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Bonorino KC, Iria Kraus S, Henrique Cardoso Martins G, Jorge Probst J, Petry Moeke DM, Henrique Dos Santos Sumar A, Reis Casal Y, Rodolfo Moreira Borges Oliveira F, Sordi R, Assreuy J, Duarte da Silva M, de Camargo Hizume Kunzler D. Lung-brain crosstalk: Behavioral disorders and neuroinflammation in septic survivor mice. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 40:100823. [PMID: 39252983 PMCID: PMC11381903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Although studies have suggested an association between lung infections and increased risk of neuronal disorders (e.g., dementia, cognitive impairment, and depressive and anxious behaviors), its mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, an experimental mice model of pulmonary sepsis was developed to investigate the relationship between lung and brain inflammation. Male Swiss mice were randomly assigned to either pneumosepsis or control groups. Pneumosepsis was induced by intratracheal instillation of Klebsiella pneumoniae, while the control group received a buffer solution. The model's validation included assessing systemic markers, as well as tissue vascular permeability. Depression- and anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive function were assessed for 30 days in sepsis survivor mice, inflammatory profiles, including cytokine levels (lungs, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex) and microglial activation (hippocampus), were examined. Pulmonary sepsis damaged distal organs, caused peripheral inflammation, and increased vascular permeability in the lung and brain, impairing the blood-brain barrier and resulting in bacterial dissemination. After sepsis induction, we observed an increase in myeloperoxidase activity in the lungs (up to seven days) and prefrontal cortex (up to 24 h), proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and percentage of areas with cells positive for ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1) in the hippocampus. Also, depression- and anxiety-like behaviors and changes in short-term memory were observed even 30 days after sepsis induction, suggesting a crosstalk between inflammatory responses of lungs and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jéssica Jorge Probst
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Brazil
| | | | | | - Yuri Reis Casal
- Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Medical School Hospital of the São Paulo University, Brazil
| | | | - Regina Sordi
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jamil Assreuy
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
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2
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Lucon-Xiccato T, De Russi G, Frigato E, Dadda M, Bertolucci C. One-trial odour recognition learning and its underlying brain areas in the zebrafish. Behav Brain Res 2024; 465:114949. [PMID: 38479474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Distinguishing familiar from novel stimuli is critical in many animals' activities, and procedures based on this ability are among the most exploited in translational research in rodents. However, recognition learning and the underlying brain substrates remain unclear outside a few mammalian species. Here, we investigated one-trial recognition learning for olfactory stimuli in a teleost fish using a behavioural and molecular approach. With our behavioural analysis, we found that zebrafish can learn to recognise a novel odour after a single encounter and then, discriminate between this odour and a different one provided that the molecular structure of the cues is relatively differentiated. Subsequently, by expression analysis of immediate early genes in the main brain areas, we found that the telencephalon was activated when zebrafish encountered a familiar odour, whereas the hypothalamus and the optic tectum were activated in response to the novel odour. Overall, this study provided evidence of single-trial spontaneous learning of novel odours in a teleost fish and the presence of multiple neural substrates involved in the process. These findings are promising for the development of zebrafish models to investigate cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Gaia De Russi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Frigato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Dadda
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bertolucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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3
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Roy A, Sharma S, Nag TC, Katyal J, Gupta YK, Jain S. Cognitive Dysfunction and Anxiety Resulting from Synaptic Downscaling, Hippocampal Atrophy, and Ventricular Enlargement with Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin Injection in Male Wistar Rats. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:2179-2202. [PMID: 36069980 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-resistant brain state is proposed to be the early sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which can be studied in the intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) rodent model. ICV-STZ is reported to induce sporadic AD with the majority of the disease hallmarks as phenotype. On the other hand, available experimental evidence has used varying doses of STZ (< 1 to 3 mg/kg) and studied its effect for different study durations, ranging from 14 to 270 days. Though these studies suggest 3 mg/kg of ICV-STZ to be the optimum dose for progressive pathogenesis, the reason for such is elusive. Here, we sought to investigate the mechanism of action of 3 mg/kg ICV-STZ on cognitive and non-cognitive aspects at a follow-up interval of 2 weeks for 2 months. On the 60th day, we examined the layer thickness, cell density, ventricular volume, spine density, protein expression related to brain metabolism, and mitochondrial function by histological examination. The findings suggest a progressive loss of a spatial, episodic, and avoidance memory with an increase in anxiety in a span of 2 months. Furthermore, hippocampal neurodegeneration, ventricular enlargement, diffused amyloid plaque deposition, loss of spine in the dentate gyrus, and imbalance in energy homeostasis were found on the 60th day post-injection. Interestingly, AD rats showed a uniform fraction of time spent in four quadrants of the water maze with a change in strategy when they were exposed to height. Our findings reveal that ICV-STZ injection at a dose of 3 mg/kg can cause cognitive and neuropsychiatric abnormalities due to structural loss both at the neuronal as well as the synaptic level, which is tightly associated with the change in neuronal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Roy
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. .,UMR-5297, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neurosciences, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Sakshi Sharma
- School of Interdisciplinary Research, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Tapas Chandra Nag
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Jatinder Katyal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Suman Jain
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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4
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Kolesnikova TO, Galstyan DS, Demin KA, Barabanov MA, Pestov AV, S de Abreu M, Strekalova T, Kalueff AV. Pharmacological characterization of a novel putative nootropic beta-alanine derivative, MB-005, in adult zebrafish. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:892-902. [PMID: 35713386 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221098192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive deficits represent an urgent biomedical problem, and are commonly reduced by nootropic drugs. Animal models, including both rodents and zebrafish, offer a valuable tool for studying cognitive phenotypes and screening novel nootropics. Beta-alanine and its derivatives have recently been proposed to exert nootropic activity. AIMS This study aimed to characterize putative nootropic profile of a novel β-alanine analogue, 1,3-diaminopropane (MB-005), in adult zebrafish. METHODS Nootropic profile of MB-005 was assessed in adult zebrafish in the novel tank and conditioned place aversion (CPA) tests acutely, and in cued-learning plus-maze (PMT) tests chronically. RESULTS/OUTCOMES MB-005 did not alter zebrafish anxiety-like behavior or monoamine neurochemistry acutely, improved short-term memory in the CPA test, but impaired cognitive performance in both CPA and PMT tests chronically. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This study reveals high sensitivity of zebrafish cognitive phenotypes to MB-005, suggesting it as a potential novel cognitive enhancer acutely, but raises concerns over its cognitive (and, possibly, other) side-effects chronically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David S Galstyan
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Laboratory of Preclinical Bioscreening, Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Pesochny, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Demin
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia.,Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Barabanov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alexander V Pestov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia.,Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | | | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Normal Physiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia.,Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Laboratory of Preclinical Bioscreening, Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Pesochny, Russia.,Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,COBRAIN Center, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia.,Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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5
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Gao Y, Aljazi MB, He J. Kdm6b Haploinsufficiency Causes ASD/ADHD-Like Behavioral Deficits in Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:905783. [PMID: 35711692 PMCID: PMC9194811 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.905783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease that has intellectual disability (ID) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as its common comorbidities. Recent genetic and clinical studies report that KDM6B, a gene encoding a histone H3 lysine 27-specific demethylase, is one of the highest ASD risk genes. However, the relationship between KDM6B mutations and neurodevelopmental diseases remains unclear. Here we use an animal model to show that genetic deletion of one Kdm6b allele in mice leads to autistic-like impaired sociability and object recognition memory. In addition, the mutant mice display markedly increased locomotor activity and impulsivity, two ADHD-like behavioral traits that are ameliorated by methylphenidate treatment. Thus, our study not only uncovers a potential causal link between disruptive KDM6B mutations and ASD/ADHD-like behavioral deficits but also provides a new mouse model for studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the Kdm6b-mutation-related neurodevelopmental diseases.
