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Wang X, Campbell B, Bodogai M, McDevitt RA, Patrikeev A, Gusev F, Ragonnaud E, Kumaraswami K, Shirenova S, Vardy K, Alameh MG, Weissman D, Ishikawa-Ankerhold H, Okun E, Rogaev E, Biragyn A. CD8 + T cells exacerbate AD-like symptoms in mouse model of amyloidosis. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 122:S0889-1591(24)00568-3. [PMID: 39191349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to toxic Aβ plaques in the brain and activation of innate responses. Recent findings however suggest that the disease may also depend on the adaptive immunity, as B cells exacerbate and CD8+ T cells limit AD-like pathology in mouse models of amyloidosis. Here, by artificially blocking or augmenting CD8+ T cells in the brain of 5xFAD mice, we provide evidence that AD-like pathology is promoted by pathogenic, proinflammatory cytokines and exhaustion markers expressing CXCR6+ CD39+CD73+/- CD8+ TRM-like cells. The CD8+ T cells appear to act by targeting disease associated microglia (DAM), as we find them in tight complexes with microglia around Aβ plaques in the brain of mice and humans with AD. We also report that these CD8+ T cells are induced by B cells in the periphery, further underscoring the pathogenic importance of the adaptive immunity in AD. We propose that CD8+ T cells and B cells should be considered as therapeutic targets for control of AD, as their ablation at the onset of AD is sufficient to decrease CD8+ T cells in the brain and block the amyloidosis-linked neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunolgy, USA
| | - Britney Campbell
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunolgy, USA
| | - Monica Bodogai
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunolgy, USA
| | - Ross A McDevitt
- Mouse Phenotyping Unit, Comparative Medicine Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anton Patrikeev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Fedor Gusev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Emeline Ragonnaud
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunolgy, USA
| | - Konda Kumaraswami
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunolgy, USA
| | - Sophie Shirenova
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Israel; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Israel; The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Karin Vardy
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Israel; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Israel; The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Drew Weissman
- Institute of RNA Innovation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hellen Ishikawa-Ankerhold
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Surgical Research at the Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Israel; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Israel; The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Evgeny Rogaev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunolgy, USA.
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Beeler A, Pichler WJ. In vitrotests of T cell-mediated drug hypersensitivity. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:887-900. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.6.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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The experimental treatment of corneal graft rejection with the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) gene. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60714. [PMID: 23723965 PMCID: PMC3665808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the protective effects of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) gene transfer in a rat model of corneal graft rejection. METHODS We constructed a recombinant plasmid (pcDNA3.1-hIL-1ra) with high IL-1ra expression in eukaryotic cells. Using a Wistar-SD rat model of corneal graft rejection, we examined the effects of IL-1ra in vivo after cationic polymer jetPEI-mediated nonviral gene delivery. Four groups were included: negative controls (group I, n = 20), pcDNA3.1-hIL-1ra corneal stromal injection (group II, n = 34), pcDNA3.1-hIL-1ra anterior chamber injection (group III, n = 34), and 500 µg/ml IL-1ra protein subconjunctiva injection (group IV, n = 20). IL-1ra expression after transfection was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. The rejection indices of corneal grafts were analysed in the different groups. The expression levels of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), inflammatory chemokines including RANTES, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the grafts were determined by biochemical assays at different time points after corneal transplantation. RESULTS Various degrees of inflammatory cell infiltration and graft neovascularisation were observed by histopathology. After injecting the pcDNA3.1-hIL-1ra plasmid into the cornea, IL-1ra mRNA and protein expression was detected in the corneal stroma and reached a peak on day 3. The graft survival curves indicated that the corneal transparency rates of grafts in the IL-1ra gene-treated group and the IL-1ra protein-treated group were higher compared with the untreated group (P<0.05). During the period of acute rejection, TGF-β1, RANTES, IL-1α and IL-1β levels in the grafts in the IL-1ra treatment groups were lower than the control group (P<0.05). CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts were reduced significantly in the corneal grafts of groups II, III and IV compared with group I (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) gene transfer treatment inhibits graft rejection after corneal transplantation through the downregulation of immune mediators.
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Uzhachenko R, Issaeva N, Boyd K, Ivanov SV, Carbone DP, Ivanova AV. Tumour suppressor Fus1 provides a molecular link between inflammatory response and mitochondrial homeostasis. J Pathol 2012; 227:456-69. [PMID: 22513871 DOI: 10.1002/path.4039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fus1, encoded by a 3p21.3 tumour suppressor gene, is down-regulated, mutated or lost in the majority of inflammatory thoracic malignancies. The mitochondrial localization of Fus1 stimulated us to investigate how Fus1 modulates inflammatory response and mitochondrial function in a mouse model of asbestos-induced peritoneal inflammation. Asbestos treatment resulted in a decreased Fus1 expression in wild-type (WT) peritoneal immune cells, suggesting that asbestos exposure may compromise the Fus1-mediated inflammatory response. Untreated Fus1(-/-) mice had an ~eight-fold higher proportion of peritoneal granulocytes than Fus1(+/+) mice, pointing at ongoing chronic inflammation. Fus1(-/-) mice exhibited a perturbed inflammatory response to asbestos, reflected in decreased immune organ weight and peritoneal fluid protein concentration, along with an increased proportion of peritoneal macrophages. Fus1(-/-) immune cells showed augmented asbestos-induced activation of key inflammatory, anti-oxidant and genotoxic stress response proteins ERK1/2, NFκB, SOD2, γH2AX, etc. Moreover, Fus1(-/-) mice demonstrated altered dynamics of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression, such as IFNγ, TNFα, IL-1A, IL-1B and IL-10. 'Late' response cytokine Ccl5 was persistently under-expressed in Fus1(-/-) immune cells at both basal and asbestos-activated states. We observed an asbestos-related difference in the size of CD3(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) DN T cell subset that was expanded four-fold in Fus1(-/-) mice. Finally, we demonstrated Fus1-dependent basal and asbestos-induced changes in major mitochondrial parameters (ROS production, mitochondrial potential and UCP2 expression) in Fus1(-/-) immune cells and in Fus1-depleted cancer cells, thus supporting our hypothesis that Fus1 establishes its immune- and tumour-suppressive activities via regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Uzhachenko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Angiotensin II inhibits chemokine CCL5 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2011; 34:1313-20. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2011.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jenkins RW, Clarke CJ, Canals D, Snider AJ, Gault CR, Heffernan-Stroud L, Wu BX, Simbari F, Roddy P, Kitatani K, Obeid LM, Hannun YA. Regulation of CC ligand 5/RANTES by acid sphingomyelinase and acid ceramidase. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13292-303. [PMID: 21335555 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.163378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) generates the bioactive lipid ceramide (Cer) from hydrolysis of sphingomyelin (SM). However, its precise roles in regulating specific sphingolipid-mediated biological processes remain ill defined. Interestingly, the aSMase gene gives rise to two distinct enzymes, lysosomal sphingomyelinase (L-SMase) and secretory sphingomyelinase (S-SMase) via alternative trafficking of a shared protein precursor. Previously, our laboratory identified Ser(508) as a crucial residue for the constitutive and regulated secretion of S-SMase in response to inflammatory cytokines, and demonstrated a role for S-SMase in formation of select cellular Cer species (Jenkins, R. W., Canals, D., Idkowiak-Baldys, J., Simbari, F., Roddy, P., Perry, D. M., Kitatani, K., Luberto, C., and Hannun, Y. A. (2010) J. Biol. Chem. 285, 35706-35718). In the present study using a chemokine/cytokine screen, we identified the chemokine CCL5 (formerly known as RANTES) as a candidate-specific downstream target for aSMase. Regulation of CCL5 by aSMase was subsequently validated using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function models indicating that aSMase is both necessary and sufficient for CCL5 production. Interestingly, cells deficient in acid ceramidase (aCDase) also exhibited defects in CCL5 induction, whereas cells deficient in sphingosine kinase-1 and -2 exhibited higher levels of CCL5, suggesting that sphingosine and not sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is responsible for the positive signal to CCL5. Consistent with this, co-expression of aSMase and aCDase was sufficient to strongly induce CCL5. Taken together, these data identify a novel role for aSMase (particularly S-SMase) in chemokine elaboration by pro-inflammatory cytokines and highlight a novel and shared function for aSMase and aCDase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Wang Y, Luo R, Fang L, Wang D, Bi J, Chen H, Xiao S. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection activates chemokine RANTES in MARC-145 cells. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:586-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chen CJ, Ou YC, Chang CY, Pan HC, Liao SL, Raung SL, Chen SY. TNF-α and IL-1β mediate Japanese encephalitis virus-induced RANTES gene expression in astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2010; 58:234-42. [PMID: 21167894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes neuroinfection and neuroinflammation characterized by profound neuronal destruction/dysfunction, concomitant microgliosis/astrogliosis, and production of various molecules that initiate the recruitment of immune cells to the sites of infection. Previously, we reported that glial cells expressed RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) with chemotactic activity in response to JEV infection. In this study, we further demonstrated that JEV-infected microglia had an additional activity in regulating RANTES production. Both astrocytes and microglia responded to JEV infection by releasing RANTES through a process likely related to viral replication. Independent of infectious virus, supernatants of JEV-infected microglia, but not JEV-infected astrocytes, caused additional RANTES production from astrocytes. Antibody neutralization studies suggested the potential involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in mediating additional RANTES production. Treatment of astrocyte cultures with TNF-α and IL-1β caused activation of several signaling molecules and transcription factors crucial to RANTES gene expression, including reactive oxygen species, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, NF-κB, and NF-IL6, increased RANTES gene promoter activity, and provoked RANTES production. As with RANTES, neutralization of bioactive TNF-α and IL-1β caused an attenuation of chemotactic activity from supernatants of mixed glia containing astrocytes and microglia during the course of JEV infection. In conclusion, TNF-α and IL-1β produced by JEV-infected microglia might trigger another mechanism which induces a secondary wave of RANTES gene expression by activating astrocytes. The released RANTES from glial cells might play a role in the recruitment of immune cells during JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
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Zhao X, Tang Y, Qu B, Cui H, Wang S, Wang L, Luo X, Huang X, Li J, Chen S, Shen N. MicroRNA-125a contributes to elevated inflammatory chemokine RANTES levels via targeting KLF13 in systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:3425-35. [PMID: 20589685 DOI: 10.1002/art.27632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MicroRNA (miRNA) have received increasing attention as posttranscriptional regulators that fine-tune the homeostasis of the inflammatory response. This study aimed to clarify whether miR-125a, which was identified in a pilot expression profiling step, is involved in the inflammatory chemokine pathway in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Independent verification of miR-125a expression in amplified samples from SLE patients and normal controls was performed by TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. A combination of 3 bioinformatic prediction techniques and reporter gene assays was used to identify miR-125a targets. In vitro systems of overexpression by transfection and inducible expression by stimulation were performed to investigate the function of miR-125a, which was followed by real-time quantitative PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In SLE patients, the expression of miR-125a was reduced and the expression of its predicted target gene, KLF13, was increased. Bioinformatics predicted that miR-125a base-paired with sequences in the 3'-untranslated region of KLF13. Overexpression of miR-125a led to a significant reduction in the expression of RANTES and KLF13. MicroRNA-125a inhibited endogenous KLF13 expression in a dose-dependent manner, as determined using gain- and loss-of-function methods. A luciferase reporter system confirmed the miR-125a binding sites. Notably, miR-125a expression was induced in T cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Finally, the introduction of miR-125a into T cells from SLE patients alleviated the elevated RANTES expression. CONCLUSION MicroRNA-125a negatively regulates RANTES expression by targeting KLF13 in activated T cells. The underexpression of miR-125a contributes to the elevated expression of RANTES in SLE. Our findings extend the role of miRNA in the pathogenesis of lupus and provide potential strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Joint Molecular Rheumatology Laboratory of Institute of Health Sciences and Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Kumar D, Hosse J, von Toerne C, Noessner E, Nelson PJ. JNK MAPK Pathway Regulates Constitutive Transcription of CCL5 by Human NK Cells through SP1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1011-20. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Yang F, Jiang Y, Cai QC, Zheng ZY, Song YN, Lv LZ. Expression and significance of RANTES in rejection of combined liver-kidney transplantation in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:3221-3224. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i28.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between the ragulated upon activation normol T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and acute rejection of combined liver-kidney transplantation in rats.
METHODS: SD rats and Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group (group A), isograft group (group B), and allograft group (group C). The rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation was set up uisng cuff methods. Liver and kidney biopsies from the recipients were obtained at day 1, 4, and 7 postoperatively to determine the expression level of RANTES in liver-kidney grafts. Using immunohistochemmistry staining, samples were firstly stained and then analyzed using image semiquantitive analysis.
RESULTS: At day 1, 7, 14 after transplantation, there were significant difference in expression level of RANTES between group C and group A (liver: 168.10 ± 13.62, 129.10 ± 9.04, 97.60 ± 15.16 vs 226.20 ± 5.73; kidney: 174.40 ± 14.23, 149.19 ± 18.88, 141.70 ± 14.95 vs 219.40 ± 10.70, all P < 0.05), and also group B (liver: 224.25 ± 12.15, 217.05 ± 15.82, 214.28 ± 12.00; kidney: 216.50 ± 13.20, 211.70 ± 11.02, 207.68 ± 15.28). Moreover, the expression level of RANTES was correlated positively to the degree of acute graft rejection.
CONCLUSION: Determination of RANTES in liver-kidney graft tissues may be helpful to the diagnosis of acute rejection and the judgment of the degree of acute rejection.
