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Mormone A, Tortorella G, Esposito F, Caturano A, Marrone A, Cozzolino D, Galiero R, Marfella R, Sasso FC, Rinaldi L. Advances in Pharmacological Approaches for Managing Hypercholesterolemia: A Comprehensive Overview of Novel Treatments. Biomedicines 2024; 12:432. [PMID: 38398034 PMCID: PMC10887105 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia plays a crucial role in the formation of lipid plaques, particularly with elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels, which are linked to increased risks of cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease. Controlling blood cholesterol values, specifically reducing LDL-C, is widely recognized as a key modifiable risk factor for decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases. Historically, statins, by inhibiting the enzyme β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG)-CoA reductase, have been among the most effective drugs. However, newer non-statin agents have since been introduced into hypercholesterolemia therapy, providing a viable alternative with a favorable cost-benefit ratio. This paper aims to delve into the latest therapies, shedding light on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mormone
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Luigi Vanvitelli” University of Campania, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (G.T.); (F.E.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (R.M.); (F.C.S.)
| | - Giovanni Tortorella
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Luigi Vanvitelli” University of Campania, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (G.T.); (F.E.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (R.M.); (F.C.S.)
| | - Francesca Esposito
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Luigi Vanvitelli” University of Campania, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (G.T.); (F.E.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (R.M.); (F.C.S.)
| | - Alfredo Caturano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Luigi Vanvitelli” University of Campania, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (G.T.); (F.E.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (R.M.); (F.C.S.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Luigi Vanvitelli” University of Campania, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Aldo Marrone
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Luigi Vanvitelli” University of Campania, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (G.T.); (F.E.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (R.M.); (F.C.S.)
| | - Domenico Cozzolino
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Luigi Vanvitelli” University of Campania, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (G.T.); (F.E.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (R.M.); (F.C.S.)
| | - Raffaele Galiero
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Luigi Vanvitelli” University of Campania, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (G.T.); (F.E.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (R.M.); (F.C.S.)
| | - Raffaele Marfella
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Luigi Vanvitelli” University of Campania, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (G.T.); (F.E.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (R.M.); (F.C.S.)
| | - Ferdinando Carlo Sasso
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Luigi Vanvitelli” University of Campania, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (G.T.); (F.E.); (A.C.); (A.M.); (D.C.); (R.G.); (R.M.); (F.C.S.)
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
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Kumric M, Urlic H, Bozic J, Vilovic M, Ticinovic Kurir T, Glavas D, Miric D, Zanchi J, Bradaric-Slujo A, Lozo M, Borovac JA. Emerging Therapies for the Treatment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8062. [PMID: 37175766 PMCID: PMC10178593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primarily a consequence of sedentary lifestyle, atherosclerosis has already reached pandemic proportions, and with every year the burden of it is only increasing. As low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) represents a crucial factor in atherosclerosis formation and progression, stringent lipid-lowering therapy could conceivably be the key to preventing the unfavorable outcomes that arise as a consequence of atherosclerosis. The use of statins in lipid-lowering is often burdened by adverse events or is insufficient to prevent cardiovascular events as a monotherapy. Therefore, in the present review, the authors aimed to discuss the underlying mechanisms of dyslipidemia and associated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and preclinical and clinical trials of novel therapeutic approaches to its treatment, some of which are still in the early stages of development. Apart from novel therapies, a novel change in perspective is needed. Specifically, the critical objective in the future management of ASCVD is to embrace emerging evidence in the field of atherosclerosis, because clinicians are often burden by common practice and personal experience, both of which have so far been shown to be futile in the setting of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Kumric
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.K.)
| | - Hrvoje Urlic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.K.)
| | - Josko Bozic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.K.)
| | - Marino Vilovic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.K.)
| | - Tina Ticinovic Kurir
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.K.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Duska Glavas
- Cardiovascular Diseases Department, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Dino Miric
- Cardiovascular Diseases Department, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Jaksa Zanchi
- Cardiovascular Diseases Department, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Anteo Bradaric-Slujo
- Cardiovascular Diseases Department, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Mislav Lozo
- Cardiovascular Diseases Department, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Josip A. Borovac
- Cardiovascular Diseases Department, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
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3
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Muendlein A, Brandtner EM, Leiherer A, Geiger K, Heinzle C, Gaenger S, Fraunberger P, Mader A, Saely CH, Drexel H. Serum glypican-4 is a marker of future vascular risk and mortality in coronary angiography patients. Atherosclerosis 2022; 345:33-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Checkouri E, Blanchard V, Meilhac O. Macrophages in Atherosclerosis, First or Second Row Players? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091214. [PMID: 34572399 PMCID: PMC8465019 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages represent a cell type that has been widely described in the context of atherosclerosis since the earliest studies in the 17th century. Their role has long been considered to be preponderant in the onset and aggravation of atherosclerosis, in particular by participating in the establishment of a chronic inflammatory state by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and by uncontrolled engorgement of lipids resulting in the formation of foam cells and later of the necrotic core. However, recent evidence from mouse models using an elegant technique of tracing vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) during plaque development revealed that resident VSMCs display impressive plastic properties in response to an arterial injury, allowing them to switch into different cell types within the plaque, including mesenchymal-like cells, macrophage-like cells and osteochondrogenic-like cells. In this review, we oppose the arguments in favor or against the influence of macrophages versus VSMCs in all stages of atherosclerosis including pre-atherosclerosis, formation of lipid-rich foam cells, development of the necrotic core and the fibrous cap as well as calcification and rupture of the plaque. We also analyze the relevance of animal models for the investigation of the pathophysiological mechanisms of atherosclerosis in humans, and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting either VSMCs or macrophage to prevent the development of cardiovascular events. Overall, although major findings have been made from animal models, efforts are still needed to better understand and therefore prevent the development of atherosclerotic plaques in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Checkouri
- INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, 97400 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (E.C.); (V.B.)
- Habemus Papam, Food Industry, 97470 Saint-Benoit, France
| | - Valentin Blanchard
- INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, 97400 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (E.C.); (V.B.)
- Departments of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, 97400 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (E.C.); (V.B.)
- CHU de La Réunion, INSERM, CIC1410, 97500 Saint-Pierre, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-262-93-8811
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Role of Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 in Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Mediated Vascular Repair and Regeneration. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:747-758. [PMID: 34449064 PMCID: PMC8440704 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are immature endothelial cells that participate in vascular repair and postnatal neovascularization and provide a novel and promising therapy for the treatment of vascular disease. Studies in different animal models have shown that EPC mobilization through pharmacological agents and autologous EPC transplantation contribute to restoring blood supply and tissue regeneration after ischemic injury. However, these effects of the progenitor cells in clinical studies exhibit mixed results. The therapeutic efficacy of EPCs is closely associated with the number of the progenitor cells recruited into ischemic regions and their functional abilities and survival in injury tissues. In this review, we discussed the regulating role of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (also known CXCL12, SDF-1) in EPC mobilization, recruitment, homing, vascular repair and neovascularization, and analyzed the underlying machemisms of these functions. Application of SDF-1 to improve the regenerative function of EPCs following vascular injury was also discussed. SDF-1 plays a crucial role in mobilizing EPC from bone marrow into peripheral circulation, recruiting the progenitor cells to target tissue and protecting against cell death under pathological conditions; thus improve EPC regenerative capacity. SDF-1 are crucial for regulating EPC regenerative function, and provide a potential target for improve therapeutic efficacy of the progenitor cells in treatment of vascular disease.
