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White E, Dalley JW. Brain mechanisms of temporal processing in impulsivity: Relevance to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brain Neurosci Adv 2024; 8:23982128241272234. [PMID: 39148691 PMCID: PMC11325328 DOI: 10.1177/23982128241272234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In this article, we critique the hypothesis that different varieties of impulsivity, including impulsiveness present in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, encompass an accelerated perception of time. This conceptualisation provides insights into how individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder have the capacity to maximise cognitive capabilities by more closely aligning themselves with appropriate environmental contexts (e.g. fast paced tasks that prevent boredom). We discuss the evidence for altered time perception in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder alongside putative underlying neurobiological substrates, including a distributed brain network mediating time perception over multiple timescales. In particular, we explore the importance of temporal representations across the brain for time perception and symptom manifestation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, including a prominent role of the hippocampus and other temporal lobe regions. We also reflect on how abnormalities in the perception of time may be relevant for understanding the aetiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and mechanism of action of existing medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor White
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Herschel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Fang Q, Frohlich F. Dissection of neuronal circuits underlying sustained attention with the five-choice serial reaction time task. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105306. [PMID: 37419229 PMCID: PMC10517644 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficits are common in psychiatric and neurological disorders. The transdiagnostic nature of impaired attention suggests a common set of underlying neural circuits. Yet, there are no circuit-based treatments such as non-invasive brain stimulation currently available due to the lack of sufficiently delineated network targets. Therefore, to better treat attentional deficits, a comprehensive functional dissection of neural circuits underlying attention is imperative. This can be achieved by taking advantage of preclinical animal models and well-designed behavioral assays of attention. The resulting findings in turn can be translated to the development of novel interventions with the goal of advancing them to clinical practice. Here we show that the five-choice serial reaction time task has greatly facilitated the study of the neural circuits underlying attention in a well-controlled setting. We first introduce the task and then focus on its application in preclinical studies on sustained attention, especially in the context of state-of-the-art neuronal perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Flavio Frohlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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3
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Sakala K, Katus U, Kiive E, Veidebaum T, Harro J. Is low platelet MAO activity associated with antisocial behavior? evidence from representative samples of longitudinally observed birth cohorts. Brain Res 2023; 1804:148249. [PMID: 36682705 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lower platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity has been associated with problem behaviors, including criminal behavior, but not all studies agree. We have examined platelet MAO activity and antisocial behavior involving police contact in a longitudinal birth cohort study. The sample included both birth cohorts (original n = 1238) of the Estonian Children Personality Behavior and Health Study. Platelet MAO activity was measured at ages 15, 18 and 25 radioenzymatically with β-phenylethylamine as the substrate. Police contacts were self-reported in an interview and drug use in a questionnaire filled in during a laboratory visit. In cross-sectional analyses, males with the record of antisocial behavior had lower platelet MAO activity. In longitudinal mixed-effect regression models, this association was found to be independent of smoking. Furthermore, including smoking in the model revealed lower platelet MAO activity also in females with past antisocial behaviour. A further exploratory regression analysis with antisocial behavior at two levels of frequency and consideration of self-reported use of illicit drugs either in a single occasion or repeatedly demonstrated some "dose-dependency" in the relationship of antisocial behavior and platelet MAO activity. Platelet MAO activity was lower in male but not female subjects with basic education level as compared to secondary and higher education, but it was not related to non-verbal intelligence. Neither was platelet MAO activity associated with socio- economic status. In conclusion, antisocial behavior as occurring in general population is associated with low platelet MAO activity that probably reflects low capacity of the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katre Sakala
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia; Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia; School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Urmeli Katus
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelyn Kiive
- Division of Special Education, Department of Education, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Harro
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia; Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Nikolaus S, Mamlins E, Antke C, Dabir M, Müller HW, Giesel FL. Boosted dopamine and blunted serotonin in Tourette syndrome - evidence from in vivo imaging studies. Rev Neurosci 2022; 33:859-876. [PMID: 35575756 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The precise cortical and subcortical mechanisms of Tourette syndrome (TS) are still not fully understood. In the present retrospective analysis, adolescent and adult medication-naïve patients showed increased DA transporter (DAT) binding in nucleus caudate (CAUD), putamen (PUT) and/or whole neostriatum (NSTR). D2 receptor (R) binding and DA release were not different from controls throughout the nigrostriatal and mesolimbocortical system. When patients were medication-free (either medication-naïve or under withdrawal), DAT was still increased in PUT, but not different from controls in CAUD, NSTR and ventral striatum (VSTR). SERT was unaltered in midbrain/pons (MP), but decreased in PUT, thalamus (THAL) and hypothalamus. D2R was unaltered throughout the nigrostriatal and mesolimbocortical system, while DA release was not different from controls in PUT, CAUD and NSTR, but elevated in VSTR. 5-HT2AR binding was unaltered in neocortex and cingulate. In acutely medicated adults, DAT was unaltered in PUT, but still increased in CAUD, whereas DA release remained unaltered throughout the nigrostriatal and mesolimbocortical system. When part of the patients was acutely medicated, vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2), DAT, SERT and DA synthesis were not different from controls in striatal regions, whereas D2R was decreased in NSTR, THAL, frontal cortex and limbic regions. Conversely, 5-HT2AR binding was unaltered in striatal regions and THAL, but increased in neocortical and limbic areas. It may be hypothesized that both the DA surplus and the 5-HT shortage in key regions of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic system are relevant for the bouts of motor activity and the deficiencies in inpulse control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Nikolaus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eduards Mamlins
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Antke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mardjan Dabir
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Wilhelm Müller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frederik L Giesel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Härmson O, Grima LL, Panayi MC, Husain M, Walton ME. 5-HT 2C receptor perturbation has bidirectional influence over instrumental vigour and restraint. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:123-140. [PMID: 34762147 PMCID: PMC8770415 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05992-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin (5-HT) system, particularly the 5-HT2C receptor, has consistently been implicated in behavioural control. However, while some studies have focused on the role 5-HT2C receptors play in regulating motivation to work for reward, others have highlighted its importance in response restraint. To date, it is unclear how 5-HT transmission at this receptor regulates the balance of response invigoration and restraint in anticipation of future reward. In addition, it remains to be established how 5-HT2C receptors gate the influence of internal versus cue-driven processes over reward-guided actions. To elucidate these issues, we investigated the effects of administering the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084, both systemically and directly into the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC), in rats performing a Go/No-Go task for small or large rewards. The results were compared to the administration of d-amphetamine into the NAcC, which has previously been shown to promote behavioural activation. Systemic perturbation of 5-HT2C receptors-but crucially not intra-NAcC infusions-consistently boosted rats' performance and instrumental vigour on Go trials when they were required to act. Concomitantly, systemic administration also reduced their ability to withhold responding for rewards on No-Go trials, particularly late in the holding period. Notably, these effects were often apparent only when the reward on offer was small. By contrast, inducing a hyperdopaminergic state in the NAcC with d-amphetamine strongly impaired response restraint on No-Go trials both early and late in the holding period, as well as speeding action initiation. Together, these findings suggest that 5-HT2C receptor transmission, outside the NAcC, shapes the vigour of ongoing goal-directed action as well as the likelihood of responding as a function of expected reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Härmson
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK.
| | - Laura L Grima
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK.
