1
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Ehtewish H, Mesleh A, Ponirakis G, Lennard K, Al Hamad H, Chandran M, Parray A, Abdesselem H, Wijten P, Decock J, Alajez NM, Ramadan M, Khan S, Ayadathil R, Own A, Elsotouhy A, Albagha O, Arredouani A, Blackburn JM, Malik RA, El-Agnaf OMA. Profiling the autoantibody repertoire reveals autoantibodies associated with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1256745. [PMID: 38107644 PMCID: PMC10722091 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1256745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dementia is a debilitating neurological disease affecting millions of people worldwide. The exact mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of the disease remain to be fully defined. There is an increasing body of evidence for the role of immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of dementia, where blood-borne autoimmune antibodies have been studied as potential markers associated with pathological mechanisms of dementia. Methods This study included plasma from 50 cognitively normal individuals, 55 subjects with MCI (mild cognitive impairment), and 22 subjects with dementia. Autoantibody profiling for more than 1,600 antigens was performed using a high throughput microarray platform to identify differentially expressed autoantibodies in MCI and dementia. Results The differential expression analysis identified 33 significantly altered autoantibodies in the plasma of patients with dementia compared to cognitively normal subjects, and 38 significantly altered autoantibodies in the plasma of patients with dementia compared to subjects with MCI. And 20 proteins had significantly altered autoantibody responses in MCI compared to cognitively normal individuals. Five autoantibodies were commonly dysregulated in both dementia and MCI, including anti-CAMK2A, CKS1B, ETS2, MAP4, and NUDT2. Plasma levels of anti-ODF3, E6, S100P, and ARHGDIG correlated negatively with the cognitive performance scores (MoCA) (r2 -0.56 to -0.42, value of p < 0.001). Additionally, several proteins targeted by autoantibodies dysregulated in dementia were significantly enriched in the neurotrophin signaling pathway, axon guidance, cholinergic synapse, long-term potentiation, apoptosis, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Conclusion We have shown multiple dysregulated autoantibodies in the plasma of subjects with MCI and dementia. The corresponding proteins for these autoantibodies are involved in neurodegenerative pathways, suggesting a potential impact of autoimmunity on the etiology of dementia and the possible benefit for future therapeutic approaches. Further investigations are warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Ehtewish
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Areej Mesleh
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Georgios Ponirakis
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Katie Lennard
- Sengenics Corporation, Level M, Plaza Zurich, Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanadi Al Hamad
- Geriatric and Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Mani Chandran
- Geriatric and Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Aijaz Parray
- The Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Houari Abdesselem
- Proteomics Core Facility, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Patrick Wijten
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Julie Decock
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Nehad M. Alajez
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Marwan Ramadan
- Geriatric and Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Shafi Khan
- Geriatric and Memory Clinic, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Raheem Ayadathil
- The Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Own
- The Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Elsotouhy
- The Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar Albagha
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdelilah Arredouani
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Jonathan M. Blackburn
- Sengenics Corporation, Level M, Plaza Zurich, Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rayaz A. Malik
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar M. A. El-Agnaf
- College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
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2
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Zheng Q, Song B, Li G, Cai F, Wu M, Zhao Y, Jiang L, Guo T, Shen M, Hou H, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Di A, Zhang L, Zeng F, Zhang XF, Luo H, Zhang X, Zhang H, Zeng Z, Huang TY, Dong C, Qing H, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Wang X, Wu Y, Xu H, Song W, Wang X. USP25 inhibition ameliorates Alzheimer's pathology through the regulation of APP processing and Aβ generation. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:152170. [PMID: 35229730 PMCID: PMC8884900 DOI: 10.1172/jci152170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, is one of the critical risk factors for early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD), implicating key roles for chromosome 21–encoded genes in the pathogenesis of AD. We previously identified a role for the deubiquitinase USP25, encoded on chromosome 21, in regulating microglial homeostasis in the AD brain; however, whether USP25 affects amyloid pathology remains unknown. Here, by crossing 5×FAD AD and Dp16 DS mice, we observed that trisomy 21 exacerbated amyloid pathology in the 5×FAD brain. Moreover, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgene–mediated USP25 overexpression increased amyloid deposition in the 5×FAD mouse brain, whereas genetic deletion of Usp25 reduced amyloid deposition. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that USP25 promoted β cleavage of APP and Aβ generation by reducing the ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation of both APP and BACE1. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of USP25 ameliorated amyloid pathology in the 5×FAD mouse brain. In summary, we identified the DS-related gene USP25 as a critical regulator of AD pathology, and our data suggest that USP25 serves as a potential pharmacological target for AD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Beibei Song
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Guilin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fang Cai
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Meiling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - LuLin Jiang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tiantian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingyu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yini Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Anjie Di
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lishan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fanwei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiping Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Qing Zhang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, School of Mental Health and Kangning Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yili Wu
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, School of Mental Health and Kangning Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weihong Song
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, School of Mental Health and Kangning Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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3
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Neurogenetic disorders across the lifespan: from aberrant development to degeneration. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:117-124. [PMID: 34987232 PMCID: PMC10132523 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are common, and genetic testing is increasingly performed in individuals with these diagnoses to inform prognosis, refine management and provide information about recurrence risk in the family. For neurogenetic conditions associated with intellectual disability and ASD, data on natural history in adults are scarce; however, as older adults with these disorders are identified, it is becoming clear that some conditions are associated with both neurodevelopmental problems and neurodegeneration. Moreover, emerging evidence indicates that some neurogenetic conditions associated primarily with neurodegeneration also affect neurodevelopment. In this Perspective, we discuss examples of diseases that have developmental and degenerative overlap. We propose that neurogenetic disorders should be studied continually across the lifespan to understand the roles of the affected genes in brain development and maintenance, and to inform strategies for treatment.
