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Nour Eldine M, Alhousseini M, Nour-Eldine W, Noureldine H, Vakharia KV, Krafft PR, Noureldine MHA. The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Progression of Secondary Brain Injury Following Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2024; 15:647-658. [PMID: 36930383 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) can be a fatal condition responsible for the death of 1.7% of all neonates in the USA. The majority of GMH survivors develop long-term sequalae with debilitating comorbidities. Higher grade GMH is associated with higher mortality rates and higher prevalence of comorbidities. The pathophysiology of GMH can be broken down into two main titles: faulty hemodynamic autoregulation and structural weakness at the level of tissues and cells. Prematurity is the most significant risk factor for GMH, and it predisposes to both major pathophysiological mechanisms of the condition. Secondary brain injury is an important determinant of survival and comorbidities following GMH. Mechanisms of brain injury secondary to GMH include apoptosis, necrosis, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. This review will have a special focus on the mechanisms of oxidative stress following GMH, including but not limited to inflammation, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, glutamate toxicity, and hemoglobin metabolic products. In addition, this review will explore treatment options of GMH, especially targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Nour Eldine
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | | | - Wared Nour-Eldine
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hussein Noureldine
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Kunal V Vakharia
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Paul R Krafft
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Mohammad Hassan A Noureldine
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA.
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2
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Pordel S, McCloskey AP, Almahmeed W, Sahebkar A. The protective effects of statins in traumatic brain injury. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:235-250. [PMID: 38448729 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), often referred to as the "silent epidemic", is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide among all trauma-related injuries. It is associated with considerable personal, medical, and economic consequences. Although remarkable advances in therapeutic approaches have been made, current treatments and clinical management for TBI recovery still remain to be improved. One of the factors that may contribute to this gap is that existing therapies target only a single event or pathology. However, brain injury after TBI involves various pathological mechanisms, including inflammation, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, ionic disturbance, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal necrosis, and apoptosis. Statins have several beneficial pleiotropic effects (anti-excitotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-thrombotic, immunomodulatory activity, endothelial and vasoactive properties) in addition to promoting angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and synaptogenesis in TBI. Supposedly, using agents such as statins that target numerous and diverse pathological mechanisms, may be more effective than a single-target approach in TBI management. The current review was undertaken to investigate and summarize the protective mechanisms of statins against TBI. The limitations of conducted studies and directions for future research on this potential therapeutic application of statins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoora Pordel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alice P McCloskey
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Wael Almahmeed
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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3
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López-Sánchez C, Lagoa R, Poejo J, García-López V, García-Martínez V, Gutierrez-Merino C. An Update of Kaempferol Protection against Brain Damage Induced by Ischemia-Reperfusion and by 3-Nitropropionic Acid. Molecules 2024; 29:776. [PMID: 38398528 PMCID: PMC10893315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaempferol, a flavonoid present in many food products, has chemical and cellular antioxidant properties that are beneficial for protection against the oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Kaempferol administration to model experimental animals can provide extensive protection against brain damage of the striatum and proximal cortical areas induced by transient brain cerebral ischemic stroke and by 3-nitropropionic acid. This article is an updated review of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of protection by kaempferol administration against brain damage induced by these insults, integrated with an overview of the contributions of the work performed in our laboratories during the past years. Kaempferol administration at doses that prevent neurological dysfunctions inhibit the critical molecular events that underlie the initial and delayed brain damage induced by ischemic stroke and by 3-nitropropionic acid. It is highlighted that the protection afforded by kaempferol against the initial mitochondrial dysfunction can largely account for its protection against the reported delayed spreading of brain damage, which can develop from many hours to several days. This allows us to conclude that kaempferol administration can be beneficial not only in preventive treatments, but also in post-insult therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen López-Sánchez
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ricardo Lagoa
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Morro do Lena-Alto do Vieiro, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Joana Poejo
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
| | - Virginio García-López
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Therapeutics, Pharmacology Area, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Virginio García-Martínez
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (V.G.-L.); (V.G.-M.)
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Smith CA, Carpenter KLH, Hutchinson PJ, Smielewski P, Helmy A. Candidate neuroinflammatory markers of cerebral autoregulation dysfunction in human acute brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1237-1253. [PMID: 37132274 PMCID: PMC10369156 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231171991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The loss of cerebral autoregulation (CA) is a common and detrimental secondary injury mechanism following acute brain injury and has been associated with worse morbidity and mortality. However patient outcomes have not as yet been conclusively proven to have improved as a result of CA-directed therapy. While CA monitoring has been used to modify CPP targets, this approach cannot work if the impairment of CA is not simply related to CPP but involves other underlying mechanisms and triggers, which at present are largely unknown. Neuroinflammation, particularly inflammation affecting the cerebral vasculature, is an important cascade that occurs following acute injury. We hypothesise that disturbances to the cerebral vasculature can affect the regulation of CBF, and hence the vascular inflammatory pathways could be a putative mechanism that causes CA dysfunction. This review provides a brief overview of CA, and its impairment following brain injury. We discuss candidate vascular and endothelial markers and what is known about their link to disturbance of the CBF and autoregulation. We focus on human traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), with supporting evidence from animal work and applicability to wider neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Smith
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Keri LH Carpenter
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter J Hutchinson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Smielewski
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adel Helmy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Shichita T, Ooboshi H, Yoshimura A. Neuroimmune mechanisms and therapies mediating post-ischaemic brain injury and repair. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:299-312. [PMID: 36973481 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The nervous and immune systems control whole-body homeostasis and respond to various types of tissue injury, including stroke, in a coordinated manner. Cerebral ischaemia and subsequent neuronal cell death activate resident or infiltrating immune cells, which trigger neuroinflammation that affects functional prognosis after stroke. Inflammatory immune cells exacerbate ischaemic neuronal injury after the onset of brain ischaemia; however, some of the immune cells thereafter change their function to neural repair. The recovery processes after ischaemic brain injury require additional and close interactions between the nervous and immune systems through various mechanisms. Thus, the brain controls its own inflammation and repair processes after injury via the immune system, which provides a promising therapeutic opportunity for stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shichita
- Stroke Renaissance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Neuroinflammation and Repair, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Core Research for Evolutionary Medical Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Ooboshi
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Feng D, Yang Z, Li M. Dietary N-carbamylglutamate supplementation improves ammonia tolerance of juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1191468. [PMID: 37168229 PMCID: PMC10164998 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1191468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ammonia has been of concern for its high toxicity to animals. N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) can reduce blood ammonia levels in mammals, but studies on ammonia tolerance in fish are insufficient. Methods: Juvenile yellow catfish were fed two levels of NCG (0.00% and 0.05%) for 84 days under three ammonia levels (0.00, 0.08, and 0.16 mg/L NH3). Results and Discussion: The results showed that survival rate (SUR), final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), and serum total protein (TP), triglycerides (TG), glucose (Glu), ornithine (Orn), citrulline (Cit) contents, and liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), arginase (ARG), ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) activities decreased with the increase of ammonia levels, on the contrary, feed conversion ratio (FCR), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and serum ammonia, urea, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutamine (Gln), arginine (Arg) contents, and liver malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL) 1, IL 8 contents, and mRNA expressions of cu/zn sod, cat, gpx, gr, tnf ɑ, il 1, and il 8 were significantly increased. Dietary 0.05% NCG supplementation had higher SUR, FBW, WG, feed intake (FI), whole-body protein, and serum TP, total cholesterol (TC), Glu, citrulline (Cit) contents, and liver SOD, GPx, argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activities compared to 0.00% NCG group, but had lower serum ammonia, urea, ALT, AST, Gln, Arg contents, and liver MDA, TNF, IL 1, IL 8 contents, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity. At the end of bacterial challenge, cumulative mortality (CM) increased with ammonia levels increased, but serum antibody titer (AT), lysozyme (LYZ) activity, 50% hemolytic complement, immunoglobulin (Ig) contents, respiratory burst (RB), phagocytic indices decreased with ammonia levels increased. CM in 0.05% NCG group was lower than that in 0.00% NCG group, but serum AT, LYZ activity, Ig content, RB in 0.05% NCG group were significantly higher. The correlation analysis found that iNOS was positively correlated with ASS activity. This study indicates that dietary NCG supplementation can improve the ammonia tolerance of yellow catfish, and ASS may also be the target of NCG to activate the urea cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Feng
- School of Fisheries, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
| | - Zhiguo Yang
- School of Fisheries, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Li,
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7