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Raffetseder U, Rauen T, Djudjaj S, Kretzler M, En-Nia A, Tacke F, Zimmermann HW, Nelson PJ, Frye BC, Floege J, Stefanidis I, Weber C, Mertens PR. Differential regulation of chemokine CCL5 expression in monocytes/macrophages and renal cells by Y-box protein-1. Kidney Int 2008; 75:185-96. [PMID: 18800033 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Y-box protein-1 (YB-1) belongs to the family of cold shock proteins that have pleiotropic functions such as gene transcription, RNA splicing, and mRNA translation. YB-1 has a critical role in atherogenesis due to its regulatory effects on chemokine CCL5 (RANTES) gene transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells. Since CCL5 is a key mediator of kidney transplant rejection, we determined whether YB-1 is involved in allograft rejection by manipulating its expression. In human kidney biopsies, YB-1 transcripts were amplified 17-fold in acute and 21-fold in chronic allograft rejection with a close correlation between CCL5 and YB-1 mRNA expression in both conditions. Among three possible YB-1 binding sites in the CCL5 promoter, a critical element was mapped at -28/-10 bps. This site allowed up-regulation of CCL5 transcription in monocytic THP-1 and HUT78 T-cells and in human primary monocytes; however, it repressed transcription in differentiated macrophages. Conversely, YB-1 knockdown led to decreased CCL5 transcription and secretion in monocytic cells. We show that YB-1 is a cell-type specific regulator of CCL5 expression in infiltrating T-cells and monocytes/macrophages and acts as an adaptive controller of inflammation during kidney allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Raffetseder
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Expression, processing and transcriptional regulation of granulysin in short-term activated human lymphocytes. BMC Immunol 2007; 8:9. [PMID: 17596262 PMCID: PMC1914365 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-8-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Granulysin, a cytotoxic protein expressed in human natural killer cells and activated T lymphocytes, exhibits cytolytic activity against a variety of intracellular microbes. Expression and transcription have been partially characterised in vitro and four transcripts (NKG5, 519, 520, and 522) were identified. However, only a single protein product of 15 kDa was found, which is subsequently processed to an active 9 kDa protein. Results In this study we investigated generation of granulysin in lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells and antigen (Listeria) specific T-cells. Semiquantitative RT-PCR revealed NKG5 to be the most prominent transcript. It was found to be up-regulated in a time-dependent manner in LAK cells and antigen specific T-cells and their subsets. Two isoforms of 519 mRNA were up-regulated under IL-2 and antigen stimulation. Moreover, two novel transcripts, without any known function, comprising solely parts of the 5 prime region of the primary transcript, were detected. A significant increase of granulysin expressing LAK cells as well as antigen specific T-cells was shown by fluorescence microscopy. On the subset level, increase in CD4+ granulysin expressing cells was found only under antigen stimulation. Immunoblotting showed the 15 kDa form of granulysin to be present in the first week of stimulation either with IL-2 or with bacterial antigen. Substantial processing to the 9 kDa form was detected during the first week in LAK cells and in the second week in antigen specific T-cells. Conclusion This first comprehensive study of granulysin gene regulation in primary cultured human lymphocytes shows that the regulation of granulysin synthesis in response to IL-2 or bacterial antigen stimulation occurs at several levels: RNA expression, extensive alternative splicing and posttranslational processing.
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Krensky AM, Ahn YT. Mechanisms of disease: regulation of RANTES (CCL5) in renal disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:164-70. [PMID: 17322928 PMCID: PMC2702760 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneph0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines (chemoattractant cytokines) are fundamental regulators of immune cell movement from the bloodstream into tissues. Regulating expression of chemokines might, therefore, alleviate inflammation in autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection, or augment immune responses in cancer and immunodeficiency. RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted [also known as CCL5]) is a model chemokine of relevance to a myriad of diseases. Regulation of RANTES expression is complex. In fibroblasts and monocytes, rel proteins alone suffice to induce transcription of RANTES. By contrast, expression of RANTES in T lymphocytes 3-5 days after activation requires the development of a molecular complex (enhancesome) including KLF13 (Krueppel-like factor 13), rel proteins p50 and p65, and scaffolding proteins. This complex recruits enzymes involved in acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation of chromatin, and ultimately in the expression of RANTES. In addition, KLF13-the lynchpin for recruitment of this molecular complex-is itself translationally regulated. Such complex regulation of biological systems has major implications for the rational design of drugs aimed at increasing or decreasing inflammatory responses in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Krensky
- Division of Immunology and Transplantation Biology in the Department of Pediatrics at Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Monteiro M, Evaristo C, Legrand A, Nicoletti A, Rocha B. Cartography of gene expression in CD8 single cells: novel CCR7− subsets suggest differentiation independent of CD45RA expression. Blood 2006; 109:2863-70. [PMID: 17148588 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-027060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding the distribution, function, and lineage relationship of CD8+ T-cell subpopulations is of fundamental value for the monitoring of the immune system in several experimental and clinical situations. However, the available data concerning the description of effector and memory CD8+ subsets in humans remain rather fragmentary because different studies favored the usage of distinct and restricted sets of cell surface markers and functional parameters. We associated multiple markers to subdivide CD8+ T cells into 14 different cell types, several of which were not described previously, and evaluated the coexpression of 18 genes simultaneously in individual cells from each subset. Our results show that each subset has a defined pattern of gene expression. Moreover, effector gene expression of CCR7− cells correlated only with CD27 expression levels and CD27/CD28 coexpression but not with CD45RA/R0 phenotypes. Our findings thus describe new CD8+ cell subsets, allow the identification of relatively homogeneous CD8+ subpopulations, provide a predictable and precise correlation between particular cell surface markers and CD8+ T-cell functional properties, and identify effector cells present in both CCR7−CD45RA+ and CCR7−CD45R0+ compartments. The results also indicate that activated cells might modulate the expression of CD45RA/R0 asynchronously rather than CCR7−CD45RA+ cells always issuing from CD45RA− precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Monteiro
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 591, Necker Institute, René-Descartes Medical School, Paris, France.
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Marçais A, Tomkowiak M, Walzer T, Coupet CA, Ravel-Chapuis A, Marvel J. Maintenance of CCL5 mRNA stores by post-effector and memory CD8 T cells is dependent on transcription and is coupled to increased mRNA stability. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2745-54. [PMID: 16983723 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory is associated with the display of improved effector functions by cells of the adaptive immune system. The storage of untranslated mRNA coding for the CCL5 chemokine by CD8 memory cells is a new process supporting the immediate display of an effector function. Here, we show that, after induction during the primary response, high CCL5 mRNA levels are specifically preserved in CD8 T cells. We have investigated the mechanisms involved in the long-term maintenance of CCL5 mRNA levels by memory CD8 T cells. We demonstrate that the CCL5 mRNA half-life is increased in memory CD8 T cells and that these cells constitutively transcribe ccl5 gene. By inhibiting ccl5 transcription using IL-4, we demonstrate the essential role of transcription in the maintenance of CCL5 mRNA stores. Finally, we show that these stores are spontaneously reconstituted when the inhibitory signal is removed, indicating that the transcription of ccl5 is a default feature of memory CD8 T cells imprinted in their genetic program.