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6
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Impaired KDM2B-mediated PRC1 recruitment to chromatin causes defective neural stem cell self-renewal and ASD/ID-like behaviors. iScience 2022; 25:103742. [PMID: 35128353 PMCID: PMC8800019 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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7
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Quertenmont M, Toussaint FC, Defrance T, Lam K, Markó IE, Riant O. Continuous Flow Electrochemical Oxidative Cyclization and Successive Functionalization of 2-Pyrrolidinones. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Quertenmont
- Département de Chimie, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Thierry Defrance
- UCB Pharma S.A., Avenue de l’Industrie 1, 1420 Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Kevin Lam
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - István E. Markó
- Département de Chimie, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivier Riant
- Département de Chimie, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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8
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Gao Y, Aljazi MB, Wu Y, He J. Vorinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, ameliorates the sociability and cognitive memory in an Ash1L-deletion-induced ASD/ID mouse model. Neurosci Lett 2021; 764:136241. [PMID: 34509565 PMCID: PMC8572157 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) are neurodevelopmental diseases associated with various gene mutations. Previous genetic and clinical studies reported that ASH1L is a high ASD risk gene identified in human patients. Our recent study used a mouse model to demonstrate that loss of ASH1L in the developing mouse brain was sufficient to cause multiple developmental defects, core autistic-like behaviors, and impaired cognitive memory, suggesting that the disruptive ASH1L mutations are the causative drivers leading the human ASD/ID genesis. Using this Ash1L-deletion-induced ASD/ID mouse model, here we showed that postnatal administration of vorinostat (SAHA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), significantly ameliorated both ASD-like behaviors and ID-like cognitive memory deficit. Thus, our study demonstrates that SAHA is a promising reagent for the pharmacological treatment of core ASD/ID behavioral and memory deficits caused by disruptive ASH1L mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Mohammad B Aljazi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Jin He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
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Toledo RS, Stein DJ, Stefani Sanches PR, de Souza A, da Silva LS, Medeiros HR, de Souza Antunes MA, de Castro JM, Fregni F, Caumo W, Torres ILS. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Reverses the Long-term Memory Impairment and the Decrease of Hippocampal Interleukin-10 Levels, both Induced by Neuropathic Pain in Rats. Neuroscience 2021; 472:51-59. [PMID: 34358630 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is characterized by the presence of spontaneous pain, allodynia and hyperalgesia. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is one of neuromodulatory techniques that induces satisfactory NP relief, including that from refractory pain patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate rTMS treatment over long term memory (LTM) and hippocampal BDNF and IL-10 levels in rats submitted to a NP model. A total of 81 adult (60-days old) male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to one of the following 9 experimental groups: control, control + sham rTMS, control + rTMS, sham neuropathic pain, sham neuropathic pain + sham rTMS, sham neuropathic pain + rTMS, neuropathic pain (NP), neuropathic pain + sham rTMS and neuropathic pain + rTMS. Fourteen days after the surgery for chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve, NP establishment was accomplished. Then, rats were treated with daily 5-minute sessions of rTMS for eight consecutive days. LTM was assessed by the object recognition test (ORT) twenty-four hours after the end of rTMS treatment. Biochemical assays (BDNF and IL-10 levels) were performed in hippocampus tissue homogenates. rTMS treatment reversed the reduction of the discrimination index in the ORT and the hippocampal IL-10 levels in NP rats. This result shows that rTMS reverses the impairment LTM and the increase in the hippocampal IL-10 levels, both induced by NP. Moreover, it appears to be a safe non-pharmacological therapeutic tool since it did not alter LTM and neurochemical parameters in naive animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ströher Toledo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica - Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Neuromodulação: Investigações Pré-Clínicas - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Dirson João Stein
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Neuromodulação: Investigações Pré-Clínicas - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Stefani Sanches
- Serviço de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Engenharia Biomédica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa de Souza
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Neuromodulação: Investigações Pré-Clínicas - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisiane Santos da Silva
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Neuromodulação: Investigações Pré-Clínicas - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Helouise Richardt Medeiros
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Neuromodulação: Investigações Pré-Clínicas - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mayra Angélica de Souza Antunes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Neuromodulação: Investigações Pré-Clínicas - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Josimar Macedo de Castro
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Neuromodulação: Investigações Pré-Clínicas - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Iraci L S Torres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Farmacologia e Terapêutica - Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Neuromodulação: Investigações Pré-Clínicas - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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10
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Gao Y, Duque-Wilckens N, Aljazi MB, Wu Y, Moeser AJ, Mias GI, Robison AJ, He J. Loss of histone methyltransferase ASH1L in the developing mouse brain causes autistic-like behaviors. Commun Biol 2021; 4:756. [PMID: 34145365 PMCID: PMC8213741 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease associated with various gene mutations. Recent genetic and clinical studies report that mutations of the epigenetic gene ASH1L are highly associated with human ASD and intellectual disability (ID). However, the causality and underlying molecular mechanisms linking ASH1L mutations to genesis of ASD/ID remain undetermined. Here we show loss of ASH1L in the developing mouse brain is sufficient to cause multiple developmental defects, core autistic-like behaviors, and impaired cognitive memory. Gene expression analyses uncover critical roles of ASH1L in regulating gene expression during neural cell development. Thus, our study establishes an ASD/ID mouse model revealing the critical function of an epigenetic factor ASH1L in normal brain development, a causality between Ash1L mutations and ASD/ID-like behaviors in mice, and potential molecular mechanisms linking Ash1L mutations to brain functional abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Natalia Duque-Wilckens
- Department of Physiology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Mohammad B Aljazi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Adam J Moeser
- Department of Physiology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - George I Mias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alfred J Robison
- Department of Physiology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jin He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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11
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Gulinello M, Mitchell HA, Chang Q, Timothy O'Brien W, Zhou Z, Abel T, Wang L, Corbin JG, Veeraragavan S, Samaco RC, Andrews NA, Fagiolini M, Cole TB, Burbacher TM, Crawley JN. Rigor and reproducibility in rodent behavioral research. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 165:106780. [PMID: 29307548 PMCID: PMC6034984 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral neuroscience research incorporates the identical high level of meticulous methodologies and exacting attention to detail as all other scientific disciplines. To achieve maximal rigor and reproducibility of findings, well-trained investigators employ a variety of established best practices. Here we explicate some of the requirements for rigorous experimental design and accurate data analysis in conducting mouse and rat behavioral tests. Novel object recognition is used as an example of a cognitive assay which has been conducted successfully with a range of methods, all based on common principles of appropriate procedures, controls, and statistics. Directors of Rodent Core facilities within Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Centers contribute key aspects of their own novel object recognition protocols, offering insights into essential similarities and less-critical differences. Literature cited in this review article will lead the interested reader to source papers that provide step-by-step protocols which illustrate optimized methods for many standard rodent behavioral assays. Adhering to best practices in behavioral neuroscience will enhance the value of animal models for the multiple goals of understanding biological mechanisms, evaluating consequences of genetic mutations, and discovering efficacious therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gulinello