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Zhang M, Song P, Jiang H, Li M. The argininosuccinate synthetase can differentially regulate nitric oxide synthase in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:991-1000. [PMID: 35868475 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fish are at high risk of exposure to ammonia in aquaculture systems. When ammonia stress occurs, fish are more prone to disease outbreaks, but the mechanism is not very clear. The argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) plays an important role in the regulation of urea synthesis and nitric oxide synthesis. We speculated that there must be some relationship between ASS expression and disease outbreak. In this study, ASS was cloned from the yellow catfish. The full-length cDNAs of ASS was 1558 bp, with open reading frames of 1236 bp. The mRNA expression of ASS gene was the highest in liver, kidney and brain. This study consists of two parts: 1) For ammonia challenge in vivo, yellow catfish (15.00 ± 1.50 g) were divided into control group, low ammonia group (1/10 96 h LC50), and high ammonia group (1/2 96 h LC50). The experiment continued for 192 h. The results showed that ammonia stress elevated serum ammonia content, and inhibited urea synthesis enzymes activities but up-regulated the expression levels of related genes except ARG, and induced arginine accumulation and nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and iNOS) different expression, and decreased resistance to Aeromonas hydrophage; 2) For ammonia challenge in vitro, the primary culture of liver cell was divided into four groups: control group, BPP group (Bj-BPP-10c was added as ASS activator), Amm group (96 h LC50), and Amm + BPP group. The experiment continued for 96 h. The results showed that the Bj-BPP-10c can inhibit nNOS activity and improve cell survival rate, and enhance iNOS activity and immune response (lysozyme, complement, respiratory burst, and phagocytic index) by activate ASS when ammonia stress occurred. Our results indicated that targeted regulation of ASS can improve iNOS activity, and enhance the immune response of yellow catfish under ammonia stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Penwei Song
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Fan X, Chen H, Xu C, Wang Y, Yin P, Li M, Tang Z, Jiang F, Wei W, Song J, Li G, Zhong D. Inhibiting Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Subtype 3 Attenuates Brain Damage During Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating nNOS/NO and Oxidative Stress. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:838621. [PMID: 35242008 PMCID: PMC8886115 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.838621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke (IS) is a common disease endangering human life and health. Cerebral ischemia triggers a series of complex harmful events, including excitotoxicity, inflammation and cell death, as well as increased nitric oxide production through the activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Oxidative stress plays a major role in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype 3 (S1PR3), a member of S1P’s G protein-coupled receptors S1PR1-S1PR5, is involved in a variety of biological effects in the body, and its role in regulating oxidative stress during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion is still unclear. Methods Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mice were selected as the brain ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury model. Male C57/BL6 mice were treated with or without a selective S1PR3 inhibition after tMCAO, and changes in infarct volume, Nissl staining, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and NOS protein, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content after tMCAO were observed. Results In the cerebral ischemia–reperfusion model, inhibition of S1PR3 improved the infarct volume and neuronal damage in mice after tMCAO. Similarly, inhibition of S1PR3 can reduce the expression of NO synthase subtype neuronal NOS (nNOS) and reduce the production of NO after cerebral ischemia. After cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, the oxidative stress response was enhanced, and after the administration of the S1PR3 inhibitor, the SOD content increased and the MDA content decreased, indicating that S1PR3 plays an important role in regulating oxidative stress response. Conclusion Inhibiting S1PR3 attenuates brain damage during I/R injury by regulating nNOS/NO and oxidative stress, which provides a potential new therapeutic target and mechanism for the clinical treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingju Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Pengqi Yin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhanbin Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fangchao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wan Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jihe Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guozhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Di Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Martini S, Castellini L, Parladori R, Paoletti V, Aceti A, Corvaglia L. Free Radicals and Neonatal Brain Injury: From Underlying Pathophysiology to Antioxidant Treatment Perspectives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:2012. [PMID: 34943115 PMCID: PMC8698308 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10122012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radicals play a role of paramount importance in the development of neonatal brain injury. Depending on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying free radical overproduction and upon specific neonatal characteristics, such as the GA-dependent maturation of antioxidant defenses and of cerebrovascular autoregulation, different profiles of injury have been identified. The growing evidence on the detrimental effects of free radicals on the brain tissue has led to discover not only potential biomarkers for oxidative damage, but also possible neuroprotective therapeutic approaches targeting oxidative stress. While a more extensive validation of free radical biomarkers is required before considering their use in routine neonatal practice, two important treatments endowed with antioxidant properties, such as therapeutic hypothermia and magnesium sulfate, have become part of the standard of care to reduce the risk of neonatal brain injury, and other promising therapeutic strategies are being tested in clinical trials. The implementation of currently available evidence is crucial to optimize neonatal neuroprotection and to develop individualized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches addressing oxidative brain injury, with the final aim of improving the neurological outcome of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.A.); (L.C.)
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Laura Castellini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Roberta Parladori
- Specialty School of Pediatrics, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Vittoria Paoletti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Arianna Aceti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.A.); (L.C.)
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Luigi Corvaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.A.); (L.C.)
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
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10
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Kilic U, Elibol B, Beker M, Altug-Tasa B, Caglayan AB, Beker MC, Yilmaz B, Kilic E. Inflammatory Cytokines are in Action: Brain Plasticity and Recovery after Brain Ischemia Due to Delayed Melatonin Administration. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:106105. [PMID: 34547676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Post-ischemic inflammation leads to apoptosis as an indirect cause of functional disabilities after the stroke. Melatonin may be a good candidate for the stroke recovery because of its anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, we investigated the effect of melatonin on inflammation in the functional recovery of brain by evaluating ipsilesional and contralesional alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Melatonin (4 mg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally administered into the mice from the 3rd to the 55th day of the post-ischemia after 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion. RESULTS Melatonin produced a functional recovery by reducing the emigration of the circulatory leukocytes and the local microglial activation within the ischemic brain. Overall, the expression of the inflammation-related genes reduced upon melatonin treatment in the ischemic hemisphere. On the other hand, the expression level of the inflammatory cytokine genes raised in the contralateral hemisphere at the 55th day of the post-ischemia. Furthermore, melatonin triggers an increase in the iNOS expression and a decrease in the nNOS expression in the ipsilateral hemisphere at the earlier times in the post-ischemic recovery. At the 55th day of the post-ischemic recovery, melatonin administration enhanced the eNOS and nNOS protein expressions. CONCLUSIONS The present molecular, biological, and histological data have revealed broad anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin in both hemispheres with distinct temporal and spatial patterns at different phases of post-stroke recovery. These outcomes also established that melatonin act recruitment of contralesional rather than of ipsilesional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulkan Kilic
- Department of Medical Biology, Hamidiye School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Birsen Elibol
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Merve Beker
- Department of Medical Biology, Hamidiye International School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Burcugul Altug-Tasa
- Cellular Therapy and Stem Cell Production Application and Research Centre, ESTEM, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Burak Caglayan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Caglar Beker
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bayram Yilmaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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11
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Przykaza Ł, Kozniewska E. Ligands of the Neuropeptide Y Y2 Receptors as a Potential Multitarget Therapeutic Approach for the Protection of the Neurovascular Unit Against Acute Ischemia/Reperfusion: View from the Perspective of the Laboratory Bench. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 13:12-24. [PMID: 34292517 PMCID: PMC8766383 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with no available satisfactory prevention or treatment approach. The current treatment is limited to the use of “reperfusion methods,” i.e., an intravenous or intra-arterial infusion of a fibrinolytic agent, mechanical removal of the clot by thrombectomy, or a combination of both methods. It should be stressed, however, that only approximately 5% of all acute strokes are eligible for fibrinolytic treatment and fewer than 10% for thrombectomy. Despite the tremendous progress in understanding of the pathomechanisms of cerebral ischemia, the promising results of basic research on neuroprotection are not currently transferable to human stroke. A possible explanation for this failure is that experiments on in vivo animal models involve healthy young animals, and the experimental protocols seldom consider the importance of protecting the whole neurovascular unit (NVU), which ensures intracranial homeostasis and is seriously damaged by ischemia/reperfusion. One of the endogenous protective systems activated during ischemia and in neurodegenerative diseases is represented by neuropeptide Y (NPY). It has been demonstrated that activation of NPY Y2 receptors (Y2R) by a specific ligand decreases the volume of the postischemic infarction and improves performance in functional tests of rats with arterial hypertension subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion. This functional improvement suggests the protection of the NVU. In this review, we focus on NPY and discuss the potential, multidirectional protective effects of Y2R agonists against acute focal ischemia/reperfusion injury, with special reference to the NVU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Przykaza
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego Str. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kozniewska
- Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, A. Pawińskiego Str. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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Prospects for the Personalized Multimodal Therapy Approach to Pain Management via Action on NO and NOS. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092431. [PMID: 33921984 PMCID: PMC8122598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain syndromes are an important medical problem generated by various molecular, genetic, and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Back pain, neuropathic pain, and posttraumatic pain are the most important pathological processes associated with chronic pain in adults. Standard approaches to the treatment of them do not solve the problem of pain chronicity. This is the reason for the search for new personalized strategies for the prevention and treatment of chronic pain. The nitric oxide (NO) system can play one of the key roles in the development of peripheral pain and its chronicity. The purpose of the study is to review publications devoted to changes in the NO system in patients with peripheral chronical pain syndromes. We have carried out a search for the articles published in e-Library, PubMed, Oxford Press, Clinical Case, Springer, Elsevier, and Google Scholar databases. The search was carried out using keywords and their combinations. The role of NO and NO synthases (NOS) isoforms in peripheral pain development and chronicity was demonstrated primarily from animal models to humans. The most studied is the neuronal NOS (nNOS). The role of inducible NOS (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) is still under investigation. Associative genetic studies have shown that single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3 genes encoding nNOS, iNOS, and eNOS may be associated with acute and chronic peripheral pain. Prospects for the use of NOS inhibitors to modulate the effect of drugs used to treat peripheral pain syndrome are discussed. Associative genetic studies of SNVs NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3 genes are important for understanding genetic predictors of peripheral pain chronicity and development of new personalized pharmacotherapy strategies.
