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Takashima E, Tachibana M, Morita M, Nagaoka H, Kanoi BN, Tsuboi T. Identification of Novel Malaria Transmission-Blocking Vaccine Candidates. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:805482. [PMID: 34917521 PMCID: PMC8670312 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.805482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Control measures have significantly reduced malaria morbidity and mortality in the last two decades; however, the downward trends have stalled and have become complicated by the emergence of COVID-19. Significant efforts have been made to develop malaria vaccines, but currently only the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum has been recommended by the WHO, for widespread use among children in sub-Saharan Africa. The efficacy of RTS,S/AS01 is modest, and therefore the development of more efficacious vaccines is still needed. In addition, the development of transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) to reduce the parasite transmission from humans to mosquitoes is required toward the goal of malaria elimination. Few TBVs have reached clinical development, and challenges include low immunogenicity or high reactogenicity in humans. Therefore, novel approaches to accelerate TBV research and development are urgently needed, especially novel TBV candidate discovery. In this mini review we summarize the progress in TBV research and development, novel TBV candidate discovery, and discuss how to accelerate novel TBV candidate discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tachibana
- Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Japan
| | - Masayuki Morita
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hikaru Nagaoka
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Bernard N Kanoi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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Baton LA, Ranford-Cartwright LC. Do malaria ookinete surface proteins P25 and P28 mediate parasite entry into mosquito midgut epithelial cells? Malar J 2005; 4:15. [PMID: 15733320 PMCID: PMC555762 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-4-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background P25 and P28 are related ookinete surface proteins highly conserved throughout the Plasmodium genus that are under consideration as candidates for inclusion in transmission-blocking vaccines. Previous research using transgenic rodent malaria parasites lacking P25 and P28 has demonstrated that these proteins have multiple partially redundant functions during parasite infection of the mosquito vector, including an undefined role in ookinete traversal of the mosquito midgut epithelium, and it has been suggested that, unlike wild-type parasites, Dko P25/P28 parasites migrate across the midgut epithelium via an intercellular, rather than intracellular, route. Presentation of the hypothesis This paper presents an alternative interpretation for the previous observations of Dko P25/P28 parasites, based upon a recently published model of the route of ookinete invasion across the midgut epithelium. This model claims ookinete invasion is intracellular, with entry occurring through the lateral apical plasma membrane of midgut epithelial cells, and is associated with significant invagination of the midgut epithelium localised at the site of parasite penetration. Following this model, it is hypothesized that: (1) a sub-population of Dko P25/P28 ookinetes invaginate, but do not penetrate, the apical surface of the midgut epithelium and thus remain within the midgut lumen; and (2) another sub-population of Dko P25/P28 parasites successfully enters and migrates across the midgut epithelium via an intracellular route similar to wild-type parasites and subsequently develops into oocysts. Testing the hypothesis These hypotheses are tested by showing how they can account for previously published observations and incorporate them into a coherent and consistent explanatory framework. Based upon these hypotheses, several quantitative predictions are made, which can be experimentally tested, about the relationship between the densities of invading Dko P25/P28 ookinetes in different regions of the midgut epithelium and the number of oocyst stage parasites to which these mutant ookinetes give rise. Implications of the hypothesis The recently published model of ookinete invasion implies that Dko P25/P28 parasites are greatly, although not completely, impaired in their ability to enter the midgut epithelium. Therefore, P25 and/or P28 have a novel, previously unrecognized, function in mediating ookinete entry into midgut epithelial cells, suggesting that one mode of action of transmission-blocking antibodies to these ookinete surface proteins is to inhibit this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Baton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lisa C Ranford-Cartwright
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Tomas AM, Margos G, Dimopoulos G, van Lin LH, de Koning-Ward TF, Sinha R, Lupetti P, Beetsma AL, Rodriguez MC, Karras M, Hager A, Mendoza J, Butcher GA, Kafatos F, Janse CJ, Waters AP, Sinden RE. P25 and P28 proteins of the malaria ookinete surface have multiple and partially redundant functions. EMBO J 2001; 20:3975-83. [PMID: 11483501 PMCID: PMC149139 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.15.3975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ookinete surface proteins (P25 and P28) are proven antimalarial transmission-blocking vaccine targets, yet their biological functions are unknown. By using single (Sko) and double gene knock-out (Dko) Plasmodium berghei parasites, we show that P25 and P28 share multiple functions during ookinete/oocyst development. In the midgut of mosquitoes, the formation of ookinetes lacking both proteins (Dko parasites) is significantly inhibited due to decreased protection against lethal factors, including protease attack. In addition, Dko ookinetes have a much reduced capacity to traverse the midgut epithelium and to transform into the oocyst stage. P25 and P28 are partially redundant in these functions, since the efficiency of ookinete/oocyst development is only mildly compromised in parasites lacking either P25 or P28 (Sko parasites) compared with that of Dko parasites. The fact that Sko parasites are efficiently transmitted by the mosquito is a compelling reason for including both target antigens in transmission-blocking vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriele Margos
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Laboratory of Parasitology, PO Box 9605, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands,
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Biology Department, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Unit of Electron Microscopy and Cryotechniques, Dipartimento Biologia Evolutiva, Università di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - George Dimopoulos
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Laboratory of Parasitology, PO Box 9605, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands,
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Biology Department, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Unit of Electron Microscopy and Cryotechniques, Dipartimento Biologia Evolutiva, Università di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | | | - Ria Sinha
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Laboratory of Parasitology, PO Box 9605, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands,
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Biology Department, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Unit of Electron Microscopy and Cryotechniques, Dipartimento Biologia Evolutiva, Università di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Pietro Lupetti
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Laboratory of Parasitology, PO Box 9605, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands,
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Biology Department, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Unit of Electron Microscopy and Cryotechniques, Dipartimento Biologia Evolutiva, Università di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Annette L. Beetsma
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Laboratory of Parasitology, PO Box 9605, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands,
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Biology Department, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Unit of Electron Microscopy and Cryotechniques, Dipartimento Biologia Evolutiva, Università di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Maria C. Rodriguez
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Laboratory of Parasitology, PO Box 9605, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands,
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Biology Department, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Unit of Electron Microscopy and Cryotechniques, Dipartimento Biologia Evolutiva, Università di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Marianna Karras
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Laboratory of Parasitology, PO Box 9605, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands,
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Biology Department, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Unit of Electron Microscopy and Cryotechniques, Dipartimento Biologia Evolutiva, Università di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Ariadne Hager
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Laboratory of Parasitology, PO Box 9605, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands,
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Biology Department, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Unit of Electron Microscopy and Cryotechniques, Dipartimento Biologia Evolutiva, Università di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Jacqui Mendoza
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Laboratory of Parasitology, PO Box 9605, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands,
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Biology Department, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Unit of Electron Microscopy and Cryotechniques, Dipartimento Biologia Evolutiva, Università di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Geoffrey A. Butcher
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Laboratory of Parasitology, PO Box 9605, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands,
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Biology Department, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Unit of Electron Microscopy and Cryotechniques, Dipartimento Biologia Evolutiva, Università di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Fotis Kafatos
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Laboratory of Parasitology, PO Box 9605, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands,
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Biology Department, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Unit of Electron Microscopy and Cryotechniques, Dipartimento Biologia Evolutiva, Università di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | | | - Robert E. Sinden
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Laboratory of Parasitology, PO Box 9605, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands,
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Biology Department, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany and Unit of Electron Microscopy and Cryotechniques, Dipartimento Biologia Evolutiva, Università di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy Corresponding author e-mail:
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