- IDDRC Behavioral Core Facility, Neuroscience Department, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Heather A Mitchell
- IDD Models Core, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Qiang Chang
- IDD Models Core, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - W Timothy O'Brien
- IDDRC Preclinical Models Core, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhaolan Zhou
- IDDRC Preclinical Models Core, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- IDDRC Preclinical Models Core, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Current affiliation: Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Li Wang
- IDDRC Neurobehavioral Core, Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Joshua G Corbin
- IDDRC Neurobehavioral Core, Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Surabi Veeraragavan
- IDDRC Neurobehavioral Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rodney C Samaco
- IDDRC Neurobehavioral Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nick A Andrews
- IDDRC Neurodevelopmental Behavior Core, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michela Fagiolini
- IDDRC Neurodevelopmental Behavior Core, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Toby B Cole
- IDDRC Rodent Behavior Laboratory, Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thomas M Burbacher
- IDDRC Rodent Behavior Laboratory, Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jacqueline N Crawley
- IDDRC Rodent Behavior Core, MIND Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Chronic exercise buffers the cognitive dysfunction and decreases the susceptibility to seizures in PTZ-treated rats. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 98:173-187. [PMID: 31377659 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a serious neurological disorder posing a severe burden to our society. Cognitive deficits are very common comorbidities of epilepsy. It is known that enhanced cognition has been demonstrated as an indicator for successful treatment of epilepsy. Physical exercise shows a positive consequence on cognition in healthy individuals and improves health and life conditions in people with epilepsy. However, there is no direct evidence to determine the role and the potential mechanism of physical exercise on the cognitive impairment and the relationship of susceptibility to seizures. The goal of the current investigation was to explore whether sustained physical exercise improves the cognitive dysfunction and simultaneously decreases the susceptibility to seizures in rats with epilepsy. Rats were treated with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (35 mg/kg, i.p. [intraperitoneally]) for 36 days to induce chronic epilepsy. During the induction period, rats were exposed to voluntary wheel running or forced swimming 30 min prior to each PTZ injection from the 16th day. The cognition of rats was evaluated by object recognition test and passive avoidance test. The susceptibility to seizures was evaluated by seizure frequency and duration. The levels of synaptic-related proteins including PSD95 (postsynaptic density 95), Synapsin, GluA1, and BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) were measured to evaluate the hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, the GAD67 (glutamic acid decarboxylase) levels and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)ergic function in PTZ-treated rats were also determined. Finally, antagonist of GABAAR (GABAA receptors) bicuculline was used to explore the reversal effects of physical activity on seizures and cognition. The results showed that rats subjected to voluntary wheel running or forced swimming showed a significant reduction of seizure frequency and duration in PTZ-treated group relative to rats without running or swimming. In addition, both running and swimming improved cognitive function as measured by enhanced performance in object recognition test and passive avoidance test. Furthermore, the reduced levels of synaptic-related proteins and GABAergic function were reversed by exercise compared with rats without exercise. Moreover, antagonism of hippocampal CA3 (cornu ammonis 3) GABAergic neurons blocks the reversal effects of physical activity on seizures and cognition in PTZ-treated rats. These data showed that chronic physical exercise reduced the frequency of seizures and improved the cognitive function in a rat model of chronic epilepsy through normalization of CA3 synaptic plasticity and GABAergic function. Our findings suggest that chronic physical exercise has beneficial effects on controlling seizure through enhancement of cognition and highlights the possibility to translate into reduced seizure recurrence in people with epilepsy.
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Hu X, Urhie O, Chang K, Hostetler R, Agmon A. A Novel Method for Training Mice in Visuo-Tactile 3-D Object Discrimination and Recognition. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:274. [PMID: 30555307 PMCID: PMC6282041 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceiving, recognizing and remembering 3-dimensional (3-D) objects encountered in the environment has a very high survival value; unsurprisingly, this ability is shared among many animal species, including humans. The psychological, psychophysical and neural basis for object perception, discrimination, recognition and memory has been extensively studied in humans, monkeys, pigeons and rodents, but is still far from understood. Nearly all 3-D object recognition studies in the rodent used the "novel object recognition" paradigm, which relies on innate rather than learned behavior; however, this procedure has several important limitations. Recently, investigators have begun to recognize the power of behavioral tasks learned through reinforcement training (operant conditioning) to reveal the sensorimotor and cognitive abilities of mice and to elucidate their underlying neural mechanisms. Here, we describe a novel method for training and testing mice in visual and tactile object discrimination, recognition and memory, and use it to begin to examine the underlying sensory basis for these cognitive capacities. A custom-designed Y maze was used to train mice to associate one of two 3-D objects with a food reward. Out of nine mice trained in two cohorts, seven reached performance criterion in about 20-35 daily sessions of 20 trials each. The learned association was retained, or rapidly re-acquired, after a 6 weeks hiatus in training. When tested under low light conditions, individual animals differed in the degree to which they used tactile or visual cues to identify the objects. Switching to total darkness resulted only in a transient dip in performance, as did subsequent trimming of all large whiskers (macrovibrissae). Additional removal of the small whiskers (microvibrissae) did not degrade performance, but transiently increased the time spent inspecting the object. This novel method can be combined in future studies with the large arsenal of genetic tools available in the mouse, to elucidate the neural basis of object perception, recognition and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Ogaga Urhie
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Kevin Chang
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Rachel Hostetler
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Ariel Agmon
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
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Grigoruţă M, Vargas-Caraveo A, Vázquez-Mayorga E, Castillo-Michel HA, Díaz-Sánchez ÁG, Reyes-Herrera J, Martínez-Martínez A. Blood mononuclear cells as speculum of emotional stress analyzed by synchrotron infrared spectroscopy and a nootropic drug. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 204:475-483. [PMID: 29966903 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic psychological stress is an important public health issue which generates behavioral changes, anxiety, immunosuppression and oxidative damage. Piracetam is a cognitive enhancer, at cellular level it protects from oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of psychological stress and of piracetam on circulating mononuclear cells by analyzing the biochemical spectrome using Synchrotron Radiation Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy (SR-μFTIR). Rats were exposed for five days to a stressor (cat odor) under oral administration of piracetam (600 mg/kg). SR-μFTIR analysis showed a decrease in bands associated to the lipids region (2852 cm-1, 2923 cm-1 and 2962 cm-1) and an increase absorption of the amide I band (1654 cm-1) under stress conditions. The principal component analysis showed increase oxidation of lipids (decrease of 3010 cm-1, 2923 cm-1 and 2852 cm-1 bands) as well as proteins denaturation (increase of 1610 cm-1 and 1690 cm-1 bands) under stress. Piracetam provided protection to polyunsaturated lipids (p ≤ 0.001) and lipids/proteins ratio (p ≤ 0.001). Behaviorally, this drug diminished fear and anxiety in stressed animals by the plus maze test (p ≤ 0.002). However, this drug induced oxidative stress in mononuclear cells from unstressed animals and altered their behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Grigoruţă
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez (UACJ), Anillo envolvente Pronaf y Estocolmo s/n, 32310 Cd. Juárez, Mexico
| | | | - Emmanuel Vázquez-Mayorga
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez (UACJ), Anillo envolvente Pronaf y Estocolmo s/n, 32310 Cd. Juárez, Mexico
| | | | - Ángel G Díaz-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez (UACJ), Anillo envolvente Pronaf y Estocolmo s/n, 32310 Cd. Juárez, Mexico
| | - Juan Reyes-Herrera
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), B.P. 220, Grenoble, France
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez (UACJ), Anillo envolvente Pronaf y Estocolmo s/n, 32310 Cd. Juárez, Mexico; El Colegio de Chihuahua, Calle Partido Díaz 4723 esquina con Anillo Envolvente del PRONAF, colonia Progresista, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua C.P. 32310, Mexico.