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Chavda V, Madhwani K, Chaurasia B. Stroke and immunotherapy: Potential mechanisms and its implications as immune-therapeutics. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4338-4357. [PMID: 33829590 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia or brain injuries are mostly associated with emergency admissions and huge mortality rates. Stroke is a fatal cerebrovascular malady and second top root of disability and death in both developing and developed countries with a projected rise of 24.9% (from 2010) by 2030. It's the most frequent cause of morbidities and systemic permanent morbidities due to its multi-organ systemic pathology. Brain edema or active immune response cause disturbed or abnormal systemic affects causing inflammatory damage leading to secondary infection and secondary immune response which leads to activation like pneumonia or urine tract infections. There are a variety of post stroke treatments available which claims their usefulness in reducing or inhibiting post stroke and recurrent stroke damage followed by heavy inflammatory actions. Stroke does change the quality of life and also ensures daily chronic rapid neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. The only approved therapies for stroke are alteplase and thrombectomy which is associated with adverse outcomes and are not a total cure for ischemic stroke. Stroke and immune response are reciprocal to the pathology and time of event and it progresses till untreated. The immune reaction during ischemia opens new doors for advanced targeted therapeutics. Nowadays stem cell therapy has shown better results in stroke-prone individuals. Few monoclonal antibodies like natalizumab have shown great impact on pre-clinical and clinical stroke trial studies. In this current review, we have explored an immunology of stroke, current therapeutic scenario and future potential targets as immunotherapeutic agents in stroke therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chavda
- Division of Anesthesia, Sardar Women's Hospital, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Kajal Madhwani
- Department of Microbiology, Nirma University, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
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Mussa BM, Khan AA, Srivastava A, Abdallah SH. Differentiated PDGFRα-Positive Cells: A Novel In-Vitro Model for Functional Studies of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073514. [PMID: 33805311 PMCID: PMC8037384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is evident that depletion of interstitial cells and dysfunction of nitric oxide (NO) pathways are key players in development of several gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders such as diabetic gastroparesis (DGP). One of the main limitations of DGP research is the lack of isolation methods that are specific to interstitial cells, and therefore conducting functional studies is not feasible. The present study aims (i) to differentiate telomerase transformed mesenchymal stromal cells (iMSCs) into platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α-positive cells (PDGFRα-positive cells) using connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and L-ascorbic acids; (ii) to investigate the effects of NO donor and inhibitor on the survival rate of differentiated PDGFRα-positive cells; and (iii) to evaluate the impact of increased glucose concentrations, mimicking diabetic hyperglycemia, on the gene expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). A fibroblastic differentiation-induction medium supplemented with connective tissue growth factor was used to differentiate iMSCs into PDGFRα-positive cells. The medium was changed every day for 21 days to maintain the biological activity of the growth factors. Gene and protein expression, scanning electron and confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry analysis of several markers were conducted to confirm the differentiation process. Methyl tetrazolium cell viability, nitrite measurement assays, and immunostaining were used to investigate the effects of NO on PDGFRα-positive cells. The present study, for the first time, demonstrated the differentiation of iMSCs into PDGFRα-positive cells. The outcomes of the functional studies showed that SNAP (NO donor) increased the survival rate of differentiated PDGFRα-positive cells whereas LNNA (NO inhibitor) attenuated these effects. Further experimentations revealed that hyperglycemia produced a significant increase in expression of nNOS in PDGFRα-positive cells. Differentiation of iMSCs into PDGFRα-positive cells is a novel model to conduct functional studies and to investigate the involvement of NO pathways. This will help in identifying new therapeutic targets for treatment of DGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashair M. Mussa
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-65057220
| | - Amir Ali Khan
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Sallam Hasan Abdallah
- Research Institute of Sciences & Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
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15
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Reyes-Corral M, Sola-Idígora N, de la Puerta R, Montaner J, Ybot-González P. Nutraceuticals in the Prevention of Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia: A Comprehensive Review of their Neuroprotective Properties, Mechanisms of Action and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2524. [PMID: 33802413 PMCID: PMC7959318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a brain injury caused by oxygen deprivation to the brain due to birth asphyxia or reduced cerebral blood perfusion, and it often leads to lifelong limiting sequelae such as cerebral palsy, seizures, or mental retardation. HI remains one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide, and current therapies are limited. Hypothermia has been successful in reducing mortality and some disabilities, but it is only applied to a subset of newborns that meet strict inclusion criteria. Given the unpredictable nature of the obstetric complications that contribute to neonatal HI, prophylactic treatments that prevent, rather than rescue, HI brain injury are emerging as a therapeutic alternative. Nutraceuticals are natural compounds present in the diet or used as dietary supplements that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or antiapoptotic properties. This review summarizes the preclinical in vivo studies, mostly conducted on rodent models, that have investigated the neuroprotective properties of nutraceuticals in preventing and reducing HI-induced brain damage and cognitive impairments. The natural products reviewed include polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, plant-derived compounds (tanshinones, sulforaphane, and capsaicin), and endogenous compounds (melatonin, carnitine, creatine, and lactate). These nutraceuticals were administered before the damage occurred, either to the mothers as a dietary supplement during pregnancy and/or lactation or to the pups prior to HI induction. To date, very few of these nutritional interventions have been investigated in humans, but we refer to those that have been successful in reducing ischemic stroke in adults. Overall, there is a robust body of preclinical evidence that supports the neuroprotective properties of nutraceuticals, and these may represent a safe and inexpensive nutritional strategy for the prevention of neonatal HI encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Reyes-Corral
- Neurodevelopment Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBIS/HUVR/CSIC/US, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.R.-C.); (N.S.-I.); (P.Y.-G.)
| | - Noelia Sola-Idígora
- Neurodevelopment Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBIS/HUVR/CSIC/US, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.R.-C.); (N.S.-I.); (P.Y.-G.)
| | - Rocío de la Puerta
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Lab, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBIS/HUVR/CSIC/US, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Patricia Ybot-González
- Neurodevelopment Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBIS/HUVR/CSIC/US, 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.R.-C.); (N.S.-I.); (P.Y.-G.)
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain
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16
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Nitric oxide and the brain. Part 1: Mechanisms of regulation, transport and effects on the developing brain. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:738-745. [PMID: 32563183 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-1017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Apart from its known actions as a pulmonary vasodilator, nitric oxide (NO) is a key signal mediator in the neonatal brain. Despite the extensive use of NO for pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH), its actions in the setting of brain hypoxia and ischemia, which co-exists with PAH in 20-30% of affected infants, are not well established. This review focuses on the mechanisms of actions of NO covering the basic, translational, and clinical evidence of its neuroprotective and neurotoxic properties. In this first part, we present the physiology of transport and delivery of NO to the brain and the regulation of cerebrovascular and systemic circulation by NO, as well the role of NO in the development of the immature brain. IMPACT: NO can be transferred from the site of production to the site of action rapidly and affects the central nervous system. Inhaled NO (iNO), a commonly used medication, can have significant effects on the neonatal brain. NO regulates the cerebrovascular and systemic circulation and plays a role in the development of the immature brain. This review describes the properties of NO under physiologic conditions and under stress. The impact of this review is that it describes the effects of NO, especially regarding the vulnerable neonatal brain, and helps understand the conditions that could contribute to neurotoxicity or neuroprotection.