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Ahn YT, Huang B, McPherson L, Clayberger C, Krensky AM. Dynamic interplay of transcriptional machinery and chromatin regulates "late" expression of the chemokine RANTES in T lymphocytes. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 27:253-66. [PMID: 17074812 PMCID: PMC1800668 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01071-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine RANTES (regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) is expressed "late" (3 to 5 days) after activation in T lymphocytes. In order to understand the molecular events that accompany changes in gene expression, a detailed analysis of the interplay between transcriptional machinery and chromatin on the RANTES promoter over time was undertaken. Krüppel-like factor 13 (KLF13), a sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor, orchestrates the induction of RANTES expression in T lymphocytes by ordered recruitment of effector molecules, including Nemo-like kinase, p300/cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CBP), p300/CBP-associated factor, and Brahma-related gene 1, that initiate sequential changes in phosphorylation and acetylation of histones and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling near the TATA box of the RANTES promoter. These events recruit RNA polymerase II to the RANTES promoter and are responsible for late expression of RANTES in T lymphocytes. Therefore, KLF13 is a key regulator of late RANTES expression in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Tae Ahn
- Division of Immunology and Transplantation Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5164, USA
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18
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Marçais A, Coupet CA, Walzer T, Tomkowiak M, Ghittoni R, Marvel J. Cell-autonomous CCL5 transcription by memory CD8 T cells is regulated by IL-4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4451-7. [PMID: 16982880 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory is associated with the display of improved effector functions. The maintenance by CD8 memory cells of high levels of untranslated CCL5 mRNA allows these cells to immediately secrete this chemokine upon Ag stimulation. Untranslated mRNA storage is a newly described process supporting the immediate display of an effector function by memory lymphocytes. We have tested the capacity of different cytokines to regulate the memorization of CCL5 by memory CD8 T cells. We found that IL-4 treatment of murine CD8 T cells impairs immediate CCL5 secretion capacity by inhibiting CCL5 mRNA transcription through a STAT6-dependent pathway. The inhibition by IL-4 is reversible, as memory CD8 T cells reconstitute their CCL5 mRNA stores and reacquire their immediate CCL5 secretion capacity when IL-4 is withdrawn. This recovery is cell autonomous because it proceeds in culture medium in the absence of exogenous growth factors, suggesting that CCL5 expression by memory CD8 T cells is a default process. Overall, these results indicate that the expression of CCL5 is an intrinsic property acquired by memory CD8 T cells that is regulated by environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Marçais
- Institut National de la Santé de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 503, 21 avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon, France
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19
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Culley FJ, Pennycook AMJ, Tregoning JS, Dodd JS, Walzl G, Wells TN, Hussell T, Openshaw PJM. Role of CCL5 (RANTES) in viral lung disease. J Virol 2006; 80:8151-7. [PMID: 16873271 PMCID: PMC1563837 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00496-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CCL5/RANTES is a key proinflammatory chemokine produced by virus-infected epithelial cells and present in respiratory secretions of asthmatics. To examine the role of CCL5 in viral lung disease, we measured its production during primary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and during secondary infection after sensitizing vaccination that induces Th2-mediated eosinophilia. A first peak of CCL5 mRNA and protein production was seen at 18 to 24 h of RSV infection, before significant lymphocyte recruitment occurred. Treatment in vivo with Met-RANTES (a competitive chemokine receptor blocker) throughout primary infection decreased CD4+ and CD8+ cell recruitment and increased viral replication. In RSV-infected, sensitized mice with eosinophilic disease, CCL5 production was further augmented; Met-RANTES treatment again reduced inflammatory cell recruitment and local cytokine production. A second wave of CCL5 production occurred on day 7, attributable to newly recruited T cells. Paradoxically, mice treated with Met-RANTES during primary infection demonstrated increased cellular infiltration during reinfection. We therefore show that RSV induces CCL5 production in the lung and this causes the recruitment of RSV-specific cells, including those making additional CCL5. If this action is blocked with Met-RANTES, inflammation decreases and viral clearance is delayed. However, the exact effects of chemokine modulation depend critically on time of administration, a factor that may potentially complicate the use of chemokine blockers in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J Culley
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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20
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Tikhonov I, Deetz CO, Paca R, Berg S, Lukyanenko V, Lim JK, Pauza CD. Human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells contain cytoplasmic RANTES. Int Immunol 2006; 18:1243-51. [PMID: 16740603 PMCID: PMC2957085 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxl055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell repertoire is a product of chronic selection in the periphery. Endogenous antigens drive the expansion of cells expressing the Vgamma2Vdelta2 TCR. Thus, we would expect the majority of circulating Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells to be antigen experienced and to have memory phenotype, in contrast to the alpha/beta TCR+ subsets that include a substantial fraction of naive cells. We sought to characterize functional aspects of Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells that might show whether circulating cells are memory or naive. For these studies, we focus on the expression of the CC chemokine regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). In naive alphabeta T cells, an initial stimulus triggers the onset of RANTES transcription followed later by protein expression. In memory CD8+ alphabeta T cells, RANTES mRNA is already present in unstimulated cells and protein expression is triggered immediately by TCR signaling; some cells may also contain RANTES protein in cytoplasmic stores. We show here that the vast majority of circulating human T cells contain RANTES protein in cytoplasmic stores and the chemokine is secreted rapidly after TCR signaling. Primary Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell lines obtained after in vitro stimulation with phosphoantigens behaved similarly to circulating Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells and contained both RANTES mRNA and protein, but only very low levels of mRNA or protein for macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha or MIP-1beta. The presence of stored RANTES shows that circulating Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cells are mostly memory phenotype and capable of rapid chemokine responses to phosphoantigen stimulation. Considering that one of 40 circulating CD3+ lymphocytes is Vgamma2Vdelta2+, they comprise the largest circulating memory population against a single antigen, and phosphoantigen stimulation will trigger a rapid activation with immediate release of RANTES.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Tikhonov
- Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Room N546, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - C. O. Deetz
- Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Room N546, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - R. Paca
- Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Room N546, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - S. Berg
- Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Room N546, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - V. Lukyanenko
- Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Room N546, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - J. K. Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - C. D. Pauza
- Institute of Human Virology University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 725 West Lombard Street, Room N546, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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21
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Holm AM, Sivertsen EA, Tunheim SH, Haug T, Bjerkeli V, Yndestad A, Aukrust P, Frøland SS. Gene expression analysis of peripheral T cells in a subgroup of common variable immunodeficiency shows predominance of CCR7(-) effector-memory T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 138:278-89. [PMID: 15498038 PMCID: PMC1809214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) represents a heterogeneous group of antibody deficiency syndromes, characterized by defective antibody production in which T cell deficiency may play a pathogenic role. A subgroup of CVID patients has impaired in vitro T cell proliferation. Using microarray analyses of T cells from these patients, we found a gene expression pattern different from healthy controls and patients with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia. The profile of the differentially expressed genes suggests enhanced cytotoxic effector functions, antigen experienced or chronically activated T cells and a predominance of CCR7(-) T cells. Further experiments using flow cytometry revealed a striking predominance of CCR7(-) T cells in a subgroup of CVID patients, and an association with impaired T cell proliferation. Our observations indicate that a predominance of CCR7(-) T cells with effector-memory cell features and with reduced proliferative capacity may characterize a subgroup of CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Holm