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Groner J, Goepferich A, Breunig M. Atherosclerosis: Conventional intake of cardiovascular drugs versus delivery using nanotechnology - A new chance for causative therapy? J Control Release 2021; 333:536-559. [PMID: 33794270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in developed countries. The pathogenetic mechanism relies on a macrophage-based immune reaction to low density lipoprotein (LDL) deposition in blood vessels with dysfunctional endothelia. Thus, atherosclerosis is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease. A plethora of cardiovascular drugs have been developed and are on the market, but the major shortcoming of standard medications is that they do not address the root cause of the disease. Statins and thiazolidinediones that have recently been recognized to exert specific anti-atherosclerotic effects represent a potential breakthrough on the horizon. But their whole potential cannot be realized due to insufficient availability at the pathological site and severe off-target effects. The focus of this review will be to elaborate how both groups of drugs could immensely profit from nanoparticulate carriers. This delivery principle would allow for their accumulation in target macrophages and endothelial cells of the atherosclerotic plaque, increasing bioavailability where it is needed most. Based on the analyzed literature we conclude design criteria for the delivery of statins and thiazolidinediones with nanoparticles for anti-atherosclerotic therapy. Nanoparticles need to be below a diameter of 100 nm to accumulate in the atherosclerotic plaque and should be fabricated using biodegradable materials. Further, the thiazolidinediones or statins must be encapsulated into the particle core, because especially for thiazolidindiones the uptake into cells is prerequisite for their mechanism of action. For optimal uptake into targeted macrophages and endothelial cells, the ideal particle should present ligands on its surface which bind specifically to scavenger receptors. The impact of statins on the lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX1) seems particularly promising because of its outstanding role in the inflammatory process. Using this pioneering concept, it will be possible to promote the impact of statins and thiazolidinediones on macrophages and endothelial cells and significantly enhance their anti-atherosclerotic therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Groner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Achim Goepferich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Breunig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Kang L, Jia H, Huang B, Lu S, Chen Z, Shen J, Zou Y, Wang C, Sun Y. Identification of Differently Expressed mRNAs in Atherosclerosis Reveals CDK6 Is Regulated by circHIPK3/miR-637 Axis and Promotes Cell Growth in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Front Genet 2021; 12:596169. [PMID: 33659023 PMCID: PMC7917241 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.596169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of heart disease and stroke, and one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an important role in the pathological process of atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to identify differently expressed mRNAs in atherosclerosis by analyzing GSE6088 database. Our results revealed there were totally 467 increased and 490 decreased differential expressed genes (DEGs) in atherosclerosis. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the DEGs substantially existed in pathways, including Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, Tyrosine metabolism, Tryptophan metabolism, Beta-Alanine metabolism, Fatty acid biosynthesis and Starch and sucrose metabolism. Next, we constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to identify hub genes in atherosclerosis. Also, we identified CDK6 as a key regulator of atherosclerosis. In this study, we found that CDK6 knockdown suppressed HASMC and HUASMC cell proliferation. Circular RNA (CircRNA) is a non-coding RNA which is reported to have an unusual influence on tumorigenesis process and other aspects in the last few years. Previous studies showed circRNAs could act as miRNAs sponging in multiple biological processes. Bioinformatics prediction and luciferase analysis showed that CDK6 were targeted and regulated by circHIPK3/miR-637. Moreover, silencing circHIPK3 could also significantly induce the arrest and apoptosis of cell cycle. In conclusion, this study discovered the important regulatory role of circHIPK3 in the proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs by influencing the miR-637/CDK6 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Kang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Jia
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ben Huang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyang Lu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhang Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinqiang Shen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Central Laboratory of Cardiovascular Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxin Sun
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Cheng CI, Chang HR, Tai MH, Chou MH, Chen GT, Chen PH, Kao YH. Hepatoma-derived growth factor enhances osteoblastic transformation of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Life Sci 2020; 256:117964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Kim HH, Choi S. Therapeutic Aspects of Carbon Monoxide in Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082381. [PMID: 30104479 PMCID: PMC6121498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is being increasingly recognized as a potential therapeutic with important signaling functions in various diseases. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) show anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant effects on the tissues of organisms, thus contributing to tissue homeostasis. An increase in reactive oxygen species production from the mitochondria after exposure to CO is also considered one of the underlying mechanisms of cardioprotection, although mitochondrial inhibition is the main toxic mechanism of CO poisoning. This review highlights the mechanism of the biological effects of CO and its potential application as a therapeutic in clinical settings, including in cardiovascular diseases. This review also discusses the obstacles and limitations of using exogenous CO or CORMs as a therapeutic option, with respect to acute CO poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Hoon Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.
| | - Sangchun Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.
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Jansen F, Li Q, Pfeifer A, Werner N. Endothelial- and Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Regulation of Cardiovascular Health and Disease. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2017; 2:790-807. [PMID: 30062186 PMCID: PMC6059011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular signaling by extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a route of cell-cell crosstalk that allows cells to deliver biological messages to specific recipient cells. EVs convey these messages through their distinct cargoes consisting of cytokines, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which they transport from the donor cell to the recipient cell. In cardiovascular disease (CVD), endothelial- and immune cell-derived EVs are emerging as key players in different stages of disease development. EVs can contribute to atherosclerosis development and progression by promoting endothelial dysfunction, intravascular calcification, unstable plaque progression, and thrombus formation after rupture. In contrast, an increasing body of evidence highlights the beneficial effects of certain EVs on vascular function and endothelial regeneration. However, the effects of EVs in CVD are extremely complex and depend on the cellular origin, the functional state of the releasing cells, the biological content, and the diverse recipient cells. This paper summarizes recent progress in our understanding of EV signaling in cardiovascular health and disease and its emerging potential as a therapeutic agent.
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Key Words
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- EC, endothelial cell
- EMV, endothelial cell-derived microvesicles
- ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport
- IL, interleukin
- MV, microvesicles
- NO, nitric oxide
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- cardiovascular disease
- extracellular vesicles
- miRNA, microRNA
- microvesicles
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Jansen
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Nanguan District, Changchun, China
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nikos Werner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
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11
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Emerging role of various signaling pathways in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvm.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Jansen F, Nickenig G, Werner N. Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Disease: Potential Applications in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Epidemiology. Circ Res 2017; 120:1649-1657. [PMID: 28495995 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles originate from diverse subcellular compartments and are released in the extracellular space. By transferring their cargoes into target cells and tissues, they now emerge as novel regulators of intercellular communication between adjacent and remote cells. Because vesicle composition and biological content are specific signatures of cellular activation and injury, their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers has raised significant interest in cardiovascular diseases. Characterization of circulating vesicles- or nonvesicles-bound nucleic acids represents a valuable tool for diagnosing and monitoring cardiovascular diseases, recently referred to as a liquid biopsy. Circulating extracellular vesicles offer a noninvasive and almost continuous access to circulating information on the disease state in epidemiological investigations. Finally, genetic engineering and cell-specific application of extracellular vesicles could display a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about extracellular vesicles as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as their potential applications for longitudinal epidemiological studies in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Jansen
- From the Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Nickenig
- From the Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nikos Werner
- From the Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany.