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Xu X, Sun M, Luo X, Zhang Z, Su L, Cui L, Zhu Z, Lu X, Wang R, Han F, Qian X, Yang Y. One-electron reduction triggered nitric oxide release for ischemia-reperfusion protection. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:13-19. [PMID: 33418107 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide donors (NODs) are indispensable in biological research and disease treatment. NODs had been utilized to treat cardiovascular diseases in clinic and many others are under trial. Thiols are typically required for these donors to release NO. Yet, their mechanism is complex and often lead to resistance. Herein, we reported that N-nitrosated electron-deficient dyes are capable of NO release with one-electron reduction. A fluorophore is generated simultaneously, whose fluorescence is harnessed to monitor the profile of NO release. Through electrochemical and spectral studies, NOD f3 was found to exhibit good biocompatibility and high reduction efficiency and its potentials in cell-protection in oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) models were showcased with endothelial cells. This work aims at offering a new approach to design reduction-triggered NOD, which have therapeutic potentials in ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Meiling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ziqian Zhang
- Guangxi Scientific Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Lin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lingfei Cui
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhihui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xicun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Xuhong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Youjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Chen X, Xiang X, Xie T, Chen Z, Mou Y, Gao Z, Xie X, Song M, Huang H, Gao Z, Chen M. Memantine protects blood-brain barrier integrity and attenuates neurological deficits through inhibiting nitric oxide synthase ser1412 phosphorylation in intracerebral hemorrhage rats: involvement of peroxynitrite-related matrix metalloproteinase-9/NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Neuroreport 2021; 32:228-237. [PMID: 33470757 PMCID: PMC7870044 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Memantine has demonstrated beneficial effects on several types of brain insults via therapeutic mechanisms mainly related to its activity as a receptor antagonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate. However, the influences of memantine on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remain obscure. This research probed into the neurovascular protective mechanisms of memantine after ICH and its impacts on neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) ser1412 phosphorylation. ICH model was established by employing intrastriatal collagenase injection in rats. After modeling, rats were then allocated randomly into sham-operated (sham), vehicle-treated (ICH+V), and memantine-administrated (ICH+M) groups. Memantine (20 mg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally administered 30 min after ICH and thenceforth once daily. Rats were dedicated at 0.25, 6, 12, 24 h, 3 and 7 d post-ICH for measurement of corresponding indexes. Behavioral changes, brain edema, levels of nNOS ser1412 phosphorylation, peroxynitrite, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, NLRP3, IL-1β and numbers of dying neurons, as well as the cellular localization of gelatinolytic activity, were detected among the groups. Memantine improved the neurologic deficits and mitigated brain water content, levels of MMP-9, NLRP3, IL-1β and dying neurons. Additionally, treatment with memantine also reduced nNOS ser1412 phosphorylation and peroxynitrite formation compared with the ICH+V group at 24 h after ICH. In situ zymography simultaneously revealed that gelatinase activity was primarily colocalized with vessel walls and neurons. We concluded that memantine ameliorated blood-brain barrier disruption and neurologic dysfunction in an ICH rat model. The underlying mechanism might involve repression of nNOS ser1412 phosphorylation, as well as peroxynitrite-related MMP-9 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First People’s Hospital of Jingmen City
| | - Xu Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen Clinical Medical School, Hubei Minzu University, Hubei Province
| | - Teng Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First People’s Hospital of Jingmen City
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First People’s Hospital of Jingmen City
| | - Yu Mou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingmen Clinical Medical School, Hubei Minzu University, Hubei Province
| | - Zixu Gao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University
| | - Xun Xie
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University
| | - Min Song
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ziyun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Min Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University
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Konstantinova TS, Shevchenko TF, Barskov IV, Taktarov VG, Kuznetsova KV, Aboltin PV, Kalamkarov GR. Changes in the Relative Nitric Oxide Content in the Cortex of a Rat Brain in the Acute Ischemia Model. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793121010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants in Myanmar. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 114:135-251. [PMID: 33792861 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59444-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myanmar is a country with rich natural resources and of these, medicinal plants play a vital role in the primary health care of its population. The people of Myanmar have used their own system of traditional medicine inclusive of the use of medicinal plants for 2000 years. However, systematic and scientific studies have only recently begun to be reported. Researchers from Japan, Germany, and Korea have collaborated with researchers in Myanmar on medicinal plants since 2000. During the past two decades, over 50 publications have been published in peer-reviewed journals. Altogether, 433 phytoconstituents, including 147 new and 286 known compounds from 26 plant species consisting of 29 samples native to Myanmar, have been collated. In this contribution, phytochemical and biological investigations of these plants, including information on traditional knowledge are compiled and discussed.
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21
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The Role of Oxidative Stress in Early Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8877116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the problem of oxidative stress in early brain injury (EBI) after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). EBI involves complex pathophysiological mechanisms, including oxidative stress. In the first section, we describe the main sources of free radicals in EBI. There are several sources of excessive generation of free radicals from mitochondrial free radicals’ generation and endoplasmic reticulum stress, to hemoglobin and enzymatic free radicals’ generation. The second part focuses on the disruption of antioxidant mechanisms in EBI. The third section describes some newly found molecular mechanisms and pathway involved in oxidative stress after EBI. The last section is dedicated to the pathophysiological mechanisms through which free radicals mediate early brain injury.
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Arrais AC, Melo LHMF, Norrara B, Almeida MAB, Freire KF, Melo AMMF, Oliveira LCD, Lima FOV, Engelberth RCGJ, Cavalcante JDS, Araújo DPD, Guzen FP, Freire MAM, Cavalcanti JRLP. S100B protein: general characteristics and pathophysiological implications in the Central Nervous System. Int J Neurosci 2020; 132:313-321. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1807979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Arrais
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Lívia Helena M. F. Melo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Bianca Norrara
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Marina Abuquerque B. Almeida
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Kalina Fernandes Freire
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Acydalia Madruga M. F. Melo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Lucidio Clebeson de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Francisca Overlânia Vieira Lima
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Rovena Clara G. J. Engelberth
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Jeferson de Souza Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Dayane Pessoa de Araújo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Fausto Pierdoná Guzen
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio M. Freire
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - José Rodolfo L. P. Cavalcanti
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
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Freitas-Andrade M, Raman-Nair J, Lacoste B. Structural and Functional Remodeling of the Brain Vasculature Following Stroke. Front Physiol 2020; 11:948. [PMID: 32848875 PMCID: PMC7433746 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of cerebral blood vessel integrity and regulation of cerebral blood flow ensure proper brain function. The adult human brain represents only a small portion of the body mass, yet about a quarter of the cardiac output is dedicated to energy consumption by brain cells at rest. Due to a low capacity to store energy, brain health is heavily reliant on a steady supply of oxygen and nutrients from the bloodstream, and is thus particularly vulnerable to stroke. Stroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide. By transiently or permanently limiting tissue perfusion, stroke alters vascular integrity and function, compromising brain homeostasis and leading to widespread consequences from early-onset motor deficits to long-term cognitive decline. While numerous lines of investigation have been undertaken to develop new pharmacological therapies for stroke, only few advances have been made and most clinical trials have failed. Overall, our understanding of the acute and chronic vascular responses to stroke is insufficient, yet a better comprehension of cerebrovascular remodeling following stroke is an essential prerequisite for developing novel therapeutic options. In this review, we present a comprehensive update on post-stroke cerebrovascular remodeling, an important and growing field in neuroscience, by discussing cellular and molecular mechanisms involved, sex differences, limitations of preclinical research design and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Raman-Nair
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Baptiste Lacoste
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Thomaz DT, Andreguetti RR, Binder LB, Scheffer DDL, Corrêa AW, Silva FRMB, Tasca CI. Guanosine Neuroprotective Action in Hippocampal Slices Subjected to Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation Restores ATP Levels, Lactate Release and Glutamate Uptake Impairment: Involvement of Nitric Oxide. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2217-2229. [PMID: 32666283 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of disability and death worldwide. Oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) in brain tissue preparations can reproduce several pathological features induced by stroke providing a valuable ex vivo protocol for studying the mechanism of action of neuroprotective agents. Guanosine, an endogenous guanine nucleoside, promotes neuroprotection in vivo and in vitro models of neurotoxicity. We previously showed that guanosine protective effect was mimicked by inhibition of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) activity. This study was designed to investigate the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the mechanisms related to the protective role of guanosine in rat hippocampal slices subjected to OGD followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R). Guanosine (100 μM) and the pan-NOS inhibitor, L-NAME (1 mM) afforded protection to hippocampal slices subjected to OGD/R. The presence of NO donors, DETA-NO (800 μM) or SNP (5 μM) increased reactive species production, and abolished the protective effect of guanosine or L-NAME against OGD/R. Guanosine or L-NAME treatment prevented the impaired ATP production, lactate release, and glutamate uptake following OGD/R. The presence of a NO donor also abolished the beneficial effects of guanosine or L-NAME on bioenergetics and glutamate uptake. These results showed, for the first time, that guanosine may regulate cellular bioenergetics in hippocampal slices subjected to OGD/R injury by a mechanism that involves the modulation of NO levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tonial Thomaz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Rafognatto Andreguetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Luisa Bandeira Binder
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Débora da Luz Scheffer
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alisson Willms Corrêa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Fátima Regina Mena Barreto Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carla Inês Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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25