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4
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Ren S, Wang X, Qin J, Mu Q, Ye S, Zhang Y, Yu W, Guo J. Altered gut microbiota correlates with cognitive impairment in Chinese children with Down's syndrome. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:189-202. [PMID: 33999314 PMCID: PMC8816804 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Down's syndrome (DS), a common chromosomal disease caused by chromosome 21 trisomy, is the main cause of cognitive impairment in children worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that the microbiota-gut-brain axis plays a potential role in cognitive impairment. However, data regarding gut microbiota alterations in DS patients remain scarce, especially data from children with DS. This case-control study was conducted to explore the gut microbiota composition in Chinese DS children. Additionally, the potential association between gut microbiota and cognitive function in DS was evaluated. Microbiota communities in the feces of 15 DS subjects and 15 matched controls were investigated using high-throughput Illumina Miseq sequencing targeting the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. The relationships between gut microbiota composition and DS cognitive function scores were analyzed. The structure and richness of the gut microbiota differed between DS patients and healthy controls. The abundance of Acidaminococcaceae was decreased in DS patients. Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed increased modules related to peptidases and pyrimidine metabolism. Overall, we confirmed that gut microbiota alterations occurred in Chinese patients with DS. Additionally, the fecal microbiota was closely related to DS cognitive impairment. Larger cohorts are needed to confirm these findings and to clarify the mechanisms involved. Elucidating these novel findings in the field of microbiota-gut-brain axis will provide a promising strategy for future studies of DS cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Xinjuan Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Jiong Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Qing Mu
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Shuai Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Weidong Yu
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Jingzhu Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China.
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5
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Shi W, Yang F, Dai R, Sun Y, Chu Y, Liao S, Hao B. METTL3-Mediated N6-Methyladenosine Modification Is Involved in the Dysregulation of NRIP1 Expression in Down Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:621374. [PMID: 33869171 PMCID: PMC8047211 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.621374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a common genetic condition in which a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. Intellectual disability is the most common characteristic of DS. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a common RNA modification that is implicated in many biological processes. It is highly enriched within the brain and plays an essential role in human brain development. However, the mRNA m6A modification in the fetal brain of DS has not been explored. Here, we report m6A mRNA profiles and mRNA expression profiles of fetal brain cortex tissue from DSs and controls. We observed that the m6A modification in DS brain tissues was reduced genome-wide, which may be due to decreased the m6A methyltransferase like 3 (METTL3) protein expression. The nuclear receptor-interacting protein 1 (NRIP1/RIP140) is coded by a highly conserved chromosome 21 (Hsa21) gene. Overexpression of NRIP1 is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in DS. The NRIP1 mRNA increased in fetal brain tissues of DS, whereas the m6A modification of the NRIP1 mRNA significantly decreased. METTL3 knockdown reduced the m6A modification of NRIP1 mRNA and increased its expression, and an increase in NRIP1 m6A modification and a decrease in its expression were observed in METTL3-overexpressed cells. The Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that METTL3 regulates NRIP1 expression in an m6A-dependent manner. The decay rate of NRIP1 mRNA was significantly reduced in METTL3-knockdown cells but increased in METTL3-overexpressed cells. We proposed that the m6A modification of NRIP1 mRNA in DS fetal brain tissue is reduced, reducing its transcript degradation rate, resulting in abnormally increased expression of NRIP1, at least partially, in the DS brain. It provides a new mechanism for the molecular pathology of DS and leads to a new insight that may become therapeutically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Shi
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Medical Genetics Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention, Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ranran Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yafei Sun
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention, Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Chu
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Medical Genetics Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shixiu Liao
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Medical Genetics Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention, Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bingtao Hao