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA.
| | - Marios C Panayi
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
- National Institute On Drug Abuse, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Masud Husain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Mark E Walton
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK.
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Nikolaus S, Mamlins E, Giesel FL, Schmitt D, Müller HW. Monoaminergic hypo- or hyperfunction in adolescent and adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? Rev Neurosci 2021; 33:347-364. [PMID: 34378877 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and/or norepinephrine (NE) functions are implied in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the precise cortical and subcortical mechanisms are still not fully understood. In the present survey, we conducted a PUBMED search, which provided 37 in vivo investigations with PET and SPECT on 419 ADHD patients and 490 controls. The retrospective analysis revealed increased striatal DA transporter (DAT) in adolescent as well as adult medication-naïve and not acutely medicated patients. In acutely medicated adults, DAT was not different from controls. Midbrain DAT was normal in adults, but decreased in adolescents. Striatal D2 receptor (R) binding was normal in both adolescents (not acutely medicated) and adults (acutely medicated and not acutely medicated). In medication-naïve adults, DA synthesis was decreased in putamen and amygdala, but normal in the whole striatum and midbrain. In not acutely medicated adults, DA synthesis was reduced in putamen, whole striatum, prefrontal cortex, frontal cortex, amygdala and midbrain, whereas, in adolescents, no regional differences were observed. In adult (not acutely medicated) subjects, cingulate D1R was reduced. 5-HT transporter (SERT) binding was decreased in striatum and thalamus, but normal in midbrain, neocortex and limbic regions, whereas, in medication-naïve adults, SERT was diminished in striatum and midbrain, but normal in thalamus and neocortex. The findings suggest transient stages of synaptic DA shortage as well as DA surplus in individual brain regions, which elicit presynaptic as well as postsynaptic compensatory mechanisms, striving to attain functional homeostasis. Thereby, it remains a matter of debate, whether ADHD may be characterized by a general hypo- or hyperactivity of DA and/or 5-HT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Nikolaus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eduards Mamlins
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frederik L Giesel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dominik Schmitt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Wilhelm Müller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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7
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McDevitt RA, Marino RAM, Tejeda HA, Bonci A. Serotonergic inhibition of responding for conditioned but not primary reinforcers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 205:173186. [PMID: 33836219 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is widely implicated as a modulator of brain reward function. However, laboratory studies have not yielded a consensus on which specific reward-related processes are influenced by serotonin and in what manner. Here we explored the role of serotonin in cue-reward learning in mice. In a first series of experiments, we found that acute administration of the serotonin reuptake inhibitors citalopram, fluoxetine, or duloxetine all reduced lever pressing reinforced on an FR1 schedule with presentation of a cue that had been previously paired with delivery of food. However, citalopram had no effect on responding that was reinforced with both cue and food on an FR1 schedule. Furthermore, citalopram did not affect nose poke responses that produced no auditory, visual, or proprioceptive cues but were reinforced with food pellets on a progressive ratio schedule. We next performed region-specific knock out of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2), the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis. Viral delivery of Cre recombinase was targeted to dorsal or median raphe nuclei (DRN, MRN), the major sources of ascending serotonergic projections. MRN but not DRN knockouts were impaired in development of cue-elicited approach during Pavlovian conditioning; both groups were subsequently hyper-responsive when lever pressing for cue presentation. The inhibitory effect of citalopram was attenuated in DRN but not MRN knockouts. Our findings are in agreement with prior studies showing serotonin to suppress responding for conditioned reinforcers. Furthermore, these results suggest an inhibitory role of MRN serotonin neurons in the initial attribution of motivational properties to a reward-predictive cue, but not in its subsequent maintenance. In contrast, the DRN appears to promote the reduction of motivational value attached to a cue when it is presented repeatedly in the absence of primary reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A McDevitt
- Synaptic Plasticity Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Comparative Medicine Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
| | - Rosa Anna M Marino
- Synaptic Plasticity Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Hugo A Tejeda
- Synaptic Plasticity Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration Unit, National Institute on Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Antonello Bonci
- Global Institutes on Addictions, Miami, FL, United States of America
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8
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Chen YJ, Liu YP. Early life social experience and adulthood impulsivity – Implications of central serotonergic system during development. Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:110032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Psychological mechanisms and functions of 5-HT and SSRIs in potential therapeutic change: Lessons from the serotonergic modulation of action selection, learning, affect, and social cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:138-167. [PMID: 32931805 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Uncertainty regarding which psychological mechanisms are fundamental in mediating SSRI treatment outcomes and wide-ranging variability in their efficacy has raised more questions than it has solved. Since subjective mood states are an abstract scientific construct, only available through self-report in humans, and likely involving input from multiple top-down and bottom-up signals, it has been difficult to model at what level SSRIs interact with this process. Converging translational evidence indicates a role for serotonin in modulating context-dependent parameters of action selection, affect, and social cognition; and concurrently supporting learning mechanisms, which promote adaptability and behavioural flexibility. We examine the theoretical basis, ecological validity, and interaction of these constructs and how they may or may not exert a clinical benefit. Specifically, we bridge crucial gaps between disparate lines of research, particularly findings from animal models and human clinical trials, which often seem to present irreconcilable differences. In determining how SSRIs exert their effects, our approach examines the endogenous functions of 5-HT neurons, how 5-HT manipulations affect behaviour in different contexts, and how their therapeutic effects may be exerted in humans - which may illuminate issues of translational models, hierarchical mechanisms, idiographic variables, and social cognition.