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Puig B, Yang D, Brenna S, Altmeppen HC, Magnus T. Show Me Your Friends and I Tell You Who You Are: The Many Facets of Prion Protein in Stroke. Cells 2020; 9:E1609. [PMID: 32630841 PMCID: PMC7407975 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke belongs to the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Although treatments for the acute phase of stroke are available, not all patients are eligible. There is a need to search for therapeutic options to promote neurological recovery after stroke. The cellular prion protein (PrPC) has been consistently linked to a neuroprotective role after ischemic damage: it is upregulated in the penumbra area following stroke in humans, and animal models of stroke have shown that lack of PrPC aggravates the ischemic damage and lessens the functional outcome. Mechanistically, these effects can be linked to numerous functions attributed to PrPC: (1) as a signaling partner of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, (2) as a regulator of glutamate receptors, and (3) promoting stem cell homing mechanisms, leading to angio- and neurogenesis. PrPC can be cleaved at different sites and the proteolytic fragments can account for the manifold functions. Moreover, PrPC is present on extracellular vesicles (EVs), released membrane particles originating from all types of cells that have drawn attention as potential therapeutic tools in stroke and many other diseases. Thus, identification of the many mechanisms underlying PrPC-induced neuroprotection will not only provide further understanding of the physiological functions of PrPC but also new ideas for possible treatment options after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Puig
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Y.); (S.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Denise Yang
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Y.); (S.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Santra Brenna
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Y.); (S.B.); (T.M.)
| | | | - Tim Magnus
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Y.); (S.B.); (T.M.)
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26
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Reyes RV, Herrera EA, Ebensperger G, Sanhueza EM, Giussani DA, Llanos AJ. Perinatal cardiopulmonary adaptation to the thin air of the Alto Andino by a native Altiplano dweller, the llama. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:152-161. [PMID: 32584666 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00800.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most mammals have a poor tolerance to hypoxia, and prolonged O2 restriction can lead to organ injury, particularly during fetal and early postnatal life. Nevertheless, the llama (Lama Glama) has evolved efficient mechanisms to adapt to acute and chronic perinatal hypoxia. One striking adaptation is the marked peripheral vasoconstriction measured in the llama fetus in response to acute hypoxia, which allows efficient redistribution of cardiac output toward the fetal heart and adrenal glands. This strong peripheral vasoconstrictor tone is triggered by a carotid body reflex and critically depends on α-adrenergic signaling. A second adaptation is the ability of the llama fetus to protect its brain against hypoxic damage. During hypoxia, in the llama fetus there is no significant increase in brain blood flow. Instead, there is a fall in brain O2 consumption and temperature, together with a decrease of Na+-K+-ATPase activity and Na+ channels expression, protecting against seizures and neuronal death. Finally, the newborn llama does not develop pulmonary hypertension in response to chronic hypoxia. In addition to maintaining basal pulmonary arterial pressure at normal levels the pulmonary arterial pressor response to acute hypoxia is lower in highland than in lowland llamas. The protection against hypoxic pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary contractile hyperreactivity is partly due to increased hemoxygenase-carbon monoxide signaling and decreased Ca2+ sensitization in the newborn llama pulmonary vasculature. These three striking physiological adaptations of the llama allow this species to live and thrive under the chronic influence of the hypobaric hypoxia of life at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Reyes
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - E A Herrera
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - G Ebensperger
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - E M Sanhueza
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D A Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - A J Llanos
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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27
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Zhang KY, Rui G, Zhang JP, Guo L, An GZ, Lin JJ, He W, Ding GR. Cathodal tDCS exerts neuroprotective effect in rat brain after acute ischemic stroke. BMC Neurosci 2020; 21:21. [PMID: 32397959 PMCID: PMC7216334 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-020-00570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain modulation technique that has been proved to exert beneficial effects in the acute phase of stroke. To explore the underlying mechanism, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of cathodal tDCS on brain injury caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). RESULTS We established the MCAO model and sham MCAO model with an epicranial electrode implanted adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, and then they were randomly divided into four groups (MCAO + tDCS, MCAO + sham tDCS (Sham), Control + tDCS and Control + Sham group). In this study, the severity degree of neurological deficit, the morphology of brain damage, the apoptosis, the level of neuron-specific enolase and inflammatory factors, the activation of glial cells was detected. The results showed that cathodal tDCS significantly improved the level of neurological deficit and the brain morphology, reduced the brain damage area and apoptotic index, and increased the number of Nissl body in MCAO rats, compared with MCAO + Sham group. Meanwhile, the high level of NSE, inflammatory factors, Caspase 3 and Bax/Bcl2 ratio in MCAO rats was reduced by cathodal tDCS. Additionally, cathodal tDCS inhibited the activation of astrocyte and microglia induced by MCAO. No difference was found in two Control groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that cathodal tDCS could accelerate the recovery of neurologic deficit and brain damage caused by MCAO. The inhibition of neuroinflammation and apoptosis resulted from cathodal tDCS may be involved in the neuroprotective process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ying Zhang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Gang Rui
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jun-Ping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Guang-Zhou An
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jia-Jin Lin
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Gui-Rong Ding
- Department of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China. .,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, 169# Chang Le West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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28
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Martini S, Austin T, Aceti A, Faldella G, Corvaglia L. Free radicals and neonatal encephalopathy: mechanisms of injury, biomarkers, and antioxidant treatment perspectives. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:823-833. [PMID: 31655487 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE), most commonly a result of the disruption of cerebral oxygen delivery, is the leading cause of neurologic disability in term neonates. Given the key role of free radicals in brain injury development following hypoxia-ischemia-reperfusion, several oxidative biomarkers have been explored in preclinical and clinical models of NE. Among these, antioxidant enzyme activity, uric acid excretion, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and non-protein-bound iron have shown promising results as possible predictors of NE severity and outcome. Owing to high costs and technical complexity, however, their routine use in clinical practice is still limited. Several strategies aimed at reducing free radical production or upregulating physiological scavengers have been proposed for NE. Room-air resuscitation has proved to reduce oxidative stress following perinatal asphyxia and is now universally adopted. A number of medications endowed with antioxidant properties, such as melatonin, erythropoietin, allopurinol, or N-acetylcysteine, have also shown potential neuroprotective effects in perinatal asphyxia; nevertheless, further evidence is needed before these antioxidant approaches could be implemented as standard care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martini
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Topun Austin
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arianna Aceti
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Faldella
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Corvaglia
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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29
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Corrêa MG, Bittencourt LO, Nascimento PC, Ferreira RO, Aragão WAB, Silva MCF, Gomes-Leal W, Fernandes MS, Dionizio A, Buzalaf MR, Crespo-Lopez ME, Lima RR. Spinal cord neurodegeneration after inorganic mercury long-term exposure in adult rats: Ultrastructural, proteomic and biochemical damages associated with reduced neuronal density. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 191:110159. [PMID: 31962214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mercury chloride (HgCl2) is a chemical pollutant widely found in the environment. This form of mercury is able to promote several damages to the Central Nervous System (CNS), however the effects of HgCl2 on the spinal cord, an important pathway for the communication between the CNS and the periphery, are still poorly understood. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of HgCl2 exposure on spinal cord of adult rats. For this, animals were exposed to a dose of 0.375 mg/kg/day, for 45 days. Then, they were euthanized, the spinal cord collected and we investigated the mercury concentrations in medullary parenchyma and the effects on oxidative biochemistry, proteomic profile and tissue structures. Our results showed that exposure to this metal promoted increased levels of Hg in the spinal cord, impaired oxidative biochemistry by triggering oxidative stress, mudulated antioxidant system proteins, energy metabolism and myelin structure; as well as caused disruption in the myelin sheath and reduction in neuronal density. Despite the low dose, we conclude that prolonged exposure to HgCl2 triggers biochemical changes and modulates the expression of several proteins, resulting in damage to the myelin sheath and reduced neuronal density in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Gonçalves Corrêa
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Priscila Cunha Nascimento
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Railson Oliveira Ferreira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Walessa Alana Bragança Aragão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Marcia Cristina Freitas Silva
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Walace Gomes-Leal
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Mileni Silva Fernandes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Dionizio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Marília Rabelo Buzalaf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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30
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Ivanova VO, Balaban PM, Bal NV. Modulation of AMPA Receptors by Nitric Oxide in Nerve Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030981. [PMID: 32024149 PMCID: PMC7038066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule with a large number of functions in living tissue. In the brain, NO participates in numerous intracellular mechanisms, including synaptic plasticity and cell homeostasis. NO elicits synaptic changes both through various multi-chain cascades and through direct nitrosylation of targeted proteins. Along with the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, one of the key components in synaptic functioning are α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors—the main target for long-term modifications of synaptic effectivity. AMPA receptors have been shown to participate in most of the functions important for neuronal activity, including memory formation. Interactions of NO and AMPA receptors were observed in important phenomena, such as glutamatergic excitotoxicity in retinal cells, synaptic plasticity, and neuropathologies. This review focuses on existing findings that concern pathways by which NO interacts with AMPA receptors, influences properties of different subunits of AMPA receptors, and regulates the receptors’ surface expression.