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Medical Genetics Institute of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention, Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Zheng Q, Li G, Wang S, Zhou Y, Liu K, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Zheng L, Zhu L, Deng Q, Wu M, Di A, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Sun H, Dong C, Xu H, Wang X. Trisomy 21-induced dysregulation of microglial homeostasis in Alzheimer's brains is mediated by USP25. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/1/eabe1340. [PMID: 33523861 PMCID: PMC7775784 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy of chromosome 21, is the most significant risk factor for early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, underlying mechanisms linking DS and AD remain unclear. Here, we show that triplication of homologous chromosome 21 genes aggravates neuroinflammation in combined murine DS-AD models. Overexpression of USP25, a deubiquitinating enzyme encoded by chromosome 21, results in microglial activation and induces synaptic and cognitive deficits, whereas genetic ablation of Usp25 reduces neuroinflammation and rescues synaptic and cognitive function in 5×FAD mice. Mechanistically, USP25 deficiency attenuates microglia-mediated proinflammatory cytokine overproduction and synapse elimination. Inhibition of USP25 reestablishes homeostatic microglial signatures and restores synaptic and cognitive function in 5×FAD mice. In summary, we demonstrate an unprecedented role for trisomy 21 and pathogenic effects associated with microgliosis as a result of the increased USP25 dosage, implicating USP25 as a therapeutic target for neuroinflammation in DS and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Guilin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yulin Zhou
- Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, China
| | - Liangkai Zheng
- Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Qingfang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Meiling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Anjie Di
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Lishan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Hao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Center for Brain Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
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7
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Yu YE, Xing Z, Do C, Pao A, Lee EJ, Krinsky-McHale S, Silverman W, Schupf N, Tycko B. Genetic and epigenetic pathways in Down syndrome: Insights to the brain and immune system from humans and mouse models. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 251:1-28. [PMID: 32057305 PMCID: PMC7286740 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of an extra copy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) leads to a constellation of phenotypic manifestations in Down syndrome (DS), including prominent effects on the brain and immune system. Intensive efforts to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenotypes may help developing effective therapies, both in DS and in the general population. Here we review recent progress in genetic and epigenetic analysis of trisomy 21 (Ts21). New mouse models of DS based on syntenic conservation of segments of the mouse and human chromosomes are starting to clarify the contributions of chromosomal subregions and orthologous genes to specific phenotypes in DS. The expression of genes on Hsa21 is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, and with recent findings of highly recurrent gene-specific changes in DNA methylation patterns in brain and immune system cells with Ts21, the epigenomics of DS has become an active research area. Here we highlight the value of combining human studies with mouse models for defining DS critical genes and understanding the trans-acting effects of a simple chromosomal aneuploidy on genome-wide epigenetic patterning. These genetic and epigenetic studies are starting to uncover fundamental biological mechanisms, leading to insights that may soon become therapeutically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Eugene Yu
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States; Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Zhuo Xing
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Catherine Do
- Department of Biomedical Research, Division of Genetics & Epigenetics, Hackensack-Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation and Hackensack-Meridian Health School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Annie Pao
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Eun Joon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Research, Division of Genetics & Epigenetics, Hackensack-Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation and Hackensack-Meridian Health School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Sharon Krinsky-McHale
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, United States
| | - Wayne Silverman
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Department of Biomedical Research, Division of Genetics & Epigenetics, Hackensack-Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation and Hackensack-Meridian Health School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, Nutley, NJ, United States.
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Nguyen DT, Nguyen HH, Nguyen TD, Nguyen TTH, Nakano K, Maejima K, Sasaki-Oku A, Nguyen VB, Nguyen DB, Le BQ, Wong JH, Tsunoda T, Nakagawa H, Fujimoto A, Nong VH. Whole Genome Sequencing of a Vietnamese Family from a Dioxin Contamination Hotspot Reveals Novel Variants in the Son with Undiagnosed Intellectual Disability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122629. [PMID: 30477169 PMCID: PMC6313569 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been a half-century since dioxin-contaminated herbicides were used to defoliate the landscape during the Vietnam War, dioxin contamination “hotspots” still remain in Vietnam. Environmental and health impacts of these hotspots need to be evaluated. Intellectual disability (ID) is one of the diseases found in the children of people exposed to the herbicides. This study aims to identify genetic alterations of a patient whose family lived in a dioxin hotspot. The patient’s father had a highly elevated dioxin concentration. He was affected with undiagnosed moderate ID. To analyze de novo mutations and genetic variations, and to identify causal gene(s) for ID, we performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) of the proband and his parents. Two de novo missense mutations were detected, each one in ETS2 and ZNF408 genes, respectively. Compound heterozygosity was identified in CENPF and TTN genes. Existing knowledge on the genes and bioinformatics analyses suggest that EST2, ZNF408, and CENPF might be promising candidates for ID causative genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Ton Nguyen