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Cheng CI, Lee YH, Chen PH, Lin YC, Chou MH, Kao YH. Free Fatty Acids Induce Autophagy and LOX-1 Upregulation in Cultured Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1249-1261. [PMID: 28072480 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Elevation of free fatty acids (FFAs) is known to affect microvascular function and contribute to obesity-associated insulin resistance, hypertension, and microangiopathy. Proliferative and synthetic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) increase intimal thickness and destabilize atheromatous plaques. This study aimed to investigate whether saturated palmitic acid (PA) and monounsaturated oleic acid (OA) modulate autophagy activity, cell proliferation, and vascular tissue remodeling in an aortic VSMC cell line. Exposure to PA and OA suppressed growth of VSMCs without apoptotic induction, but enhanced autophagy flux with elevation of Beclin-1, Atg5, and LC3I/II. Cotreatment with autophagy inhibitors potentiated the FFA-suppressed VSMC growth and showed differential actions of PA and OA in autophagy flux retardation. Both FFAs upregulated lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) but only OA increased LDL uptake by VSMCs. Mechanistically, FFAs induced hyperphosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38 MAPK. All pathways, except OA-activated PI3K/Akt cascade, were involved in the LOX-1 upregulation, whereas blockade of PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK cascades ameliorated the FFA-induced growth suppression on VSMCs. Moreover, both FFAs exhibited tissue remodeling effect through increasing MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and their gelatinolytic activities, whereas high-dose OA significantly suppressed collagen type I expression. Conversely, siRNA-mediated LOX-1 knockdown significantly attenuated the OA-induced tissue remodeling effects in VSMCs. In conclusion, OA and PA enhance autophagy flux, suppress aortic VSMC proliferation, and exhibit vascular remodeling effect, thereby leading to the loss of VSMCs and interstitial ECM in vascular walls and eventually the instability of atheromatous plaques. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1249-1261, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-I Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hong Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huei Chou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Kao
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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14
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Matthews AT, Lee JH, Borazjani A, Mangum LC, Hou X, Ross MK. Oxyradical stress increases the biosynthesis of 2-arachidonoylglycerol: involvement of NADPH oxidase. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C960-C974. [PMID: 27784678 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00251.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (Nox)-derived oxyradicals contribute to atherosclerosis by oxidizing low-density lipoproteins (LDL), leading to their phagocytosis by vascular macrophages. Endocannabinoids, such as 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), might be an important link between oxidative stress and atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that 2-AG biosynthesis in macrophages is enhanced following ligation of oxidized LDL by scavenger receptors via a signal transduction pathway involving Nox-derived ROS that activates diacylglycerol lipase-β (DAGL-β), the 2-AG biosynthetic enzyme. To test this idea, we challenged macrophage cell lines and murine primary macrophages with a xanthine oxidase system or with nonphysiological and physiological Nox stimulants [phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and arachidonic acid (AA)]. Each stressor increased cellular superoxide levels and enhanced 2-AG biosynthetic activity in a Nox-dependent manner. Levels of cytosolic phospholipase A2-dependent AA metabolites (eicosanoids) in primary macrophages were also dependent on Nox-mediated ROS. In addition, 2-AG levels in DAGL-β-overexpressing COS7 cells were attenuated by inhibitors of Nox and DAGL-β. Furthermore, ROS induced by menadione (a redox cycling agent) or PMA could be partially attenuated by the cannabinoid 1/2 receptor agonist (WIN 55,212-2). Finally, cells that overexpress Nox2 components (Phox-COS7) synthesized larger amounts of 2-AG compared with the parental COS7 cells. Together, the results suggest a positive correlation between heightened oxygen radical flux and 2-AG biosynthesis in macrophage cell lines and primary macrophages. Because of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects associated with 2-AG, the increased levels of this bioactive lipid might be an adaptive response to oxidative stress. Thus oxyradical stress may be counteracted by the enhanced endocannabinoid tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anberitha T Matthews
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; and
| | - Jung Hwa Lee
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; and
| | - Abdolsamad Borazjani
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; and
| | - Lee C Mangum
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; and
| | - Xiang Hou
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; and.,Institute of Food Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Matthew K Ross
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; and
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Ding Y, Zhang B, Zhou K, Chen M, Wang M, Jia Y, Song Y, Li Y, Wen A. Dietary ellagic acid improves oxidant-induced endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis: Role of Nrf2 activation. Int J Cardiol 2014; 175:508-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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YU XIN, LI ZHENG. MicroRNAs regulate vascular smooth muscle cell functions in atherosclerosis (Review). Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:923-33. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Chauvin B, Drouot S, Barrail-Tran A, Taburet AM. Drug-drug interactions between HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and antiviral protease inhibitors. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 52:815-31. [PMID: 23703578 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-013-0075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are a class of drugs also known as statins. These drugs are effective and widely prescribed for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Seven statins are currently available: atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin. Although these drugs are generally well tolerated, skeletal muscle abnormalities from myalgia to severe lethal rhabdomyolysis can occur. Factors that increase statin concentrations such as drug-drug interactions can increase the risk of these adverse events. Drug-drug interactions are dependent on statins' pharmacokinetic profile: simvastatin, lovastatin and atorvastatin are metabolized through cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A, while the metabolism of the other statins is independent of this CYP. All statins are substrate of organic anion transporter polypeptide 1B1, an uptake transporter expressed in hepatocyte membrane that may also explain some drug-drug interactions. Many HIV-infected patients have dyslipidemia and comorbidities that may require statin treatment. HIV-protease inhibitors (HIV PIs) are part of recommended antiretroviral treatment in combination with two reverse transcriptase inhibitors. All HIV PIs except nelfinavir are coadministered with a low dose of ritonavir, a potent CYP3A inhibitor to improve their pharmacokinetic properties. Cobicistat is a new potent CYP3A inhibitor that is combined with elvitegravir and will be combined with HIV-PIs in the future. The HCV-PIs boceprevir and telaprevir are both, to different extents, inhibitors of CYP3A. This review summarizes the pharmacokinetic properties of statins and PIs with emphasis on their metabolic pathways explaining clinically important drug-drug interactions. Simvastatin and lovastatin metabolized through CYP3A have the highest potency for drug-drug interaction with potent CYP3A inhibitors such as ritonavir- or cobicistat-boosted HIV-PI or the hepatitis C virus (HCV) PI, telaprevir or boceprevir, and therefore their coadministration is contraindicated. Atorvastatin is also a CYP3A substrate, but less potent drug-drug interactions have been reported with CYP3A inhibitors. Non-CYP3A-dependent statin concentrations are also affected although to a lesser extent when coadministered with HIV or HCV PIs, mainly through interaction with OATP1B1, and treatment should start with the lowest available statin dose. Effectiveness and occurrence of adverse effects should be monitored at regular time intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Chauvin
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud AP/HP, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94270, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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18
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Mangge H, Summers KL, Meinitzer A, Zelzer S, Almer G, Prassl R, Schnedl WJ, Reininghaus E, Paulmichl K, Weghuber D, Fuchs D. Obesity-related dysregulation of the tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism: role of age and parameters of the metabolic syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:195-201. [PMID: 23625535 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity-related immune mediated systemic inflammation was associated with the development of the metabolic syndrome by induction of the tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine (KYN) pathway. The study aimed to assess whether this holds true across the lifespan from juvenility to adulthood. DESIGN AND METHODS Five hundred twenty-seven participants aged between 10 and 65 years were analyzed. Standard anthropometric measures, carotid ultrasound, and laboratory analysis including interleukin-6, ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein, lipids, glucose metabolism, neopterin, TRP, KYN levels, and the KYN/TRP ratio were performed. RESULTS Overweight/obese (ow/ob) adults had significantly increased KYN serum levels and a significantly increased KYN/TRP ratio. In sharp contrast, ow/ob juvenile males aged ≤18 years showed decreased, females similar KYN and KYN/TRP ratio in comparison to their control counterparts. Also, adult ow/ob subjects with metabolic syndrome showed markedly increased KYN/TRP ratios contrary to decreased KYN/TRP ratios in ow/ob juveniles. Abdominal fat content, characterized by age normalized waist circumference, and not body mass index, had the strongest effect for an increase of the KYN/TRP ratio in adults. CONCLUSIONS TRP metabolism and obesity-related immune mediated inflammation differs markedly between juveniles and adults. While childhood obesity seems to be dominated by a Th2-driven activation, an accelerated production of Th1-type cytokines may pave the way for later atherosclerotic endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Mangge
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Research Unit on Lifestyle and Inflammation-associated Risk Biomarkers, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Lei J, Vodovotz Y, Tzeng E, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide, a protective molecule in the cardiovascular system. Nitric Oxide 2013; 35:175-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Jansen F, Yang X, Hoyer FF, Paul K, Heiermann N, Becher MU, Hussein NA, Kebschull M, Bedorf J, Franklin BS, Latz E, Nickenig G, Werner N. Endothelial Microparticle Uptake in Target Cells Is Annexin I/Phosphatidylserine Receptor Dependent and Prevents Apoptosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1925-35. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.253229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Endothelial microparticles (EMP) are released from activated or apoptotic cells, but their effect on target cells and the exact way of incorporation are largely unknown. We sought to determine the uptake mechanism and the biological effect of EMP on endothelial and endothelial-regenerating cells.
