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Singh D, Nagdev S. Novel Biomaterials Based Strategies for Neurodegeneration: Recent Advancements and Future Prospects. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:1037-1049. [PMID: 38310440 DOI: 10.2174/0115672018275382231215063052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, pose significant challenges for effective treatment due to the complex nature of the central nervous system and the limited delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain. Biomaterial-based drug delivery systems offer promising strategies to overcome these challenges and improve therapeutic outcomes. These systems utilize various biomaterials, such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, and implants, to deliver drugs, genes, or cells to the affected regions of the brain. They provide advantages such as targeted delivery, controlled release, and protection of therapeutic agents. This review examines the role of biomaterials in drug delivery for neurodegeneration, discussing different biomaterialbased approaches, including surface modification, encapsulation, and functionalization techniques. Furthermore, it explores the challenges, future perspectives, and potential impact of biomaterialbased drug delivery systems in the field of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali (140413), India
| | - Sanjay Nagdev
- Department of Quality Assurance, Shri. Prakashchand Jain College of Pharmacy and Research, Jamner, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Nair S, Rocha-Ferreira E, Fleiss B, Nijboer CH, Gressens P, Mallard C, Hagberg H. Neuroprotection offered by mesenchymal stem cells in perinatal brain injury: Role of mitochondria, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species. J Neurochem 2021; 158:59-73. [PMID: 33314066 PMCID: PMC8359360 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells have a positive effect in perinatal brain injury models. The mechanisms that cause these neurotherapeutic effects are not entirely intelligible. Mitochondrial damage, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species are considered to be critically involved in the development of injury. Mesenchymal stem cells have immunomodulatory action and exert mitoprotective effects which attenuate production of reactive oxygen species and promote restoration of tissue function and metabolism after perinatal insults. This review summarizes the present state, the underlying causes, challenges and possibilities for effective clinical translation of mesenchymal stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam Nair
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Cora H Nijboer
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Carina Mallard
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Mazurová Y. New Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Huntington’s Disease. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2019. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2019.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of transplantation (TR) of fetal neural tissue as a therapeutic method started much later in patients suffering from Huntington’s disease (HD) than in those with Parkinson’s disease. The clinical trial, following a wide range of animal experiments (neurotoxic models and newly also transgenic mice), includes about 30 HD patients until now. Because of limited use of the human fetal tissue by ethical and technical concerns, there is necessity to search for the alternative sources for neural grafting. The first attempt with xenotransplantation (in 12 HD patients) and with TR of encapsulated genetically modified cells (in 6 HD patients) was performed, but no appreciable improvement of status in any of those patients was noted. Since no effective pharmacological treatment of HD is available, the TR of fetal neural tissue is now the only therapeutic approach which provides a reduction of symptoms in most of grafted patients. The possibilities are enormous offered by neural stem cells, optionally by embryonic stem cells, which could be expanded in cultures, cloned or genetically modified and then grafted into the patient’s brain. On the other hand, the neural progenitor and stem cells, normally present within the subependymal layer of the lateral brain ventricles also in adulthood, might be induced to become an endogenous source of glia and neurons participating in the brain’s repair.
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Kanemura Y, Mori H, Nakagawa A, Islam MO, Kodama E, Yamamoto A, Shofuda T, Kobayashi S, Miyake J, Yamazaki T, Hirano SI, Yamasaki M, Okano H. In Vitro Screening of Exogenous Factors for Human Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Proliferation Using Measurement of Total ATP Content in Viable Cells. Cell Transplant 2017; 14:673-682. [DOI: 10.3727/000000005783982701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the newest and most promising methods for treating intractable neuronal diseases and injures is the transplantation of ex vivo-expanded human neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). Human NSPCs are selectively expanded as free-floating neurospheres in serum-free culture medium containing fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and/or epidermal growth factor (EGF); however, the culture conditions still need to be optimized for performance and cost before the method is used clinically. Here, to improve the NSPC culture method for clinical use, we used an ATP assay to screen the effects of various reagents on human NSPC proliferation. Human NSPCs responded to EGF, FGF2, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in a dose-dependent manner, and the minimum concentrations eliciting maximum effects were 10 ng/ml EGF, 10 ng/ml FGF2, and 5 ng/ml LIF. EGF and LIF were stable in culture medium without NSPCs, although FGF2 was degraded. In the presence of human NSPCs, however, FGF2 and LIF were both degraded very rapidly, to below the estimated minimum concentration on day 3, but EGF remained above the minimum concentration for 5 days. Adding supplemental doses of each growth factor during the incubation promoted human NSPC proliferation. Among other supplements, insulin and transferrin promoted human NSPC growth, but progesterone, putrescine, selenite, D-glucose, and lactate were not effective and were cytotoxic at higher concentrations. Supplementing with conditioned medium from human NSPCs significantly increased human NSPC proliferation, but using a high percentage of the medium had a negative effect. These findings suggest that human NSPC culture is regulated by a balance in the culture medium between decreasing growth factor levels and increasing positive or negative factors derived from the NSPCs. Thus, in designing culture conditions for human NSPCs, it is useful to take the individual properties of each factor into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonehiro Kanemura
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3–11–46 Nakoji, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661–0974, Japan
- Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Osaka 540–0006, Japan
| | - Hideki Mori
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3–11–46 Nakoji, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661–0974, Japan
| | - Atsuyo Nakagawa
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3–11–46 Nakoji, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661–0974, Japan
| | - Mohammed Omedul Islam
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3–11–46 Nakoji, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661–0974, Japan
- Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Hyogo 650–0047, Japan
| | - Eri Kodama
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3–11–46 Nakoji, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661–0974, Japan
| | - Atsuyo Yamamoto
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3–11–46 Nakoji, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661–0974, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shofuda
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3–11–46 Nakoji, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661–0974, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3–11–46 Nakoji, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661–0974, Japan
| | - Jun Miyake
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3–11–46 Nakoji, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661–0974, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3–11–46 Nakoji, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661–0974, Japan
- New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo 170–6028, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichiro Hirano
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3–11–46 Nakoji, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661–0974, Japan
- Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Hyogo 650–0047, Japan
| | - Mami Yamasaki
- Institute for Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Osaka 540–0006, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Osaka 540–0006, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160–8582, Japan