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Leffa DT, Bellaver B, Salvi AA, de Oliveira C, Caumo W, Grevet EH, Fregni F, Quincozes-Santos A, Rohde LA, Torres IL. Transcranial direct current stimulation improves long-term memory deficits in an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and modulates oxidative and inflammatory parameters. Brain Stimul 2018; 11:743-751. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Targa AD, Noseda ACD, Rodrigues LS, Aurich MF, Lima MM. REM sleep deprivation and dopaminergic D2 receptors modulation increase recognition memory in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. Behav Brain Res 2018; 339:239-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ramsaran AI, Sanders HR, Stanton ME. Determinants of object-in-context and object-place-context recognition in the developing rat. Dev Psychobiol 2016; 58:883-895. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam I. Ramsaran
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware
| | - Hollie R. Sanders
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware
| | - Mark E. Stanton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware
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Anderson MJ, Barnes GW, Briggs JF, Ashton KM, Moody EW, Joynes RL, Riccio DC. Effects of Ontogeny on Performance of Rats in a Novel Object-Recognition Task. Psychol Rep 2016; 94:437-43. [PMID: 15154169 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.94.2.437-443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The current experiment investigated ontogenetic forgetting on a novel object-recognition task similar to that of Besheer and Bevins. 18-day-old pups ( n = 49) and adult ( n = 29) rats were tested at two retention intervals (1 min. or 120 min.). By employing exclusion criteria which demanded minimum amounts of object exploration at training and test, the performance of 18-day-old pups but not that of adults was significantly impaired at 120 min. relative to 1 min. Analysis indicated that the ontogeny of the learning and memory measured in novel object recognition follows a developmental trend similar to that of other forms of learning, with older animals remembering more and thus performing better than younger animals. Unfortunately, given the extreme variability inherent to the task and large N necessary to achieve significance, the use of this task in studies of learning, memory, and development is discouraged.
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O’Shea M, Singh ME, McGregor IS, Mallet PE. Chronic cannabinoid exposure produces lasting memory impairment and increased anxiety in adolescent but not adult rats. J Psychopharmacol 2016. [PMID: 15582916 DOI: 10.1177/0269881104047277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies have examined the acute behavioural effects of cannabinoids in rodents, few have examined the lasting effects of cannabinoids at different developmental ages. This study compared lasting effects of cannabinoid exposure occurring in adolescence to that occurring in early adulthood. Forty, 30-day old (adolescent) and 18, 56-day old (adult) female albino Wistar rats were injected with vehicle or incremental doses of the cannabinoid receptor agonist (-)- cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]- trans-4-(3-hydroxypropyl) cyclohexanol (CP 55,940) once per day for 21 consecutive days (150, 200 and 300 μg/kg i.p. for 3, 8 and 10 days, respectively). Following a 21-day drug-free period, working memory was assessed using an object recognition task. Locomotor activity was also measured in the object recognition apparatus via a ceiling-mounted passive infrared sensor. Three days later, anxiety was assessed using a social interaction test. In the object recognition task, significantly poorer working memory was observed in the adolescent but not adult CP 55,940-treated rats. Adolescent, but not adult CP 55,940-treated rats, also exhibited a significant decrease in social interaction with a novel conspecific. These results suggest that chronic exposure to a cannabinoid receptor agonist well after the immediate postnatal period, but before reaching sexual maturity, can lead to increased anxiety and a lasting impairment of working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie O’Shea
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malini E. Singh
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Iain S. McGregor
- School of Psychology, Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul E. Mallet
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Bharne AP, Borkar CD, Bodakuntla S, Lahiri M, Subhedar NK, Kokare DM. Pro-cognitive action of CART is mediated via ERK in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2016; 26:1313-27. [PMID: 27258934 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) is detected in several cortical and subcortical areas, its role in higher functions has been largely ignored. We examined the significance of CART in memory formation and tested if the downstream actions of CART involve N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) activated extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Newly formed memory was evaluated using novel object recognition test consisting of familiarization (T1) and choice trials (T2). The choice trials were performed at two time points: 30-min (T230-min ) and 24-h (T224-h ) postacquisition. In choice trial (T230-min ), vehicle control rats explored the novel object for significantly longer duration than the familiar object indicating intact memory formation. However, CART-antibody, U0126 [ERK antagonist, both via intracerebroventricular (icv) or intrahippocampal (ih) route] or MK-801 (NMDA antagonist; intraperitoneal) treated rats spent less time exploring novel objects; CART peptide (icv or ih) was ineffective. During choice trial at T224-h , a significant decrease in novel object exploration time was noticed in vehicle control rats suggesting amnesia. However, treatment with CART, prior to familiarization trial (T1), promoted exploration of the novel object even at T224-h . Pretreatment with U0126 or MK-801 blocked pro-cognitive-like effect of CART suggesting involvement of NMDA-ERK pathway in CART's action. Animals subjected to the object familiarization trial showed a drastic increase in the CART-immunoreactivity in the cells of cornu ammonis 3 and polymorph layer of dentate gyrus, and fibers within ento- (ENT) and peri-rhinal (PRH) cortices. Western blot analysis revealed that CART treatment significantly up-regulated the expression of phospo-ERK1/2 in hippocampus, ENT and PRH. This effect was attenuated following pretreatment with U0126 or MK-801, suggesting the activation of ERK signaling cascade through NMDA receptors. Thus, CART system seems to play an important role in recognition memory and that these effects may be mediated by NMDA receptors-ERK signaling in the ENT/PRH-hippocampal circuit. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish P Bharne
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Chandrashekhar D Borkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Satish Bodakuntla
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Mayurika Lahiri
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Nishikant K Subhedar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Dadasaheb M Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India.