Methods and Results—
EMP were generated from starved endothelial cells and isolated by ultracentrifugation. Caspase 3 activity assay and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay showed that EMP protect target endothelial cells against apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Proteomic analysis was performed to identify molecules contained in EMP, which might be involved in EMP uptake. Expression of annexin I in EMP was found and confirmed by Western blot, whereas the corresponding receptor phosphatidylserine receptor was present on endothelial target cells. Silencing either annexin I on EMP or phosphatidylserine receptor on target cells using small interfering RNA showed that the uptake of EMP by human coronary artery endothelial cells is annexin I/phosphatidylserine receptor dependent. Annexin I–downregulated EMP abrogated the EMP-mediated protection against apoptosis of endothelial target cells. p38 activation was found to mediate camptothecin-induced apoptosis. Finally, human coronary artery endothelial cells pretreated with EMP inhibited camptothecin-induced p38 activation.
Conclusion—
EMP are incorporated by endothelial cells in an annexin I/phosphatidylserine receptor–dependent manner and protect target cells against apoptosis. Inhibition of p38 activity is involved in EMP-mediated protection against apoptosis.
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21
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Zheng W, Xie Y, Zhang W, Wang D, Ma W, Wang Z, Jiang X. Fluid flow stress induced contraction and re-spread of mesenchymal stem cells: a microfluidic study. Integr Biol (Camb) 2012; 4:1102-11. [PMID: 22814412 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20094e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the multipotent progenitor cells, are sensitive to fluid shear stress (FSS). MSCs can migrate through the blood stream by intravasation into the circulatory system to transfer to distant positions through the blood stream. During the transferring process, MSCs may differentiate into cells of corresponding tissues for repair, or remain undifferentiated and initiate ectopic tissue formation, lipid accumulation, or calcification, which are closely related to the pathology of atherosclerosis. However, how the MSCs sense and respond to vascular FSS stimulation and lead to subsequent biological effects remains elusive. In this study, by using an in situ time-lapse microfluidic cell culture and observation system, we found that rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) presented a contraction and re-spread (CRS) process when they were initially subjected to a physiological FSS (1.3 Pa). Our subsequent studies demonstrated that integrin and cilia played key roles in sensing FSS. Calcium, F-actin, and Rho-kinase were key molecules in the mechanotransduction of the CRS of the rMSCs. Our study revealed the immediate response of the rMSCs to FSS. It will be helpful for the understanding of MSC-related tissue repair and the role of MSCs in the initiation of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfu Zheng
- CAS Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience & Technology, 11 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, Beijing 100190, China
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22
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Du F, Zhou J, Gong R, Huang X, Pansuria M, Virtue A, Li X, Wang H, Yang XF. Endothelial progenitor cells in atherosclerosis. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2012; 17:2327-49. [PMID: 22652782 DOI: 10.2741/4055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are involved in the maintenance of endothelial homoeostasis and in the process of new vessel formation. Experimental and clinical studies have shown that atherosclerosis is associated with reduced numbers and dysfunction of EPCs; and that medications alone are able to partially reverse the impairment of EPCs in patients with atherosclerosis. Therefore, novel EPC-based therapies may provide enhancement in restoring EPCs' population and improvement of vascular function. Here, for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying EPC impairment in atherosclerosis, we provide a comprehensive overview on EPC characteristics, phenotypes, and the signaling pathways underlying EPC impairment in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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23
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Bahls M, Bidwell CA, Hu J, Krueger CG, Reed JD, Tellez A, Kaluza GL, Granada JF, Van Alstine WG, Newcomer SC. Gene expression differences in healthy brachial and femoral arteries of Rapacz familial hypercholesterolemic swine. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:781-8. [PMID: 21505098 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00151.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the unequal distribution of atherosclerotic disease in the peripheral arteries are currently unclear. Gene expression differences in healthy arteries may influence the heterogeneous distribution of atherosclerosis. Therefore, this investigation compares gene expression in healthy atheroprotected brachial and atherosusceptible femoral arteries of young and disease free Rapacz familial hypercholesterolemic (FHC) swine. We hypothesized that transcripts related to atherosusceptibility would be differentially expressed between these arteries prior to the onset of disease. Femoral and brachial arteries were harvested from four 13-day-old Rapacz FHC swine. No atherosclerotic disease was detected using Sudan IV, Verhoeff-van Gieson, and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Gene expression was quantified using Affymetrix GeneChip Porcine Genome Arrays. An average of 15,552 probe sets had detectable transcripts, while 430 probe sets showed a significant differential expression between arteries (false discovery rate < 0.05). The human orthologs of 63 probe sets with differential expression and a 1.5-fold or greater transcript abundance between arteries are associated with Wnt/β-catenin, lysophospholipid, and Ca-signaling, as well as apoptosis. This is the first investigation reporting that differences in relative abundance of gene expression exist between brachial and femoral arteries in young Rapacz FHC swine prior to the development of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bahls
- Departments of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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24
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He J, Xiao Z, Chen X, Chen M, Fang L, Yang M, Lv Q, Li Y, Li G, Hu J, Xie X. The expression of functional toll-like receptor 4 is associated with proliferation and maintenance of stem cell phenotype in endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). J Cell Biochem 2010; 111:179-86. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
Increased oxidative stress impairs endothelial function and is thought to mediate vascular disease. Several pathological conditions increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the vascular wall, including hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and hypertension. These conditions are associated with endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Thus, overall vascular function is dependent upon the balance of oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms, which determines endothelial function. Endothelial function is usually defined as nitric oxide (NO) production and/or bioavailability. Because ROS can interact and inactivate NO, vascular oxidative stress can lead to decrease NO bioavailability. This results in endothelial dysfunction and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Several pharmacological approaches have been used to improve endothelial function and decrease oxidative stress. These include treatment modalities that augment the antioxidant defense mechanisms, increase NO production, and inhibit ROS-generating enzymes. This review provides an overview of the relationship between endothelial function and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisakazu Ogita