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Hai Ha Nguyen
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Thuy Duong Nguyen
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Thi Thanh Hoa Nguyen
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Kaoru Nakano
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Maejima
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Aya Sasaki-Oku
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Van Ba Nguyen
- Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Dong, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Duy Bac Nguyen
- Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Dong, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Bach Quang Le
- Vietnam Military Medical University, Ha Dong, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Jing Hao Wong
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Fujimoto
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Van Hai Nong
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
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Tramutola A, Lanzillotta C, Barone E, Arena A, Zuliani I, Mosca L, Blarzino C, Butterfield DA, Perluigi M, Di Domenico F. Intranasal rapamycin ameliorates Alzheimer-like cognitive decline in a mouse model of Down syndrome. Transl Neurodegener 2018; 7:28. [PMID: 30410750 PMCID: PMC6218962 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-018-0133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Down syndrome (DS) individuals, by the age of 40s, are at increased risk to develop Alzheimer-like dementia, with deposition in brain of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Our laboratory recently demonstrated the disturbance of PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis in DS brain, prior and after the development of Alzheimer Disease (AD). The aberrant modulation of the mTOR signalling in DS and AD age-related cognitive decline affects crucial neuronal pathways, including insulin signaling and autophagy, involved in pathology onset and progression. Within this context, the therapeutic use of mTOR-inhibitors may prevent/attenuate the neurodegenerative phenomena. By our work we aimed to rescue mTOR signalling in DS mice by a novel rapamycin intranasal administration protocol (InRapa) that maximizes brain delivery and reduce systemic side effects. Methods Ts65Dn mice were administered with InRapa for 12 weeks, starting at 6 months of age demonstrating, at the end of the treatment by radial arms maze and novel object recognition testing, rescued cognition. Results The analysis of mTOR signalling, after InRapa, demonstrated in Ts65Dn mice hippocampus the inhibition of mTOR (reduced to physiological levels), which led, through the rescue of autophagy and insulin signalling, to reduced APP levels, APP processing and APP metabolites production, as well as, to reduced tau hyperphosphorylation. In addition, a reduction of oxidative stress markers was also observed. Discussion These findings demonstrate that chronic InRapa administration is able to exert a neuroprotective effect on Ts65Dn hippocampus by reducing AD pathological hallmarks and by restoring protein homeostasis, thus ultimately resulting in improved cognition. Results are discussed in term of a potential novel targeted therapeutic approach to reduce cognitive decline and AD-like neuropathology in DS individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Tramutola
- 1Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Lanzillotta
- 1Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Barone
- 1Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.,2Universidad Autònoma de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de alud, Avenida Pedro de Valdivia 425, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Arena
- 1Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zuliani
- 1Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luciana Mosca
- 1Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Blarzino
- 1Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- 3Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055 USA
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- 1Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- 1Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Di Domenico F, Tramutola A, Foppoli C, Head E, Perluigi M, Butterfield DA. mTOR in Down syndrome: Role in Aß and tau neuropathology and transition to Alzheimer disease-like dementia. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 114:94-101. [PMID: 28807816 PMCID: PMC5748251 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase involved in the regulation of protein synthesis and degradation, longevity and cytoskeletal formation. The mTOR pathway represents a key growth and survival pathway involved in several diseases such as cancer, obesity, cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous studies linked the alterations of mTOR pathway to age-dependent cognitive decline, pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) and AD-like dementia in Down syndrome (DS). DS is the most frequent chromosomal abnormality that causes intellectual disability. The neuropathology of AD in DS is complex and involves impaired mitochondrial function, defects in neurogenesis, increased oxidative stress, altered proteostasis and autophagy networks as a result of triplication of chromosome 21(chr 21). The chr21 gene products are considered a principal neuropathogenic moiety in DS. Several genes involved respectively in the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), two main pathological hallmarks of AD, are mapped on chr21. Further, in subjects with DS the activation of mTOR signaling contributes to Aβ generation and the formation of NFT. This review discusses recent research highlighting the complex role of mTOR associated with the presence of two hallmarks of AD pathology, senile plaques (composed mostly of fibrillar Aß peptides), and NFT (composed mostly of hyperphosphorylated tau protein). Oxidative stress, associated with chr21-related Aβ and mitochondrial alterations, may significantly contribute to this linkage of mTOR to AD-like neuropathology in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Cesira Foppoli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA.