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Leffa DT, de Souza A, Scarabelot VL, Medeiros LF, de Oliveira C, Grevet EH, Caumo W, de Souza DO, Rohde LAP, Torres ILS. Transcranial direct current stimulation improves short-term memory in an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:368-377. [PMID: 26792443 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by impairing levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. However, different meta-analyses have reported disruptions in short and long-term memory in ADHD patients. Previous studies indicate that mnemonic dysfunctions might be the result of deficits in attentional circuits, probably due to ineffective dopaminergic modulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. In this study we aimed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of a neuromodulatory technique, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), in short-term memory (STM) deficits presented by the spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR), the most widely used animal model of ADHD. Adult male SHR and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) were subjected to a constant electrical current of 0.5 mA intensity applied on the frontal cortex for 20 min/day during 8 days. STM was evaluated with an object recognition test conducted in an open field. Exploration time and locomotion were recorded, and brain regions were dissected to determine dopamine and BDNF levels. SHR spent less time exploring the new object when compared to WKY, and tDCS improved object recognition deficits in SHR without affecting WKY performance. Locomotor activity was higher in SHR and it was not affected by tDCS. After stimulation, dopamine levels were increased in the hippocampus and striatum of both strains, while BDNF levels were increased only in the striatum of WKY. These findings suggest that tDCS on the frontal cortex might be able to improve STM deficits present in SHR, which is potentially related to dopaminergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus and striatum of those animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Teixeira Leffa
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Biochemistry Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre clinical studies-Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andressa de Souza
- Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre clinical studies-Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Leal Scarabelot
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre clinical studies-Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Liciane Fernandes Medeiros
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre clinical studies-Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carla de Oliveira
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre clinical studies-Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eugenio Horacio Grevet
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Wolnei Caumo
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre de Souza
- Biochemistry Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis Augusto Paim Rohde
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil
| | - Iraci L S Torres
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit and Graduate Research Group, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre clinical studies-Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Laureano-Melo R, Império GED, da Silva-Almeida C, Kluck GEG, Cruz Seara FDA, da Rocha FF, da Silveira ALB, Reis LC, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, da Silva Côrtes W. Sodium selenite supplementation during pregnancy and lactation promotes anxiolysis and improves mnemonic performance in wistar rats' offspring. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 138:123-32. [PMID: 26364924 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Selenium is a micronutrient which is part of selenoprotein molecules and participates in a vast number of physiological roles and, among them,we have fetal and neonatal development. Therefore, the aimof this studywas to evaluate possible behavioral changes in offspring of female rats supplemented during pregnancy and lactation with sodium selenite. To address that, we treated two groups of female rats by saline or sodium selenite at a dose of 1mg/kg through oral route and performed neurochemical and behavioral tests. In the offspring, the thyroid profile and hippocampal neurochemistrywere evaluated. Behavioral testswere performed in pups both during childhood and adulthood. We found out that selenium (Se) supplementation increased serum levels of triiodothyronine (25%, p b 0.001) and thyroxine (18%, p b 0.05) and promoted a tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH 2) expression decrease (17%, p b 0.01) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression increase (202%, p b 0.01) in the hippocampus. The cholinesterase activity was decreased (28%, p b 0.01) in Se supplemented rats, suggesting a neurochemical modulation in the hippocampal activity. During childhood, the Sesupplemented offspring had a reduction in anxiety-like behavior both in elevated plus maze test and in light–dark box test. In adulthood, Se-treated pups had an increase in the locomotor activity (36%, p b 0.05) and in rearing episodes (77%, p b 0.001) in the open field test, while in the elevated plus maze test they also exhibited an increase in the time spent in the open arms (243%, p b 0.01). For the object recognition test, Se-treated offspring showed increase in the absolute (230.16%, p b 0.05) and relative index discrimination (234%, p b 0.05). These results demonstrate that maternal supplementation by sodium selenite promoted psychobiological changes both during childhood and adulthood. Therefore, the behavioral profile observed possibly can be explained by neurochemical changes induced by thyroid hormones during the critical period of the central nervous system ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Laureano-Melo
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropedica, Brazil
| | - Güínever Eustáquio do Império
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio da Silva-Almeida
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropedica, Brazil
| | - George Eduardo Gabriel Kluck
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoproteins Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Azevedo Cruz Seara
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropedica, Brazil
| | - Fábio Fagundes da Rocha
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropedica, Brazil
| | - Anderson Luiz Bezerra da Silveira
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropedica, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos Reis
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropedica, Brazil
| | - Tania Maria Ortiga-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wellington da Silva Côrtes
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropedica, Brazil.
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Winne J, Teixeira L, de Andrade Pessoa J, Gavioli EC, Soares-Rachetti V, André E, Lobão-Soares B. There is more to the picture than meets the rat: A study on rodent geometric shape and proportion preferences. Behav Brain Res 2015; 284:187-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Environmental enrichment reverses histone methylation changes in the aged hippocampus and restores age-related memory deficits. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:298-313. [PMID: 25836028 PMCID: PMC4498301 DOI: 10.3390/biology4020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A decline in long-term memory (LTM) formation is a common feature of the normal aging process, which corresponds with abnormal expression of memory-related genes in the aged hippocampus. Epigenetic modulation of chromatin structure is required for proper transcriptional control of genes, such as the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) and Zif268 in the hippocampus during the consolidation of new memories. Recently, the view has emerged that aberrant transcriptional regulation of memory-related genes may be reflective of an altered epigenetic landscape within the aged hippocampus, resulting in memory deficits with aging. Here, we found that baseline resting levels for tri-methylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 and 14 (H3K9,K14ac) were altered in the aged hippocampus as compared to levels in the hippocampus of young adult rats. Interestingly, object learning failed to increase activity-dependent H3K4me3 and di-methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2) levels in the hippocampus of aged adults as compared to young adults. Treatment with the LSD-1 histone demethylase inhibitor, t-PCP, increased baseline resting H3K4me3 and H3K9,K14ac levels in the young adult hippocampus, while young adult rats exhibited similar memory deficits as observed in aged rats. After environmental enrichment (EE), we found that object learning induced increases in H3K4me3 levels around the Bdnf, but not the Zif268, gene region in the aged hippocampus and rescued memory deficits in aged adults. Collectively, these results suggest that histone lysine methylation levels are abnormally regulated in the aged hippocampus and identify histone lysine methylation as a transcriptional mechanism by which EE may serve to restore memory formation with aging.
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Brodziak A, Kołat E, Różyk-Myrta A. In search of memory tests equivalent for experiments on animals and humans. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:2733-9. [PMID: 25524993 PMCID: PMC4280055 DOI: 10.12659/msm.891056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Older people often exhibit memory impairments. Contemporary demographic trends cause aging of the society. In this situation, it is important to conduct clinical trials of drugs and use training methods to improve memory capacity. Development of new memory tests requires experiments on animals and then clinical trials in humans. Therefore, we decided to review the assessment methods and search for tests that evaluate analogous cognitive processes in animals and humans. This review has enabled us to propose 2 pairs of tests of the efficiency of working memory capacity in animals and humans. We propose a basic set of methods for complex clinical trials of drugs and training methods to improve memory, consisting of 2 pairs of tests: 1) the Novel Object Recognition Test – Sternberg Item Recognition Test and 2) the Object-Location Test – Visuospatial Memory Test. We postulate that further investigations of methods that are equivalent in animals experiments and observations performed on humans are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Brodziak
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Estera Kołat
- Institute of Nursing, University of Applied Sciences, Nysa, Poland
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Lucon-Xiccato T, Dadda M. Assessing memory in zebrafish using the one-trial test. Behav Processes 2014; 106:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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N-Acetylmannosamine Improves Object Recognition and Hippocampal Cell Proliferation in Middle-Aged Mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:2249-54. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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April LB, Bruce K, Galizio M. The Magic Number 70 (plus or minus 20): Variables Determining Performance in the Rodent Odor Span Task. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2013; 44:143-158. [PMID: 23729864 DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory span task (OST) uses an incrementing non-matching to sample procedure such that the number of stimuli to remember increases during the session. The number of consecutive correct responses (span length) and percent correct as a function of the memory load have been viewed as defining rodent working memory capacity limitations in several studies using the OST. However, the procedural parameters of the OST vary across experiments and their effects are not well understood. For example, in several studies, the number of stimuli to remember is confounded with the number of comparison stimuli displayed in the test arena. Experiment 1 addressed whether performance is influenced by the number of comparison choices available on any given trial (2, 5, 10) as well as the number of odor stimuli to remember during a session (12, 24, 36). Performance was most accurate when the number of stimuli to remember was low, as would be expected from a working memory interpretation of OST. However, accuracy was also affected by the number of comparison stimulus choices. High levels of accuracy were seen even with 36 odors, suggesting that the capacity for odor memory in rats was greater than suggested by previous research. Experiment 2 attempted to define this capacity by programming sessions with 36, 48 or 72 stimuli to remember in a group of rats that had previously received extensive OST training. Highly accurate performance (80% correct or better) was sustained throughout the session at even the greatest memory loads, arguing strongly against the notion that the OST models the limited capacity of human working memory. Experiment 3 explored the possibility that stimulus control in the OST is based on relative stimulus familiarity, rather than recognition of stimuli not yet presented during the current session. Number of odor cups visited increased with the number of comparisons in the arena, but rats rarely sampled all of the comparison odors before responding. However, on probe trials which included only stimuli that had been presented during the session, latency to respond and number of comparisons sampled was sharply increased. These data suggest that responding in the OST is determined not just by relative familiarity, but rather by a more specific "what-when" or perhaps "how long ago" form of stimulus control.