- Vascular Medicine Research, Department of Medicine, Brigham, & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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26
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Endothelial progenitor cells correlate with endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 102:565-71. [PMID: 17932708 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-007-0680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) predict morbidity and mortality in patients at cardiovascular risk.Patients with low EPC counts and impaired endothelial colony forming activity have a higher incidence for cardiovascular events compared to patients with high EPC counts and favorable colony forming activity. The pathophysiological basis for this finding may be an insufficient endothelial cell repair by EPC.We postulate that EPC influence coronary endothelial function which itself is relevant for the outcome of patients at cardiovascular risk. To test this hypothesis in humans, endothelial function was invasively assessed in 90 patients with coronary heart disease by quantitative coronary angiography during intracoronary acetylcholine infusion. Flow cytometry of mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood was performed to assess CD133(+) or CD34(+)/KDR(+) EPC. EPC function was assessed ex vivo by determination of endothelial colony forming units. Low EPC number as well as impaired endothelial colony forming activity correlated with severely impaired coronary endothelial function in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed that only the number of EPC predicts severe endothelial dysfunction independent of classical cardiovascular risk factors. Endothelial function closely correlates with the number of circulating EPC providing new mechanistic insights and options for risk assessment in patients with coronary heart disease.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a highly prevalent disorder and remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Recent advances in vascular biology have led to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying atherogenesis. The central role played by plaque disruption, and by adhesion, activation, and aggregation of platelets that trigger activation of the coagulation cascade in the pathogenesis of acute thrombotic events is also better understood. Combination antithrombotic therapy targeting various platelet activation mechanisms and the coagulation cascade may help optimize the management of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Libby
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Nifedipine improves the migratory ability of circulating endothelial progenitor cells depending on manganese superoxide dismutase upregulation. J Hypertens 2008; 26:737-46. [PMID: 18327084 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3282f4d1bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migratory ability of resident endothelial cells and their circulating progenitors, that is endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), represent a crucial event in vascular repairing processes. Although oxidants are known to counteract the migratory ability of resident endothelial cells, their possible role in modulating EPC motility is unknown. EPCs exhibit stronger resistance to oxidants than mature endothelial cells mainly because of higher expression of manganese (Mn) superoxide dismutase (SOD). As nifedipine is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist known to enhance MnSOD expression in mature endothelial cells, we investigated the effects of nifedipine on MnSOD expression and motility in EPCs. METHODS AND RESULTS EPCs were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors and cultured in fibronectin-coated flasks. Nifedipine improved both motility of cultured EPCs (+55% vs. control, P = 0.007) and their adhesion to tumor necrosis factor-alpha-activated mature endothelial cells (+33% vs. control, P = 0.03). Reduction of EPC dichlorofluorescein content (-32% vs. control, P = 0.009) and a parallel increase in nitrite plus nitrate concentration in EPC supernatants (+25% vs. control, P = 0.009) were also observed. The study of SOD showed a nifedipine-dependent upregulation of MnSOD in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. MnSOD expression blockade by RNA interference abolished nifedipine effect on EPC motility. Although nifedipine also increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release from EPCs, its effect on EPC motility was unaffected by an anti-VEGF antibody. CONCLUSION Nifedipine improves EPC motility due to MnSOD upregulation. The capability of this dihydropyridine calcium antagonist to reduce cardiovascular events might also be related to improved EPC function.
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Davé S, Van Dyke TE. The link between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease is probably inflammation. Oral Dis 2008; 14:95-101. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Chen XY, Wong KS, Lam WWM, Zhao HL, Ng HK. Middle Cerebral Artery Atherosclerosis: Histological Comparison between Plaques Associated with and Not Associated with Infarct in a Postmortem Study. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007; 25:74-80. [PMID: 18033961 DOI: 10.1159/000111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yan Chen
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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31
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Cademartiri F, La Grutta L, Palumbo A, Maffei E, Aldrovandi A, Malagò R, Alberghina F, Pugliese F, Runza G, Belgrano M, Midiri M, Cova MA, Krestin GP. Imaging techniques for the vulnerable coronary plaque. Radiol Med 2007; 112:637-59. [PMID: 17653628 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-007-0170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this article is to illustrate the main invasive and noninvasive diagnostic modalities to image the vulnerable coronary plaque, which is responsible for acute coronary syndrome. The main epidemiologic and histological issues are briefly discussed in order to provide an adequate background. Comprehensive coronary atherosclerosis imaging should involve visualization of the entire coronary artery tree and plaque characterization, including three-dimensional morphology, relationship with the lumen, composition, vascular remodelling and presence of inflammation. No single technique provides such a comprehensive description, and no available modality extensively identifies the vulnerable plaque. In particular, we describe multislice computed tomography, which at present seems to be the most promising noninvasive tool for an exhaustive image-based quantification of coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cademartiri
- Dipartimento di Radiologia e Dipartimento Cuore, Imaging Cardiovascolare Non invasivo, Azienda Ospedaliera di Parma, Viale Rustici 2, I-43100 Parma, Italy.
