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Tarim EA, Karakuzu B, Oksuz C, Sarigil O, Kizilkaya M, Al-Ruweidi MKAA, Yalcin HC, Ozcivici E, Tekin HC. Microfluidic-based virus detection methods for respiratory diseases. EMERGENT MATERIALS 2021; 4:143-168. [PMID: 33786415 PMCID: PMC7992628 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
With the recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the importance of rapid and direct detection of respiratory disease viruses has been well recognized. The detection of these viruses with novel technologies is vital in timely prevention and treatment strategies for epidemics and pandemics. Respiratory viruses can be detected from saliva, swab samples, nasal fluid, and blood, and collected samples can be analyzed by various techniques. Conventional methods for virus detection are based on techniques relying on cell culture, antigen-antibody interactions, and nucleic acids. However, these methods require trained personnel as well as expensive equipment. Microfluidic technologies, on the other hand, are one of the most accurate and specific methods to directly detect respiratory tract viruses. During viral infections, the production of detectable amounts of relevant antibodies takes a few days to weeks, hampering the aim of prevention. Alternatively, nucleic acid-based methods can directly detect the virus-specific RNA or DNA region, even before the immune response. There are numerous methods to detect respiratory viruses, but direct detection techniques have higher specificity and sensitivity than other techniques. This review aims to summarize the methods and technologies developed for microfluidic-based direct detection of viruses that cause respiratory infection using different detection techniques. Microfluidics enables the use of minimal sample volumes and thereby leading to a time, cost, and labor effective operation. Microfluidic-based detection technologies provide affordable, portable, rapid, and sensitive analysis of intact virus or virus genetic material, which is very important in pandemic and epidemic events to control outbreaks with an effective diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Alperay Tarim
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Betul Karakuzu
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cemre Oksuz
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Oyku Sarigil
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Melike Kizilkaya
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | - Engin Ozcivici
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - H. Cumhur Tekin
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
- METU MEMS Center, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
Gastroenteritis is a clinical illness of humans and other animals that is characterized by vomiting and diarrhea and caused by a variety of pathogens, including viruses. An increasing number of viral species have been associated with gastroenteritis or have been found in stool samples as new molecular tools have been developed. In this work, a DNA microarray capable in theory of parallel detection of more than 100 viral species was developed and tested. Initial validation was done with 10 different virus species, and an additional 5 species were validated using clinical samples. Detection limits of 1 × 10(3) virus particles of Human adenovirus C (HAdV), Human astrovirus (HAstV), and group A Rotavirus (RV-A) were established. Furthermore, when exogenous RNA was added, the limit for RV-A detection decreased by one log. In a small group of clinical samples from children with gastroenteritis (n = 76), the microarray detected at least one viral species in 92% of the samples. Single infection was identified in 63 samples (83%), and coinfection with more than one virus was identified in 7 samples (9%). The most abundant virus species were RV-A (58%), followed by Anellovirus (15.8%), HAstV (6.6%), HAdV (5.3%), Norwalk virus (6.6%), Human enterovirus (HEV) (9.2%), Human parechovirus (1.3%), Sapporo virus (1.3%), and Human bocavirus (1.3%). To further test the specificity and sensitivity of the microarray, the results were verified by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) detection of 5 gastrointestinal viruses. The RT-PCR assay detected a virus in 59 samples (78%). The microarray showed good performance for detection of RV-A, HAstV, and calicivirus, while the sensitivity for HAdV and HEV was low. Furthermore, some discrepancies in detection of mixed infections were observed and were addressed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) of the viruses involved. It was observed that differences in the amount of genetic material favored the detection of the most abundant virus. The microarray described in this work should help in understanding the etiology of gastroenteritis in humans and animals.