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Chen H, Li G, Zhan P, Guo X, Ding Q, Wang S, Liu X. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel ligustrazinylated derivatives as potent cardiovascular agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md20352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel ligustrazinylated derivatives was designed, synthesized and evaluated for their platelet aggregation inhibition and protective effect on injured ECV-304 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Educational Ministry of China)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
| | - Guoning Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Educational Ministry of China)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Educational Ministry of China)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
| | - Xiuli Guo
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Biology
- School of Medicine
- Weifang Medical University
- Weifang 261053
- China
| | - Shouxun Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Biology
- School of Medicine
- Weifang Medical University
- Weifang 261053
- China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Educational Ministry of China)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
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Borrelli S, Musilli M, Martino A, Diana G. Long-lasting efficacy of the cognitive enhancer cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1. Neuropharmacology 2012; 64:74-80. [PMID: 22659407 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPases are key regulators of the activity-dependent changes of neural circuits. Besides being involved in nervous system development and repair, this neural structural plasticity is believed to constitute the cellular basis of learning and memory. Here we report that concurrent modulation of cerebral Rho GTPases, including Rac, Rho and Cdc42 subfamilies, by Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 (CNF1, 10 fmol/kg intracerebroventricularly) improves object recognition in both C57BL/6J and CD1 mice. The improvement is long lasting, as it is still observed 90 days post treatment. At this time, the treatment is associated with enhancement of neurotransmission and long-term potentiation. The effects depend on changes in Rho GTPase status, since the recombinant molecule CNF1 C866S, in which the enzymatic activity was abolished through substitution of serine to cysteine at position 866, is ineffective. The study confirms the role of Rho GTPases in learning and suggests that a single administration of CNF1 is effective for a long time after administration. In general, the long-lasting cognition enhancing effect of CNF1 might be beneficial for the treatment of CNS disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Borrelli
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
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Reneerkens OA, Rutten K, Akkerman S, Blokland A, Shaffer CL, Menniti FS, Steinbusch HW, Prickaerts J. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibition improves object recognition memory: Indications for central and peripheral mechanisms. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 97:370-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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van Goethem NP, Rutten K, van der Staay FJ, Jans LAW, Akkerman S, Steinbusch HWM, Blokland A, van't Klooster J, Prickaerts J. Object recognition testing: rodent species, strains, housing conditions, and estrous cycle. Behav Brain Res 2012; 232:323-34. [PMID: 22481082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The object recognition task (ORT) allows assessing learning and memory processes in rodents. In this study, two areas in which knowledge about the ORT could be extended were addressed; i.e. generality to species and strains, and intervening variables including housing and estrous cycle. Regarding generality to species and strains, the ORT performance of golden hamsters was assessed. The hamsters showed sufficient exploration times, object recognition performance, and a retention-interval dependent decline similar to rats and mice. Subsequently, we tested three mouse strains which have not been described before in the ORT; i.e. OF1, NMRI, and SJL mice. OF1 and NMRI strains performed equally well, whereas the SJL strain showed low exploration times and no memory retention. Therefore, the SJL strain is unsuited for ORT experiments using a 1h retention interval and a fixed (3 min) trial duration. Furthermore, the sensitivity to a pharmacological memory deficit model (scopolamine) was tested in three rat strains. Each strain showed a dose dependent relationship, but the least effective dose of scopolamine differed among the three strains, the effect being greater in the order of Wistar, Long-Evans, Hooded Lister rats. Finally, to investigate potential intervening variables in the ORT, the effects of housing conditions and estrous cycle were investigated with rats. Single housing resulted in absolute higher performance than social housing. Furthermore, females in pro-estrus/estrus showed better performance compared to females in met-estrus/di-estrus. Taken together, object recognition appears to be a common ability of rodent species, but different strains have different memory capacities and sensitivities to scopolamine, individual housing leads to higher performance, and performance of females is dependent on the estrous cycle phase. Thus, rodent species, strain, housing, and estrous cycle should be taken into consideration in ORT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick P van Goethem
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience-MHeNS, European Graduate School of Neuroscience-EURON, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Li S, Fan YX, Wang W, Tang YY. Effects of acute restraint stress on different components of memory as assessed by object-recognition and object-location tasks in mice. Behav Brain Res 2012; 227:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Yamada K, Horita T, Takayama M, Takahashi S, Takaba K, Nagata Y, Suzuki N, Kanda T. Effect of a centrally active angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, perindopril, on cognitive performance in chronic cerebral hypo-perfusion rats. Brain Res 2011; 1421:110-20. [PMID: 21981801 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that perindopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, ameliorated the cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease model animals, independently of its anti-hypertensive effect. In this study, we again investigated the effects of perindopril on cognitive function in a vascular dementia model animal, comparing it with other ACE inhibitors. We also determined ACE activity in the brain and extracellular acetylcholine (ACh) concentration in the perirhinal cortex in order to elucidate the mechanism(s) responsible for the effects of these ACE inhibitors on cognitive function. Perindopril was suggested to be more centrally active than imidapril and enalapril, in consideration of the relative distribution of their active metabolites in the brain. This property was at least partially attributed to the lipophilicity of the compound. While the 3 day treatment with perindopril, imidapril or enalapril lowered blood pressure to the same level in spontaneous hypertensive rats, only perindopril reversed the decline in the recognition index in chronic cerebral hypo-perfusion rats, regarded as an animal model of vascular dementia, during an object recognition task. Using the same dosing regimen, perindopril inhibited the brain ACE activities of rats more than imidapril or enalapril. Moreover, a single treatment with perindopril enhanced the extracellular level of ACh in the perirhinal cortex of normal rats. Therefore, we confirmed that only centrally active ACE inhibitors, such as perindopril, can inhibit the ACE in the brain, augmenting cholinergic neurotransmission and thereby ameliorating cognitive impairment in the animal model of vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamada
- Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Research Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan.
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Maehara S, Okuda S, Ohta H. Ameliorative effect of N-desmethylclozapine in animal models of social deficits and cognitive functions. Brain Res Bull 2011; 86:146-51. [PMID: 21855612 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the major circulating metabolites of clozapine, N-desmethylclozapine (NDMC), has been demonstrated to exhibit partial agonistic activity at M(1) muscarinic receptors. Some of the unique therapeutic effects of clozapine might involve the pharmacological effects of this metabolite. The purpose of the present study was therefore to examine whether NDMC improved behavioral abnormalities in animal models of social deficits and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. NDMC (3mg/kg) and clozapine (1-3mg/kg) each improved the reduction of social interaction caused by a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, 5R,10S-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801) (0.1mg/kg), without affecting locomotor activity in rats. NDMC (3-10mg/kg) and clozapine (1-3mg/kg) each also resulted in better discrimination of a novel from a familiar object 24h after a training trial in a rat object recognition test. These findings suggest that NDMC can improve behavior in animal models of social deficits and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia as well as clozapine.