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31
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Tan HY, Ng KY, Koh RY, Chye SM. Pharmacological Effects of Melatonin as Neuroprotectant in Rodent Model: A Review on the Current Biological Evidence. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:25-51. [PMID: 31435851 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00724-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The progressive loss of structure and functions of neurons, including neuronal death, is one of the main factors leading to poor quality of life. Promotion of functional recovery of neuron after injury is a great challenge in neuroregenerative studies. Melatonin, a hormone is secreted by pineal gland and has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Besides that, melatonin has high cell permeability and is able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Apart from that, there are no reported side effects associated with long-term usage of melatonin at both physiological and pharmacological doses. Thus, in this review article, we summarize the pharmacological effects of melatonin as neuroprotectant in central nervous system injury, ischemic-reperfusion injury, optic nerve injury, peripheral nerve injury, neurotmesis, axonotmesis, scar formation, cell degeneration, and apoptosis in rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ying Tan
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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32
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Kawasaki H, Ito Y, Kitabayashi C, Tanaka A, Nishioka R, Yamazato M, Ishizawa K, Nagai T, Hirayama M, Takahashi K, Yamamoto T, Araki N. Effects of Edaravone on Nitric Oxide, Hydroxyl Radicals and Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase During Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion in Mice. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019; 29:104531. [PMID: 31882337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of edaravone on nitric oxide (NO) production, hydroxyl radical (OH-) metabolism, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. METHODS Edaravone (3 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to 14 C57BL/6 mice just before reperfusion. Eleven additional mice received saline (controls). NO production and OH- metabolism were continuously monitored using bilateral striatal in vivo microdialysis. OH- formation was monitored using the salicylate trapping method. Forebrain ischemia was produced in all mice by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery for 10 minutes. Levels of NO metabolites, nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-), were determined using the Griess reaction. Brain sections were immunostained with an anti-nNOS antibody and the fractional area density of nNOS-immunoreactive pixels to total pixels determined. RESULTS Blood pressure and regional cerebral blood flow were not significantly different between the edaravone and control groups. The levels of NO2- did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. The level of NO3- was significantly higher in the edaravone group compared with the control group after reperfusion. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid levels were lower in the edaravone group compared with those in the control group after reperfusion. Immunohistochemistry showed nNOS expression in the edaravone group to be significantly lower than that in the control group 96 hours after reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS These in vivo data indicate that edaravone may have a neuroprotective effect by reducing levels of OH- metabolites, increasing NO production and decreasing nNOS expression in brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kawasaki
- Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ito
- Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chika Kitabayashi
- Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ai Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Tottori Medical Center, Tottori, Japan
| | - Ryoji Nishioka
- Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Inzai General Hospital, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masamizu Yamazato
- Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan; Department of Neurology, Higashimatsuyama Medical Association Hospital, Higashimatsuyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishizawa
- Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan; Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nagai
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makiko Hirayama
- Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazushi Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Yamamoto
- Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuo Araki
- Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan.
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33
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Lu QA, Wang YS, Xie JM, Li T, Shi ZY, Du ZS, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Bi N. Effect of Spinal Shortening for Protection of Spinal Cord Function in Canines with Spinal Cord Angulation. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:9192-9199. [PMID: 31791038 PMCID: PMC6909917 DOI: 10.12659/msm.919313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Posterior vertebral column resection (PVCR) has been widely used as a treatment for severe spinal deformity. By using the canine model of vertebral column resection, this study explored the effect of spinal shortening on blood flow and function of the spinal cord during spinal cord angulation. Material/Methods The canine model of L1 vertebral column resection was constructed with the PVCR technique. The canines were divided into 5 groups according to the degree of shortening: the 0/4 group, the 1/4 group, the 2/4 group, the 3/4 group, and the control group. Spinal cord blood flow, neuroelectrophysiology, HE staining, nitric oxide, and endothelin-1 were measured during the procedure of vertebral column resection and spinal cord angulation. Results The results showed that, in the 1/4 group and the 2/4 group, the blood flow of the spinal cord decreased by 16.5% and 10.6%, respectively, with no obvious damage in the spinal cord; in the 0/4 group and the 3/4 group, the blood flow decreased by 23.5% and 23.1%, respectively, with significant damage in the spinal cord. Conclusions When the spinal cord is shortened by 1/4 to 2/4, the tolerance of the spinal cord can increase and spinal cord injury resulting from angulation can be avoided. However, when the shortening reaches 3/4, it is harmful to the spinal cord. Proper shortening of the spinal cord by 1/4 to 2/4 may increase the tolerance of the spinal cord to the damage caused by angulation during PVCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-An Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Ying-Song Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Jing-Ming Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Zhi-Yue Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Zhi-Shan Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Zhi Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Ni Bi
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
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Hassanzadeh M, Sharifi N, Mahernia S, Rahimi N, Dehpour AR, Amanlou M. Effects of onopordia, a novel isolated compound from Onopordon acanthium, on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice: Possible involvement of nitric oxide pathway. J Tradit Complement Med 2019; 11:22-26. [PMID: 33511058 PMCID: PMC7817707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is identified as a brain disorder and characterized by unpredictable disruption of normal brain function. Due to adverse side effect associated with antiepileptic drugs and also resistance profile, improvement of antiepileptic medications with more beneficial anticonvulsant activity is essential. Natural products have demonstrated their therapeutic properties such as anxiolytic, antidepressant and anticonvulsant activities and a source for identification of novel lead compounds. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Onopordon acanthium secondary metabolite, onopordia, on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure in male mice and investigate the possible role of nitric oxide pathway. Different doses of onopordia (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg) and phenobarbital (20 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally (i.p., 30, 60 and 120 min) prior to induction of epileptic seizure and compared to control groups. Onopordia demonstrated anticonvulsant effects when administrated at dose of 10 mg/kg, i.p. and optimum time 60 min prior to induction of seizure. Anticonvulsant effect of onopordia was blocked by applying a single dose of a non-selective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME; 10 mg/kg, i.p.), and also a single dose of a selective neuronal NOS (nNOS) inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI; 30 mg/kg, i.p.). Administration of ketamine as a N-Methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist (0.5 mg/kg; i.p.) with onopordia did not change the anticonvulsant effect of onopordia. The results of the present study demonstrated the anticonvulsant effect of onopordia as a new lead compound and also contribution of NO/nNOS pathway on PTZ-induced seizure in mice. Onopordia, as a new lead compound represents anticonvulsant activity in PTZ-induced seizures in mice. The effect of onopordia on seizures threshold may be mediated via NO/nNOS pathway. Ketamine did not alter the effects of onopordia on the seizure threshold.