- Section for Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Department, The National Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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22
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Chen CJ, Chen JH, Chen SY, Liao SL, Raung SL. Upregulation of RANTES gene expression in neuroglia by Japanese encephalitis virus infection. J Virol 2004; 78:12107-19. [PMID: 15507597 PMCID: PMC525064 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.22.12107-12119.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes cerebral inflammation and stimulates inflammatory cytokine expression. Glial cells orchestrate immunocyte recruitment to focal sites of viral infection within the central nervous system (CNS) and synchronize immune cell functions through a regulated network of cytokines and chemokines. Since immune cell infiltration is prominent, we investigated the production of a responding chemoattractant, RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), in response to JEV infection of glial cells. Infection with JEV was found to elicit the production of RANTES from primary neurons/glia, mixed glia, microglia, and astrocytes but not from neuron cultures. The production of RANTES did not seem to be directly responsible for JEV-induced neuronal death but instead contributed to the recruitment of immune cells. RANTES expression required viral replication and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) as well as transcription factors, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and nuclear factor IL-6 (NF-IL-6). The induction of RANTES expression by JEV infection in glial cells needed the coordinate activation of NF-kappaB and NF-IL-6. Using enzymatic inhibitors, we demonstrated a strong correlation between the ERK signaling pathway and RANTES expression. However, JEV replication was not dependent on the activation of ERK, NF-kappaB, and NF-IL-6. Altogether, these results demonstrated that infection of glial cells by JEV provided the early ERK-, NF-kappaB-, and NF-IL-6-mediated signals that directly activated RANTES expression, which might be involved in the initiation and amplification of inflammatory responses in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, No. 160 Sec. 3 Taichung-Gang Road, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
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23
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Ozer HTE, Erken E, Gunesacar R, Kara O. Serum RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MCP-1 levels in Behçet's disease. Rheumatol Int 2004; 25:487-8. [PMID: 16133585 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-004-0519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 07/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Galindo CL, Sha J, Ribardo DA, Fadl AA, Pillai L, Chopra AK. Identification of Aeromonas hydrophila cytotoxic enterotoxin-induced genes in macrophages using microarrays. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:40198-212. [PMID: 12824169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305788200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A cytotoxic enterotoxin (Act) of Aeromonas hydrophila possesses several biological activities, and it induces an inflammatory response in the host. In this study, we used microarrays to gain a global and molecular view of the cellular transcriptional responses to Act and to identify important genes up-regulated by this toxin. Total RNA was isolated at 0, 2, and 12 h from Act-treated macrophages and applied to Affymetrix MGU74 arrays, and the data were processed using a multi-analysis approach to identify genes that might be critical in the inflammatory process evoked by Act. Seventy-six genes were significantly and consistently up-regulated. Many of these genes were immune-related, and several were transcription factors, adhesion molecules, and cytokines. Additionally, we identified several apoptosis-associated genes that were significantly up-regulated in Act-treated macrophages. Act-induced apoptosis of macrophages was confirmed by annexin V staining and DNA laddering. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to verify increased expression of some inflammatory and apoptosis-associated genes identified by the microarray analysis. To further confirm Act-induced increases in gene expression, real-time RT-PCR was also used for selected genes. Taken together, the array data provided for the first time a global view of Act-mediated signal transduction and clearly demonstrated an inflammatory response and apoptosis mediated by this toxin in host cells at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristi L Galindo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070, USA
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25
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Werner T, Fessele S, Maier H, Nelson PJ. Computer modeling of promoter organization as a tool to study transcriptional coregulation. FASEB J 2003; 17:1228-37. [PMID: 12832287 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0955rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how the regulation of gene networks is orchestrated is an important challenge for characterizing complex biological processes. Gene transcription is regulated in part by nuclear factors that recognize short DNA sequence motifs, called transcription factor binding sites, in most cases located upstream of the gene coding sequence in promoter and enhancer regions. Genes expressed in the same tissue under similar conditions often share a common organization of at least some of these regulatory binding elements. In this way the organization of promoter motifs represents a "footprint" of the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms at work in a specific biologic context and thus provides information about signal and tissue specific control of expression. Analysis of promoters for organizational features as demonstrated here provides a crucial link between the static nucleotide sequence of the genome and the dynamic aspects of gene regulation and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Werner
- GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
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26
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Melchjorsen J, Pedersen FS, Mogensen SC, Paludan SR. Herpes simplex virus selectively induces expression of the CC chemokine RANTES/CCL5 in macrophages through a mechanism dependent on PKR and ICP0. J Virol 2002; 76:2780-8. [PMID: 11861845 PMCID: PMC135968 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.6.2780-2788.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of leukocytes is essential for eventual control of virus infections. Macrophages represent a leukocyte population involved in the first line of defense against many infections, including herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Through presentation of antigens to T cells and production of cytokines and chemokines, macrophages also constitute an important link between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Here, we have investigated the chemokine expression profile of macrophages after HSV infection and the virus-cell interactions involved. By reverse transcription-PCR and cDNA arrays, we found that HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 induced expression of the CC chemokine RANTES/CCL5 in murine macrophage cell lines and peritoneal cells. The CXC chemokine BCA-1/CXCL13 was also induced in peritoneal cells. Twenty-six other chemokines tested were not affected. Accumulation of RANTES mRNA was detectable after 5 h of infection, was sensitive to UV irradiation of the virus, and was preceded by accumulation of viral immediate-early mRNA and proteins. The viral components responsible for initiation of RANTES expression were examined with virus mutants and RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells expressing a dominant negative mutant of the double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). The PKR mutant cell line displayed reduced constitutive and HSV-inducible RANTES expression compared to the control cell line. HSV-1 mutants deficient in genes encoding the immediate-early proteins ICP4, ICP22, and ICP27 remained fully capable of inducing RANTES expression in macrophages. By contrast, the ability of an ICP0-deficient HSV-1 mutant to induce RANTES expression was compromised. Thus, HSV selectively induces expression of RANTES in macrophages through a mechanism dependent on cellular PKR and viral ICP0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Melchjorsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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27