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Mitra AK, Gangahar DM, Agrawal DK. Cellular, molecular and immunological mechanisms in the pathophysiology of vein graft intimal hyperplasia. Immunol Cell Biol 2006; 84:115-24. [PMID: 16519729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease, leading to myocardial infarction and ischaemia, affects millions of persons and is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Invasive techniques such as coronary artery bypass grafting are used to alleviate the sequelae of arterial occlusion. Unfortunately, restenosis or occlusion of the grafted conduit occurs over a time frame of months to years with a gradual reduction in patency, especially in vein grafts. The events leading to intimal hyperplasia (IH) formation involve numerous cellular and molecular components. Various cellular elements of the vessel wall are involved as are leucocyte-endothelial interactions that trigger the coagulation cascade leading to localized thrombus formation. Subsequent phenotypic modification of the medial smooth muscle cells and their intimal migration is the basis of the lesion formation that is thought to be propagated by an immune-mediated reaction. Despite intense scrutiny, the pathophysiology of IH remains an enigma. Although several growth factors, cytokines and numerous other biomolecules have been implicated and their relationship to prohyperplasia pathways such as the phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway has been established, many pieces of the puzzle are still missing. An in-depth understanding of early vein graft adaptation and progression is necessary to improve the long-term prognosis and develop more effective therapeutic measures. In this review, we have critically evaluated and summarized the literature to elucidate and interlink the numerous established and emerging factors that play a key role in the development of IH leading to vein graft restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Mitra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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ROSS JEFFREYS, STAGLIANO NANCYE, DONOVAN MICHAELJ, BREITBART ROGERE, GINSBURG GEOFFREYS. Atherosclerosis and Cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Plank MJ, Wall DJN, David T. Atherosclerosis and calcium signalling in endothelial cells. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 91:287-313. [PMID: 16171849 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The link between atherosclerosis and regions of disturbed flow and low wall shear stress is now firmly established, but the causal mechanisms underlying the link are not yet understood. It is now recognised that the endothelium is not simply a passive barrier between the blood and the vessel wall, but plays an active role in maintaining vascular homeostasis and participates in the onset of atherosclerosis. Calcium signalling is one of the principal intracellular signalling mechanisms by which endothelial cells (EC) respond to external stimuli, such as fluid shear stress and ligand binding. Previous studies have separately modelled mass transport of chemical species in the bloodstream and calcium dynamics in EC via the inositol trisphosphate (IP(3)) signalling pathway. We review existing models of these two phenomena, before going on to integrate the two components to provide an inclusive new model for the calcium response of the endothelium in an arbitrary vessel geometry. This enables the combined effects of fluid flow and biochemical stimulation on EC to be investigated and is the first time spatially varying, physiological fluid flow-related environmental factors have been combined with intracellular signalling in a mathematical model. Model results show that low endothelial calcium levels in the area of disturbed flow at an arterial widening may be one contributing factor to the onset of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Plank
- University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Abstract
Statins are potent inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. In clinical trials, statins are beneficial in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. However, the overall benefits observed with statins appear to be greater than what might be expected from changes in lipid levels alone, suggesting effects beyond cholesterol lowering. Indeed, recent studies indicate that some of the cholesterol-independent or "pleiotropic" effects of statins involve improving endothelial function, enhancing the stability of atherosclerotic plaques, decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation, and inhibiting the thrombogenic response. Furthermore, statins have beneficial extrahepatic effects on the immune system, CNS, and bone. Many of these pleiotropic effects are mediated by inhibition of isoprenoids, which serve as lipid attachments for intracellular signaling molecules. In particular, inhibition of small GTP-binding proteins, Rho, Ras, and Rac, whose proper membrane localization and function are dependent on isoprenylation, may play an important role in mediating the pleiotropic effects of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K. Liao
- Vascular Medicine Research, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139;
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik Innere Medizin III, Universität des Saarlandes, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
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36
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Abstract
The lipid-lowering properties of statins are accompanied by a number of other cardioprotective effects. These 'pleiotropic' actions affect almost the entire process of atherogenesis, from initial endothelial injury to the moment of plaque rupture and thrombosis. This paper discusses the nonlipid-lowering effects of statins that affect the initiation, progression, regression and repair of atherosclerosis lesions, as well as factors that affect plaque instability. The emergent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties of statins are extensive and diverse. Many of these properties, which are independent of cholesterol synthesis inhibition, help to reduce the ischaemic burden on the cardiovascular system. In addition, the immunomodulatory properties of statins may provide new indications for these agents in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Davignon
- Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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Willis AI, Pierre-Paul D, Sumpio BE, Gahtan V. Vascular smooth muscle cell migration: current research and clinical implications. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2004; 38:11-23. [PMID: 14760473 DOI: 10.1177/153857440403800102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and intimal hyperplasia are major causes of morbidity and mortality. These processes develop secondary to endothelial injury due to multiple stimuli, including smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Once this injury occurs, an essential element in the development of both these processes is vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration. Understanding the mechanisms involved in VSMC migration and ultimately the development of strategies by which this process can be inhibited, has been a major focus of research. The authors present a review of the extracellular proteins (growth factors, extracellular matrix components, and cell surface receptors) and intracellular signaling pathways involved in VSMC migration, as well as potential therapeutic approaches to inhibit this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Willis
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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38
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Vielma SA, Mironova M, Ku JR, Lopes-Virella MF. Oxidized LDL further enhances expression of adhesion molecules in Chlamydophila pneumoniae-infected endothelial cells. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:873-80. [PMID: 14967815 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300456-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydophila pneumoniae is a common respiratory pathogen that has been shown to be associated with coronary artery disease. Recent studies have shown that one of the possible mechanisms of the atherogenicity of C. pneumoniae is overexpression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in infected endothelial cells. We investigated whether exposure of C. pneumoniae-infected endothelial cells to oxidized LDL (oxLDL) leads to further upregulation of CAMs. Flow cytometry and immunoblot analysis of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) was performed for intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin. ICAM-1 was expressed in 78.7% of C. pneumoniae-infected HAECs. The addition of oxLDL (100 microg/ml) to infected HAECs increased the proportion of ICAM-1-positive cells to 92%. VCAM-1 was only observed in 9.3% of infected HAECs, and the addition of oxLDL had no further effect on the surface expression of VCAM-1. C. pneumoniae also upregulated the surface expression of E-selectin on 52.2% of the cells, and incubation with oxLDL further increased the proportion of positive cells to 63.64%. In conclusion, C. pneumoniae upregulated the expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin on HAECs. The addition of oxLDL to the infected cells further enhanced the surface expression of ICAM-1 and E-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana A Vielma
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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39
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Noorbakhsh F, Power C. Proteinase-activated receptor expression and function in the brain. Drug Dev Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Abouhamed M, Reichenberg S, Robenek H, Plenz G. Tropomyosin 4 expression is enhanced in dedifferentiating smooth muscle cells in vitro and during atherogenesis. Eur J Cell Biol 2003; 82:473-82. [PMID: 14582535 DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) from the contractile to the synthetic phenotype is a key event in atherosclerosis. A comparable phenotypic change from the contractile to the synthetic state is rapidly incurred when SMC are grown in culture. To identify genes that characterize the contractile and synthetic phenotypes, we performed differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions on RNA from porcine arterial contractile SMC obtained directly from medial tissues and from SMC made synthetic by cell culturing. One of the differentially expressed cDNAs we identified encoded tropomyosin 4 (TM4). Whereas basal levels of TM4 existed in contractile SMC, the amount of TM4 transcripts strongly increased in synthetic SMC (33% vs. 86-106%; p < 0.005). Induction of foam cell formation had no additional enhancing effect on the expression of TM4 in cultivated SMC. We also tested whether TM4 expression was correspondingly enhanced during atherogenesis. The number of TM4-expressing SMC increased with plaque development as demonstrated by simultaneous in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. We compared the localization patterns of myosin heavy chain isoforms in normal arteries and lesions of increasing severity and determined that TM4 expression was relegated mainly to SMC of the synthetic phenotype in the media and intima during atherogenesis. The present study demonstrates that upregulation of TM4 mRNA is a relevant marker of dedifferentiation in vascular SMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouan Abouhamed
- Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research at the University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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41
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Caplice NM, Simari RD, Holmes DR. Molecular biology and gene transfer in atherosclerosis in the stenting era. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS 2003; 2:141-152. [PMID: 12623583 DOI: 10.1080/acc.2.3.141.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major cause of death in the developed world. Understanding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been a major challenge to cardiovascular research over the past several decades. During this period a number of advances in various scientific disciplines has increased our understanding of this disease. These include improved understanding of the structural and functional components of normal vessel wall and more recently the use of cell biology and molecular biology techniques to elucidate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. None of these advances has been more dramatic nor has potentially more far reaching consequences as the application of molecular biology and gene technology to the practice of cardiovascular medicine. These developments have already opened new and exciting areas of vascular research and may in the future provide for earlier identification of genetic predisposition to atherosclerosis, strategic planning of preventive therapy and more tailored pharmacologic approaches for established disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel M Caplice
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
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42
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Cachofeiro Ramos V, Vázquez-Pérez S, de las Heras Jiménez N, Cediel Gil E, Sanz-Rosa D, Olivares E, Lahera Juliá V. Hipercolesterolemia y disfunción endotelial: mecanismos implicados. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1889-1837(03)71363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Giannoglou GD, Soulis JV, Farmakis TM, Farmakis DM, Louridas GE. Haemodynamic factors and the important role of local low static pressure in coronary wall thickening. Int J Cardiol 2002; 86:27-40. [PMID: 12243848 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5273(02)00188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND/STUDY OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to investigate the possible correlation between blood flow physical parameters and the wall thickening in typical human coronary arteries. METHODS Digitized images of seven transparent arterial segments prepared post-mortem were adopted from a previous study in order to extract the geometry for numerical analysis. Using the exterior outline, reconstructed forms of the vessel geometries were used for subsequent computational fluid dynamic analysis. Data was input to a pre-processing code for unstructured mesh generation. The flow was assumed to be two-dimensional, steady, laminar with parabolic inlet velocity profile. The vessel walls were assumed to be smooth, inelastic and impermeable. Non-Newtonian power law was applied to model blood rheology. The arterial wall thickening was measured and correlated to the wall shear stress, static pressure, molecular viscosity, and near wall blood flow velocity. RESULTS Wall shear stress, static pressure and near wall velocity magnitude exhibit negative correlation to wall thickening, while molecular viscosity exhibits positive correlation to wall thickening. CONCLUSION There is a strong correlation between the development of vessel wall thickening and the blood flow physical parameters. Amongst these parameters the role of local low wall static pressure is predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Giannoglou
- 1st Cardiology Department, AHEPA General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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44
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Lindmark E, Siegbahn A. Tissue factor regulation and cytokine expression in monocyte-endothelial cell co-cultures: effects of a statin, an ACE-inhibitor and a low-molecular-weight heparin. Thromb Res 2002; 108:77-84. [PMID: 12586136 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(02)00401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mounting evidence implies beneficial properties of statins and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitors beyond those of their original indications in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). Less is known of the mechanisms by which low-molecular-weight (LMW) heparin, also used in unstable CAD, affects the cellular micro-environment. The effects of these drugs in monocyte-endothelial cell co-culture systems have so far been sparsely investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the expression of tissue factor (TF) and the cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 in a co-culture model with monocytic, vitamin D(3)(vitD(3))-differentiated U-937 cells and human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC), and the effects of the above-mentioned drugs in this system. Cells were co-cultured for 18 h, with or without pre-stimulation of the HCAEC with interferon (IFN)-gamma, and in the presence or absence of simvastatin, enalapril or dalteparin. Analyses of surface tissue factor and intracellular cytokines were done by flow cytometry. RESULTS Co-culture with activated HCAEC induced tissue factor expression in U-937 cells but not in the endothelial cells. All three drugs significantly reduced tissue factor up-regulation (p<0.001 for each). Co-culture also induced IL-6 expression in U-937 cells and an increase in IL-10 production by HCAEC, none of which was affected by drugs. When cultured separately, both cell types expressed TNF-alpha. This was attenuated in U-937 cells by all three drugs (p<0.001 for each), whereas only enalapril reduced the TNF-alpha content of activated HCAEC (p=0.02). Enalapril also down-regulated the basal expression of IL-6 (p=0.01) and IL-10 (p<0.01) in HCAEC, which simvastatin and dalteparin failed to do. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that a statin, an ACE-inhibitor and an LMW-heparin all suppress tissue factor up-regulation in monocyte-endothelial cell co-cultures, thus adding new information regarding the cellular effects of these drugs that may be of importance in the treatment of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lindmark
- Laboratory for Coagulation Research, Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala S-751 85, Sweden
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45
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Laufs U, Gertz K, Dirnagl U, Böhm M, Nickenig G, Endres M. Rosuvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase and protects from ischemic stroke in mice. Brain Res 2002; 942:23-30. [PMID: 12031849 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are cholesterol-lowering drugs and reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. In this study we investigated whether rosuvastatin, a new, potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, upregulates endothelial nitric oxide (NO) expression and activity and protects from cerebral ischaemia in mice. Endothelial cells in culture and 129/SV mice were chronically treated with rosuvastatin. The expression and activity of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) was determined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting and arginine-citrulline assays. Cerebral ischaemia was induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAo) for 2 h and infarct size was determined after 22 h of reperfusion. Treatment of endothelial cells with rosuvastatin concentration- and time-dependently upregulated eNOS mRNA and protein expression. In aortas of 129/SV wild-type mice, treatment with 0.2, 2, and 20 mg kg(-1) rosuvastatin subcutaneously (s.c.) for 10 days significantly upregulated eNOS mRNA by 50, 142, and 205%, respectively. NOS activity was significantly increased by 75, 145, and 320%, respectively. Stroke volume after 2-h MCAo was reduced by 27, 56, and 50% (for 0.2, 2 and 20 mg kg(-1), respectively). Serum cholesterol and triglygeride levels were not significantly lowered by the treatment. The novel HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor rosuvastatin dose-dependently upregulates eNOS expression and activity and protects from cerebral ischaemia in mice. The effects are independent of changes in cholesterol levels and are equivalent or even superior to the protective effects by simvastatin and atorvastatin in this animal model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain Ischemia/drug therapy
- Brain Ischemia/enzymology
- Brain Ischemia/physiopathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Infarction/drug therapy
- Cerebral Infarction/enzymology
- Cerebral Infarction/physiopathology
- Cerebrovascular Circulation/drug effects
- Cerebrovascular Circulation/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Fluorobenzenes/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/physiology
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/drug therapy
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/enzymology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/drug effects
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Pyrimidines
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy
- Reperfusion Injury/enzymology
- Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology
- Rosuvastatin Calcium
- Stroke/drug therapy
- Stroke/enzymology
- Stroke/physiopathology
- Sulfonamides
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Laufs
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik der Universität des Saarlandes, Innere Medizin III, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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46