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Ohmura Y, Tsutsui-Kimura I, Sasamori H, Nebuka M, Nishitani N, Tanaka KF, Yamanaka A, Yoshioka M. Different roles of distinct serotonergic pathways in anxiety-like behavior, antidepressant-like, and anti-impulsive effects. Neuropharmacology 2019; 167:107703. [PMID: 31299228 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic agents have been widely used for treatment of psychiatric disorders, but the therapeutic effects are insufficient and these drugs often induce severe side effects. We need to specify the distinct serotonergic pathways underlying each mental function to overcome these problems. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the central serotonergic system is involved in several emotional/cognitive functions including anxiety, depression, and impulse control, but it remains unclear whether each function is regulated by a different serotonergic system. We used optogenetic strategy to increase central serotonergic activity in mice and evaluated the behavioral consequences. Pharmacological and genetic tools were used to determine the subtype of 5-HT receptors responsible for the observed effects. We demonstrated that the serotonergic activation in the median raphe nucleus enhanced anxiety-like behavior, the serotonergic activation in the dorsal raphe nucleus exerted antidepressant-like effects, and the serotonergic activation in the median or dorsal raphe nucleus suppressed impulsive action. We also found that different serotonergic terminals, ventral hippocampus, ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra, and subthalamic/parasubthalamic nucleus, are involved in regulating anxiety-like behavior, antidepressant-like, and anti-impulsive effects, respectively. Furthermore, we found, using triple-transgenic mice, that the stimulation of the 5-HT2C receptor is required to evoke anxiety-like behavior, but not to exert anti-impulsive effects. These results suggest the need for pathway-specific treatments and provide important insights that will help the development of more effective and safer therapeutics. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Serotonin Research: Crossing Scales and Boundaries'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ohmura
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Iku Tsutsui-Kimura
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan; Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, USA; JSPS Overseas Research Fellow, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Hitomi Sasamori
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan; JSPS research Fellow, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Mao Nebuka
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Naoya Nishitani
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIEM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yoshioka
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
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11
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Tremblay M, Barrus MM, Cocker PJ, Baunez C, Winstanley CA. Increased motor impulsivity in a rat gambling task during chronic ropinirole treatment: potentiation by win-paired audiovisual cues. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1901-1915. [PMID: 30706098 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-5173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic administration of D2/3 receptor agonists ropinirole or pramipexole can increase the choice of uncertain rewards in rats, theoretically approximating iatrogenic gambling disorder (iGD). OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the effect of chronic ropinirole in animal models that attempt to capture critical aspects of commercial gambling, including the risk of losing rather than failing to gain, and the use of win-paired sensory stimuli heavily featured in electronic gambling machines (EGMs). METHODS Male Long-Evans rats learned the rat gambling task (rGT; n = 24), in which animals sample between four options that differ in the magnitude and probability of rewards and time-out punishments. In the cued rGT (n = 40), reward-concurrent audiovisual cues were added that scaled in complexity with win size. Rats were then implanted with an osmotic pump delivering ropinirole (5 mg/kg/day) or saline for 28 days. RESULTS Chronic ropinirole did not unequivocally increase preference for more uncertain outcomes in either the cued or uncued rGT. Ropinirole transiently increased premature responses, a measure of motor impulsivity, and this change was larger and more long-lasting in the cued task. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that explicitly signaling loss prevents the increase in preference for uncertain rewards caused by D2/3 receptor agonists observed previously. The ability of win-paired cues to amplify ropinirole-induced increases in motor impulsivity may explain why compulsive use of EGMs is particularly common in iGD. These data offer valuable insight into the cognitive-behavioral mechanisms through which chronic dopamine agonist treatments may induce iGD and related impulse control disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Tremblay
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Westbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Michael M Barrus
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Westbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Paul J Cocker
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Westbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christelle Baunez
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), UMR7289, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ∓ Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Marseille, France
| | - Catharine A Winstanley
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Westbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Baseline-dependent effects of amphetamine on attention are associated with striatal dopamine metabolism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:297. [PMID: 28331177 PMCID: PMC5428442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulants, such as amphetamine, are widely used to treat attentional deficits. In humans, response to dopaminergic medications is complex with improvement often dependent on baseline performance. Our goal was to determine if attention in rats could be improved by low dose amphetamine in a baseline-dependent manner by examining the relationship between task performance, drug response and monoamine levels in corticostriatal tissue. Firstly, rats performed a signal detection task with varying signal durations before administration of saline, 0.1 or 0.25 mg/kg amphetamine. Following 0.1 mg/kg amphetamine, accuracy in poor performing individuals increased to that of high performing rats. Furthermore, baseline accuracy correlated with the magnitude of improvement after amphetamine. Secondly, neurochemical analysis of monoamine content and gene expression levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and dorsal striatum (CPU) was conducted. CPU homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were increased in poor performers with a significant correlation between the expression of the dopamine transporter gene and baseline accuracy. No changes were found in the PFC. These results indicated poor performance was associated with greater response to amphetamine and altered DA and 5-HT neurotransmitter systems in CPU. These results suggest striatal monoamine function may be fundamental to explaining individual differences in psychostimulant response.
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Fizet J, Cassel JC, Kelche C, Meunier H. A review of the 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time (5-CSRT) task in different vertebrate models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:135-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Chronic methamphetamine self-administration disrupts cortical control of cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 69:36-48. [PMID: 27450578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (meth) is one of the most abused substances worldwide. Chronic use has been associated with repeated relapse episodes that may be exacerbated by cognitive impairments during drug abstinence. Growing evidence demonstrates that meth compromises prefrontal cortex activity, resulting in persisting attentional and memory impairments. After summarizing recent studies of meth-induced cognitive dysfunction using a translationally relevant model of self-administered meth, this review emphasizes the cortical brain changes contributing to cognitive dysregulation during abstinence. Finally, we propose the use of cognitive enhancers during abstinence that may promote a drug-free state by reversing cortical dysfunction linked with prolonged meth abuse.
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Campus P, Accoto A, Maiolati M, Latagliata C, Orsini C. Role of prefrontal 5-HT in the strain-dependent variation in sign-tracking behavior of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1157-69. [PMID: 26728892 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The expression of sign-tracking (ST) phenotype over goal-tracking (GT) phenotype has been associated to different aspects of impulsive behavior, and depletions of brain serotonin (5-HT) have been shown to selectively increase impulsive action as well as ST. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed at testing the relationship between reduced brain 5-HT availability and expression of ST phenotype in a genetic model of individual variation in brain 5-HT functionality. Inbred DBA/2J (DBA) mice are homozygous for the allelic variant of the TPH-2 gene causing lower brain 5-HT function in comparison with C57BL/6J (C57) inbred mice. MATERIALS Young adult (10 weeks) and adult (14 weeks) C57 and DBA mice were trained in a Pavlovian conditioned approach (PCA) paradigm. Lever-directed (ST) and magazine-directed (GT) responses were measured in 12 daily conditioning sessions. In a second experiment, effect of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) 5-HT depletion by the neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) was assessed on acquisition of ST phenotype in adult C57 mice, according to their higher 5-HT functionality compared to DBA mice. RESULTS Young adult mice of both strains developed ST phenotype, but only adult DBA mice developed ST phenotype. 5-HT depletion in the mPFC of adult C57 mice completely changed their phenotype, as shown by their increased ST. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that ST phenotype can be the expression of a transitory late developmental stage and that genetic factors determine persistence of this phenotype in adulthood. These findings also support a role of 5-HT transmission in PFC in constraining development of ST phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Campus
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Roma, Italy
| | - A Accoto
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Roma, Italy
| | - M Maiolati
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Roma, Italy
| | - C Latagliata
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCSS, European Center for Brain Research, Rome, Italy
| | - C Orsini
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Roma, Italy. .,Center for Research in Neurobiology "Daniel Bovet", University of Rome "Sapienza", Roma, Italy. .,Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCSS, European Center for Brain Research, Rome, Italy.