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11
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Abstract
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21; DS) is a unique disease known to be associated with early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). The initial presentation of AD in DS is usually difficult to recognize, owing to the underlying intellectual disabilities. Using biomarkers as a prediction tool for detecting AD in at-risk people with DS may benefit patient care. The objective of this review is to discuss the utility of biomarkers in DS on the basis of the pathophysiology of the disease and to provide an update on recent studies in this field. Only through the comprehensive assessment of clinical symptoms, imaging studies, and biomarker analyses can people with DS who are at risk for AD be diagnosed early. Studies for biomarkers of AD in DS have focused on the common pathophysiology of AD in people with DS and in the general population. The most extensively studied biomarkers are amyloid and tau. Owing to the nature of amyloid precursor protein overproduction in DS, the baseline β-amyloid (Aβ) plasma levels are higher than those in controls. Hence, the changes in Aβ are considered to be a predictive marker for AD in DS. In addition, other markers related to telomere length, neuroinflammation, and methylation have been investigated for their correlation with AD progression. Future studies including different ethnic groups may be helpful to collect sufficient data to monitor drug safety and efficacy, stratify patients at risk for AD, and quantify the benefit of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Chung Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yin-Hsiu Chien
- Department of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wuh-Liang Hwu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Do C, Xing Z, Yu YE, Tycko B. Trans-acting epigenetic effects of chromosomal aneuploidies: lessons from Down syndrome and mouse models. Epigenomics 2016; 9:189-207. [PMID: 27911079 PMCID: PMC5549717 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An important line of postgenomic research seeks to understand how genetic factors can influence epigenetic patterning. Here we review epigenetic effects of chromosomal aneuploidies, focusing on findings in Down syndrome (DS, trisomy 21). Recent work in human DS and mouse models has shown that the extra chromosome 21 acts in trans to produce epigenetic changes, including differential CpG methylation (DS-DM), in specific sets of downstream target genes, mostly on other chromosomes. Mechanistic hypotheses emerging from these data include roles of chromosome 21-linked methylation pathway genes (DNMT3L and others) and transcription factor genes (RUNX1, OLIG2, GABPA, ERG and ETS2) in shaping the patterns of DS-DM. The findings may have broader implications for trans-acting epigenetic effects of chromosomal and subchromosomal aneuploidies in other human developmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, and in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Do
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zhuo Xing
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program & Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Y Eugene Yu
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics Program & Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's disease & the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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13
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Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a relatively common genetic condition caused by the triplication of human chromosome 21. No therapies currently exist for the rescue of neurocognitive impairment in DS. This review presents exciting findings showing that it is possible to restore brain development and cognitive performance in mouse models of DS with therapies that can also apply to humans. This knowledge provides a potential breakthrough for the prevention of intellectual disability in DS.
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14
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Choong XY, Tosh JL, Pulford LJ, Fisher EMC. Dissecting Alzheimer disease in Down syndrome using mouse models. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:268. [PMID: 26528151 PMCID: PMC4602094 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a common genetic condition caused by the presence of three copies of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). This greatly increases the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD), but although virtually all people with DS have AD neuropathology by 40 years of age, not all develop dementia. To dissect the genetic contribution of trisomy 21 to DS phenotypes including those relevant to AD, a range of DS mouse models has been generated which are trisomic for chromosome segments syntenic to human chromosome 21. Here, we consider key characteristics of human AD in DS (AD-DS), and our current state of knowledge on related phenotypes in AD and DS mouse models. We go on to review important features needed in future models of AD-DS, to understand this type of dementia and so highlight pathogenic mechanisms relevant to all populations at risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yu Choong
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London London, UK ; The LonDownS Consortium London, UK
| | - Justin L Tosh
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London London, UK ; The LonDownS Consortium London, UK
| | - Laura J Pulford
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London London, UK ; The LonDownS Consortium London, UK
| | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London London, UK ; The LonDownS Consortium London, UK
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15
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Wiseman FK, Al-Janabi T, Hardy J, Karmiloff-Smith A, Nizetic D, Tybulewicz VLJ, Fisher EMC, Strydom A. A genetic cause of Alzheimer disease: mechanistic insights from Down syndrome. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:564-74. [PMID: 26243569 PMCID: PMC4678594 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome, which arises in individuals carrying an extra copy of chromosome 21, is associated with a greatly increased risk of early-onset Alzheimer disease. It is thought that this risk is conferred by the presence of three copies of the gene encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP)--an Alzheimer disease risk factor--although the possession of extra copies of other chromosome 21 genes may also play a part. Further study of the mechanisms underlying the development of Alzheimer disease in people with Down syndrome could provide insights into the mechanisms that cause dementia in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances K Wiseman
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tamara Al-Janabi
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Annette Karmiloff-Smith
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Dean Nizetic
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Novena Campus, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232; and the Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - André Strydom
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK
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Opportunities and Limitations of Modelling Alzheimer's Disease with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Clin Med 2014; 3:1357-72. [PMID: 26237606 PMCID: PMC4470188 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3041357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has opened the way for patient-specific disease modelling. Following their differentiation into neuronal cell types, iPSC have enabled the investigation of human neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). While human iPSCs certainly provide great opportunities to repeatedly interrogate specific human brain cell types of individuals with familial and sporadic forms of the disease, the complex aetiology and timescale over which AD develops in humans poses particular challenges to iPSC-based AD models. Here, we discuss the current state-of-play in the context of these and other iPSC model-related challenges and elaborate on likely future developments in this field of research.