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Pruzanski W, Stefanski E, Kopilov J, Kuksis A. Mitogenic effect of lipoproteins on human vascular smooth muscle cells: the impact of hydrolysis by gr II A phospholipase A(2). J Transl Med 2001; 81:757-65. [PMID: 11351047 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifactorial interaction among lipoproteins, vascular wall cells, and inflammatory mediators has been recognized as the basis of atherogenesis. In the arterial wall high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and human secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) colocalize with vascular smooth muscle cells and concentrate in the atherosclerotic lesions. It has been shown that gr IIA sPLA(2) hydrolyzes lipoproteins, altering their structure and releasing active agents such as lyso-phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and free fatty acids. We investigated the impact of normal HDL(3) (NHDL(3)), acute phase HDL(3) (APHDL(3)), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), both unhydrolyzed and sPLA(2)-hydrolyzed, and some products of hydrolysis, such as lyso-PtdCho, oleic and linoleic acid, on [(3)H] thymidine incorporation by DNA of cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). NHDL(3) markedly enhanced mitogenic activity of VSMC in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Doubling of thymidine incorporation was usually achieved by 40 microg/ml of NHDL(3) after 4 hours of incubation. APHDL(3) had invariably a stronger inducing effect on the mitogenic activity than NHDL(3); 40 microg/ml more than tripled [(3)H] thymidine incorporation after 4 hours of incubation. NHDL(3) preincubated with human apo serum amyloid A apolipoprotein-induced higher mitogenic activity in VSMC than NHDL(3) alone. Hydrolysis of NHDL(3), APHDL(3), or LDL by gr IIA sPLA(2) markedly enhanced mitogenic activity of VSMC as compared with unhydrolyzed lipoproteins. sPLA(2) concentrations that can be found in atherosclerotic vascular walls markedly enhanced lipoprotein-induced mitogenic activity of VSMC. sPLA(2) per se did not affect thymidine incorporation and VSMC did not release sPLA(2) into the medium. There was no evidence for hydrolysis of the wall of VSMC by gr IIA sPLA(2). The presence of the products of hydrolysis of lipoproteins such as oleic and linoleic acids and lyso-PtdCho or their combinations with NHDL(3) explains in part markedly enhanced mitogenic activity of VSMC. It is conceivable that sPLA(2,) which is known to colocalize with lipoproteins in the vascular wall in the domain of VSMC, is capable of induction of the mitogenic activity in these cells in vivo and should be considered as a proatherogenic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pruzanski
- Inflammation Research Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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47
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Abstract
Recruitment of mononuclear leukocytes and the migration, growth, and activation of the multiple cell types within atherosclerotic lesions are critical features of the chronic inflammatory and fibroproliferative response central to atherosclerosis. Attraction of leukocyte to tissues is controlled by chemokines, whose presence is well documented in atherosclerotic lesions. Studies using knockout and transgenic murine models have demonstrated that chemokine receptor/ligand interactions are of crucial importance in the development of atherosclerosis. Beyond their chemotactic effect on mononuclear leukocytes, chemokines may also interfere with smooth muscle cell migration and growth, as well as platelet activation and other well-defined features of the atherosclerotic process. There is no doubt that the identification of chemokines as important vascular signals has provided insights into our understanding of basic cellular and molecular mechanism of atherosclerosis. Thus, there is evidence that chemokine receptor/ligands could be identified as potential new targets for therapeutic intervention to prevent or control atherosclerosis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mach
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva Medical School, Foundation for Medicale Researches, 64 Avenue Roseraie, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland.
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48
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Semba I, Funakoshi K, Kitano M. Histomorphometric analysis of age changes in the human inferior alveolar artery. Arch Oral Biol 2001; 46:13-21. [PMID: 11163591 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(00)00100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiography is often used to investigate age-related changes in the inferior alveolar artery, the major nutrient artery of the mandible. Although histological examinations have been made from several viewpoints, e.g. age change, pathogenesis of osteoradionecrosis, and relation to tooth extraction, these studies have used a limited number of samples and simple histometric methods. The purpose here was to describe histopathological and histomorphometric age-related changes, and to investigate the relation between dentate status and the histomorphometry of the artery. Inferior alveolar arteries from 162 autopsy cases (age range 3-86 years) were examined histometrically with a mathematically standardized method. Histologically, there was diffuse fibrous intimal thickening, but no atheroma formation. Histometric analyses revealed a very gradual increase in both the radius of the artery and the thickness of the media with age, but the luminal radius did not correlate with age. Intimal thickness increased exponentially with age with very different features from those of the increase in the media. The relative radius of the lumen decreased with age after the sixth decade; this is thought to be an index for senile changes in the artery. Among the variables of arterial architecture examined, no particular difference was found between the dentate and non-dentate cases in the molar region.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Semba
- Department of Oral Pathology, Kagoshima University Dental School, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
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49
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Koyanagi M, Egashira K, Kitamoto S, Ni W, Shimokawa H, Takeya M, Yoshimura T, Takeshita A. Role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in cardiovascular remodeling induced by chronic blockade of nitric oxide synthesis. Circulation 2000; 102:2243-8. [PMID: 11056100 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.102.18.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by the administration of N:(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) to rats induces early vascular inflammatory changes (monocyte infiltration into coronary vessels and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1] expression) as well as subsequent arteriosclerosis (medial thickening and perivascular fibrosis) and cardiac fibrosis. However, the role of MCP-1 in this process is not known. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the effect of a specific monoclonal anti-MCP-1 neutralizing antibody in rats treated with L-NAME to determine the role of monocytes in the regulation of cardiovascular remodeling. We found increased expression of MCP-1 mRNA in vascular endothelial cells and monocytes in inflammatory lesions. Cotreatment with an anti-MCP-1 antibody, but not with control IgG, prevented the L-NAME-induced early inflammation and reduced late coronary vascular medial thickening. In contrast, the anti-MCP-1 antibody did not decrease the development of perivascular fibrosis, the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1) mRNA, or systolic pressure overload induced by L-NAME administration. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MCP-1 is necessary for the development of medial thickening as well as monocyte recruitment. In contrast, the pathogenesis of fibrosis may involve other factors, such as TGF-beta(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koyanagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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50
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Laufs U, Gertz K, Huang P, Nickenig G, Böhm M, Dirnagl U, Endres M. Atorvastatin upregulates type III nitric oxide synthase in thrombocytes, decreases platelet activation, and protects from cerebral ischemia in normocholesterolemic mice. Stroke 2000; 31:2442-9. [PMID: 11022078 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.31.10.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Thrombosis superimposed on atherosclerosis causes approximately two thirds of all brain infarctions. We previously demonstrated that statins protect from cerebral ischemia by upregulation of endothelial type III nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), but the downstream mechanisms have not been determined. Therefore, we investigated whether antithrombotic effects contribute to stroke protection by statins. METHODS 129/SV wild-type and eNOS knockout mice were treated with atorvastatin for 14 days (0.5, 1, and 10 mg/kg). eNOS mRNA from aortas and platelets was measured by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Platelet factor 4 (PF 4) and beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG) in the plasma were quantified by ELISA. Transient cerebral ischemia was induced by filamentous occlusion of the middle cerebral artery followed by reperfusion. RESULTS Stroke volume after 1-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion/23-hour reperfusion was significantly reduced by 38% in atorvastatin-treated animals (10 mg/kg) compared with controls. Serum cholesterol levels were not affected by the treatment. eNOS mRNA was significantly upregulated in a dose-dependent manner in aortas and in thrombocytes of statin-treated mice compared with controls. Moreover, indices of platelet activation in vivo, ie, plasma levels of PF 4 and beta-TG, were dose-dependently downregulated in the treatment group. Surprisingly, atorvastatin-treatment did not influence PF 4 and beta-TG levels in eNOS knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS The synthetic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor atorvastatin upregulates eNOS in thrombocytes, decreases platelet activation in vivo, and protects from cerebral ischemia in normocholesterolemic mice. Antithrombotic and stroke-protective effects of statins are mediated in part by eNOS upregulation. Our results suggest that statins may provide a novel prophylactic treatment strategy independent of serum cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Laufs
- Klinik III für Innere Medizin, Universität zu Köln, Germany
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