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Kim SH, Ahn K, Park JY. Responses of human adipose-derived stem cells to interstitial level of extremely low shear flows regarding differentiation, morphology, and proliferation. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2115-2124. [PMID: 28541365 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00371d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human cells encounter a range of shear stress levels in situ and this natural variability in shear stress implies that realistic investigations of cell type characteristics may depend on nontrivial shear stress models. Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) differentiate near the blood capillary vessels where interstitial flows predominate. However, the effects of interstitial levels of shear on hASCs are not fully understood. In this study, we propose a microfluidic shear generation system, in which a gradient distribution of the interstitial level of shear flow is created to investigate the effects of interstitial-level shear flow on hASCs. To generate such a gradient profile of interstitial-level shear stress, we fabricated a semicircle-shaped microfluidic channel, and generated an extremely low flow using an osmosis-driven pump. Changes to hASC morphology, proliferation, and differentiation were observed under shear stresses of 1.8 × 10-3-2.4 × 10-3 Pa. At higher shear stresses, we found higher proliferation rates, stronger actin structures, and lower differentiation. We also conducted computational simulations of a monolayer culture, which showed that the shear stress level even on a single cell varies owing to the change of the cell thickness between the pseudopodia and the nucleus. We found that hASCs detectably respond to extremely low levels of shear flow, above a threshold of ∼2.0 × 10-3 Pa. Our microplatform may be useful for quantitating biological responses and function changes of other stem cells and cancer cells to interstitial-level shear flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwan Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Ahn K, Kim SH, Lee GH, Lee S, Heo YS, Park JY. Features of Microsystems for Cultivation and Characterization of Stem Cells with the Aim of Regenerative Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6023132. [PMID: 26941802 PMCID: PMC4752999 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6023132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have infinite potential for regenerative therapy thanks to their advantageous ability which is differentiable to requisite cell types for recovery and self-renewal. The microsystem has been proved to be more helpful to stem cell studies compared to the traditional methods, relying on its advantageous feature of mimicking in vivo cellular environments as well as other profitable features such as minimum sample consumption for analysis and multiprocedures. A wide variety of microsystems were developed for stem cell studies; however, regenerative therapy-targeted applications of microtechnology should be more emphasized and gain more attractions since the regenerative therapy is one of ultimate goals of biologists and bioengineers. In this review, we introduce stem cell researches harnessing well-known microtechniques (microwell, micropattern, and microfluidic channel) in view point of physical principles and how these systems and principles have been implemented appropriately for characterizing stem cells and finding possible regenerative therapies. Biologists may gain information on the principles of microsystems to apply them to find solutions for their current challenges, and engineers may understand limitations of the conventional microsystems and find new chances for further developing practical microsystems. Through the well combination of engineers and biologists, the regenerative therapy-targeted stem cell researches harnessing microtechnology will find better suitable treatments for human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihoon Ahn
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Hun Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - SeungJin Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Seok Heo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Yull Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Marei HES, Farag A, Althani A, Afifi N, Abd-Elmaksoud A, Lashen S, Rezk S, Pallini R, Casalbore P, Cenciarelli C. Human olfactory bulb neural stem cells expressing hNGF restore cognitive deficit in Alzheimer's disease rat model. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:116-30. [PMID: 24911171 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aim to demonstrate the fate of allogenic adult human olfactory bulb neural stem/progenitor cells (OBNSC/NPCs) transplanted into the rat hippocampus treated with ibotenic acid (IBO), a neurotoxicant specific to hippocampal cholinergic neurons that are lost in Alzheimer's disease. We assessed their possible ability to survive, integrate, proliferate, and differentiate into different neuronal and glial elements: we also evaluate their possible therapeutic potential, and the mechanism(s) relevant to neuroprotection following their engraftment into the CNS milieu. OBNSC/NPCs were isolated from adult human olfactory bulb patients, genetically engineered to express GFP and human nerve growth factor (hNGF) by lentivirus-mediated infection, and stereotaxically transplanted into the hippocampus of IBO-treated animals and controls. Stereological analysis of engrafted OBNSCs eight weeks post transplantation revealed a 1.89 fold increase with respect to the initial cell population, indicating a marked ability for survival and proliferation. In addition, 54.71 ± 11.38%, 30.18 ± 6.00%, and 15.09 ± 5.38% of engrafted OBNSCs were identified by morphological criteria suggestive of mature neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes respectively. Taken together, this work demonstrated that human OBNSCs expressing NGF ameliorate the cognitive deficiencies associated with IBO-induced lesions in AD model rats, and the improvement can probably be attributed primarily to neuronal and glial cell replacement as well as the trophic influence exerted by the secreted NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany E S Marei
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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8
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Skop NB, Calderon F, Cho CH, Gandhi CD, Levison SW. Improvements in biomaterial matrices for neural precursor cell transplantation. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:19. [PMID: 26056586 PMCID: PMC4452047 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Progress is being made in developing neuroprotective strategies for traumatic brain injuries; however, there will never be a therapy that will fully preserve neurons that are injured from moderate to severe head injuries. Therefore, to restore neurological function, regenerative strategies will be required. Given the limited regenerative capacity of the resident neural precursors of the CNS, many investigators have evaluated the regenerative potential of transplanted precursors. Unfortunately, these precursors do not thrive when engrafted without a biomaterial scaffold. In this article we review the types of natural and synthetic materials that are being used in brain tissue engineering applications for traumatic brain injury and stroke. We also analyze modifications of the scaffolds including immobilizing drugs, growth factors and extracellular matrix molecules to improve CNS regeneration and functional recovery. We conclude with a discussion of some of the challenges that remain to be solved towards repairing and regenerating the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan B Skop
- Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, NJMS-Cancer Center, H-1226, 205 South Orange Ave., Newark, NJ 07103 USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - Frances Calderon
- Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, NJMS-Cancer Center, H-1226, 205 South Orange Ave., Newark, NJ 07103 USA
| | - Cheul H Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| | - Chirag D Gandhi
- Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, NJMS-Cancer Center, H-1226, 205 South Orange Ave., Newark, NJ 07103 USA ; Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
| | - Steven W Levison
- Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, NJMS-Cancer Center, H-1226, 205 South Orange Ave., Newark, NJ 07103 USA
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Chen H, Qian K, Tang ZP, Xing B, Chen H, Liu N, Huang X, Zhang S. Bioinformatics and microarray analysis of microRNA expression profiles of murine embryonic stem cells, neural stem cells induced from ESCs and isolated from E8·5 mouse neural tube. Neurol Res 2013; 32:603-13. [DOI: 10.1179/174313209x455691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Rybachuk O, Levin R, Кyryk V, Susarova D, Tsupykov O, Smozhanik E, Butenko G, Skibo G, Troshin P, Pivneva T. Effect of a water soluble derivative of fullerene C60 on the features neural progenitor cells in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.22494/cot.v1i1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of a water soluble derivative of fullerene C60 on the behavior of cultured neural stem/progenitor cells. Addition of 20 nM of metal fullerenolate C60 (NaFL) into the cell culture increased the population of the cells almost twice in comparison with the control and also suppressed the formation of neurospheres. The obtained data allow us to suggest that NaFL has a positive effect on the proliferative activity of neural progenitors. The water-soluble fullerene nanostructures such as NaFL promoting the proliferation of neural stem cells might have numerous beneficent applications in cell biology and biotechnology.