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Tanabe T, Bi B, Hu L, Maurer K, Moeller KD. Building addressable libraries: amino acid derived fluorescent linkers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:1689-1693. [PMID: 22229811 DOI: 10.1021/la2047257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new amino acid derived fluorescent linker for attaching molecules to the surface of a microelectrode array has been developed. Molecules to be monitored on an array are attached to the C-terminus of the linker, the N-terminus is then used to attach the linker to the array, and the side chain is used to synthesize a fluorescent tag. The fluorescent group is made with a one-step oxidative cycloaddition reaction starting from a hydroxyindole group. The linker is compatible with site-selective Cu(I)-chemistry on the array, it allows for quality control assessment of the array itself, and it is compatible with the electrochemical impedance experiments used to monitor binding events on the surface of the array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Tanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Abstract
Although poliomyelitis has been mostly eradicated worldwide, large outbreaks of the related enterovirus 71 have been seen in Asia-Pacific countries in the past 10 years. This virus mostly affects children, manifesting as hand, foot, and mouth disease, aseptic meningitis, poliomyelitis-like acute flaccid paralysis, brainstem encephalitis, and other severe systemic disorders, including especially pulmonary oedema and cardiorespiratory collapse. Clinical predictors of severe disease include high temperature and lethargy, and lumbar puncture might reveal pleocytosis. Many diagnostic tests are available, but PCR of throat swabs and vesicle fluid, if available, is among the most efficient. Features of inflammation, particularly in the anterior horns of the spinal cord, the dorsal pons, and the medulla can be clearly seen on MRI. No established antiviral treatment is available. Intravenous immunoglobulin seems to be beneficial in severe disease, perhaps through non-specific anti-inflammatory mechanisms, but has not been tested in any formal trials. Milrinone might be helpful in patients with cardiac dysfunction.
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Xu F, Yan Q, Wang H, Niu J, Li L, Zhu F, He S, Zhang S, Weng Z, Cheng T, Cai Y, He D, Chen Y, Ge S, Yeo AET, Zhang J, Ng MH, Xia N. Performance of detecting IgM antibodies against enterovirus 71 for early diagnosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11388. [PMID: 20613983 PMCID: PMC2894942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection is more likely to induce severe complications and mortality than other enteroviruses. Methods for detection of IgM antibody against EV71 had been established for years, however, the performance of the methods in the very early diagnosis of EV71 infection had not been fully evaluated, which is especially meaningful because of the short incubation period of EV71 infection. In this report, the performance of an IgM anti-EV71 assay was evaluated using acute sera collected from 165 EV71 infected patients, 165 patients infected with other enteroviruses, and more than 2,000 sera from healthy children or children with other infected diseases. The results showed a 90% sensitivity in 20 patients who were in their first illness day, and similar sensitivity remained till 4 days after onset. After then the sensitivity increased to 95% to 100% for more than one month. The specificity of the assay in non-HFMD children is 99.1% (95% CI: 98.6–99.4), similar as the 99.9% specificity in healthy adults. The cross-reaction rate in patients infected with other non-EV71 enteroviruses was 11.4%. In conclusion, the data here presented show that the detection of IgM anti-EV71 by ELISA affords a reliable, convenient, and prompt diagnosis of EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihai Xu
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiang Yan
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjun Niu
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Liang Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuizhen He
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Shiyin Zhang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zuxing Weng
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yijun Cai
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Delei He
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Anthony E. T. Yeo
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mun-Hon Ng
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- * E-mail:
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Yoshida JI, Nagaki A. Elektrochemische Herstellung von adressierbaren Bibliotheken als Plattform für biologische Assays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yoshida JI, Nagaki A. Building Addressable Libraries as Platforms for Biological Assays by an Electrochemical Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:3720-2. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cao W, Su M, Zhang S. Rapid and sensitive DNA target detection using enzyme amplified electrochemical detection based on microchip. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:659-65. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hu L, Maurer K, Moeller KD. Building addressable libraries: site-selective Suzuki reactions on microelectrode arrays. Org Lett 2009; 11:1273-6. [PMID: 19239260 PMCID: PMC3947858 DOI: 10.1021/ol900056u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A site-selective Suzuki reaction has been developed for use on microelectrode arrays. The reaction conditions employed are similar to those used to achieve site-selective Heck reactions. The reaction can be run with either an aryliodide attached to the surface of the array and an arylboronic acid in solution or with an arylboronic acid attached to the surface of the array and an arylbromide in solution. Both allyl acetate and air are effective confining agents for the reaction. The reactions are compatible with arrays containing either 1024 microelectrodes cm(-2) or 12,544 microelectrodes cm(-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington UniVersity, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Karl Maurer
- CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbor Heights Parkway, Suite 301, Mukilteo, Washington 98275
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington UniVersity, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