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Anastasio NC, Stutz SJ, Fink LHL, Swinford-Jackson SE, Sears RM, DiLeone RJ, Rice KC, Moeller FG, Cunningham KA. Serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2A Receptor (5-HT2AR):5-HT2CR Imbalance in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Associates with Motor Impulsivity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1248-58. [PMID: 26120876 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A feature of multiple neuropsychiatric disorders is motor impulsivity. Recent studies have implicated serotonin (5-HT) systems in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in mediating individual differences in motor impulsivity, notably the 5-HT2AR receptor (5-HT2AR) and 5-HT2CR. We investigated the hypothesis that differences in the ratio of 5-HT2AR:5-HT2CR protein expression in mPFC would predict the individual level of motor impulsivity and that the engineered loss of the 5-HT2CR would result in high motor impulsivity concomitant with elevated 5-HT2AR expression and pharmacological sensitivity to the selective 5-HT2AR antagonist M100907. High and low impulsive rats were identified in a 1-choice serial reaction time task. Native protein levels of the 5-HT2AR and the 5-HT2CR predicted the intensity of motor impulsivity and the 5-HT2AR:5-HT2CR ratio in mPFC positively correlated with levels of premature responses in individual outbred rats. The possibility that the 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR act in concert to control motor impulsivity is supported by the observation that high phenotypic motor impulsivity associated with a diminished mPFC synaptosomal 5-HT2AR:5-HT2CR protein:protein interaction. Knockdown of mPFC 5-HT2CR resulted in increased motor impulsivity and triggered a functional disruption of the local 5-HT2AR:5-HT2CR balance as evidenced by a compensatory upregulation of 5-HT2AR protein expression and a leftward shift in the potency of M100907 to suppress impulsive behavior. We infer that there is an interactive relationship between the mPFC 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR, and that a 5-HT2AR:5-HT2CR imbalance may be a functionally relevant mechanism underlying motor impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Robert M. Sears
- Department
of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Ralph J. DiLeone
- Department
of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Chemical
Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, DHHS/NIH/NIDA, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - F. Gerard Moeller
- Department
of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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Young JW, Geyer MA. Developing treatments for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: the challenge of translation. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:178-96. [PMID: 25516372 PMCID: PMC4670265 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114555252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a life-long debilitating mental disorder affecting tens of millions of people worldwide. The serendipitous discovery of antipsychotics focused pharmaceutical research on developing a better antipsychotic. Our understanding of the disorder has advanced however, with the knowledge that cognitive enhancers are required for patients in order to improve their everyday lives. While antipsychotics treat psychosis, they do not enhance cognition and hence are not antischizophrenics. Developing pro-cognitive therapeutics has been extremely difficult, however, especially when no approved treatment exists. In lieu of stumbling on an efficacious treatment, developing targeted compounds can be facilitated by understanding the neural mechanisms underlying altered cognitive functioning in patients. Equally importantly, these cognitive domains will need to be measured similarly in animals and humans so that novel targets can be tested prior to conducting expensive clinical trials. To date, the limited similarity of testing across species has resulted in a translational bottleneck. In this review, we emphasize that schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by abnormal cognitive behavior. Quantifying these abnormalities using tasks having cross-species validity would enable the quantification of comparable processes in rodents. This approach would increase the likelihood that the neural substrates underlying relevant behaviors will be conserved across species. Hence, we detail cross-species tasks which can be used to test the effects of manipulations relevant to schizophrenia and putative therapeutics. Such tasks offer the hope of providing a bridge between non-clinical and clinical testing that will eventually lead to treatments developed specifically for patients with deficient cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- JW Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - MA Geyer
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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Abstract
The ability to focus one's attention on important environmental stimuli while ignoring irrelevant stimuli is fundamental to human cognition and intellectual function. Attention is inextricably linked to perception, learning and memory, and executive function; however, it is often impaired in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Accordingly, attention is considered as an important therapeutic target in these disorders. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the most common behavioral paradigms of attention that have been used in animals (particularly rodents) and to review the literature where these tasks have been employed to elucidate neurobiological substrates of attention as well as to evaluate novel pharmacological agents for their potential as treatments for disorders of attention. These paradigms include two tasks of sustained attention that were developed as rodent analogues of the human Continuous Performance Task (CPT), the Five-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task (5-CSRTT) and the more recently introduced Five-Choice Continuous Performance Task (5C-CPT), and the Signal Detection Task (SDT) which was designed to emphasize temporal components of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Callahan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CB-3545, Georgia Regents University, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912-2450, USA
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20
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The role of serotonin in reward, punishment and behavioural inhibition in humans: insights from studies with acute tryptophan depletion. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 3:365-78. [PMID: 25195164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Deakin and Graeff proposed that forebrain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) projections are activated by aversive events and mediate anticipatory coping responses including avoidance learning and suppression of the fight-flight escape/panic response. Other theories proposed 5-HT mediates aspects of behavioural inhibition or reward. Most of the evidence comes from rodent studies. We review 36 experimental studies in humans in which the technique of acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) was used to explicitly address the role of 5-HT in response inhibition, punishment and reward. ATD did not cause disinhibition of responding in the absence of rewards or punishments (9 studies). A major role for 5-HT in reward processing is unlikely but further tests are warranted by some ATD findings. Remarkably, ATD lessened the ability of punishments (losing points or notional money) to restrain behaviour without affecting reward processing in 7 studies. Two of these studies strongly indicate that ATD blocks 5-HT mediated aversively conditioned Pavlovian inhibition and this can explain a number of the behavioural effects of ATD.
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21
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Asinof SK, Paine TA. The 5-choice serial reaction time task: a task of attention and impulse control for rodents. J Vis Exp 2014:e51574. [PMID: 25146934 DOI: 10.3791/51574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.