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Key Words
- 7-NI, 7-nitroindazole
- AG, Aminoguanidine hydrochloride
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid
- L-Arg, l-arginine
- Mice
- N-Methyl-d-aspartic acid, NMDA
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- Nitric oxide
- Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors
- Onopordon acanthium
- PTZ, pentylenetetrazole
- Pentylenetetrazole
- Seizure
- eNOS, endothelial NOS
- iNOS, inducible NOS
- ip, intraperitoneally
- iv, intravenously
- l-NAME, Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride
- nNOS, neuronal NOS
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Hassanzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niusha Sharifi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Mahernia
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Rahimi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Amanlou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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The potential of drug repurposing combined with reperfusion therapy in cerebral ischemic stroke: A supplementary strategy to endovascular thrombectomy. Life Sci 2019; 236:116889. [PMID: 31610199 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the major cause of adult disability and the second or third leading cause of death in developed countries. The treatment options for stroke (thrombolysis or thrombectomy) are restricted to a small subset of patients with acute ischemic stroke because of the limited time for an efficacious response and the strict criteria applied to minimize the risk of cerebral hemorrhage. Attempts to develop new treatments, such as neuroprotectants, for acute ischemic stroke have been costly and time-consuming and to date have yielded disappointing results. The repurposing approved drugs known to be relatively safe, such as statins and minocycline, may provide a less costly and more rapid alternative to new drug discovery in this clinical condition. Because adequate perfusion is thought to be vital for a neuroprotectant to be effective, endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) with advanced imaging modalities offers the possibility of documenting reperfusion in occluded large cerebral vessels. An examination of established medications that possess neuroprotective characters using in a large-vessel occlusive disorder with EVT may speed the identification of new and more broadly efficacious medications for the treatment of ischemic stroke. These approaches are highlighted in this review along with a critical assessment of drug repurposing combined with reperfusion therapy as a supplementary means for halting or mitigating stroke-induced brain damage.
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Franko E, Ezra M, Crockett DC, Joly O, Pattinson K. Effect of nitrite on the electroencephalographic activity in the healthy brain. Nitric Oxide 2019; 90:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Hirfanoglu I, Turkyilmaz C, Turkyilmaz Z, Onal E, Soylemezoglu F, Karabulut R, Atalay Y. Neuroprotective effect of L-arginine in a neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemia. Int J Neurosci 2019; 129:1139-1144. [DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1636794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Hirfanoglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Canan Turkyilmaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zafer Turkyilmaz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Onal
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Figen Soylemezoglu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Karabulut
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yildiz Atalay
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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38
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Kotagale NR, Taksande BG, Inamdar NN. Neuroprotective offerings by agmatine. Neurotoxicology 2019; 73:228-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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39
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Takasugi N, Hiraoka H, Nakahara K, Akiyama S, Fujikawa K, Nomura R, Furuichi M, Uehara T. The Emerging Role of Electrophiles as a Key Regulator for Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1783. [PMID: 30974903 PMCID: PMC6480251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is called ER stress. ER stress sensors PERK, IRE1, and ATF6 play a central role in the initiation and regulation of the UPR; they inhibit novel protein synthesis and upregulate ER chaperones, such as protein disulfide isomerase, to remove unfolded proteins. However, when recovery from ER stress is difficult, the UPR pathway is activated to eliminate unhealthy cells. This signaling transition is the key event of many human diseases. However, the precise mechanisms are largely unknown. Intriguingly, reactive electrophilic species (RES), which exist in the environment or are produced through cellular metabolism, have been identified as a key player of this transition. In this review, we focused on the function of representative RES: nitric oxide (NO) as a gaseous RES, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) as a lipid RES, and methylmercury (MeHg) as an environmental organic compound RES, to outline the relationship between ER stress and RES. Modulation by RES might be a target for the development of next-generation therapy for ER stress-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumasa Takasugi
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Hideki Hiraoka
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Kengo Nakahara
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Shiori Akiyama
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Kana Fujikawa
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Nomura
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Moeka Furuichi
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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40
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Oh B, George P. Conductive polymers to modulate the post-stroke neural environment. Brain Res Bull 2019; 148:10-17. [PMID: 30851354 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of stroke, therapies to augment recovery remain limited. Here we focus on the use of conductive polymers for cell delivery, drug release, and electrical stimulation to optimize the post-stroke environment for neural recovery. Conductive polymers and their interactions with in vitro and in vivo neural systems are explored. The ability to continuously modify the neural environment utilizing conductive polymers provides applications in directing stem cell differentiation and increasing neural repair. This exciting class of polymers offers new approaches to optimizing the post-stroke brain to improve functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongtaek Oh
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul George
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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41
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Garthwaite J. NO as a multimodal transmitter in the brain: discovery and current status. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:197-211. [PMID: 30399649 PMCID: PMC6295412 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NO operates throughout the brain as an intercellular messenger, initiating its varied physiological effects by activating specialized GC-coupled receptors, resulting in the formation of cGMP. In line with the widespread expression of this pathway, NO participates in numerous different brain functions. This review gives an account of the discovery of NO as a signalling molecule in the brain, experiments that originated in the search for a mysterious cGMP-stimulating factor released from central neurones when their NMDA receptors were stimulated, and summarizes the subsequent key steps that helped establish its status as a central transmitter. Currently, various modes of operation are viewed to underlie its diverse behaviour, ranging from very local signalling between synaptic partners (in the orthograde or retrograde directions) to a volume-type transmission whereby NO synthesized by multiple synchronous sources summate spatially and temporally to influence intermingled neuronal or non-neuronal cells, irrespective of anatomical connectivity. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Nitric Oxide 20 Years from the 1998 Nobel Prize. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Garthwaite
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical ResearchUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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42
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Xu W, Gao L, Li T, Shao A, Zhang J. Neuroprotective Role of Agmatine in Neurological Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1296-1305. [PMID: 28786346 PMCID: PMC6251039 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170808120633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurological diseases have always been one of the leading cause of mobility and mortality world-widely. However, it is still lacking efficient agents. Agmatine, an endogenous polyamine, exerts its diverse biological characteristics and therapeutic potential in varied aspects. Methods: This review would focus on the neuroprotective actions of agmatine and its potential mechanisms in the setting of neurological diseases. Results: Numerous studies had demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of agmatine in varied types of neurological diseases, including acute attack (stroke and trauma brain injury) and chronic neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's disease, Alz-heimer’s disease). The potential mechanism of agmatine induced neuroprotection includes anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation, brain blood barrier (BBB) protection and brain edema prevention. Conclusions: The safety and low incidence of adverse effects indicate the vast potential therapeutic value of agmatine in the treatment of neurological diseases. However, most of the available studies relate to the agmatine are conducted in experi-mental models, more clinical trials are needed before the agmatine could be extensively clinically used
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liansheng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Charriaut-Marlangue C, Baud O. A Model of Perinatal Ischemic Stroke in the Rat: 20 Years Already and What Lessons? Front Neurol 2018; 9:650. [PMID: 30131764 PMCID: PMC6090994 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and ischemia are a common cause of neonatal brain injury resulting in cerebral palsy with subsequent learning disabilities and epilepsy. Recent data suggest a higher incidence of focal ischemia-reperfusion located in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory in near-term and newborn babies. Pre-clinical studies in the field of cerebral palsy research used, and still today, the classical HI model in the P7 rat originally described by Rice et al. (1). At the end of the 90s, we designed a new model of focal ischemia in the P7 rat to explore the short and long-term pathophysiology of neonatal arterial ischemic stroke, particularly the phenomenon of reperfusion injury and its sequelae (reported in 1998). Cerebral blood-flow and cell death/damage correlates have been fully characterized. Pharmacologic manipulations have been applied to the model to test therapeutic targets. The model has proven useful for the study of seizure occurrence, a clinical hallmark for neonatal ischemia in babies. Main pre-clinical findings obtained within these 20 last years are discussed associated to clinical pattern of neonatal brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Baud
- INSERM U1141 PROTECT, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.,Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Chaturvedi P, Mehrotra V, Saxena Y, Manna S. Correlation of Serum Nitric Oxide (NO) with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patient: A Study in North India. Indian J Clin Biochem 2018; 33:322-327. [PMID: 30072832 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-017-0677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the key players in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Limited reports are available about the serum level of NO and their correlation with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score in acute (<24 h) ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. A hospital based, cross sectional study was done in North Indian population to find out correlation of serum NO and GCS in AIS patients. 50 patients of AIS and 25 healthy controls were chosen for the study. Serum NO level was measured by ELISA and GCS scores were assessed by a neurologist. Pearson correlation coefficients were analyzed to look for the relationship between NO and GCS. Statistically highly significant elevation in mean serum NO level was observed in cases as compared to controls (p < 0.01). A negative correlation of NO levels with neurological score of GCS r (48) = -0.144, p > 0.05 was seen. This indicates oxidative stress in acute ischemic stroke may be the result of imbalance in oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Chaturvedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Swami Rama Himalyan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand India
| | - Vinit Mehrotra
- Department of Biochemistry, Swami Rama Himalyan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand India
| | - Yogesh Saxena
- 2Department of Physiology, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand India
| | - Soumen Manna
- 2Department of Physiology, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand India
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Role of Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide in Ischemic Stroke and the Emergent Epigenetic Underpinnings. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1749-1769. [PMID: 29926377 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are the key gasotransmitters with an imperious role in the maintenance of cerebrovascular homeostasis. A decline in their levels contributes to endothelial dysfunction that portends ischemic stroke (IS) or cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CI/R). Nevertheless, their exorbitant production during CI/R is associated with exacerbation of cerebrovascular injury in the post-stroke epoch. NO-producing nitric oxide synthases are implicated in IS pathology and their activity is regulated, inter alia, by various post-translational modifications and chromatin-based mechanisms. These account for heterogeneous alterations in NO production in a disease setting like IS. Interestingly, NO per se has been posited as an endogenous epigenetic modulator. Further, there is compelling evidence for an ingenious crosstalk between NO and H2S in effecting the canonical (direct) and non-canonical (off-target collateral) functions. In this regard, NO-mediated S-nitrosylation and H2S-mediated S-sulfhydration of specific reactive thiols in an expanding array of target proteins are the principal modalities mediating the all-pervasive influence of NO and H2S on cell fate in an ischemic brain. An integrated stress response subsuming unfolded protein response and autophagy to cellular stressors like endoplasmic reticulum stress, in part, is entrenched in such signaling modalities that substantiate the role of NO and H2S in priming the cells for stress response. The precis presented here provides a comprehension on the multifarious actions of NO and H2S and their epigenetic underpinnings, their crosstalk in maintenance of cerebrovascular homeostasis, and their "Janus bifrons" effect in IS milieu together with plausible therapeutic implications.