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17
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Corrales A, Martínez P, García S, Vidal V, García E, Flórez J, Sanchez-Barceló EJ, Martínez-Cué C, Rueda N. Long-term oral administration of melatonin improves spatial learning and memory and protects against cholinergic degeneration in middle-aged Ts65Dn mice, a model of Down syndrome. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:346-58. [PMID: 23350971 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ts65Dn mice (TS), the most commonly used model of Down syndrome (DS), exhibit phenotypic characteristics of this condition. Both TS mice and DS individuals present cognitive disturbances, age-related cholinergic degeneration, and increased brain expression of β-amyloid precursor protein (AβPP). These neurodegenerative processes may contribute to the progressive cognitive decline observed in DS. Melatonin is a pineal indoleamine that has been reported to reduce neurodegenerative processes and improve cognitive deficits in various animal models. In this study, we evaluated the potentially beneficial effects of long-term melatonin treatment on the cognitive deficits, cholinergic degeneration, and enhanced AβPP and β-amyloid levels of TS mice. Melatonin was administered for 5 months to 5- to 6-month-old TS and control (CO) mice. Melatonin treatment improved spatial learning and memory and increased the number of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive cells in the medial septum of both TS and CO mice. However, melatonin treatment did not significantly reduce AβPP or β-amyloid levels in the cortex or the hippocampus of TS mice. Melatonin administration did reduce anxiety in TS mice without inducing sensorimotor alterations, indicating that prolonged treatment with this indoleamine is devoid of noncognitive behavioral side effects (e.g., motor coordination, sensorimotor abilities, or spontaneous activity). Our results suggest that melatonin administration might improve the cognitive abilities of both TS and CO mice, at least partially, by reducing the age-related degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Thus, chronic melatonin supplementation may be an effective treatment for delaying the age-related progression of cognitive deterioration found in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corrales
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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18
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Chatterjee A, Dutta S, Mukherjee S, Mukherjee N, Dutta A, Mukherjee A, Sinha S, Panda CK, Chaudhuri K, Roy AL, Mukhopadhyay K. Potential contribution of SIM2 and ETS2 functional polymorphisms in Down syndrome associated malignancies. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 14:12. [PMID: 23343470 PMCID: PMC3563522 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-14-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Proper expression and functioning of transcription factors (TFs) are essential for regulation of different traits and thus could be crucial for the development of complex diseases. Subjects with Down syndrome (DS) have a higher incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) while solid tumors, like breast cancer (BC) and oral cancer (OC), show rare incidences. Triplication of the human chromosome 21 in DS is associated with altered genetic dosage of different TFs. V-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 2 (ETS2) and Single Minded 2 (SIM2) are two such TFs that regulate several downstream genes involved in developmental and neurological pathways. Here we studied functional genetic polymorphisms (fSNP) in ETS2 and SIM2 encoding genes in a group of patients and control subjects to better understand association of these variants with DS phenotypes. Methods We employed an in silico approach to identify potential target pathways of ETS2 and SIM2. fSNPs in genes encoding for these two TFs were identified using available databases. Selected sites were genotyped in individuals with DS, their parents, ALL, BC, OC as well as ethnically matched control individuals. We further analyzed these data by population-based statistical methods. Results Allelic/genotypic association analysis showed significant (P < 0.03) differences of rs2070530, rs1051476, rs11254, rs711 for DS subjects compared to control. rs711 also exhibited significantly different genotypic distribution pattern in parents of DS probands (P < 0.02) and BC patients (P < 0.02). Interaction analysis revealed independent main effect of rs711 in all the groups, while rs11254 exhibited independent main effect in DS subjects only. High entropy values were noticed for rs461155 in the solid tumor groups. Significant interactive effects of rs2070531 with rs1051475, rs1051476, rs11254 were observed in all the groups except DS. Conclusions We infer from the present investigation that the difference in frequencies of fSNPs and their independent as well as interactive effects may be the cause for altered expression of SIM2 and ETS2 in DS and malignant groups, which affects different downstream biological pathways. Thus, altered expression of SIM2 and ETS2 could be one of the reasons for variable occurrence of different malignant conditions in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Chatterjee
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, MRIH, Kolkata, India
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Alzheimer's disease and vascular deficiency: lessons from imaging studies and down syndrome. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2012; 2012:929734. [PMID: 22400025 PMCID: PMC3286884 DOI: 10.1155/2012/929734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) individuals are at high risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and consequently provide a unique opportunity to examine the factors leading to the onset of AD. This paper focuses on the neglected vascular parallels between AD and DS that can readily be examined in DS. Several recent AD studies provide evidence that internal jugular vein (IJV) reflux may result in white matter lesions and a 30% decrease in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) clearance of amyloid-β. At the same time, studies analyzing the synthesis of amyloid-β in DS showed greater than expected amounts of Aβ than would be predicted by the increase in gene dosage, perhaps due to slower clearance. These studies are discussed along with the possibility that the venous and CSF dysfunction found in AD patients may be present early in life in persons with DS, leaving them particularly vulnerable to early onset AD. Studying IJV function in DS provides an opportunity to understand the role of vascular function in the initiation of AD.