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22
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Worbe Y, Savulich G, Voon V, Fernandez-Egea E, Robbins TW. Serotonin depletion induces 'waiting impulsivity' on the human four-choice serial reaction time task: cross-species translational significance. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1519-26. [PMID: 24385133 PMCID: PMC3988556 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Convergent results from animal and human studies suggest that reducing serotonin neurotransmission promotes impulsive behavior. Here, serotonin depletion was induced by the dietary tryptophan depletion procedure (TD) in healthy volunteers to examine the role of serotonin in impulsive action and impulsive choice. We used a novel translational analog of a rodent 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT)-- the human 4-CSRTT--and a reward delay-discounting questionnaire to measure effects on these different forms of 'waiting impulsivity'. There was no effect of TD on impulsive choice as indexed by the reward delay-discounting questionnaire. However, TD significantly increased 4-CSRTT premature responses (or impulsive action), which is remarkably similar to the previous findings of effect of serotonin depletion on rodent 5-CSRTT performance. Moreover, the increased premature responding in TD correlated significantly with individual differences on the motor impulsivity subscale of the Barratt Impulsivity Scale. TD also improved the accuracy of performance and speeded responding, possibly indicating enhanced attention and reward processing. The results suggest: (i) the 4-CSRTT will be a valuable addition to the tests already available to measure impulsivity in humans in a direct translational analog of a test extensively used in rodents; (ii) TD in humans produces a qualitatively similar profile of effects to those in rodents (ie, enhancing premature responding), hence supporting the conclusion that TD in humans exerts at least some of its effects on central serotonin; and (iii) this manipulation of serotonin produces dissociable effects on different measures of impulsivity, suggesting considerable specificity in its modulatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Worbe
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - George Savulich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Valerie Voon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emilio Fernandez-Egea
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Guitart-Masip M, Economides M, Huys QJM, Frank MJ, Chowdhury R, Duzel E, Dayan P, Dolan RJ. Differential, but not opponent, effects of L -DOPA and citalopram on action learning with reward and punishment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:955-66. [PMID: 24232442 PMCID: PMC3923110 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Decision-making involves two fundamental axes of control namely valence, spanning reward and punishment, and action, spanning invigoration and inhibition. We recently exploited a go/no-go task whose contingencies explicitly decouple valence and action to show that these axes are inextricably coupled during learning. This results in a disadvantage in learning to go to avoid punishment and in learning to no-go to obtain a reward. The neuromodulators dopamine and serotonin are likely to play a role in these asymmetries: Dopamine signals anticipation of future rewards and is also involved in an invigoration of motor responses leading to reward, but it also arbitrates between different forms of control. Conversely, serotonin is implicated in motor inhibition and punishment processing. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of dopamine and serotonin in the interaction between action and valence during learning.Methods We combined computational modeling with pharmacological manipulation in 90 healthy human volunteers, using levodopa and citalopram to affect dopamine and serotonin, respectively. RESULTS We found that, after administration of levodopa,action learning was less affected by outcome valence when compared with the placebo and citalopram groups. This highlights in this context a predominant effect of levodopa in controlling the balance between different forms of control.Citalopram had distinct effects, increasing participants'tendency to perform active responses independent of outcome valence, consistent with a role in decreasing motor inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the rich complexities of the roles played by dopamine and serotonin during instrumental learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Guitart-Masip
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG UK ,Ageing Research Centre, Karolinska Institute, SE-11330 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcos Economides
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG UK
| | - Quentin J. M. Huys
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG UK ,Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Department of Biological Engineering, ETH and University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland ,Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, W1CN 4AR UK ,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael J. Frank
- Department of Cognition, Linguistics, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Rumana Chowdhury
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG UK ,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, W1CN 4AR UK
| | - Emrah Duzel
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, W1CN 4AR UK ,Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Dayan
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, W1CN 4AR UK
| | - Raymond J. Dolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG UK
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24
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Lu CL, Ku YC, Lo SM, Peng CH, Tung CS, Lin YW, Liu YP. Acute and subchronic effects of buspirone on attention and impulsivity in the five-choice serial reaction time task in rats. Neurosci Lett 2013; 556:210-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hillhouse TM, Prus AJ. Effects of the neurotensin NTS₁ receptor agonist PD149163 on visual signal detection in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 721:201-7. [PMID: 24076181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs provide limited efficacy for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Recent studies have found that the neurotensin NTS1 receptor agonist and putative atypical antipsychotic drug PD149163 reverses deficits in sensory-gating and novel object recognition, suggesting that this compound may have the potential to improve cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. The present study sought to extend these investigations by evaluating the effects of PD149163 on sustained attention using a visual signal detection operant task in rats. PD149163, the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine, and the dopamine D2/3 receptor antagonist raclopride all significantly decreased percent "hit" accuracy, while none of these compounds altered "correct rejections" (compared to vehicle control). Clozapine and raclopride significantly increased response latency, while high doses of PD149163 and raclopride significantly increased trial omissions. Nicotine, which was tested as a positive control, significantly improved overall performance in this task and did not affect response latency or trial omissions. The present findings suggest that neurotensin NTS1 receptor agonists, like antipsychotic drugs, may inhibit sustained attention in this task despite having different pharmacological mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Hillhouse
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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26
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Trent S, Dean R, Veit B, Cassano T, Bedse G, Ojarikre OA, Humby T, Davies W. Biological mechanisms associated with increased perseveration and hyperactivity in a genetic mouse model of neurodevelopmental disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1370-80. [PMID: 23276394 PMCID: PMC3690523 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal deletions at Xp22.3 appear to influence vulnerability to the neurodevelopmental disorders attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism. 39,X(Y*)O mice, which lack the murine orthologue of the Xp22.3 ADHD candidate gene STS (encoding steroid sulfatase), exhibit behavioural phenotypes relevant to such disorders (e.g. hyperactivity), elevated hippocampal serotonin (5-HT) levels, and reduced serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Here we initially show that 39,X(Y*)O mice are also deficient for the recently-characterised murine orthologue of the Xp22.3 autism candidate gene ASMT (encoding acetylserotonin-O-methyltransferase). Subsequently, to specify potential behavioural correlates of elevated hippocampal 5-HT arising due to the genetic lesion, we compared 39,X(Y*)O MF1 mice to 40,XY MF1 mice on behavioural tasks taxing hippocampal and/or 5-HT function (a 'foraging' task, an object-location task, and the 1-choice serial reaction time task of impulsivity). Although Sts/Asmt deficiency did not influence foraging behaviour, reactivity to familiar objects in novel locations, or 'ability to wait', it did result in markedly increased response rates; these rates correlated with hippocampal 5-HT levels and are likely to index behavioural perseveration, a frequent feature of neurodevelopmental disorders. Additionally, we show that whilst there was no systematic relationship between serum DHEA levels and hippocampal 5-HT levels across 39,X(Y*)O and 40,XY mice, there was a significant inverse linear correlation between serum DHEA levels and activity. Our data suggest that deficiency for genes within Xp22.3 could influence core behavioural features of neurodevelopmental disorders via dissociable effects on hippocampal neurochemistry and steroid hormone levels, and that the mediating neurobiological mechanisms may be investigated in the 39,X(Y*)O model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Trent
- Behavioural Genetics Group and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rachel Dean
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bonnie Veit
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gaurav Bedse
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Obah A. Ojarikre
- Division of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Trevor Humby
- Behavioural Genetics Group and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - William Davies
- Behavioural Genetics Group and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Corresponding author at: Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK. Tel.: +44 0 29 2068 7047; fax: +44 0 29 2068 7068.
