-83) obtained from two wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants expressing mosaic symptoms were investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS), and infection of wheat with resistance to Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). The coat protein mass was estimated by SDS-PAGE as approximately 32 kDa for U04-82 and 30 kDa for U04-83. The amino acid sequence of the coat protein of U04-82 was 99.6 and 85.5% identical to two isolates, ABC58222 and TX96, respectively, of High Plains virus (HPV) described from Texas. U04-82 was transmitted by wheat curl mites and caused significant yield reductions in wheat resistant to WSMV. U04-83 was actually two distinct virus isolates whose capsid protein amino acid sequences were only 57 and 50% similar to that of TX96. Antiserum prepared to a synthetic peptide from the sequence of the U04-83 isolate recognized the two U04-83 isolates, but not the U04-82 isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallas L Seifers
- Kansas State University, Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Hays, KS 67601-9228
| | - T J Martin
- Kansas State University, Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Hays, KS 67601-9228
| | - Tom L Harvey
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - S Haber
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - O Krokhin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T2N2, Canada
| | - V Spicer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T2N2, Canada
| | - S Ying
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T2N2, Canada
| | - K G Standing
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T2N2, Canada
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Louie R, Seifers DL, Bradfute OE. Isolation, transmission and purification of the High Plains virus. J Virol Methods 2006; 135:214-22. [PMID: 16672165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella Keifer) often simultaneously transmits the High Plains virus and Wheat streak mosaic virus under field conditions, resulting in doubly infected plants. In this study, a pure culture of the High Plains virus (isolate HPV95ID), which was infected with both High Plains virus and Wheat streak mosaic virus, was mechanically transmitted from barley (Hordeum vulgáre L.) to maize (Zea mays L.) by vascular puncture inoculation. Different water temperatures and durations for soaking kernels at pre-inoculation and different incubation temperatures and durations at post-inoculation on transmission of High Plains virus were studied. Transmissions of the High Plains virus were significantly different for post-inoculation incubations at 11, 21, or 30 degrees C after a 2 h pre-inoculation soaking at 30 degrees C and post-inoculation incubations of kernels for 1 day versus 2 days. Use of Cs2SO4 in a partial purification protocol resulted in infectious final fractions. Bioassays, serological assays, analyses by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and examinations by electron microscopy confirmed isolation of a pure culture of High Plains virus from infectious final partially purified fractions. We demonstrate infectivity of the final fractions and associate it with the High Plains disease symptoms, the 32 kDa protein and double membrane bodies and discuss this evidence to support the viral nature of High Plains virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Louie
- USDA-ARS, Corn and Soybean Research, Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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Skare JM, Wijkamp I, Denham I, Rezende JAM, Kitajima EW, Park JW, Desvoyes B, Rush CM, Michels G, Scholthof KBG, Scholthof HB. A new eriophyid mite-borne membrane-enveloped virus-like complex isolated from plants. Virology 2006; 347:343-53. [PMID: 16412487 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A decade ago, a new mite-transmitted disease was described on wheat (Triticum aesativum) and maize (Zea mays) that due to its geographical location was referred to as High Plains Disease (HPD). To determine the etiology, we established colonies of HPD pathogen-transmitting eriophyid wheat curl mites (Aceria tosichella) on wheat plants for maintenance of a continuous source of infected material. Analyses of nucleic acid obtained from infected plants showed the presence of HPD-specific RNAs ranging from 1.5 to 8 kilobases, but comparisons between the sequence of cDNAs and the databases did not reveal any clear identity with known viruses. We demonstrate that a diagnostic HPD-specific 32-kDa protein that accumulates in plants is encoded by a small RNA species (RNA-s). Upon infestation of upper wheat parts with viruliferous mites, the RNA-s encoded protein becomes detectable within a few days in the roots, indicative of an effective virus-like mode of transport. Membranous particles, resembling those observed in thin sections of infected plants, were isolated and shown to envelope a thread-like ribonucleoprotein complex containing the RNA-s encoded 32-kDa protein. This complex was associated with single-stranded (-)-sense RNAs, whereas free (+)-sense RNA was only detected in total RNA of infected plants. Based on the collective properties, we conclude that HPD is caused by a newly emerged mite-borne virus, for which we propose the name Maize red stripe virus (MRStV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Skare
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, TX 77843, USA
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Seifers DL, She YM, Harvey TL, Martin TJ, Haber S, Ens W, Standing KG, Louie R, Gordon DT. Biological and Molecular Variability Among High Plains virus Isolates. PLANT DISEASE 2004; 88:824-829. [PMID: 30812509 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2004.88.8.824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The High Plains virus (HPV), vectored by the wheat curl mite (WCM) (Aceria tosichella), causes a severe disease of maize (Zea mays) in the U. S. High Plains. In the present study, five HPV isolates from five states were separated from co-infecting Wheat streak mosaic virus and their molecular and biological variability studied. Molecular studies involved time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) to determine amino acid sequence variability of the 32-kDa nucleoprotein (32 np) of the isolates. Biological studies involved testing the ability of the five HPV isolates to infect a maize line previously shown to have resistance. Inoculations of the HPV isolates were conducted using vascular puncture inoculation (VPI) and viruliferous WCM. TOFMS analyses demonstrated an 18-amino acid sequence in the isolates at the N-terminus of the 32 np, the presence of amino acid sequence differences among the isolates, and variability among amino acid sequences of the 32 np of some isolates. Three of the five HPV isolates infected the resistant maize inbred, B73, using VPI, and two of the same three HPV isolates infected this line using WCM inoculation, albeit low numbers of plants were infected by each technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallas L Seifers
- Professor, Kansas State University, Agricultural Research Center-Hays 67601-9228
| | - Y-M She
- Department of Physics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tom L Harvey
- Professor, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - T J Martin
- Professor, Kansas State University, Agricultural Research Center-Hays
| | - S Haber
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - W Ens
- Department of Physics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
| | - K G Standing
- Department of Physics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
| | - Raymond Louie
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service
| | - D T Gordon
- Professor, Emeritus, Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
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