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Müller R, Ditzen A, Hille K, Stichling M, Ehricht R, Illmer T, Ehninger G, Rohayem J. Detection of herpesvirus and adenovirus co-infections with diagnostic DNA-microarrays. J Virol Methods 2009; 155:161-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tavakoli NP, Wang H, Nattanmai S, Dupuis M, Fusco H, Hull R. Detection and typing of enteroviruses from CSF specimens from patients diagnosed with meningitis/encephalitis. J Clin Virol 2008; 43:207-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Stuart M, Maurer K, Moeller KD. Moving known libraries to an addressable array: a site-selective hetero-Michael reaction. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1514-7. [PMID: 18652501 DOI: 10.1021/bc800025z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A two-step, Michael reaction-based strategy for site-selectively placing molecules by unique electrodes in an addressable microelectrode array has been developed. The strategy is compatible with the use of polypeptide nucleophiles and works with microelectrode arrays having either 1024 electrodes/cm (2) or 12,544 electrodes/cm (2). The chemistry should allow for the transfer of existing molecular libraries to microelectrode array devices for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissae Stuart
- Department of Chemistry, Campus Box 1134, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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Ratra R, Lal SK. Functional genomics as a tool in virus research. Indian J Microbiol 2008; 48:195-201. [PMID: 23100713 PMCID: PMC3450177 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-008-0032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomics is the study of an organism’s entire genome. It started out as a great scientific endeavor in the 1990s which aimed to sequence the complete genomes of certain biological species. However viruses are not new to this field as complete viral genomes have routinely been sequenced since the past thirty years. The ‘genomic era’ has been said to have revolutionized biology. This knowledge of full genomes has created the field of functional genomics in today’s post-genomic era, which, is in most part concerned with the studies on the expression of the organism’s genome under different conditions. This article is an attempt to introduce its readers to the application of functional genomics to address and answer several complex biological issues in virus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Ratra
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Kesselring D, Maurer K, Moeller KD. Building Addressable Libraries: Site-Selective Formation of an N-Acyliminium Ion Intermediate. Org Lett 2008; 10:2501-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol8007827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Kesselring
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, and CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbor Heights Parkway, Suite 301, Mukilteo, Washington 98275
| | - Karl Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, and CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbor Heights Parkway, Suite 301, Mukilteo, Washington 98275
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, and CombiMatrix Corporation, 6500 Harbor Heights Parkway, Suite 301, Mukilteo, Washington 98275
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Lenz O, Petrzik K, Spak J. Investigating the sensitivity of a fluorescence-based microarray for the detection of fruit-tree viruses. J Virol Methods 2008; 148:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Nasri D, Bouslama L, Pillet S, Bourlet T, Aouni M, Pozzetto B. Basic rationale, current methods and future directions for molecular typing of human enterovirus. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2007; 7:419-34. [PMID: 17620049 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.7.4.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus is a genus of the Picornaviridae family including more than 80 serotypes belonging to four species designed Human enterovirus A to D. The antigens of the structural proteins support the subdivision of enteroviruses into multiple serotypes. Comparative phylogeny based on molecular typing methods has been of great help to classify former and new types of enterovirus, and to investigate the diversity of enteroviruses and the evolutionary mechanisms involved in their diversity. By now, molecular typing methods of enterovirus rely mainly on the sequencing of an amplicon targeting a variable part of the region coding for the capsid proteins (VP1 and, alternatively, VP2 or VP4), either from a strain recovered by cell culture or, more recently, by direct amplification of a clinical or environmental specimen. In the future, microarrays are thought to play a major role in enterovirus typing and in the analysis of the determinants of virulence that support the puzzling diversity of the pathological conditions associated with human infection by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsaf Nasri
- Laboratory of Bacteriology-Virology, GIMAP EA3064, Faculté de Médicine Jacques Lisfranc, Saint-Etienne cedex 02, France.
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Agindotan B, Perry KL. Macroarray Detection of Plant RNA Viruses Using Randomly Primed and Amplified Complementary DNAs from Infected Plants. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2007; 97:119-127. [PMID: 18942945 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-97-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Membrane-based macroarrays provide a relatively inexpensive technology with the potential to detect hundreds of pathogens in a single assay. For the simultaneous detection of a large number of pathogens, it is necessary to obtain sufficient nucleic acids for labeling, and any amplification reactions need to be performed using unbiased, pathogen-non-specific primers. A nonradioactive macroarray system is described to test for plant RNA viruses using 70-mer oligonucleotide probes immobilized on nylon membranes. Starting with a total plant RNA extract, complementary DNA (cDNA) and second-strand syntheses were carried out using an anchor primer sequence with random pentamers coupled at the 3' end. Subsequent synthesis by polymerase chain reaction using the anchor primer alone resulted in a relatively unbiased amplification of plant and viral RNAs. These cDNAs were chemically labeled and the product used as a target in hybridization analyses. The system was validated using RNA extracts from plants infected with Cucumber mosaic virus, Potato virus Y, and Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV). Despite the relative excess of host-derived nonviral sequences, viral RNAs were amplified between 100- and 1,000-fold and were detected in single and mixed infections. The macroarray sensitivity was comparable to that of double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, with PLRV being detected in sap dilutions of 1:100. The potential for the development of a relatively inexpensive multipathogen detection system is discussed.