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Ijichi CL, Collins LM, Elwood RW. Evidence for the role of personality in stereotypy predisposition. Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
RATIONALE Depletion of brain serotonin (5-HT) results in impulsive behaviour as measured by increased premature responding in the five-choice serial reaction time (5-CSRT) test. Acute selective blockade of 5-HT2C receptors also increases this form of impulsive action, whereas 5-HT2C receptor stimulation reduces premature responding. OBJECTIVES These experiments determined the impact of genetic disruption of 5-HT2C receptor function on impulsive responding in the 5-CSRT test. METHODS Food-restricted 5-HT2C receptor null mutant and wild-type (WT) mice were trained on the 5-CSRT test in which subjects detect and correctly respond to brief light stimuli for food reinforcement. Impulsivity is measured as premature responses that occur prior to stimulus presentation. RESULTS Both lines of mice quickly learned this task, but there were no genotype differences in premature responding or any other aspect of performance. A series of drug challenges were then given. The 5-HT2C receptor agonist Ro60-0175 (0.6 mg/kg) reduced premature responding in WT mice but not mutant mice. The 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084 increased premature responding in WT mice only. Cocaine increased premature responding at 7.5 mg/kg but not at a higher dose that disrupted overall responding; these effects were observed in both lines of mice. Amphetamine (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) did not affect premature responding, but disrupted other aspects of performance in both genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Genetic deletion of 5-HT2C receptor function does not induce an impulsive state or exacerbate that state induced by psychomotor stimulants but does prevent the acute effects of 5-HT2C receptor stimulation or blockade on impulsive action.
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Linley SB, Hoover WB, Vertes RP. Pattern of distribution of serotonergic fibers to the orbitomedial and insular cortex in the rat. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 48-49:29-45. [PMID: 23337940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
As is well recognized, serotonergic (5-HT) fibers distribute widely throughout the brain, including the cerebral cortex. Although some early reports described the 5-HT innervation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in rats, the focus was on sensorimotor regions and not on the 'limbic' PFC - or on the medial, orbital and insular cortices. In addition, no reports have described the distribution of 5-HT fibers to PFC in rats using antisera to the serotonin transporter (SERT). Using immunostaining for SERT, we examined the pattern of distribution of 5-HT fibers to the medial, orbital and insular cortices in the rat. We show that 5-HT fibers distribute massively throughout all divisions of the PFC, with distinct laminar variations. Specifically, 5-HT fibers were densely concentrated in superficial (layer 1) and deep (layers 5/6) of the PFC but less heavily so in intermediate layers (layers 2/3). This pattern was most pronounced in the orbital cortex, particularly in the ventral and ventrolateral orbital cortices. With the emergence of granular divisions of the insular cortex, the granular cell layer (layer 4) was readily identifiable by a dense band of labeling confined to it, separating layer 4 from less heavily labeled superficial and deep layers. The pattern of 5-HT innervation of medial, orbital and insular cortices significantly differed from that of sensorimotor regions of the PFC. Serotonergic labeling was much denser overall in limbic compared to non-limbic regions of the PFC, as was striking demonstrated by the generally weaker labeling in layers 1-3 of the primary sensory and motor cortices. The massive serotonergic innervation of the medial, orbital and insular divisions of the PFC likely contributes substantially to well established serotonergic effects on affective and cognitive functions, including a key role in many neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B Linley
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, United States
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Ohmura Y, Kumamoto H, Tsutsui-Kimura I, Minami M, Izumi T, Yoshida T, Yoshioka M. Tandospirone Suppresses Impulsive Action by Possible Blockade of the 5-HT1A Receptor. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 122:84-92. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.12264fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Smith BJH, Saaj CM, Allouis E. ANUBIS: artificial neuromodulation using a Bayesian inference system. Neural Comput 2012; 25:221-58. [PMID: 22970879 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Gain tuning is a crucial part of controller design and depends not only on an accurate understanding of the system in question, but also on the designer's ability to predict what disturbances and other perturbations the system will encounter throughout its operation. This letter presents ANUBIS (artificial neuromodulation using a Bayesian inference system), a novel biologically inspired technique for automatically tuning controller parameters in real time. ANUBIS is based on the Bayesian brain concept and modifies it by incorporating a model of the neuromodulatory system comprising four artificial neuromodulators. It has been applied to the controller of EchinoBot, a prototype walking rover for Martian exploration. ANUBIS has been implemented at three levels of the controller; gait generation, foot trajectory planning using Bézier curves, and foot trajectory tracking using a terminal sliding mode controller. We compare the results to a similar system that has been tuned using a multilayer perceptron. The use of Bayesian inference means that the system retains mathematical interpretability, unlike other intelligent tuning techniques, which use neural networks, fuzzy logic, or evolutionary algorithms. The simulation results show that ANUBIS provides significant improvements in efficiency and adaptability of the three controller components; it allows the robot to react to obstacles and uncertainties faster than the system tuned with the MLP, while maintaining stability and accuracy. As well as advancing rover autonomy, ANUBIS could also be applied to other situations where operating conditions are likely to change or cannot be accurately modeled in advance, such as process control. In addition, it demonstrates one way in which neuromodulation could fit into the Bayesian brain framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J H Smith
- Surrey Space Centre, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
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Moschak TM, Stang KA, Phillips TJ, Mitchell SH. Behavioral inhibition in mice bred for high vs. low levels of methamphetamine consumption or sensitization. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 222:353-65. [PMID: 22311384 PMCID: PMC3383918 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Research indicates that genetics influence methamphetamine self-administration as well as sensitization to the psychomotor-stimulating effects of methamphetamine (MA). Other studies have suggested that heightened levels of impulsivity, including low levels of behavioral inhibition, are associated with the use of drugs, including MA. OBJECTIVES The current study examined whether lines of mice selected for traits associated with a heightened risk of developing MA dependence would also exhibit low levels of drug-naïve inhibition and whether administration of MA would result in different levels of inhibition in animals selected to consume or respond more to MA. METHODS A go/no-go task was used to assess inhibition in male and female mice selected for low or high levels of MA consumption or selected for high or low levels of locomotor sensitization to repeated injections of MA. RESULTS Mice selected for MA sensitization differed in false alarms, precue response rates (measures of behavioral inhibition), and also hits (measure of operant responding). Mice selected for MA consumption did not differ in measures of behavioral inhibition, though hits differed. When MA was administered prior to the task, false alarms, precue response rates, and hits decreased for mice from all selected lines. Female high drinking mice were particularly resistant to MA's effects on hits, but not precue response rate or false alarms. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a shared, but complex, genetic association between inhibition processes, general levels of operant responding, and MA sensitization or consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis M. Moschak
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Katherine A. Stang
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Tamara J. Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University,Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University,Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Suzanne H. Mitchell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University,Department of Psychiatry Oregon Health & Science University,Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University
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Braun K, Seidel K, Holetschka R, Groeger N, Poeggel G. Paternal deprivation alters the development of catecholaminergic innervation in the prefrontal cortex and related limbic brain regions. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 218:859-72. [PMID: 22706761 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The impact of paternal care on the development of catecholaminergic fiber innervations in the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and the amygdala was quantitatively investigated in the biparental Octodon degus. Two age (juvenile, adult) and rearing groups: (1) degus reared without father and (2) degus raised by both parents were compared. Juvenile father-deprived animals showed significantly elevated densities of TH-immunoreactive fibers in all analyzed regions, except in the orbitofrontal cortex, as compared to biparentally reared animals. This difference between the two rearing groups was still evident in adulthood in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortices and in the hippocampal formation. Interestingly, the elevated TH fiber density in both nucleus accumbens subregions was reversed in adulthood, i.e. adult father-deprived animals showed strongly reduced TH fiber densities as compared to biparentally reared animals. We show here that paternal care plays a critical role in the functional maturation of catecholaminergic innervation patterns in prefrontal and limbic brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Braun
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute for Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Altered serotonergic function may partially account for behavioral endophenotypes in steroid sulfatase-deficient mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:1267-74. [PMID: 22189290 PMCID: PMC3306888 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The X-linked gene STS encodes the steroid hormone-modulating enzyme steroid sulfatase. Loss-of-function of STS, and variation within the gene, have been associated with vulnerability to developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by inattention, severe impulsivity, hyperactivity, and motivational deficits. ADHD is commonly comorbid with a variety of disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder. The neurobiological role of steroid sulfatase, and therefore its potential role in ADHD and associated comorbidities, is currently poorly understood. The 39,X(Y)*O mouse, which lacks the Sts gene, exhibits several behavioral abnormalities relevant to ADHD including inattention and hyperactivity. Here, we show that, unexpectedly, 39,X(Y)*O mice achieve higher ratios than wild-type mice on a progressive ratio (PR) task thought to index motivation, but that there is no difference between the two groups on a behavioral task thought to index compulsivity (marble burying). High performance liquid chromatography analysis of monoamine levels in wild type and 39,X(Y)*O brain tissue regions (the frontal cortex, striatum, thalamus, hippocampus, and cerebellum) revealed significantly higher levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the striatum and hippocampus of 39,X(Y)*O mice. Significant correlations between hippocampal 5-HT levels and PR performance, and between striatal 5-HT levels and locomotor activity strongly implicate regionally-specific perturbations of the 5-HT system as a neurobiological candidate for behavioral differences between 40,XY and 39,X(Y)*O mice. These data suggest that inactivating mutations and functional variants within STS might exert their influence on ADHD vulnerability, and disorder endophenotypes through modulation of the serotonergic system.