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Fessele S, Maier H, Zischek C, Nelson PJ, Werner T. Regulatory context is a crucial part of gene function. Trends Genet 2002; 18:60-3. [PMID: 11818130 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9525(02)02591-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Information about the time and place of gene transcription, which until recently was only possible by extensive experimental analysis, can now be predicted through in silico analysis. Using the human RANTES/CCL5 promoter, we show that organizational features of promoters derived from promoter sequences contain information about the spatial and temporal 'functional context' of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Fessele
- Medizinische Poliklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr. 42, D-80336, Munich, Germany
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28
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Miller DM, Cebulla CM, Sedmak DD. Human cytomegalovirus inhibition of major histocompatibility complex transcription and interferon signal transduction. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002; 269:153-70. [PMID: 12224507 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-59421-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens have evolved diverse mechanisms for escaping host innate and adaptive immunity. Viruses that maintain a persistent infection are particularly effective at disabling key arms of the host immune response. For example, the herpesviruses establish a persistent infection in human and animal hosts, in part through critical immunoevasive strategies. Cytomegalovirus, a beta-herpesvirus, impairs major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II antigen presentation by decreasing MHC expression on the surface of the infected cell, thus enabling infected cells to escape CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte immunosurveillance. Moreover, cytomegalovirus blocks the interferon signal transduction pathway, thereby limiting the direct and indirect antiviral effects of the interferons. In this review, we focus on an emerging paradigm in which the effectiveness of viruses, particularly human cytomegalovirus, to escape antiviral immune responses is significantly enhanced by their ability to inhibit MHC transcription and interferon (IFN)-stimulated (JAK/STAT) signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Miller
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, 1645 Neil Avenue, Room 129, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Nelson
- Medizinishe Poliklinik, Klinikum Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Schillerstrasse 42, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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30
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Fessele S, Boehlk S, Mojaat A, Miyamoto NG, Werner T, Nelson EL, Schlondorff D, Nelson PJ. Molecular and in silico characterization of a promoter module and C/EBP element that mediate LPS-induced RANTES/CCL5 expression in monocytic cells. FASEB J 2001; 15:577-9. [PMID: 11259372 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0459fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine RANTES/CCL5 is a proinflammatory agent produced by a variety of tissues in response to specific stimuli. In human monocytes, RANTES/CCL5 transcription is up-regulated rapidly and transiently in response to LPS. We describe here two regions that help control LPS-driven transcription from the human RANTES/CCL5 promoter in monocytic cells. These sites were analyzed by using DNase I footprinting, transient transfection assays, site-directed mutagenesis, and EMSA. RANTES site E (R(E), -125/-99) constitutively binds C/EBP proteins in monocytic Mono Mac 6 cells. Mutation of region R(E) led to a significant (40%-50%) reduction in LPS-induced promoter reporter activity. Region R(AB) is composed of tandem kB-like elements R(A) and R(B) (-73/-34). These sites working in concert act as an LPS-responsive promoter module. R(A) constitutively binds Sp1, and Rel p50/p65 following LPS stimulation. Either factor can mediate transcriptional effects at R(A). Induced Rel p50/p50 binding to site R(B) is required for LPS regulation of RANTES/CCL5 transcription. A series of computer models based on the RANTES/CCL5 promoter were generated to represent the organization of these functional elements. The models could identify LPS-regulated promoters in human, other vertebrate, and viral sequences in various databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fessele
- Medizinische Poliklinik, Klinikum Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany
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31
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Lin YL, Liu CC, Chuang JI, Lei HY, Yeh TM, Lin YS, Huang YH, Liu HS. Involvement of oxidative stress, NF-IL-6, and RANTES expression in dengue-2-virus-infected human liver cells. Virology 2000; 276:114-26. [PMID: 11022000 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The liver has been suspected to be one of the major targets of dengue virus infection. Here, we detected increasing secretion of the chemokine RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), which functions to recruit the immune cells, in dengue-virus-infected liver cells and patients. Three luciferase reporter genes with various deletions at the 5'-end of the RANTES promoter were constructed to explore the RANTES activation mechanism in human liver cells. The reporter gene was optimally activated by dengue-2 virus when the RANTES promoter contains the region from the transcription starting site (+1) to the nucleotide at the -181 position. NF-IL-6 and an undefined factor forming DNA-protein complexes in the RANTES promoter E and A/B regions in the infected cells were demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Further analysis showed that oxidative stress was an upstream inducer of NF-IL-6 and RANTES signaling in dengue-virus-infected liver cells. This finding was demonstrated by three antioxidants (N-acetyl-l-cysteine, nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate) used to suppress the activation. In contrast, the DNA binding activity of the undefined factor was not affected by the antioxidant treatment, indicating the existence of an oxidant-independent pathway. We hypothesize that dengue virus infection of the liver cells may trigger both an oxidant-dependent and an oxidant-independent pathway to up-regulate RANTES mRNA expression through activating NF-IL-6 and an undefined factor, respectively. In conclusion, the present study suggests a new direction for the study of liver pathogenesis involving RANTES in host immune responses during dengue virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
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32
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Miyamoto NG, Medberry PS, Hesselgesser J, Boehlk S, Nelson PJ, Krensky AM, Perez HD. Interleukin-1beta induction of the chemokine RANTES promoter in the human astrocytoma line CH235 requires both constitutive and inducible transcription factors. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 105:78-90. [PMID: 10713367 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine RANTES is an important mediator of inflammatory processes. In this report, we describe the DNA sequence and transcription factor requirements for interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) induction of the RANTES promoter in the human astrocytoma line CH235. RANTES promoter sequences between -278 and +55 are sufficient for IL-1beta-inducibility. In vitro DNA binding assays demonstrate constitutive binding of Sp1, HMG, Ets domain, and bZIP family members to their cognate sites in the RANTES promoter, whereas NF-kappaB and IRF-1 bind in an IL-1beta-inducible manner. IL-1beta-inducibility of the RANTES promoter requires both constitutive and inducible transcription factors. The formation of a higher order nucleoprotein complex, or 'enhanceosome', may be critical for IL-1beta induction of the RANTES promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Miyamoto
- Department of Immunology, Berlex Biosciences, 15049 San Pablo Avenue, P.O. Box 4099, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
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33
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Jagels MA, Hugli TE. Mixed effects of TGF-beta on human airway epithelial-cell chemokine responses. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 48:17-26. [PMID: 10822085 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-3109(99)00190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated chemokine responses of human airway epithelial cells to transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta alone and in combination with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or interferon (IFN)-gamma. TGF-beta selectively induced production of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) without significant coordinate expression of IL-8 or RANTES. TNF-alpha induced expression of both IL-8 and GM-CSF, without detectable production of RANTES. TGF-beta synergistically enhanced GM-CSF production with TNF-alpha, but suppressed production and release of IL-8. IFN-gamma induced RANTES production and release; TGF-beta synergistically enhanced RANTES release induced by IFN-gamma, but had no effect on RANTES mRNA production. Taken together, these data demonstrate that TGF-beta may play a pivotal role in the responsiveness of airway epithelial cells to chemotactic cytokines, by selectively enhancing GM-CSF and RANTES production while suppressing IL-8 production. This profile of chemokine responses promoted by TGF-beta would favor eosinophil, lymphocyte and monocyte recruitment, hallmarks of chronic and allergic inflammation, over neutrophil sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Jagels