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Lee TH. Functional effect of mouse embryonic stem cell implantation after spinal cord injury. J Exerc Rehabil 2013; 9:230-3. [PMID: 24278865 PMCID: PMC3836514 DOI: 10.12965/jer.130004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We transplanted mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to improve functional loss in a rat model of clip-compression spinal cord injury (SCI). The mouse embryonic stem cells were transplanted to injured cord 7 days after injury. We include minimizing the progression of secondary injury, manipulating the neuroinhibitory environment of the spinal cord, replacing lost tissue with transplanted cells and substantial improvement of motor. A number of potential approaches optimize functional recovery after spinal cord injury. We review the application of stem cell transplantation to the spinal cord, emphasizing the use of embryonic stem cells for reconstruction of spinal cord injury. Thus, this study provides strong evidence to support that transplantation of mESC could improve functional recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Emergency Medical Technology, Namseoul University, Cheonan, Korea
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Joo KM, Kang BG, Yeon JY, Cho YJ, An JY, Song HS, Won JH, Kim SJ, Hong SC, Nam DH. Experimental and clinical factors influencing long-term stable in vitro expansion of multipotent neural cells from human adult temporal lobes. Exp Neurol 2012. [PMID: 23201097 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autologous adult human neural stem cells may be used for regenerative cell therapies bypass potential ethical problems. However, stable in vitro expansion protocols and experimental/clinical factors influencing primary cultures need to be further elucidated for clinically applicable techniques. To address these issues, we obtained biopsy specimens from 23 temporal lobe epilepsy patients and adult human multipotent neural cells (ahMNCs) were primarily cultured in a defined attachment culture condition. When the success of primary cultures was defined as stable expansion of cells (>ten in vitro passages) and expression of NSC markers, success rate of the primary culture was 39% (nine of 23 temporal lobes). During the long-term expansion, expressions of NSC markers and differentiation potentials into astrocytes and neurons were maintained. After the 18th sub-culture, spontaneous senescence and differentiation were observed, and the cultivated ahMNCs ceased their proliferation. The culture results were not affected by seizure characteristics; however, an older age (>40 years) and a smaller sample volume (<2 ml) were found to exert negative influences on the primary culture results. Furthermore therapeutic effects of ahMNCs against stroke were analyzed in an animal model. Transplantation of ahMNCs cells reduced infarction volumes and enhanced motor activity, significantly. The results here would provide promising experimental and clinical strategy of using patient-specific autologous ahMNCs in regenerative medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeung Min Joo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, #300 Cheoncheon-dong, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, South Korea
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Abstract
Therapeutic strategies using stem cells for treating neurological diseases are receiving more attention as the scientific community appreciates cell-autonomous contributions to several diseases of the central nervous system. The transplantation of stem cells from various sources is now being employed for both neuronal and glial replacement. This review provides an assessment of glial contributions to some of the central nervous system diseases and the advancements in cellular replacement approaches. The rationale for glial replacement in individual diseases and the potential hurdles for cell-replacement strategies are also emphasized. The significant progress in the field of stem cell biology with the advent of tools such as induced pluripotent stem cells and imaging techniques holds promise for the clinical application of cell therapeutics.
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Lescaudron L, Boyer C, Bonnamain V, Fink KD, Lévêque X, Rossignol J, Nerrière-Daguin V, Malouet AC, Lelan F, Dey ND, Michel-Monigadon D, Lu M, Neveu I, von Hörsten S, Naveilhan P, Dunbar GL. Assessing the potential clinical utility of transplantations of neural and mesenchymal stem cells for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 879:147-64. [PMID: 22610559 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-815-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Treatments for neurodegenerative diseases have little impact on the long-term patient health. However, cellular transplants of neuroblasts derived from the aborted embryonic brain tissue in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders and in patients have demonstrated survival and functionality in the brain. However, ethical and functional problems due to the use of this fetal tissue stopped most of the clinical trials. Therefore, new cell sources were needed, and scientists focused on neural (NSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). When transplanted in the brain of animals with Parkinson's or Huntington's disease, NSCs and MSCs were able to induce partial functional recovery by promoting neuroprotection and immunomodulation. MSCs are more readily accessible than NSCs due to sources such as the bone marrow. However, MSCs are not capable of differentiating into neurons in vivo where NSCs are. Thus, transplantation of NSCs and MSCs is interesting for brain regenerative medicine. In this chapter, we detail the methods for NSCs and MSCs isolation as well as the transplantation procedures used to treat rodent models of neurodegenerative damage.
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Chang KA, Kim JA, Kim S, Joo Y, Shin KY, Kim S, Kim HS, Suh YH. Therapeutic potentials of neural stem cells treated with fluoxetine in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:885-91. [PMID: 22490608 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have proposed that chronic treatment with antidepressants increases neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. However, the effect of antidepressants on fetal neural stem cells (NSCs) has not been well defined. Our study shows the dose-dependent effects of fluoxetine on the proliferation and neural differentiation of NSCs. Fluoxetine, even at nanomolar concentrations, stimulated proliferation of NSCs and increased the number of βIII-tubulin (Tuj 1)- and neural nucleus marker (NeuN)-positive cells, but not glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells. These results suggest that fluoxetine can enhance neuronal differentiation. In addition, fluoxetine has protective effects against cell death induced by oligomeric amyloid beta (Aβ(42)) peptides. Taken together, these results clearly show that fluoxetine promotes both the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of NSCs and exerts protective effects against Aβ(42)-induced cytotoxicities in NSCs, which suggest that the use of fluoxetine is applicable for cell therapy for various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases by its actions in NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun-A Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
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16
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Gene expression profile of adult human olfactory bulb and embryonic neural stem cell suggests distinct signaling pathways and epigenetic control. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33542. [PMID: 22485144 PMCID: PMC3317670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Global gene expression profiling was performed using RNA from human embryonic neural stem cells (hENSC), and adult human olfactory bulb-derived neural stem cells (OBNSCs), to define a gene expression pattern and signaling pathways that are specific for each cell lineage. We have demonstrated large differences in the gene expression profile of human embryonic NSC, and adult human OBNSCs, but less variability between parallel cultures. Transcripts of genes involved in neural tube development and patterning (ALDH1A2, FOXA2), progenitor marker genes (LMX1a, ALDH1A1, SOX10), proliferation of neural progenitors (WNT1 and WNT3a), neuroplastin (NPTN), POU3F1 (OCT6), neuroligin (NLGN4X), MEIS2, and NPAS1 were up-regulated in both cell populations. By Gene Ontology, 325 out of 3875 investigated gene sets were scientifically different. 41 out of the 307 investigated Cellular Component (CC) categories, 45 out of the 620 investigated Molecular Function (MF) categories, and 239 out of the 2948 investigated Biological Process (BP) categories were significant. KEGG Pathway Class Comparison had revealed that 75 out of 171 investigated gene sets passed the 0.005 significance threshold. Levels of gene expression were explored in three signaling pathways, Notch, Wnt, and mTOR that are known to be involved in NS cell fates determination. The transcriptional signature also deciphers the role of genes involved in epigenetic modifications. SWI/SNF DNA chromatin remodeling complex family, including SMARCC1 and SMARCE1, were found specifically up-regulated in our OBNSC but not in hENSC. Differences in gene expression profile of transcripts controlling epigenetic modifications, and signaling pathways might indicate differences in the therapeutic potential of our examined two cell populations in relation to in cell survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation following engraftments in different CNS insults.