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NOS3 Inhibition Confers Post-Ischemic Protection to Young and Aging White Matter Integrity by Conserving Mitochondrial Dynamics and Miro-2 Levels. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6247-6266. [PMID: 29891729 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3017-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
White matter (WM) damage following a stroke underlies a majority of the neurological disability that is subsequently observed. Although ischemic injury mechanisms are age-dependent, conserving axonal mitochondria provides consistent post-ischemic protection to young and aging WM. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activation is a major cause of oxidative and mitochondrial injury in gray matter during ischemia; therefore, we used a pure WM tract, isolated male mouse optic nerve, to investigate whether NOS inhibition provides post-ischemic functional recovery by preserving mitochondria. We show that pan-NOS inhibition applied before oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) promotes functional recovery of young and aging axons and preserves WM cellular architecture. This protection correlates with reduced nitric oxide (NO) generation, restored glutathione production, preserved axonal mitochondria and oligodendrocytes, and preserved ATP levels. Pan-NOS inhibition provided post-ischemic protection to only young axons, whereas selective inhibition of NOS3 conferred post-ischemic protection to both young and aging axons. Concurrently, genetic deletion of NOS3 conferred long-lasting protection to young axons against ischemia. OGD upregulated NOS3 levels in astrocytes, and we show for the first time that inhibition of NOS3 generation in glial cells prevents axonal mitochondrial fission and restores mitochondrial motility to confer protection to axons by preserving Miro-2 levels. Interestingly, NOS1 inhibition exerted post-ischemic protection selectively to aging axons, which feature age-dependent mechanisms of oxidative injury in WM. Our study provides the first evidence that inhibition of glial NOS activity confers long-lasting benefits to WM function and structure and suggests caution in defining the role of NO in cerebral ischemia at vascular and cellular levels.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT White matter (WM) injury during stroke is manifested as the subsequent neurological disability in surviving patients. Aging primarily impacts CNS WM and mechanisms of ischemic WM injury change with age. Nitric oxide is involved in various mitochondrial functions and we propose that inhibition of glia-specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms promotes axon function recovery by preserving mitochondrial structure, function, integrity, and motility. Using electrophysiology and three-dimensional electron microscopy, we show that NOS3 inhibition provides a common target to improve young and aging axon function, whereas NOS1 inhibition selectively protects aging axons when applied after injury. This study provides the first evidence that inhibition of glial cell NOS activity confers long-lasting benefits to WM structure and function.
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Ludwig PE, Thankam FG, Patil AA, Chamczuk AJ, Agrawal DK. Brain injury and neural stem cells. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:7-18. [PMID: 29451199 PMCID: PMC5840995 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.224361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many therapies with potential for treatment of brain injury have been investigated. Few types of cells have spurred as much interest and excitement as stem cells over the past few decades. The multipotentiality and self-renewing characteristics of stem cells confer upon them the capability to regenerate lost tissue in ischemic or degenerative conditions as well as trauma. While stem cells have not yet proven to be clinically effective in many such conditions as was once hoped, they have demonstrated some effects that could be manipulated for clinical benefit. The various types of stem cells have similar characteristics, and largely differ in terms of origin; those that have differentiated to some extent may exhibit limited capability in differentiation potential. Stem cells can aid in decreasing lesion size and improving function following brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker E. Ludwig
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Finosh G. Thankam
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Arun A. Patil
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Andrea J. Chamczuk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Devendra K. Agrawal
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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Somayaji MR, Przekwas AJ, Gupta RK. Combination Therapy for Multi-Target Manipulation of Secondary Brain Injury Mechanisms. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:484-504. [PMID: 28847295 PMCID: PMC6018188 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170828165711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major healthcare problem that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite advances in understanding and developing preventative and treatment strategies using preclinical animal models, clinical trials to date have failed, and a 'magic bullet' for effectively treating TBI-induced damage does not exist. Thus, novel pharmacological strategies to effectively manipulate the complex and heterogeneous pathophysiology of secondary injury mechanisms are needed. Given that goal, this paper discusses the relevance and advantages of combination therapies (COMTs) for 'multi-target manipulation' of the secondary injury cascade by administering multiple drugs to achieve an optimal therapeutic window of opportunity (e.g., temporally broad window) and compares these regimens to monotherapies that manipulate a single target with a single drug at a given time. Furthermore, we posit that integrated mechanistic multiscale models that combine primary injury biomechanics, secondary injury mechanobiology/neurobiology, physiology, pharmacology and mathematical programming techniques could account for vast differences in the biological space and time scales and help to accelerate drug development, to optimize pharmacological COMT protocols and to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raj K. Gupta
- Department of Defense Blast Injury Research Program Coordinating Office, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
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Subedi L, Kwon OW, Pak C, Lee G, Lee K, Kim H, Kim SY. N,N-disubstituted azines attenuate LPS-mediated neuroinflammation in microglia and neuronal apoptosis via inhibiting MAPK signaling pathways. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:82. [PMID: 29281977 PMCID: PMC5745756 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activated microglia interact with astrocytes and neuronal cells to induce neuroinflammation, which can contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. To identify the most effective anti-neuroinflammatory agent, we designed and synthesized a family of 13 new azine derivatives and investigated their anti-neuroinflammatory activities in LPS-activated BV-2 microglial cells. Results Out of 13 derivatives, compound 3 [4,4′-(1E,1′E,3E,3′E)-3,3′-(hydrazine-1,2-diylidene) bis-(prop-1-ene-1-yl-3-ylidene) bis-(2-methoxyphenol)] exhibited excellent anti-neuroinflammatory activities (IC50 = 12.47 µM), which protected neurons from microglia-mediated neurotoxicity. Specifically, the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of compound 3 inhibited MAPK signaling pathways through the inhibition of p38 and JNK mediated signaling and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inflammatory mediators. Additionally, compound 3 strongly exhibited neuroprotective effect by inhibiting LPS-mediated necrosis and apoptosis. Preliminary SAR analysis suggests that the presence of methoxyphenol and the substitution pattern within hydrazine may influence the anti-neuroinflammatory activity. FACS analysis also strongly supports the neuroprotective effect of compound 3. Conclusions Based on our results, the compound 3 exhibited excellent anti-neuroinflammatory activity against LPS-activated microglia, which resulted in the inhibition of neuronal apoptosis and neuronal degeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12868-017-0399-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Subedi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Wook Kwon
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, #1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeho Pak
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Goeun Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, #1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyenggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwoo Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, #1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyenggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakwon Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, #1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyenggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21936, Republic of Korea.
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