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Scorza CA, Cavalheiro EA. Animal models of intellectual disability: towards a translational approach. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66 Suppl 1:55-63. [PMID: 21779723 PMCID: PMC3118438 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011001300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability is a prevalent form of cognitive impairment, affecting 2-3% of the general population. It is a daunting societal problem characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social and practical adaptive skills. Intellectual disability is a clinically important disorder for which the etiology and pathogenesis are still poorly understood. Moreover, although tremendous progress has been made, pharmacological intervention is still currently non-existent and therapeutic strategies remain limited. Studies in humans have a very limited capacity to explain basic mechanisms of this condition. In this sense, animal models have been invaluable in intellectual disability investigation. Certainly, a great deal of the knowledge that has improved our understanding of several pathologies has derived from appropriate animal models. Moreover, to improve human health, scientific discoveries must be translated into practical applications. Translational research specifically aims at taking basic scientific discoveries and best practices to benefit the lives of people in our communities. In this context, the challenge that basic science research needs to meet is to make use of a comparative approach to benefit the most from what each animal model can tell us. Intellectual disability results from many different genetic and environmental insults. Taken together, the present review will describe several animal models of potential intellectual disability risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Scorza
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Jones EL, Ballard CG, Prasher VP, Arno M, Tyrer S, Moore B, Hanney ML. An Intron 7 Polymorphism in APP Affects the Age of Onset of Dementia in Down Syndrome. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2011:929102. [PMID: 21197396 PMCID: PMC3010675 DOI: 10.4061/2011/929102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
People with Down syndrome (DS) develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) with an early age of onset. A tetranucleotide repeat, attt(5-8), in intron 7 of the amyloid precursor protein has been associated with the age of onset of AD in DS in a preliminary study. The authors examine the impact of this polymorphism in a larger cohort of individuals with DS. Adults with DS were genotyped for attt(5-8) and APOE. The results were analysed with respect to the age of onset of dementia. The presence of three copies of the six-repeat allele resulted in onset of dementia seven years earlier than in the presence of other genotypes. Further study is essential to elucidate the mechanism by which this polymorphism functions, with an exciting opportunity to identify novel treatment targets relevant for people with DS and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Jones
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Netzer WJ, Powell C, Nong Y, Blundell J, Wong L, Duff K, Flajolet M, Greengard P. Lowering beta-amyloid levels rescues learning and memory in a Down syndrome mouse model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10943. [PMID: 20532168 PMCID: PMC2880593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
β-amyloid levels are elevated in Down syndrome (DS) patients throughout life and are believed to cause Alzheimer's disease (AD) in adult members of this population. However, it is not known if β-amyloid contributes to intellectual disability in younger individuals. We used a γ-secretase inhibitor to lower β-amyloid levels in young mice that model DS. This treatment corrected learning deficits characteristic of these mice, suggesting that β-amyloid-lowering therapies might improve cognitive function in young DS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Netzer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.
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Mental retardation and associated neurological dysfunctions in Down syndrome: a consequence of dysregulation in critical chromosome 21 genes and associated molecular pathways. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2008; 12:168-82. [PMID: 17933568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 08/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), affecting 1/700 live births, is the major genetic cause of mental retardation (MR), a cognitive disorder with hard impact on public health. DS brain is characterized by a reduced cerebellar volume and number of granular cells, defective cortical lamination and reduced cortical neurons, malformed dendritic trees and spines, and abnormal synapses. These neurological alterations, also found in trisomic mouse models, result from gene-dosage effects of Human Chromosome 21 (HC21) on the expression of critical developmental genes. HC21 sequencing, mouse ortholog gene identification and DS mouse model generation lead to determine HC21 gene functions and the effects of protein-dosage alterations in neurodevelopmental and metabolic pathways in DS individuals. Trisomic brain transcriptome of DS patients and trisomic mouse models identified some molecular changes determined by gene-overdosage and associated dysregulation of some disomic gene expression in DS brains. These transcriptional variations cause developmental alterations in neural patterning and signal transduction pathways that may lead to defective neuronal circuits responsible for the pathogenesis of MR in DS. Recently, the first altered molecular pathway responsible of some DS phenotypes, including neurological and cognitive disorders has been identified. In this pathway, two critical HC21 genes (DYRK1A and DSCR1) act synergistically to control the phosphorylation levels of NFATc and NFATc-regulated gene expression. Interestingly, the NFATc mice show neurological dysfunctions similar to those seen in DS patients and trisomic mouse models. Treatment of DS mouse model Ts65Dn with GABA(A) antagonists allowed post-drug rescue of cognitive defects, indicating a hopeful direction in clinical therapies for MR in children with DS.