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Kealy J, Commins S. The rat perirhinal cortex: A review of anatomy, physiology, plasticity, and function. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 93:522-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gieling ET, Nordquist RE, van der Staay FJ. Assessing learning and memory in pigs. Anim Cogn 2011; 14:151-73. [PMID: 21203792 PMCID: PMC3040303 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-010-0364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in (mini) pigs (Sus scrofa) as species for cognitive research. A major reason for this is their physiological and anatomical similarity with humans. For example, pigs possess a well-developed, large brain. Assessment of the learning and memory functions of pigs is not only relevant to human research but also to animal welfare, given the nature of current farming practices and the demands they make on animal health and behavior. In this article, we review studies of pig cognition, focusing on the underlying processes and mechanisms, with a view to identifying. Our goal is to aid the selection of appropriate cognitive tasks for research into pig cognition. To this end, we formulated several basic criteria for pig cognition tests and then applied these criteria and knowledge about pig-specific sensorimotor abilities and behavior to evaluate the merits, drawbacks, and limitations of the different types of tests used to date. While behavioral studies using (mini) pigs have shown that this species can perform learning and memory tasks, and much has been learned about pig cognition, results have not been replicated or proven replicable because of the lack of validated, translational behavioral paradigms that are specially suited to tap specific aspects of pig cognition. We identified several promising types of tasks for use in studies of pig cognition, such as versatile spatial free-choice type tasks that allow the simultaneous measurement of several behavioral domains. The use of appropriate tasks will facilitate the collection of reliable and valid data on pig cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Titia Gieling
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Emotion and Cognition Program, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Elizabeth Nordquist
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Emotion and Cognition Program, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Franz Josef van der Staay
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Emotion and Cognition Program, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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The pig as a model animal for studying cognition and neurobehavioral disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011; 7:359-83. [PMID: 21287323 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In experimental animal research, a short phylogenetic distance, i.e., high resemblance between the model species and the species to be modeled is expected to increase the relevance and generalizability of results obtained in the model species. The (mini)pig shows multiple advantageous characteristics that have led to an increase in the use of this species in studies modeling human medical issues, including neurobehavioral (dys)functions. For example, the cerebral cortex of pigs, unlike that of mice or rats, has cerebral convolutions (gyri and sulci) similar to the human neocortex. We expect that appropriately chosen pig models will yield results of high translational value. However, this claim still needs to be substantiated by research, and the area of pig research is still in its infancy. This chapter provides an overview of the pig as a model species for studying cognitive dysfunctions and neurobehavioral disorders and their treatment, along with a discussion of the pros and cons of various tests, as an aid to researchers considering the use of pigs as model animal species in biomedical research.
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Parra A, Ferrer-Añó A, Fuentes C, Monleón S, Vinader-Caerols C. Effects of co-administration of amitriptyline and fluoxetine on inhibitory avoidance in mice. Behav Brain Res 2010; 214:343-8. [PMID: 20540965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have previously observed that, while the impairing effects of amitriptyline on inhibitory avoidance in mice are consistently observed, those of acute fluoxetine are negligible. Two experiments were designed to investigate whether a regular dose of fluoxetine potentiates the effect of a low dose of amitriptyline that is ineffective when administered alone. Male and female CD1 mice were administered i.p. 30 min before training, as follows. In the first experiment, they were injected with saline, one of three doses of amitriptyline (2.5, 5, 10mg/kg), one dose of fluoxetine (15 mg/kg), or a combination of amitriptyline (2.5mg/kg) and fluoxetine (15 mg/kg). In the second experiment, the mice were injected with saline, amitriptyline (2.5mg/kg), one of three doses of fluoxetine (10, 15, 20mg/kg), or a combination of 2.5mg/kg of amitriptyline and one of the three mentioned doses of fluoxetine. Drug doses were selected based on previous experiments in our laboratory reported in other publications. The behavioural procedure used to test the effects of these treatments was step-through inhibitory avoidance. The joint administration of amitriptyline 2.5mg/kg and fluoxetine 15 mg/kg had a clear impairing effect on inhibitory avoidance as observed in the two experiments. The dose of 2.5mg/kg of amitriptyline, given alone, was ineffective. Doses of 5mg/kg, or higher, of amitriptyline impaired inhibitory avoidance. The only effect detected when fluoxetine was administered separately was in the males of the experiment 1, which exhibited less avoidance than controls. Our preclinical research throws light on the benefits of the combined administration of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Parra
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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A comparison of two cognitive test paradigms in a penetrating brain injury model. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 189:84-7. [PMID: 20346980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A rat model of penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) was recently established to study military-relevant severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The purpose of this study was to conduct a side-by-side evaluation of two well-established cognitive testing paradigms: the novel object recognition (NOR) task and the Morris water maze (MWM) task. Accordingly, male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to PBBI and their cognitive abilities were assessed at 7 and 21 days post-PBBI. Although PBBI animals had more difficulty completing both tasks compared to sham animals, their performance on the NOR task was confounded by a high degree of within-group variability that was likely due to attention deficits produced by the injury. In contrast, PBBI produced consistent, significant spatial learning deficits in the MWM task. Overall, these results suggest that the MWM task provides a more appropriate cognitive test for the PBBI model that would be useful for testing promising neuroprotective therapeutics.
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Balassa T, Szemerszky R, Bárdos G. Effect of short-term 50 Hz electromagnetic field exposure on the behavior of rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 96:437-48. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.96.2009.4.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gaskin S, Tardif M, Cole E, Piterkin P, Kayello L, Mumby DG. Object familiarization and novel-object preference in rats. Behav Processes 2009; 83:61-71. [PMID: 19874876 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether object familiarization was related to novel-object preference in the novel-object preference (NOP) test in rats. In Experiment 1, we found that no significant correlation existed between the time spent investigating 2 identical copies of a sample object and the degree of preference for a novel object. In Experiment 2, rats investigated 2 identical sample objects for a total of 5, 30, 60, 90 or 120s. Investigatory preference for the novel object was compared to chance expectancy as well as between the groups. Only the 90-s group and the 120-s group displayed above-chance investigatory preference for the novel object, but novel-object preference for these 2 groups did not differ from each other, suggesting that a minimal amount of sample object investigation is necessary for rats to develop a novel-object preference, beyond which no increase in novel-object preference was found. In Experiments 3 and 4, normal rats and rats with hippocampal lesions were given repeated test trials, with the same sample object presented with a different novel object, at 24-h and (Experiment 3) and 35-s intervals (Experiment 4). In both experiments, novel-object preference did not increase in magnitude with repeated sample object exposures, suggesting that increased familiarity with the sample object does not result in increased novel-object preference. Rats with lesions of the dorsal hippocampus showed an unreliable investigatory preference for the novel object. These results are discussed in terms of the potential limitations of the NOP test as a tool for the assessment of object-recognition memory in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Gaskin
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Ballaz SJ. Differential novelty detection in rats selectively bred for novelty-seeking behavior. Neurosci Lett 2009; 461:45-8. [PMID: 19497351 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
"Novelty-seeking" behavior describes the variability of rats' locomotor response, namely high and low responders (HR and LR respectively), when exposed to a novel environment. Novelty-seeking in the rat is considered to model "sensation-seeking" in humans, a personality trait related to substance abuse. It is assumed that HR rats and LR rats differ in their emotional reactivity because of the disparate incentive value of contextual stimulus, thus differentially interacting with their environment. However, little is known about how HR and LR rats recognize novelty arising from the environment. The present study evaluates whether phenotype may affect spontaneous, non-spatial novelty discrimination. Selectively bred HR and LR rats were submitted to the novel-object recognition test. The task involved a delay of 3h after a first encounter with an object ("old"), which had to be discriminated from a second object ("new"). Object discrimination was assessed minute-by-minute during a 3-min choice session. Amnesic effects of scopolamine (0.5mg/kg, intraperitoneal) were also analyzed. HR-bred rats showed sustained novel-object recognition throughout the 3-min choice session, whereas LR-bred rats began to discriminate between objects only in the last minute. Surprisingly, level of discrimination in scopolamine-treated HR-bred rats was significant during the first minute of the choice test and diminished thereafter, presumably because both objects became equally familiar as they were explored. Additionally, scopolamine induced changes in muscarine M(2) receptor gene expression in a phenotype-dependent manner. Because consistent object discrimination mainly arises during the first minute, these findings may reflect differential novelty detection in HR-bred respect to LR-bred rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago J Ballaz
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Gouliaev AH, M⊘nster JB, Veds⊘ M, Senning A. SYNTHETIC AND ANALYTICAL ASPECTS OF THE CHEMISTRY OF PIRACETAM-TYPE SUBSTITUTED PYRROLIDINES. A REVIEW. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00304949509458465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Woolley ML, Waters KA, Gartlon JE, Lacroix LP, Jennings C, Shaughnessy F, Ong A, Pemberton DJ, Harries MH, Southam E, Jones DNC, Dawson LA. Evaluation of the pro-cognitive effects of the AMPA receptor positive modulator, 5-(1-piperidinylcarbonyl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (CX691), in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 202:343-54. [PMID: 18795266 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/31/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Positive allosteric modulators of the glutamatergic alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor do not stimulate AMPA receptors directly but delay deactivation of the receptor and/or slow its desensitisation. This results in increased synaptic responses and enhanced long-term potentiation. Thus, it has been suggested that such compounds may have utility for the treatment of cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of an AMPA positive modulator, CX691, (1) in three rodent models of learning and memory, (2) on neurochemistry in the dorsal hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex following acute administration, and (3) on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in the rat hippocampus following acute and sub-chronic administration. RESULTS CX691 attenuated a scopolamine-induced impairment of cued fear conditioning following acute administration (0.1 mg/kg p.o.) and a temporally induced deficit in novel object recognition following both acute (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg p.o.) and sub-chronic (bi-daily for 7 days) administration (0.01, 0.03, 0.1 mg/kg p.o.). It also improved attentional set-shifting following sub-chronic administration (0.3 mg/kg p.o.). Acute CX691 (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg, p.o.) increased extracellular levels of acetylcholine in the dorsal hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex and dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex. Sub-chronic administration of CX691 (0.1 mg/kg, p.o.) elevated BDNF mRNA expression in both the whole and CA(1) sub-region of the hippocampus (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data support the pro-cognitive activity reported for AMPA receptor positive modulators and suggest that these compounds may be of benefit in treating disorders characterised by cognitive deficits such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Woolley
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline plc, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM195AW, UK.