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Tsao LY, Lin CY, Yu YY, Wang BT. Microchip, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and culture methods to detect enterovirus infection in pediatric patients. Pediatr Int 2006; 48:5-10. [PMID: 16490062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2006.02157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus infection usually presents with mild and self-limited illness in children. However, Enterovirus type 71 can be characterized by neurotropism and may cause severe illness or even sudden death. Early detection of the virus will allow a physician to provide intensive or aggressive intervention. The purpose of the present study was to compare sensitivity of two innovative laboratory methods, that is, the DR.EV microchip method (DR. Chip Biotechnology, Shin-Tsu, Taiwan) and the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method following conventional virus culture in detecting enterovirus infection in pediatric patients with herpangina or hand-foot-mouth disease. METHODS A total of 87 children (age range: 1-8 years) were enrolled because of typical clinical findings of herpangina and hand-foot-mouth disease. Two hundred children selected after a careful clinical history review and physical examinations, were included as controls. All of these children had at least throat swab and rectal swab specimens taken and tested for evidence of enterovirus infection by microchip, RT-PCR and virus culture methods. In addition, 21 patients also had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens taken to test for possible central nervous system involvement. RESULT The test results obtained from the 200 healthy kindergarten children were all negative for enteroviral infection by these three methods. Among the 87 test patients, the positive rates for throat swab, rectal swab and CSF by DR.EV chip, RT-PCR and virus culture were 71%, 68%, and 45% (throat swab); 66%, 61%, and 33% (rectal swab); and 52%, 29%, and 5% (CSF), respectively. There was no significant difference in the positive rates between the DR.EV chip and the RT-PCR methods (P > 0.1) on all types of specimens. However, statistically significant differences in positive rates were noted between the DR.EV chip and the conventional virus culture methods on all types of specimens (P < 0.001). Sensitivity of the microchip, RT-PCR and virus culture methods, was 82%, 72%, and 53%, respectively. CONCLUSION The DR.EV chip method yielded a statistically higher positive rate and faster test results than the conventional viral culture method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lon-Yen Tsao
- Department of Pediatrics, Changhua Christian Hospital, Taiwan
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Baxi MK, Baxi S, Clavijo A, Burton KM, Deregt D. Microarray-based detection and typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vet J 2005; 172:473-81. [PMID: 16139533 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the most economically important veterinary pathogen because of its highly infectious nature and the devastating effects the virus has on the livestock industry. Rapid diagnostic methods are needed for detection and typing of FMDV serotypes and differentiation from other viruses causing vesicular diseases. We developed a microarray-based test that uses a FMD DNA chip containing 155 oligonucleotide probes, 35-45 base pair (bp) long, virus-common and serotype-specific, designed from the VP3-VP1-2A region of the genome. A set of two forward primers and one reverse primer were also designed to allow amplification of approximately 1100 bp of target sequences from this region. The amplified target was labelled with Alexa-Fluor 546 dye and applied to the FMD DNA chip. A total of 23 different FMDV strains representing all seven serotypes were detected and typed by the FMD DNA chip. Microarray technology offers a unique capability to identify multiple pathogens in a single chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K Baxi
- Virology Section, Lethbridge Laboratory (Animal Diseases Research Institute), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
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Abstract
Microarrays of DNA probes have at least three roles in clinical virology. These are: firstly, in diagnosis, to recognise the causative agent of an illness; secondly, for molecular typing for (i) patient management, (ii) epidemiological reasons (e.g. investigating routes of transmission), (iii) purposes related to vaccine use; and thirdly, in research, to investigate the interactions between the virus and the host cell. Microarrays intended for syndromic diagnostic purposes require genome specific probes to capture the unknown target viral sequences and thereby reveal the presence of that virus in a test sample. Microarrays intended for typing and patient management, e.g. monitoring antiviral drug resistant mutations require a set of probes representing the important sequence variants of one or more viral genes. Microarrays intended for research into virus–host interactions require probes representative of each individual gene or mRNA of either the virus or the host genome. Diagnostic microarrays are dependent for their utility and versatility on generic, multiplex or random polymerase chain reactions that will amplify any of several (unknown) viral target sequences from a patient sample. In this review, the existing and potential applications of microarrays in virology, and the problems that need to be overcome for future success, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Clewley
- Sexually Transmitted and Blood Borne Virus Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK.
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