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Huang Y, Enzmann V, Ildstad ST. Stem cell-based therapeutic applications in retinal degenerative diseases. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:434-45. [PMID: 20859770 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases that target photoreceptors or the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) affect millions of people worldwide. Retinal degeneration (RD) is found in many different forms of retinal diseases including retinitis pigmentosa (RP), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, cataracts, and glaucoma. Effective treatment for retinal degeneration has been widely investigated. Gene-replacement therapy has been shown to improve visual function in inherited retinal disease. However, this treatment was less effective with advanced disease. Stem cell-based therapy is being pursued as a potential alternative approach in the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases. In this review, we will focus on stem cell-based therapies in the pipeline and summarize progress in treatment of retinal degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Huang
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, 570 S. Preston Street, Suite 404, Louisville, KY 40202-1760, USA
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Xiong F, Gao H, Zhen Y, Chen X, Lin W, Shen J, Yan Y, Wang X, Liu M, Gao Y. Optimal time for passaging neurospheres based on primary neural stem cell cultures. Cytotechnology 2011; 63:621-31. [PMID: 21858692 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultured neural stem cells (NSCs) provide a powerful means for investigating central nervous system disease, neuron development, differentiation, and regeneration. To obtain sufficient neurospheres, subculturing is essential following establishment of the primary NSC culture. Passaging the primary neurospheres is a key issue that is often ignored. We evaluated the influence of different passaging schedules on primary cultured NSCs. Passaging was performed on day 5, 7 or 9. We observed more neurospheres with diameters of 200-250 μm on day 7 than on day 5 or 9. Prolonging the time of primary culture reduced the cell metabolic activity by the MTT assay and cell proliferation by colony-forming assay and the differentiation to neurons from cells at P2 and later decreased. Additionally, more cells were in G0/G1 phase, and higher expression of p16 ( INK4a ) and lower expression of cyclin D1 was found when the time of primary culture was prolonged to 9 days compared to 7-days cultures. Thus, in this study, we established that the optimal time for subculturing aggregated NSCs was on day 7 based on the primary culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, China
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Biphasic electrical currents stimulation promotes both proliferation and differentiation of fetal neural stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18738. [PMID: 21533199 PMCID: PMC3076442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of non-chemical methods to differentiate stem cells has attracted
researchers from multiple disciplines, including the engineering and the
biomedical fields. No doubt, growth factor based methods are still the most
dominant of achieving some level of proliferation and differentiation control -
however, chemical based methods are still limited by the quality, source, and
amount of the utilized reagents. Well-defined non-chemical methods to
differentiate stem cells allow stem cell scientists to control stem cell biology
by precisely administering the pre-defined parameters, whether they are
structural cues, substrate stiffness, or in the form of current flow. We have
developed a culture system that allows normal stem cell growth and the option of
applying continuous and defined levels of electric current to alter the cell
biology of growing cells. This biphasic current stimulator chip employing ITO
electrodes generates both positive and negative currents in the same culture
chamber without affecting surface chemistry. We found that biphasic electrical
currents (BECs) significantly increased the proliferation of fetal neural stem
cells (NSCs). Furthermore, BECs also promoted the differentiation of fetal NSCs
into neuronal cells, as assessed using immunocytochemistry. Our results clearly
show that BECs promote both the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of
fetal NSCs. It may apply to the development of strategies that employ NSCs in
the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's
and Parkinson's diseases.
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Schwindt TT, Trujillo CA, Negraes PD, Lameu C, Ulrich H. Directed differentiation of neural progenitors into neurons is accompanied by altered expression of P2X purinergic receptors. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 44:141-6. [PMID: 20617399 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neural differentiation has been extensively studied in vitro in a model termed neurospheres, which consists of aggregates of neural progenitor cells. Previous studies suggest that they have a great potential for the treatment of neurological disorders. One of the major challenges for scientists is to control cell fate and develop ideal culture conditions for neurosphere expansion in vitro, without altering their features. Similar to human neural progenitors, rat neurospheres cultured in the absence of epidermal and fibroblast growth factors for a short period increased the levels of β-3 tubulin and decreased the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and nestin, compared to neurospheres cultured in the presence of these factors. In this work, we show that rat neurospheres cultured in suspension under mitogen-free condition presented significant higher expression of P2X2 and P2X6 receptor subunits, when compared to cells cultured in the presence of growth factors, suggesting a direct relationship between P2X2/6 receptor expression and induction of neuronal differentiation in mitogen-free cultured rat neurospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma T Schwindt
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, Brazil
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In vitro analyses of the immunosuppressive properties of neural stem/progenitor cells using anti-CD3/CD28-activated T cells. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 677:233-43. [PMID: 20941615 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-869-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) are multi-potent cells defined by their ability to self-renew and differentiate into cells of glial and neuronal lineage. Because of these properties, NSPCs have been proposed as therapeutic tools to replace lost neurons. Recent observations in animal models of immune-related diseases indicate that NSPCs display immunomodulatory properties that might be a great interest for cell therapy. In particular, transplantation of NSPCs might be very useful as local immunosuppressive agent to promote the long-term survival of neuronal xenotransplant in the brain. To study this possibility, we have analysed the impact of NSPCs on anti-CD3/CD28-activated T cells. In vitro analyses clearly show that porcine, rat, and mouse NSPCs inhibit the proliferation of activated T cells. This result raises new perspectives concerning the use of NSPCs in cell therapy.
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Tokumoto Y, Ogawa S, Nagamune T, Miyake J. Comparison of efficiency of terminal differentiation of oligodendrocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells versus embryonic stem cells in vitro. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 109:622-8. [PMID: 20471604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS), and defects in these cells can result in the loss of CNS functions. Although oligodendrocyte progenitor cells transplantation therapy is an effective cure for such symptoms, there is no readily available source of these cells. Recent studies have described the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) from somatic cells, leading to anticipation of this technique as a novel therapeutic tool in regenerative medicine. In this study, we evaluated the ability of iPS cells derived from mouse embryonic fibroblasts to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and compared this with the differential ability of mouse embryonic stem cells (ES cells). Experiments using an in vitro oligodendrocyte differentiation protocol that was optimized to ES cells demonstrated that 2.3% of iPS cells differentiated into O4(+) oligodendrocytes compared with 24.0% of ES cells. However, the rate of induction of A2B5(+) oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) was similar for both iPS-derived cells and ES-derived cells (14.1% and 12.6%, respectively). These findings suggest that some intracellular factors in iPS cells inhibit the terminal differentiation of oligodendrocytes from the OPC stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhito Tokumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Xu XM, Onifer SM. Transplantation-mediated strategies to promote axonal regeneration following spinal cord injury. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009; 169:171-82. [PMID: 19665611 PMCID: PMC2800078 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Devastating central nervous system injuries and diseases continue to occur in spite of the tremendous efforts of various prevention programs. The enormity and annual escalation of healthcare costs due to them require that therapeutic strategies be responsibly developed. The dysfunctions that occur after injury and disease are primarily due to neurotransmission damage. The last two decades of both experimental and clinical research have demonstrated that neural and non-neural tissue and cell transplantation is a viable option for ameliorating dysfunctions to markedly improve quality of life. Moreover, significant progress has been made with tissue and cell transplantation in studies of pathophysiology, plasticity, sprouting, regeneration, and functional recovery. This article will review information about the ability and potential, particularly for traumatic spinal cord injury, that neural and non-neural tissue and cell transplantation has to replace lost neurons and glia, to reconstruct damaged neural circuitry, and to restore neurotransmitters, hormones, neurotrophic factors, and neurotransmission. Donor tissues and cells to be discussed include peripheral nerve, fetal spinal cord and brain, central and peripheral nervous systems' glia, stem cells, those that have been genetically engineered, and non-neural ones. Combinatorial approaches and clinical research are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
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Geng Y, Walls KC, Ghosh AP, Akhtar RS, Klocke BJ, Roth KA. Cytoplasmic p53 and activated Bax regulate p53-dependent, transcription-independent neural precursor cell apoptosis. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 58:265-75. [PMID: 19901272 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.954024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prodeath effects of p53 are typically mediated via its transcriptional upregulation of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, including PUMA, Noxa, and/or Bax. We previously reported that staurosporine (STS), a broad-spectrum kinase inhibitor and prototypical apoptosis-inducing agent, produced p53-dependent, Bax-dependent, neural precursor cell (NPC) apoptosis, but that this effect occurred independently of new gene transcription and PUMA expression. To further characterize the mechanism by which p53 regulates NPC death, we used primary cerebellar NPCs derived from wild-type, p53-deficient, and Bax-deficient neonatal mice and the mouse cerebellar neural stem cell line, C17.2. We found that STS rapidly increased p53 cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in neuritic-like processes in C17.2 cells, which preceded Bax activation and caspase-3 cleavage. Confocal microscopy analysis of STS-treated cells revealed partial colocalization of p53 with the mitochondrial marker pyruvate dehydrogenase as well as with conformationally altered "activated" Bax, suggesting an interaction between these proapoptotic molecules in triggering apoptotic death. Nucleophosmin (NPM), a CRM1-dependent nuclear chaperone, also exhibited partial colocalization with both activated Bax and p53 following STS treatment. These observations suggest that cytoplasmic p53 can trigger transcription-independent NPC apoptosis through its potential interaction with NPM and activated Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Geng