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology/IMM-18, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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34
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Stellato C, Matsukura S, Fal A, White J, Beck LA, Proud D, Schleimer RP. Differential Regulation of Epithelial-Derived C-C Chemokine Expression by IL-4 and the Glucocorticoid Budesonide. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.10.5624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells are a rich source of eosinophil-selective C-C chemokines. We investigated whether cytokines and the topical glucocorticoid budesonide differentially regulate RANTES, monocyte chemoattractant protein-4 (MCP-4), and eotaxin mRNA and protein expression in the human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B and in primary human bronchial epithelial cells by Northern blot analysis and ELISAs. Eotaxin and MCP-4 mRNA expression induced by TNF-α alone or in combination with IFN-γ was near-maximal after 1 h, peaked at 4 and 8 h, respectively, remained unchanged up to 24 h, and was protein synthesis independent. In contrast, RANTES mRNA was detectable only after 2 h and slowly increased to a peak at 24 h, and was protein synthesis dependent. Induction of eotaxin and MCP-4 mRNA showed a 10- to 100-fold greater sensitivity to TNF-α compared with RANTES mRNA. IL-4 and IFN-γ had selective effects on chemokine expression; IL-4 selectively up-regulated the expression of eotaxin and MCP-4 and potentiated TNF-α-induced eotaxin, while IFN-γ markedly potentiated only the TNF-α-induced expression of RANTES. Although budesonide inhibited the expression of chemokine mRNA to a variable extent, it effectively inhibited production of eotaxin and RANTES protein. Budesonide inhibited both RANTES- and eotaxin promoter-driven reporter gene activity. Budesonide also selectively accelerated the decay of eotaxin and MCP-4 mRNA. These results point to IL-4 as a possible mediator by which Th2 cells may induce selective production of C-C chemokines from epithelium and indicate that glucocorticoid inhibit chemokine expression through multiple mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Stellato
- *Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD 21224; and
| | - Satoshi Matsukura
- *Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD 21224; and
| | - Andrzej Fal
- *Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD 21224; and
| | - John White
- †Department of Pharmacology, SmithKline Beecham, King of Prussia, PA 19406
| | - Lisa A. Beck
- *Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD 21224; and
| | - David Proud
- *Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD 21224; and
| | - Robert P. Schleimer
- *Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, MD 21224; and
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Kawai T, Seki M, Hiromatsu K, Eastcott JW, Watts GFM, Sugai M, Smith DJ, Porcelli SA, Taubman MA. Selective Diapedesis of Th1 Cells Induced by Endothelial Cell RANTES. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.6.3269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Differentiated CD4 T cells can be divided into Th1 and Th2 types based on the cytokines they produce. Differential expression of chemokine receptors on either the Th1-type or the Th2-type cell suggests that Th1-type and Th2-type cells differ not only in cytokine production but also in their migratory capacity. Stimulation of endothelial cells with IFN-γ selectively enhanced transmigration of Th1-type cells, but not Th2-type cells, in a transendothelial migration assay. Enhanced transmigration of Th1-type cells was dependent on the chemokine RANTES produced by endothelial cells, as indicated by the findings that Ab neutralizing RANTES, or Ab to its receptor CCR5, inhibited transmigration. Neutralizing Ab to chemokines macrophage-inflammatory protein-1α or monocyte chemotactic protein-1 did not inhibit Th1 selective migration. Whereas anti-CD18 and anti-CD54 blocked basal levels of Th1-type cell adherence to endothelial cells and also inhibited transmigration, anti-RANTES blocked only transmigration, indicating that RANTES appeared to induce transmigration of adherent T cells. RANTES seemed to promote diapedesis of adherent Th1-type cells by augmenting pseudopod formation in conjunction with actin rearrangement by a pathway that was sensitive to the phosphoinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin and to the Rho GTP-binding protein inhibitor, epidermal cell differentiation inhibitor. Thus, enhancement of Th1-type selective migration appeared to be responsible for the diapedesis induced by interaction between CCR5 on Th1-type cells and RANTES produced by endothelial cells. Further evidence that CCR5 and RANTES play a modulatory role in Th1-type selective migration derives from the abrogation of this migration by anti-RANTES and anti-CCR5 Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Kawai
- *Department of Immunology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Makoto Seki
- †Division of Immunology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kenji Hiromatsu
- ‡Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA; and
| | | | - Gerald F. M. Watts
- ‡Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA; and
| | - Motoyuki Sugai
- §Department of Microbiology, Hiroshima University Faculty of Dentistry, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Daniel J. Smith
- *Department of Immunology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Steven A. Porcelli
- ‡Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA; and
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains essentially incurable by conventional anti-tumour therapy. This has led to increased interest in the possibility that forms of immune therapy might be effective. The successful use of donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) in a few cases of MM relapse following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation have added weight to this view. MM is characterized by several defects in the host's immune system. The influence of the malignant clone on the function of the immune effector cells results from both passive and active suppression. Despite an array of functional adhesion molecules and HLA class I and II molecules on their surface and the secretion of a tumour-specific peptide, they fail to express adequate levels of co-stimulatory molecules thus inducing anergy in potentially tumour-specific T cells. In addition to this passive evasion of immune regulation, MM tumour cells are capable of producing a number of immunologically active agents which can induce immunosuppression such as transforming growth factor-beta, Fas ligand (FasL), vascular endothelial growth factor and Muc-1. It is postulated that these agents may be produced by the tumour cell to influence the microenvironment to support growth and differentiation of the clone but may have the additional benefit of altering the function of the host immune effector cells and thus preventing tumour rejection. This duality of function is important if clinicians are to design immunotherapy strategies which will achieve the true potential and result in improved survival in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cook
- Department of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, UK
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Noris M, Daina E, Gamba S, Bonazzola S, Remuzzi G. Interleukin-6 and RANTES in Takayasu arteritis: a guide for therapeutic decisions? Circulation 1999; 100:55-60. [PMID: 10393681 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.100.1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with Takayasu arteritis, circulating lymphocytes are activated, and histological findings indicate that cell-mediated immunity plays an important role in the pathogenetic sequence leading to vascular lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS To delineate the profile of inflammatory and chemoattractant cytokines involved in T-cell activation in Takayasu arteritis, we measured by ELISA serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta, and RANTES in 18 patients. Subsequently, we wanted to establish whether any of these molecules could be used as a marker to monitor the clinical course of the disease and to predict disease exacerbations. We found that all patients with Takayasu arteritis studied during an active phase of the disease have increased serum concentration of IL-6 compared with healthy control subjects (P<0.01). Enhanced IL-6 serum levels paralleled disease activity to the extent that its serum concentrations were comparable to those of control subjects when patients were studied in remission. RANTES concentrations were also higher than normal in the serum of all patients with Takayasu arteritis (P<0.01) studied during an active phase of the disease. RANTES serum levels tended to normalize in remission, but values remained higher than those of control subjects (P<0.05). In contrast, serum concentrations of IL-1beta were below the detection limit of ELISA in both healthy subjects and all patients with Takayasu arteritis. A positive correlation was found between either IL-6 (rho=0.705, P<0.01) or RANTES (rho=0.607, P<0.05) serum level and disease activity. CONCLUSIONS The close correlation of serum IL-6 and RANTES levels with disease activity suggests that these cytokines contribute to vasculitic lesions in Takayasu arteritis and raises the possibility that their monitoring in serum helps clinicians find adequate treatment adjustments in individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Noris
- Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo e Cele Daccò," Mario Negri Institute of Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