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Kiser D, SteemerS B, Branchi I, Homberg JR. The reciprocal interaction between serotonin and social behaviour. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:786-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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The role of serotonin in the regulation of patience and impulsivity. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 45:213-24. [PMID: 22262065 PMCID: PMC3311865 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Classic theories suggest that central serotonergic neurons are involved in the behavioral inhibition that is associated with the prediction of negative rewards or punishment. Failed behavioral inhibition can cause impulsive behaviors. However, the behavioral inhibition that results from predicting punishment is not sufficient to explain some forms of impulsive behavior. In this article, we propose that the forebrain serotonergic system is involved in “waiting to avoid punishment” for future punishments and “waiting to obtain reward” for future rewards. Recently, we have found that serotonergic neurons increase their tonic firing rate when rats await food and water rewards and conditioned reinforcer tones. The rate of tonic firing during the delay period was significantly higher when rats were waiting for rewards than for tones, and rats were unable to wait as long for tones as for rewards. These results suggest that increased serotonergic neuronal firing facilitates waiting behavior when there is the prospect of a forthcoming reward and that serotonergic activation contributes to the patience that allows rats to wait longer. We propose a working hypothesis to explain how the serotonergic system regulates patience while waiting for future rewards.
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Lesions of the thalamic reuniens cause impulsive but not compulsive responses. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 218:85-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Homberg JR. Serotonin and decision making processes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:218-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Impulsive action induced by amphetamine, cocaine and MK801 is reduced by 5-HT2C receptor stimulation and 5-HT2A receptor blockade. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:468-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Barak S, Weiner I. Putative cognitive enhancers in preclinical models related to schizophrenia: The search for an elusive target. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:164-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cools R, Nakamura K, Daw ND. Serotonin and dopamine: unifying affective, activational, and decision functions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:98-113. [PMID: 20736991 PMCID: PMC3055512 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin, like dopamine (DA), has long been implicated in adaptive behavior, including decision making and reinforcement learning. However, although the two neuromodulators are tightly related and have a similar degree of functional importance, compared with DA, we have a much less specific understanding about the mechanisms by which serotonin affects behavior. Here, we draw on recent work on computational models of dopaminergic function to suggest a framework by which many of the seemingly diverse functions associated with both DA and serotonin-comprising both affective and activational ones, as well as a number of other functions not overtly related to either-can be seen as consequences of a single root mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Cools
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Robinson OJ, Cools R, Crockett MJ, Sahakian BJ. Mood state moderates the role of serotonin in cognitive biases. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:573-83. [PMID: 19164497 DOI: 10.1177/0269881108100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of the monoamine serotonin (5-HT) via the dietary manipulation of tryptophan (acute tryptophan depletion; ATD) has been shown to induce negative cognitive biases similar to those found in depression in healthy individuals. However, evidence also indicates that there can be positive effects of ATD on both mood and reinforcement processing. Here, we present two separate studies, with remarkably similar findings, which may help explain these discrepancies. In both experiments, we assessed cognitive biases following experimentally induced mood states under both a balanced amino acid drink (BAL) and ATD. A significant interaction between treatment, mood state and cognitive bias was observed in both experiments. In the first experiment, subjects undergoing positive mood induction demonstrated a positive cognitive bias on BAL, which was abolished by ATD. The same effect was observed in subjects undergoing neutral mood induction in the second experiment. These effects replicate findings in healthy individuals undergoing ATD. Subjects undergoing negative mood induction, by contrast, demonstrated the opposite pattern of results; in both experiments, they showed no bias under BAL but induction of a positive cognitive bias by ATD. These results mimic previous findings in currently depressed patients undergoing ATD. We therefore suggest that mood state moderates the effect of ATD on cognitive biases. This, in turn, has important implications for the understanding of the role of 5-HT in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Robinson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Eagle DM, Baunez C. Is there an inhibitory-response-control system in the rat? Evidence from anatomical and pharmacological studies of behavioral inhibition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 34:50-72. [PMID: 19615404 PMCID: PMC2789250 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Many common psychiatric conditions, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Parkinson's disease, addiction and pathological gambling are linked by a failure in the mechanisms that control, or inhibit, inappropriate behavior. Models of rat behavioral inhibition permit us to study in detail the anatomical and pharmacological bases of inhibitory failure, using methods that translate directly with patient assessment in the clinic. This review updates current ideas relating to behavioral inhibition based on two significant lines of evidence from rat studies: (1) To integrate new findings from the stop-signal task into existing models of behavioral inhibition, in particular relating to 'impulsive action' control. The stop-signal task has been used for a number of years to evaluate psychiatric conditions and has recently been translated for use in the rat, bringing a wealth of new information to behavioral inhibition research. (2) To consider the importance of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in the neural circuitry of behavioral inhibition. This function of this nucleus is central to a number of 'disinhibitory' disorders such as Parkinson's disease and OCD, and their therapies, but its role in behavioral inhibition is still undervalued, and often not considered in preclinical models of behavioral control. Integration of these findings has pinpointed the orbitofrontal cortex (OF), dorsomedial striatum (DMStr) and STN within a network that normally inhibits many forms of behavior, including both impulsive and compulsive forms. However, there are distinct differences between behavioral subtypes in their neurochemical modulation. This review brings new light to the classical view of the mechanisms that inhibit behavior, in particular suggesting a far more prominent role for the STN, a structure that is usually omitted from conventional behavioral-inhibition networks. The OF-DMStr-STN circuitry may form the basis of a control network that defines behavioral inhibition and that acts to suppress or countermand many forms of inappropriate or maladaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Eagle
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, UK.