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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Fitzpatrick KM, Raschke J, Emborg ME. Cell-based therapies for Parkinson's disease: past, present, and future. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2189-208. [PMID: 19485712 PMCID: PMC2861536 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) researchers have pioneered the use of cell-based therapies (CBTs) in the central nervous system. CBTs for PD were originally envisioned as a way to replace the dopaminergic nigral neurons lost with the disease. Several sources of catecholaminergic cells, including autografts of adrenal medulla and allografts or xenografts of mesencephalic fetal tissue, were successfully assessed in animal models, but their clinical translation has yielded poor results and much controversy. Recent breakthroughs on cell biology are helping to develop novel cell lines that could be used for regenerative medicine. Their future successful clinical application depends on identifying and solving the problems encountered in previous CBTs trials. In this review, we critically analyze past CBTs' clinical translation, the impact of the host in graft survival, and the role of preclinical studies and emerging new cell lines. We propose that the prediction of clinical results from preclinical studies requires experimental designs that allow blind data acquisition and statistical analysis, assessment of the therapy in models that parallel clinical conditions, looking for sources of complications or side effects, and limiting optimism bias when reporting outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Fitzpatrick
- Preclinical Parkinson's Research Program, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
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Schwindt TT, Motta FL, Gabriela F. B, Cristina G. M, Guimarães AO, Calcagnotto ME, Pesquero JB, Mello LE. Effects of FGF-2 and EGF removal on the differentiationof mouse neural precursor cells. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2009; 81:443-52. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy for neurological disorders has advanced, and neural precursor cells (NPC) may become the ideal candidates for neural transplantation in a wide range of diseases. However, additional work has to be done to determine either the ideal culture environment for NPC expansion in vitro, without altering their plasticity, or the FGF-2 and EGF mechanisms of cell signaling in neurospheres growth, survival and differentiation. In this work we evaluated mouse neurospheres cultured with and without FGF-2 and EGF containing medium and showed that those growth factors are responsible for NPC proliferation. It is also demonstrated that endogenous production of growth factors shifts from FGF-2 to IGF-1/PDGFb upon EGF and FGF-2 withdrawal. Mouse NPC cultured in suspension showed different patterns of neuronal localization (core versus shell) for both EGF and FGF-2 withdrawal and control groups. Taken together, these results show that EGF and FGF-2 removal play an important role in NPC differentiation and may contribute to a better understanding of mechanisms of NPC differentiation. Our findings suggest that depriving NPC of growth factors prior to grafting might enhance their chance to effectively integrate into the host.
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Hasegawa A, Yamada C, Tani M, Hirano SI, Tokumoto Y, Miyake J. Caspase inhibitors increase the rate of recovery of neural stem/progenitor cells from post-mortem rat brains stored at room temperature. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:652-7. [PMID: 19447344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To match the demand of regenerative medicine for nerve system, collection of stem cells from the post-mortem body is one of the most practical ways. In this study, the storage condition of the post-mortem body was examined. We prepared neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) from post-mortem rat brains stored at different temperatures. When brains were stored at 4 degrees C, for one week, we were able to obtain neurospheres (a spheroid body containing NSPCs) by stimulation of cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF). Incremental increases in storage temperature decreased the rate of appearance of neurospheres. Within 48 h at 15 degrees C, 24 h at 25 degrees C, in both condition, we were able to recover NSPCs from post-mortem rat brains. At 15 degrees C, 90% of neurosphere-forming activity was lost within 24 h. However, even after 24 h at 25 degrees C, 2% neurosphere-forming activity remained. After 6 h of death, there was very little difference between the rates of NSPC recovery at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Addition of caspase inhibitors to both the rat brain storage solution and the NSPC culture medium increased the rate of neurosphere-forming activity. In particular, an inhibitor of caspase-8 activity increased the NSPC recovery rate approximately three-fold, with no accompanying detrimental effects on neural differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Hasegawa
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, 1-5-4 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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Wakeman DR, Hofmann MR, Redmond DE, Teng YD, Snyder EY. Long-term multilayer adherent network (MAN) expansion, maintenance, and characterization, chemical and genetic manipulation, and transplantation of human fetal forebrain neural stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; Chapter 2:Unit2D.3. [PMID: 19455542 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc02d03s9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human neural stem/precursor cells (hNSC/hNPC) have been targeted for application in a variety of research models and as prospective candidates for cell-based therapeutic modalities in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. To this end, the successful derivation, expansion, and sustained maintenance of undifferentiated hNSC/hNPC in vitro, as artificial expandable neurogenic micro-niches, promises a diversity of applications as well as future potential for a variety of experimental paradigms modeling early human neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and neurogenetic disorders, and could also serve as a platform for small-molecule drug screening in the CNS. Furthermore, hNPC transplants provide an alternative substrate for cellular regeneration and restoration of damaged tissue in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Human somatic neural stem/progenitor cells (NSC/NPC) have been derived from a variety of cadaveric sources and proven engraftable in a cytoarchitecturally appropriate manner into the developing and adult rodent and monkey brain while maintaining both functional and migratory capabilities in pathological models of disease. In the following unit, we describe a new procedure that we have successfully employed to maintain operationally defined human somatic NSC/NPC from developing fetal, pre-term post-natal, and adult cadaveric forebrain. Specifically, we outline the detailed methodology for in vitro expansion, long-term maintenance, manipulation, and transplantation of these multipotent precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Wakeman
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Short-term withdrawal of mitogens prior to plating increases neuronal differentiation of human neural precursor cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4642. [PMID: 19247499 PMCID: PMC2646132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human neural precursor cells (hNPC) are candidates for neural transplantation in a wide range of neurological disorders. Recently, much work has been done to determine how the environment for NPC culture in vitro may alter their plasticity. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) are used to expand NPC; however, it is not clear if continuous exposure to mitogens may abrogate their subsequent differentiation. Here we evaluated if short-term removal of FGF-2 and EGF prior to plating may improve hNPC differentiation into neurons. Principal Findings We demonstrate that culture of neurospheres in suspension for 2 weeks without EGF-FGF-2 significantly increases neuronal differentiation and neurite extension when compared to cells cultured using standard protocols. In this condition, neurons were preferentially located in the core of the neurospheres instead of the shell. Moreover, after plating, neurons presented radial rather than randomly oriented and longer processes than controls, comprised mostly by neurons with short processes. These changes were followed by alterations in the expression of genes related to cell survival. Conclusions These results show that EGF and FGF-2 removal affects NPC fate and plasticity. Taking into account that a three dimensional structure is essential for NPC differentiation, here we evaluated, for the first time, the effects of growth factors removal in whole neurospheres rather than in plated cell culture.
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Metabolic changes in the rat brain after a photochemical lesion treated by stem cell transplantation assessed by 1H MRS. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 22:211-20. [PMID: 19238470 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-009-0166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Metabolite changes in an experimental lesion in the rat cortex and in the contralateral hemisphere after the intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were assessed by proton MR spectroscopy to verify the impact of the cell treatment on the brain tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats with a photochemical cortical lesion and transplanted MSCs or sham transplanted rats were examined. Proton spectra were obtained from the lesion and from the contralateral cortex. RESULTS Magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed a gradual recovery of the damaged tissue; however, we found no significant differences in metabolite concentrations in the lesioned hemisphere between treated and untreated animals. Higher concentrations of glutamate and N-acetyl aspartate were found in the contralateral hemisphere in cell-treated animals compared to untreated ones. Lesioned animals showed neurogenesis in the contralateral hemisphere; the number of newly generated cells in stem cell-treated animals was 50% higher than those observed in untreated animals. CONCLUSION No direct impact of cell transplantation was observed in the lesion. However, changes in the contralateral hemisphere suggest that the transplanted MSCs might stimulate repair processes and plasticity resulting in the generation of newborn cells, which might enable the faster adoption of the damaged tissue's function by healthy tissue.