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van der Staay FJ, Rutten K, Bärfacker L, DeVry J, Erb C, Heckroth H, Karthaus D, Tersteegen A, van Kampen M, Blokland A, Prickaerts J, Reymann KG, Schröder UH, Hendrix M. The novel selective PDE9 inhibitor BAY 73-6691 improves learning and memory in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2008; 55:908-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Jurdak N, Kanarek RB. Sucrose-induced obesity impairs novel object recognition learning in young rats. Physiol Behav 2008; 96:1-5. [PMID: 18718844 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its metabolic consequences, obesity may lead to impairments in learning and memory. To test this possibility, male Long-Evans rats were fed ground chow, or chow and either a 32% sucrose solution or hydrogenated vegetable fat (Crisco) for eight weeks. Cognitive behavior was then assessed using a novel object recognition task. To determine if there was a relationship between cognitive behavior and glucose metabolism, performance on the novel object recognition task was correlated with fasting blood glucose levels and responses on an oral glucose tolerance test. Rats fed sucrose or fat consumed more calories, gained more weight, and had larger epididymal fat pads than rats fed only chow. Additionally, fasting blood glucose levels, and the area under the glucose curve following an oral glucose tolerance test were greater in rats consuming a supplemental source of fat or sucrose than in those eating only chow. During training when rats were presented with two identical objects in an open field, time spent exploring the objects did not differ as a function of dietary conditions. However, when rats were tested 1 h later with one familiar and one novel object, rats given sucrose spent significantly less time exploring the novel object than rats eating only chow. The percent of time spent exploring the novel object was negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose levels, final body weights, and epididymal fat pad weights. It is hypothesized that the impairment in object recognition in rats eating sucrose is due, at least in part, to diet-induced alterations in glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Jurdak
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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Hybridizing behavioral models: a possible solution to some problems in neurophenotyping research? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1172-8. [PMID: 18222590 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of batteries of single-domain tests for neurophenotyping research is a common strategy to achieve higher data density and explore different behavioral domains. This approach, however, is accompanied by several methodological challenges, briefly discussed here. As an alternative, this paper advocates the wider use of extensive "hybrid" protocols that assess multiple domains in parallel, or logically/logistically combine experimental paradigms, in a way that disproportionately maximizes the number of tested phenotypes per experimental manipulation. Several examples of this approach are given in this paper, demonstrating the potential to reduce time, cost and subject requirements for the experiments. Offering behavioral analyses that are lacking in the standard single-domain tests, such "hybrid" models enable innovative modeling of neuropsychiatric disorders by more thorough and broader investigation of complex phenotypical characteristics.
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Spaced initial stimulus familiarization enhances novelty preference in Long-Evans rats. Behav Processes 2008; 78:481-6. [PMID: 18358637 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Berlyne [Berlyne, D.E., 1950. Novelty and curiosity as determinants of exploratory behaviour. Brit. J. Psychol. 41, 68-80] first illustrated that rats prefer to explore novel objects over ones with which they have had previous experience. Recently, variants on this novel object recognition (NOR) task have become widely popular and have been employed in numerous neuroscience and behavioral pharmacological studies investigating memory processes. Given this popularity, a thorough understanding of the various behavioral processes involved in novelty reaction and preference is essential. The current study compared the effects of spaced and massed initial stimulus exposures upon later object exploration and novel stimulus preference in Long-Evans rats. Results illustrated that a distributed initial stimulus familiarization procedure promoted greater novel object preference than did a massed procedure, and suggest that the novel object recognition task is sensitive to spacing effects in a similar fashion to more traditional learning paradigms. The mechanisms underlying such spacing effects are briefly discussed.
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Ballaz SJ, Akil H, Watson SJ. The 5-HT7 receptor: Role in novel object discrimination and relation to novelty-seeking behavior. Neuroscience 2007; 149:192-202. [PMID: 17869441 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 07/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite showing high affinity for neuroleptics and hallucinogens, the function of the 5-HT7 receptor in cognition remains largely speculative. This study tests the hypothesis that 5-HT7 participates in gauging salience of novel visual stimuli as a function of the animal's initial tendency for novelty-seeking. Novelty-seeking behavior in the rat is thought to model some aspects of sensation-seeking in humans, a personality trait closely associated to drug abuse. We analyzed the effects of the 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB269.970 (3 mg kg(-1) or 15 mg kg(-1) i.p.) on object-recognition tasks using rats that differed in exploration of novel environments, namely high (HR) and low (LR) responders. The task involved a first encounter with an object ("old"), which after a delay of 3 h had to be discriminated from a different object ("new"). The antagonist was injected into HR and LR rats immediately after the first encounter with the objects and its effects on recall of objects were evaluated. In the absence of drug, LR but not HR rats were able to discriminate the familiarity of previously encountered objects. A low dose (3 mg kg(-1)) of SB269.970 was ineffective in altering object discrimination. A higher dose (15 mg kg(-1)) inhibited novel-object exploration in LR animals thus curtailing differences in object recognition, a finding that was replicated. In order to validate our studies, the effects of the cholinergic muscarinic antagonist scopolamine (0.2 mg kg(-1), i.p.) on object recognition were also evaluated in one of the cohorts 2 weeks after the first NOD experiment. In the Choice phase, all vehicle-treated rats succeeded in recognizing the new object. Scopolamine inhibited object discrimination in HR rats more efficiently than it did in LR rats. Taken together, these results suggest that 5-HT7 may mediate attentional and memory processes relevant to novelty-induced arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Ballaz
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0720, USA.
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