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Rachidi M, Lopes C. Mental retardation in Down syndrome: From gene dosage imbalance to molecular and cellular mechanisms. Neurosci Res 2007; 59:349-69. [PMID: 17897742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), the most frequent genetic disorder leading to mental retardation (MR), is caused by three copies of human chromosome 21 (HC21). Trisomic and transgenic mouse models for DS allow genetic dissection of DS neurological and cognitive disorders in view to identify genes responsible for these phenotypes. The effects of the gene dosage imbalance on DS phenotypes are explained by two hypotheses: the "gene dosage effect" hypothesis claims that a DS critical region, containing a subset of dosage-sensitive genes, determines DS phenotypes, and the "amplified developmental instability" hypothesis holds that HC21 trisomy determines general alteration in developmental homeostasis. Transcriptome and expression studies showed different up- or down-expression levels of genes located on HC21 and the other disomic chromosomes. HC21 genes, characterized by their overexpression in brain regions affected in DS patients and by their contribution to neurological and cognitive defects when overexpressed in mouse models, are proposed herein as good candidates for MR. In this article, we propose a new molecular and cellular mechanism explaining MR pathogenesis in DS. In this model, gene dosage imbalance effects on transcriptional variations are described considering the nature of gene products and their functional relationships. These transcriptional variations may affect different aspects of neuronal differentiation and metabolism and finally, determine the brain neuropathologies and mental retardation in DS.
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Kahlem P. Gene-dosage effect on chromosome 21 transcriptome in trisomy 21: implication in Down syndrome cognitive disorders. Behav Genet 2006; 36:416-28. [PMID: 16557362 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-006-9053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the era of human functional genomics, the chromosome 21 has represented a prototype for pioneering global biotechnologies. Its relatively low gene content enabled studying Down syndrome at the chromosomal scale, for which the last years have seen intense research activity aiming at genotype-phenotype correlations. The global gene-dose dependent upregulation of gene expression seen in the context of trisomy and preliminary functional annotation of chromosome 21 genes points towards candidate genes and molecular pathways potentially associated with the cognitive defects observed in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kahlem
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Germany.
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Vaidya SV, Mathew PA. An Ets element regulates the transcription of the human 2B4 gene in natural killer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 1728:181-5. [PMID: 15777706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Revised: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2B4 (CD244) acts as an activation receptor on human NK cells, whereas it sends inhibitory signals in murine NK cells. A previous study indicated a prominent role for AP-1 in the transcription of 2B4 gene. To further understand the transcriptional regulation we analyzed the upstream positive regulatory region (-1151 to -704) of the 2B4 promoter. We have identified an Ets element that regulates the 2B4 gene transcription in an AP1 dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil V Vaidya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology and Institute for Cancer Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Baldus CD, Liyanarachchi S, Mrózek K, Auer H, Tanner SM, Guimond M, Ruppert AS, Mohamed N, Davuluri RV, Caligiuri MA, Bloomfield CD, de la Chapelle A. Acute myeloid leukemia with complex karyotypes and abnormal chromosome 21: Amplification discloses overexpression of APP, ETS2, and ERG genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:3915-20. [PMID: 15007164 PMCID: PMC374344 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400272101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of leukemogenesis have been successfully unraveled by studying genes involved in simple rearrangements including balanced translocations and inversions. In contrast, little is known about genes altered in complex karyotypic abnormalities. We studied acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with complex karyotypes and abnormal chromosome 21. High-resolution bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) array-based comparative genomic hybridization disclosed amplification predominantly in the 25- to 30-megabase (MB) region that harbors the APP gene (26.3 MB) and at position 38.7-39.1 MB that harbors the transcription factors ERG and ETS2. Using oligonucleotide arrays, APP was by far the most overexpressed gene (mean fold change 19.74, P = 0.0003) compared to a control group of AML with normal cytogenetics; ERG and ETS2 also ranked among the most highly expressed chromosome 21 genes. Overexpression of APP and ETS2 correlated with genomic amplification, but high APP expression occurred even in a subset of AML patients with normal cytogenetics (10 of 64, 16%). APP encodes a glycoprotein of unknown function previously implicated in Alzheimer's disease, but not in AML. We hypothesize that APP and the transcription factors ERG and ETS2 are altered by yet unknown molecular mechanisms involved in leukemogenesis. Our results highlight the value of molecularly dissecting leukemic cells with complex karyotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia D Baldus
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Henderson CM. Genetically-Linked Syndromes in Intellectual Disabilities. JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-1130.2004.04005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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