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Aiba K, Sharov AA, Carter MG, Foroni C, Vescovi AL, Ko MSH. Defining a Developmental Path to Neural Fate by Global Expression Profiling of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells and Adult Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells 2009; 24:889-95. [PMID: 16357342 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To understand global features of gene expression changes during in vitro neural differentiation, we carried out the microarray analysis of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), embryonal carcinoma cells, and adult neural stem/progenitor (NS) cells. Expression profiling of ESCs during differentiation in monolayer culture revealed three distinct phases: undifferentiated ESCs, primitive ectoderm-like cells, and neural progenitor cells. Principal component (PC) analysis revealed that these cells were aligned on PC1 over the course of 6 days. This PC1 represents approximately 4,000 genes, the expression of which increased with neural commitment/differentiation. Furthermore, NS cells derived from adult brain and their differentiated cells were positioned along this PC axis further away from undifferentiated ESCs than embryonic stem-derived neural progenitors. We suggest that this PC1 defines a path to neural fate, providing a scale for the degree of commitment/differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Aiba
- Developmental Genomics and Aging Section, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Tang J, Xu H, Fan X, Li D, Rancourt D, Zhou G, Li Z, Yang L. Embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor cells improve memory dysfunction in Abeta(1-40) injured rats. Neurosci Res 2008; 62:86-96. [PMID: 18634835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The versatility of neural precursor cells (NPCs) derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) has recently rekindled interests in cell replacement strategies aimed at neurodegenerative diseases. We observed the survival, migration, differentiation and functional recovery of NPCs transplanted into the hippocampus of aggregated beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide injured rats. Congo Red plaques, Fluro-jade B positive degenerating neurons and neuronal loss were observed in the Abeta-injured hippocampus of rats, accompanied with significant increases in escape latency and decrease in the ratio of exploratory time in a Morris water maze test. EGFP-expressing mouse ES cells were induced into Nestin-positive NPCs before transplantation into the Abeta-injured hippocampus. A marked decrease in escape latency and exploratory time were observed at least 16 weeks after transplantation compared to Abeta-injured animals without grafts. Grafted EGFP-expressing NPCs spread away from the injection tract and about 12.01+/-0.67% and 9.41+/-0.78% of NPCs differentiated into, respectively, GFAP- and NF200-positive cells 4 W after transplantation. These ratios gradually increased to 40.25+/-0.57% and 19.35+/-0.84% by 16 W. The restoration of hippocampal function by ESCs suggests that cell transplantation may be the effective choice to improve the cognitive function caused by Abeta injured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, PR China
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Wianny F, Bernat A, Huissoud C, Marcy G, Markossian S, Cortay V, Giroud P, Leviel V, Kennedy H, Savatier P, Dehay C. Derivation and cloning of a novel rhesus embryonic stem cell line stably expressing tau-green fluorescent protein. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1444-53. [PMID: 18356572 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) have the ability of indefinite self-renewal and multilineage differentiation, and they carry great potential in cell-based therapies. The rhesus macaque is the most relevant preclinical model for assessing the benefit, safety, and efficacy of ESC-based transplantations in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In the case of neural cell grafting, tracing both the neurons and their axonal projections in vivo is essential for studying the integration of the grafted cells in the host brain. Tau-Green fluorescent protein (tau-GFP) is a powerful viable lineage tracer, allowing visualization of cell bodies, dendrites, and axons in exquisite detail. Here, we report the first rhesus monkey ESC line that ubiquitously and stably expresses tau-GFP. First, we derived a new line of rhesus monkey ESC (LYON-ES1) that show marker expression and cell cycle characteristics typical of primate ESCs. LYON-ES1 cells are pluripotent, giving rise to derivatives of the three germ layers in vitro and in vivo through teratoma formation. They retain all their undifferentiated characteristics and a normal karyotype after prolonged culture. Using lentiviral infection, we then generated a monkey ESC line stably expressing tau-GFP that retains all the characteristics of the parental wild-type line and is clonogenic. We show that neural precursors derived from the tau-GFP ESC line are multipotent and that their fate can be precisely mapped in vivo after grafting in the adult rat brain. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Wianny
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U846 Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France
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35
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Targeted migration and differentiation of engrafted neural precursor cells in amyloid beta-treated hippocampus in rats. Neurosci Bull 2008; 23:263-70. [PMID: 17952134 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-007-0039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the migration and differentiation of the neural precursor cells (NPCs) that derived from murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) when they were transplanted into amyloid beta (A beta)-treated rat hippocampus. METHODS MESPU35, a murine ESC cell line that express the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), was induced differentiation into nestin-positive NPCs by modified serum-free methods. The A beta plaques and the differentiation of the grafted cells were observed by immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS Comparing 16 weeks with 4 weeks post-transplantation, the migration distance increased about 5 times; the rate of migratory NPCs differentiating into glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells kept rising from (30.41+/-1.45) % to (49.25+/-1.23) %, and the rate of NPCs differentiating into neurofilament 200 (NF200) positive cells increased from (16.68+/-0.95) % to (27.94+/-1.21) %. Meanwhile, the GFAP-positive cells targeting to the ipsilateral side of A beta plaques increased from 60.2% to 81.3%, while the NF200-positive cells increased from 61.3% to 84.1%. The migration distance had significant positive linear correlations to the neuronal differentiation rate (r = 0.991) and to the astrocytic differentiation rate (r = 0.953). CONCLUSION Engrafted NPCs migrate targetedly to the A beta injection site and differentiate into neurons and astrocytes.
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36
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Ng YL, Chase HA. Novel bioreactors for the culture and expansion of aggregative neural stem cells. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2007; 31:393-400. [PMID: 18026758 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-007-0174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells have been cultured as three-dimensional aggregates in a number of different types of bioreactors. The design and configuration of the bioreactor are shown to be crucial factors for the successful propagation of the cells. A novel bioreactor with liquid re-circulation and a working volume of 200 ml has been designed, tested and shown to be able to produce a higher cell vitality compared to those produced in multi-well plates, shake flasks and stirred flasks. The novel reactor was able to produce a total density of cells of 3.5 x 10(6) cells/ml consisting of a larger number of smaller and proliferative aggregates, compared to only 1.8 x 10(6) cells/ml produced in a multi-well plate. Shake flasks and stirred flasks commonly used for facilitating mass transfer in the culture of micro-organisms are shown to be unsuitable for the propagation of neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Ling Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, UK
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37
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Korecka JA, Verhaagen J, Hol EM. Cell-replacement and gene-therapy strategies for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Regen Med 2007; 2:425-46. [PMID: 17635050 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.2.4.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease are the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly population. Given that age is the most important risk factor in these diseases, the number of patients is expected to rise dramatically in the coming years. Therefore, an effective therapy for these diseases is highly sought. Current treatment brings only temporary symptomatic relief and does not result in halting the progression of these diseases. The increasing knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that underlie these diseases enables the design of novel therapies, targeted at degenerating neurons by creating an optimal regenerative cellular environment. Here, we review the progress made in the field of cell-replacement and gene-therapy strategies. New developments in the application of embryonic stem cells and adult neuronal progenitors are discussed. We also discuss the use of genetically engineered cells in neuronal rescuing strategies that have recently advanced into the clinic. The first trials for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease with this approach are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Korecka
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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38
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Mori H, Fujitani T, Kanemura Y, Kino-oka M, Taya M. Observational examination of aggregation and migration during early phase of neurosphere culture of mouse neural stem cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 104:231-4. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.104.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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39
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Viktorov IV, Savchenko EA, Ukhova OV, Alekseyeva NY, Chekhonin VP. Multipotent stem and progenitor cells of the olfactory epithelium. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 142:495-502. [PMID: 17415447 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-006-0402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, a wide spectrum of fetal and embryonic stem and progenitor cells were used for cell therapy of diseases of the central nervous system, but the olfactory glial ensheathing cells exhibited certain advantages due to their biological properties and capacity to stimulate regeneratory processes in spinal injury. The therapeutic effect of a heterogeneous complex of olfactory epithelial cells is more pronounced; apart from glial ensheathing cells, this complex includes fibroblasts, Schwann cells, stem and progenitor cells of this structure. The use of minimally invasive methods for isolation of human olfactory epithelial tissue is important for clinical practice, because they provide cells for autologous transplantation and rule out graft rejection immune reaction and the risk of transmission viral infection and transfer of genetic defects, which can be associated with allotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Viktorov
- V. P. Serbsky State Research Center of Social and Forensic Psychiatry, Moscow.