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Robbins TW, Crockett MJ. Role of Central Serotonin in Impulsivity and Compulsivity: Comparative Studies in Experimental Animals and Humans. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-7339(10)70093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Andrews PW, Thomson JA. The bright side of being blue: depression as an adaptation for analyzing complex problems. Psychol Rev 2009; 116:620-54. [PMID: 19618990 PMCID: PMC2734449 DOI: 10.1037/a0016242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the primary emotional condition for which help is sought. Depressed people often report persistent rumination, which involves analysis, and complex social problems in their lives. Analysis is often a useful approach for solving complex problems, but it requires slow, sustained processing, so disruption would interfere with problem solving. The analytical rumination hypothesis proposes that depression is an evolved response to complex problems, whose function is to minimize disruption and sustain analysis of those problems by (a) giving the triggering problem prioritized access to processing resources, (b) reducing the desire to engage in distracting activities (anhedonia), and (c) producing psychomotor changes that reduce exposure to distracting stimuli. As processing resources are limited, sustained analysis of the triggering problem reduces the ability to concentrate on other things. The hypothesis is supported by evidence from many levels-genes, neurotransmitters and their receptors, neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, neuroenergetics, pharmacology, cognition, behavior, and efficacy of treatments. In addition, the hypothesis provides explanations for puzzling findings in the depression literature, challenges the belief that serotonin transmission is low in depression, and has implications for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Andrews
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, USA.
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Fletcher PJ, Chambers JW, Rizos Z, Chintoh AF. Effects of 5-HT depletion in the frontal cortex or nucleus accumbens on response inhibition measured in the 5-choice serial reaction time test and on a DRL schedule. Behav Brain Res 2009; 201:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Impulsivity, a core symptom of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is tested in animal models by delay-discounting tasks. So far, mainly male subjects have been used in this paradigm at severe levels of food restriction. Here we studied the impulsive behaviour of CD-1 adult male and female mice at mild levels of food restriction. Mice maintained at 90 +/- 5% of ad libitum bodyweight, were tested in operant chambers provided with nose-poking holes. Nose poking in one hole resulted in the immediate delivery of one food pellet (small-soon, SS), whereas nose poking in the other hole delivered five food pellets after a delay (large-late, LL), which was increased progressively each day (0-150 s). Two subgroups emerged: individuals that shifted at short delays ("steep") and individuals that did not shift, even at the highest delays ("flat"). Analysis showed that "steep" females shifted at shorter delays than "steep" males, while no difference existed between males and females within the "flat" sub-population. In home-cage circadian activity as well as in a novelty-seeking test, females were more active than males. It can be concluded from these results that female mice are more impulsive than male mice under mild food restriction. This is in contrast with findings in earlier studies with more severe food restriction. Therefore, an alternative explanation is that females are more explorative, and that different features might be tested in delay-discounting paradigms, depending on restriction levels.
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5-HT4 receptor agonism in the five-choice serial reaction time task. Behav Brain Res 2008; 195:180-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Robinson ESJ, Dalley JW, Theobald DEH, Glennon JC, Pezze MA, Murphy ER, Robbins TW. Opposing roles for 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the nucleus accumbens on inhibitory response control in the 5-choice serial reaction time task. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:2398-406. [PMID: 18046307 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is thought to play an important role in the regulation of behavioral inhibition. Studies manipulating 5-HT function in the rodent brain indicate that 5-HT receptors regulate distinct forms of impulsive behavior, including impulsive responding in the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT). The present study investigates the loci of effects mediated by 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors in attention and inhibitory response control using microinfusions targeted at the nucleus accumbens (NAc), prelimbic cortex (PL) and infralimbic cortex (IL). Rats were implanted with bilateral guide cannulas and received infusions of the selective 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist M100907 (0.1 and 0.3 microg) or selective 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonist SB242084 (0.1 and 0.5 microg) immediately prior to testing. The results show that intra-NAc infusions of M100907 significantly decrease impulsive responding on the 5CSRTT and at the highest dose increased omissions as well. By contrast, infusions of SB242084 into the NAc selectively and dose-dependently increased impulsivity. Neither M100907 nor SB242084 significantly altered impulsive responding following either intra-PL or intra-IL administration. However, SB242084 significantly decreased omissions following intra-PL administration (0.5 microg only). These data reveal opposing effects on impulsivity following 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) blockade in the NAc. Our results suggest that the NAc, but not the PL or IL, is implicated in the mediation of the effects of M100907 and SB242084 on inhibitory response control during baseline 5CSRTT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S J Robinson
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Baviera M, Invernizzi RW, Carli M. Haloperidol and clozapine have dissociable effects in a model of attentional performance deficits induced by blockade of NMDA receptors in the mPFC. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 196:269-80. [PMID: 17940750 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is particularly evident in the domains of attention and executive functions. Atypical antipsychotics are somewhat more effective than conventional antipsychotics in improving cognitive functioning in these patients. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the effects of conventional and atypical antipsychotics in a model of attentional performance deficit of schizophrenia induced by blockade of N-methyl-D: -aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex. MATERIALS AND METHODS Attentional performance was assessed using the five-choice serial reaction time task. The task provides indices of attentional functioning (% correct responses), executive control (measured by anticipatory and perseverative responding), decision time (measured by correct response latency), and omissions. Haloperidol and clozapine were given intraperitoneally (IP) to animals that had received vehicle or a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, 3-(R)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP), directly into the medial prefrontal cortex. RESULTS Fifty nanograms/side of CPP reduced accuracy (% correct responses) and increased anticipatory and perseverative responding. Haloperidol (0.03 mg/kg IP) reduced the CPP-induced anticipatory and perseverative overresponding but not the impairment in accuracy. In contrast, clozapine (2.5 mg/kg IP) reversed the decrease in accuracy and impulsivity (anticipatory responding) but not perseverative overresponding. CPP increased decision time and omissions, but these effects were not affected by either haloperidol or clozapine. CONCLUSIONS The effects on "impulsivity" and "compulsive perseveration" in a rat model of attentional and executive deficit of schizophrenia might differentiate conventional and atypical antipsychotics. Antagonistic activity at 5-HT(2A) receptors may best explain the facilitatory effects of clozapine on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Baviera
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
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