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Chensue SW, Warmington KS, Allenspach EJ, Lu B, Gerard C, Kunkel SL, Lukacs NW. Differential Expression and Cross-Regulatory Function of RANTES During Mycobacterial (Type 1) and Schistosomal (Type 2) Antigen-Elicited Granulomatous Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.1.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of RANTES in Th1 and Th2 cell-mediated immune responses has been enigmatic. To approach this question, we analyzed RANTES expression and function in murine models of types 1 and 2 cell-mediated pulmonary granulomas elicited with Mycobacterium bovis or Schistosoma mansoni egg Ag-coated beads, respectively. Compared with type 2, type 1 lesions had up to 4-fold greater RANTES protein and mRNA production. Type 1 draining lymph nodes also produced up to 7-fold higher levels of RANTES. Anti-RANTES Ab treatments had opposite effects, decreasing type 1 lesion area by 25% and augmenting type 2 lesions by 50%. The latter was associated with increased IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 production by lymph nodes. Infusion of rRANTES (1 mg/kg/day) did not affect type 1 lesions, but reduced type 2 lesion area by 27% and eosinophils by 40%. Lymph node cultures from RANTES-treated mice had augmented type 1 and impaired type 2 responses. In vitro, RANTES caused selective, dose-related inhibition of IL-4 that was largely dependent on CCR1 receptors. In conclusion, RANTES plays different roles in types 1 and 2 granuloma formation, promoting the former and mediating cross-regulatory inhibition of the latter. Moreover, RANTES may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of established type 2 hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W. Chensue
- *Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and
- †University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; and
| | | | | | - Bao Lu
- ‡Childrens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Craig Gerard
- ‡Childrens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Steven L. Kunkel
- †University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; and
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Lin R, Heylbroeck C, Genin P, Pitha PM, Hiscott J. Essential role of interferon regulatory factor 3 in direct activation of RANTES chemokine transcription. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:959-66. [PMID: 9891032 PMCID: PMC116027 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.2.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Localized and systemic cytokine production in virus-infected cells play an important role in the outcome of viral infection and pathogenicity. Activation of the interferon regulatory factors (IRF) in turn is a critical mediator of cytokine gene transcription. Recent studies have focused on the 55-kDa IRF-3 gene product as a direct transcriptional regulator of type 1 interferon (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) activation in response to virus infection. Virus infection induces phosphorylation of IRF-3 on specific C-terminal serine residues and permits cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocation of IRF-3, activation of DNA binding and transactivation potential, and association with the CBP/p300 coactivator. We previously generated constitutively active [IRF-3(5D)] and dominant-negative forms of IRF-3 that control IFN-beta and IFN-alpha gene expression. In an effort to characterize the range of immunoregulatory genes controlled by IRF-3, we now demonstrate that endogenous human RANTES gene transcription is directly induced in tetracycline-inducible IRF-3(5D)-expressing cells or paramyxovirus-infected cells. We also show that a dominant-negative IRF-3 mutant inhibits virus-induced expression of the RANTES promoter. Specific mutagenesis of overlapping ISRE-like sites located between nucleotides -123 and -96 in the RANTES promoter reduces virus-induced and IRF-3-dependent activation. These studies broaden the range of IRF-3 immunoregulatory target genes to include at least one member of the chemokine superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lin
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3T 1E2
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40
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Song A, Chen YF, Thamatrakoln K, Storm TA, Krensky AM. RFLAT-1: a new zinc finger transcription factor that activates RANTES gene expression in T lymphocytes. Immunity 1999; 10:93-103. [PMID: 10023774 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RANTES (Regulated upon Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted) is a chemoattractant cytokine (chemokine) important in the generation of inflammatory infiltrate and human immunodeficiency virus entry into immune cells. RANTES is expressed late (3-5 days) after activation in T lymphocytes. Using expression cloning, we identified the first "late" T lymphocyte associated transcription factor and named it "RANTES Factor of Late Activated T Lymphocytes-1" (RFLAT-1). RFLAT-1 is a novel, phosphorylated, zinc finger transcription factor that is expressed in T cells 3 days after activation, coincident with RANTES expression. While Rel proteins play the dominant role in RANTES gene expression in fibroblasts, RFLAT-1 is a strong transactivator for RANTES in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5208, USA
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41
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Hiscott J, Pitha P, Genin P, Nguyen H, Heylbroeck C, Mamane Y, Algarte M, Lin R. Triggering the interferon response: the role of IRF-3 transcription factor. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19:1-13. [PMID: 10048763 DOI: 10.1089/107999099314360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRF) consist of a growing family of related transcription proteins first identified as regulators of the IFN-alpha/beta gene promoters, as well as the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) of some IFN-stimulated genes. IRF-3 was originally identified as a member of the IRF family based on homology with other IRF family members and on binding to the ISRE of the IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) promoter. Several recent studies have focused attention on the unique molecular properties of IRF-3 and its role in the regulation of IFN gene expression. IRF-3 is expressed constitutively in a variety of tissues, and the relative levels of IRF-3 mRNA do not change in virus-infected or IFN-treated cells. Following virus infection, IRF-3 is posttranslationally modified by protein phosphorylation at multiple serine and threonine residues, located in the carboxy-terminus of IRF-3. Phosphorylation causes the cytoplasmic to nuclear translocation of IRF-3, stimulation of DNA binding, and increased transcriptional activation, mediated through the association of IRF-3 with the CBP/p300 coactivator. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent investigations demonstrating the important role of IRF-3 in cytokine gene transcription. These studies provide the framework for a model in which virus-dependent phosphorylation of IRF-3 alters protein conformation to permit nuclear translocation, association with transcriptional partners, and primary activation of IFN and IFN-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hiscott
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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42
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Staruch MJ, Camacho R, Dumont FJ. Distinctive calcineurin-dependent (FK506-sensitive) mechanisms regulate the production of the CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES vs IL-2 and TNF-alpha by activated human T cells. Cell Immunol 1998; 190:121-31. [PMID: 9878113 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1998.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CaN) controls the production of multiple cytokines, including IL-2 and TNF-alpha, during T cell activation. However, its role in chemokine production is unclear. Here, we used the CaN inhibitor FK506 to probe for the contribution of CaN in MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES production at the protein and mRNA levels in human T cells stimulated via CD3/PMA or CD3/CD28. With both modes of activation, FK506 inhibited RANTES production only partially and late during a 3-day culture, whereas it suppressed both MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta production throughout the culture. However, FK506 inhibition was more pronounced on MIP-1beta than MIP-1alpha, especially in CD3/CD28-activated T cells. Surprisingly, FK506 also significantly reduced MIP-1beta induction by PMA alone. Furthermore, comparison with IL-2 and TNF-alpha revealed that both were more potently inhibited by the drug upon CD3/PMA or CD3/CD28 induction than either MIP-1alpha or MIP-1beta. These differences in FK506 sensitivity were also observed in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subsets. Therefore, all three chemokines are affected by FK506 distinctly from one another and from IL-2 and TNF-alpha, suggesting that CaN participates to different extents in the induction of these cytokines during T cell activation. Further evidence that this induction relies on distinctive mechanisms, depending on the cytokine, came from analyses of the kinetics and cycloheximide sensitivity of cytokine mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Staruch
- Department of Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Ward
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Bath University, Claverton Down, United Kingdom.
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