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40
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Ho HY, Li M. Potential application of embryonic stem cells in Parkinson's disease: drug screening and cell therapy. Regen Med 2007; 1:175-82. [PMID: 17465801 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.1.2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are genetically normal, continuous cell lines that can give rise to a variety of somatic cells in culture. These include the midbrain dopaminergic neurons, a major cell type lost in Parkinson's disease. With the promising outcome of mesencephalic fetal transplantation in some Parkinson's disease patients, the establishment of human ES cells has sparked much attention in both the scientific and general community regarding their potential as an alternative to aborted fetal tissue for cell replacement therapies. There is also great interest in developing the ES cell system as a platform for pharmaceutical and toxicological screening. Progress has been made in developing protocols for dopaminergic neuronal specification in ES cell development. Research to define the criteria for the 'right' category of therapeutic dopaminergic cells is underway. However, the promise of human ES cells rests largely on our ability to expand stem cells without genetic and epigenetic compromise, and to direct stem cell differentiation with absolute phenotypic fidelity. The delivery of these goals will require a much better understanding of the control of ES cell self-renewal, proliferation and the commitment of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Ho
- University of Edinburgh, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Edinburgh, UK
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41
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Dietrich J, Kempermann G. Role of Endogenous Neural Stem Cells in Neurological Disease and Brain Repair. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 557:191-220. [PMID: 16955712 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-30128-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
These examples show that stem-cell-based therapy of neuro-psychiatric disorders will not follow a single scheme, but rather include widely different approaches. This is in accordance with the notion that the impact of stem cell biology on neurology will be fundamental, providing a shift in perspective, rather than introducing just one novel therapeutic tool. Stem cell biology, much like genomics and proteomics, offers a "view from within" with an emphasis on a theoretical or real potential and thereby the inherent openness, which is central to the concept of stem cells. Thus, stem cell biology influences many other, more traditional therapeutic approaches, rather than introducing one distinct novel form of therapy. Substantial advances have been made i n neural stemcell research during the years. With the identification of stem and progenitor cells in the adult brain and the complex interaction of different stem cell compartments in the CNS--both, under physiological and pathological conditions--new questions arise: What is the lineage relationship between t he different progenitor cells in the CNS and how much lineage plasticity exists? What are the signals controlling proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells and can these be utilized to allow repair of the CNS? Insights in these questions will help to better understand the role of stem cells during development and aging and the possible relation of impaired or disrupted stem cell function and their impact on both the development and treatment of neurological disease. A number o f studies have indicated a limited neuronal and glial regeneration certain pathological conditions. These fundamental observations have already changed our view on understanding neurological disease and the brain's capacity for endogenous repair. The following years will have to show how we can influence andmodulate endogenous repair nisms by increasing the cellular plasticity in the young and aged CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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42
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Sergent-Tanguy S, Véziers J, Bonnamain V, Boudin H, Neveu I, Naveilhan P. Cell surface antigens on rat neural progenitors and characterization of the CD3 (+)/CD3 (-) cell populations. Differentiation 2007; 74:530-41. [PMID: 17177850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While the hematopoietic lineage has been extensively studied using cluster of differentiation (CD) antibodies, very few data are available on the extracellular epitopes expressed by rat neural progenitors (rNPC) and their derivatives. In the present study, we used flow cytometry to screen 47 cell surface antigens, initially known as immune markers. The quantitative analyses were performed on rat neurospheres and compared with primary cultures of astroglial cells or cerebellar neurons. Several antigens such as CD80 or CD86 were clearly undetectable while others, like CD26 or CD161, showed a weak expression. Interestingly, 10% and 15% of the cells were immunopositive for CD172a and CD200, two immunoglobulin superfamily members preferentially expressed by glial or neuronal cells, respectively. Over 40% of the cells were immunopositive for CD3, CD71, or MHCI. The biological significance of the latter markers in rNPC remains to be determined but analyses of the CD3(-)/CD3(+) populations isolated by magnetic cell separation revealed differences in their cell fate. Indeed, CD3(+) cells did not establish neurospheres and differentiated mostly into GFAP(+) cells while CD3(-) cells were able to generate neurospheres upon mitogen treatment and gave rise to GFAP(+), A2B5(+), Tuj-1(+), and RIP(+) cells under differentiating conditions. In contrast, CD71(-)/CD71(+) cells did not show any significant difference in their proliferating and differentiating potentials. Finally, it is worth noting that an subpopulation of cells in rat neurospheres exhibit an immunoreactivity against anti-CD25 (IL2 receptor) and anti-CD62L (L-selectin) antibodies. The results reveal particular surface antigen profiles, giving new perspectives on the properties of rat brain-derived cells.
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Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are stable in terms of their pluripotency, karyotype, global gene expression, ability to repair DNA and maintain telomerase levels, and growth characteristics. hESCs offer a renewable source of a wide range of cell types for use in research and cell-based therapies to treat disease. Characterization of cell populations that differentiate from them provides important information on early differentiation events and critical data for subsequent downstream manipulations. A strategy that has evolved in using cells is to develop a master bank of cells from which a working bank is generated, which is then used to generate appropriate cell types for screening, drug discovery, or therapeutic use. Appropriate cells are purified or enriched by one of several selection techniques, and such purified populations are used for most purposes. In this review, the authors discuss recent results and review the progress that has been made in the field, with a focus on using embryonic stem cells for neural targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Choong
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Singapore Stem Cell Consortium, 11 Biopolis Way, Helios 01-02, Singapore 138667.
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44
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Geng Y, Akhtar RS, Shacka JJ, Klocke BJ, Zhang J, Chen X, Roth KA. p53 Transcription-Dependent and -Independent Regulation of Cerebellar Neural Precursor Cell Apoptosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2007; 66:66-74. [PMID: 17204938 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31802d4ab4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cerebellar neural precursor cell (NPC) death is important for both normal brain development and prevention of brain tumor formation. The tumor suppressor p53 is an important regulator of NPC apoptosis, but the precise mechanism of p53-regulated cerebellar NPC death remains largely unknown. Here, by using primary cerebellar NPCs and a mouse cerebellar NPC line, we compared the molecular regulation of cerebellar NPC death produced by staurosporine (STS), a broad-spectrum kinase inhibitor, with that caused by genotoxic agents. We found that both STS- and genotoxin-induced cerebellar NPC death were markedly inhibited by p53 or Bax deficiency. Genotoxin-induced cerebellar NPC death required new protein synthesis and PUMA, a p53 transcriptionally regulated BH3-only molecule. In contrast, STS caused cerebellar NPC death without requiring new protein synthesis or PUMA expression. In addition, genotoxic agents increased nuclear p53 immunoreactivity, whereas STS produced rapid cytoplasmic p53 accumulation. Interestingly, STS-induced death of cerebellar granule neurons was p53-independent, indicating a differentiation-dependent feature of neuronal apoptotic regulation. These results suggest that STS-induced cerebellar NPC death requires a direct effect of p53 on cytoplasmic apoptotic mediators, whereas genotoxin-induced death requires p53-dependent gene transcription of PUMA. Thus, p53 has multiple death promoting mechanisms in cerebellar NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Geng
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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45
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Watson DJ, Walton RM, Magnitsky SG, Bulte JWM, Poptani H, Wolfe JH. Structure-specific patterns of neural stem cell engraftment after transplantation in the adult mouse brain. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:693-704. [PMID: 16839269 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) may be useful for delivering exogenous gene products to the diseased CNS. When NSCs are transplanted into the developing mouse brain, they can migrate extensively and differentiate into cells appropriate to the sites of engraftment, in response to the normal signals directing endogenous cells to their appropriate fates. Much of the prior work on NSC migration in the adult brain has examined directed migration within or toward focal areas of injury such as ischemia, brain tumors, or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions. However, treatment of many genetic disorders that affect the CNS will require widespread dissemination of the donor cells in the postnatal brain, because the lesions are typically distributed globally. We therefore tested the ability of NSCs to migrate in the unlesioned adult mouse brain after stereotaxic transplantation into several structures including the cortex and hippocampus. NSC engraftment was monitored in live animals by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) labeling of cells. Histological studies demonstrated that the cells engrafted in significantly different patterns within different regions of the brain. In the cerebral cortex, donor cells migrated in all directions from the injection site. The cells maintained an immature phenotype and cortical migration was enhanced by trypsin treatment of the cells, indicating a role for cell surface proteins. In the hippocampus, overall cell survival and migration were lower but there was evidence of neuronal differentiation. In the thalamus, the transplanted cells remained in a consolidated mass at the site of injection. These variations in pattern of engraftment should be taken into account when designing treatment approaches in nonlesion models of neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Watson
- W.F. Goodman Center for Comparative Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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46
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Coyne TM, Marcus AJ, Woodbury D, Black IB. Marrow stromal cells transplanted to the adult brain are rejected by an inflammatory response and transfer donor labels to host neurons and glia. Stem Cells 2006; 24:2483-92. [PMID: 16873764 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The remarkable plasticity of marrow stromal cells (MSCs) after transplantation to models of neurological disease and injury has been described. In this report, we investigated the plasticity and long-term survival of MSCs transplanted into the normal brain. MSCs were isolated from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic rats and double-labeled with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and bis benzamide (BBZ) prior to transplantation into the adult hippocampus or striatum. Surgery elicited an immediate inflammatory response. MSC grafts were massively infiltrated by ED1-positive microglia/macrophages and surrounded by a marked astrogliosis. By 14 days, graft volume had retracted and GFP immunoreactivity was absent, indicating complete donor rejection. Consequently, MSCs did not exhibit plasticity formerly identified in other studies. However, BrdU- and BBZ-labeled cells were detected up to 12 weeks. Control transplants of nonviable MSCs demonstrated the transfer of donor labels to host cells. Unexpectedly, BrdU labeling was colocalized to host phagocytes, astrocytes, and neurons in both regions. Our results indicate that MSCs transplanted to the intact adult brain are rejected by an inflammatory response. Moreover, use of the traditional cell labels BrdU and BBZ may provide a misleading index of donor survival and differentiation after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Coyne
- The Ira B. Black Center for Stem Cell Rersearch and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA.
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47
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Watson DJ, Walton RM, Magnitsky SG, Bulte JW, Poptani H, Wolfe JH. Structure-Specific Patterns of Neural Stem Cell Engraftment After Transplantation in the Adult Mouse Brain. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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48
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Mashayekhi F, Salehi Z. The importance of cerebrospinal fluid on neural cell proliferation in developing chick cerebral cortex. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13:266-72. [PMID: 16618344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is mainly produced by the choroid plexuses within the ventricles of the brain. The CSF circulates in a regular manner after the ventricular system and the choroids plexuses have developed, and the foramina in the fourth ventricle have opened to enable it to carry chemical information. CSF flows through the ventricular system passing over all regions of germinal activity. In this study, chick embryos were used to show the importance of CSF on neural cell proliferation in the developing cerebral cortex. The chick embryos were cannulated in situ with a fine capillary tube to drain CSF out of the ventricular system. At the same time, BrdU was administered to the embryos. After surgery the embryos were incubated for another 3 days. Quantitative measurements showed that the thicknesses of the germinal epithelium and cerebral cortex in CSF-drained embryos were less than those in the control group at the same age. The number of cells produced in the germinal epithelium of CSF-drained embryos was decreased when compared with the normal group. This study provides confirmatory evidence that CSF is important for neural cell proliferation and therefore normal development of the cerebral cortex. It is proposed that CSF is vital in controlling development of the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mashayekhi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
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49
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Narang AS, Mahato RI. Biological and Biomaterial Approaches for Improved Islet Transplantation. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:194-243. [PMID: 16714486 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation may be used to treat type I diabetes. Despite tremendous progress in islet isolation, culture, and preservation, the clinical use of this modality of treatment is limited due to post-transplantation challenges to the islets such as the failure to revascularize and immune destruction of the islet graft. In addition, the need for lifelong strong immunosuppressing agents restricts the use of this option to a limited subset of patients, which is further restricted by the unmet need for large numbers of islets. Inadequate islet supply issues are being addressed by regeneration therapy and xenotransplantation. Various strategies are being tried to prevent beta-cell death, including immunoisolation using semipermeable biocompatible polymeric capsules and induction of immune tolerance. Genetic modification of islets promises to complement all these strategies toward the success of islet transplantation. Furthermore, synergistic application of more than one strategy is required for improving the success of islet transplantation. This review will critically address various insights developed in each individual strategy and for multipronged approaches, which will be helpful in achieving better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit S Narang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 26 S. Dunlap St., Feurt Building, Room 413, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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50
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Parish CL, Parisi S, Persico MG, Arenas E, Minchiotti G. Cripto as a target for improving embryonic stem cell-based therapy in Parkinson's disease. Stem Cells 2006; 23:471-6. [PMID: 15790767 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells have been suggested as candidate therapeutic tools for cell replacement therapy in neurodegenerative disorders. However, limitations for the use of these cells lie in our restricted knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in their specialized differentiation and in the risk of tumor formation. Recent findings suggest that the EGF-CFC protein Cripto is a key player in the signaling pathways controlling neural induction in ES cells. Here we show that in vitro differentiation of Cripto(-/-) ES cells results in increased dopaminergic differentiation and that, upon transplantation into Parkinsonian rats, they result in behavioral and anatomical recovery with no tumor formation. The use of knockout ES cells that can generate dopamine cells while eliminating tumor risk holds enormous potential for cell replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Parish
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
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