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Rahmani N, Mohammadi M, Manaheji H, Maghsoudi N, Katinger H, Baniasadi M, Zaringhalam J. Carbamylated erythropoietin improves recognition memory by modulating microglia in a rat model of pain. Behav Brain Res 2022; 416:113576. [PMID: 34506840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic pain often complain about memory impairments. Experimental studies have shown neuroprotective effects of Carbamylated erythropoietin (Cepo-Fc) in the treatment of cognitive dysfunctions. However, little is currently known about its precise molecular mechanisms in a model of inflammatory pain. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate neuroprotective effects of Cepo-Fc against cognitive impairment induced by the inflammatory model of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA). Carbamylated erythropoietin was administrated Intraperitoneally (i.p) on the day CFA injection, continued for a 21-days period. After conducting the behavioral tests (thermal hyperalgesia and novel object recognition test), western blot and ELISA were further preformed on days 0, 7, and 21. The results of this study indicate that Cepo-Fc can effectively reverse the CFA induced thermal hyperalgesia and recognition memory impairment. Additionally, Cepo-Fc noticeably decreased the hippocampal microglial expression, production of hippocampal IL-1β, and hippocampal apoptosis and necroptosis induced by the inflammatory pain. Therefore, our findings suggest that neuroprotective effects of Cepo-Fc in the treatment of pain related recognition memory impairment may be mediated through reducing hippocampal microglial expression as well as IL-1β production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Rahmani
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mola Mohammadi
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Manaheji
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Maghsoudi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hermann Katinger
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mansoureh Baniasadi
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Zaringhalam
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Policastro G, Brunelli M, Tinazzi M, Chiamulera C, Emerich DF, Paolone G. Cytokine-, Neurotrophin-, and Motor Rehabilitation-Induced Plasticity in Parkinson's Disease. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8814028. [PMID: 33293946 PMCID: PMC7714573 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8814028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and cytokine-dependent neurotoxicity appear to be major contributors to the neuropathology in Parkinson's disease (PD). While pharmacological advancements have been a mainstay in the treatment of PD for decades, it is becoming increasingly clear that nonpharmacological approaches including traditional and nontraditional forms of exercise and physical rehabilitation can be critical adjunctive or even primary treatment avenues. Here, we provide an overview of preclinical and clinical research detailing the biological role of proinflammatory molecules in PD and how motor rehabilitation can be used to therapeutically modulate neuroinflammation, restore neural plasticity, and improve motor function in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanna Paolone
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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3
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Shijo M, Hamasaki H, Honda H, Suzuki SO, Tachibana M, Ago T, Kitazono T, Iihara K, Iwaki T. Upregulation of Annexin A1 in Reactive Astrocytes and Its Subtle Induction in Microglia at the Boundaries of Human Brain Infarcts. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 78:961-970. [PMID: 31504683 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A1 (ANXA1) has multiple functions, including anti-inflammatory effects, and is thought to be neuroprotective in various pathophysiologies of the central nervous system. The importance of ANXA1 in microglia and endothelial cells in ischemic environments in the brain has been recognized, but its detailed behavior in astrocytes in the ischemic brain remains unknown. Using immunohistochemistry, we therefore assessed the altered distribution of ANXA1 in human brain infarcts using 14 autopsied samples and 18 surgical samples. Elevated expression of ANXA1 was observed in reactive astrocytes in peri-infarct regions. ANXA1 accumulated at the cell periphery and in swollen cytoplasmic processes of reactive astrocytes, as well as at the rim of vacuoles at the boundary of necrosis, and colocalized with aberrantly distributed aquaporin 4 and excitatory amino acid transporter 1. Foamy macrophages in the necrotic core also expressed abundant ANXA1, whereas resident microglia at the boundary of necrosis rarely showed intrinsic expression of ANXA1. This characteristic distribution of ANXA1 in human brain infarcts may represent the good adaptability of reactive astrocytes to ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shijo
- Department of Neuropathology.,Department of Medicine and Clinical Science
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Koji Iihara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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4
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Feng B, Tang Y, Chen B, Xu C, Wang Y, Dai Y, Wu D, Zhu J, Wang S, Zhou Y, Shi L, Hu W, Zhang X, Chen Z. Transient increase of interleukin-1β after prolonged febrile seizures promotes adult epileptogenesis through long-lasting upregulating endocannabinoid signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21931. [PMID: 26902320 PMCID: PMC4763292 DOI: 10.1038/srep21931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains unclear how infantile febrile seizures (FS) enhance adult seizure susceptibility. Here we showed that the transient increase of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) after prolonged FS promoted adult seizure susceptibility, which was blocked by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) within a critical time window. Postnatal administered IL-1β alone mimicked the effect of FS on adult seizure susceptibility. IL-1R1 knockout mice were not susceptible to adult seizure after prolonged FS or IL-1β treatment. Prolonged FS or early-life IL-1β treatment increased the expression of cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) for over 50 days, which was blocked by IL-1Ra or was absent in IL-1R1 knockout mice. CB1R antagonist, knockdown and endocannabinoid synthesis inhibitor abolished FS or IL-1β-enhanced seizure susceptibility. Thus, this work identifies a pathogenic role of postnatal IL-1β/IL-1R1 pathway and subsequent prolonged prominent increase of endocannabinoid signaling in adult seizure susceptibility following prolonged FS, and highlights IL-1R1 as a potential therapeutic target for preventing the development of epilepsy after infantile FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China
| | - Yangshun Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China
| | - Cenglin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China
| | - Yunjian Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China
| | - Dengchang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China.,Department of Neurology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Junmin Zhu
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Yudong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China
| | - Liyun Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at the Royal, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ottawa K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China.,Department of Neurology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, China.,Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
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5
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Nagaya Y, Aoyama M, Tamura T, Kakita H, Kato S, Hida H, Saitoh S, Asai K. Inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α suppresses neuroprotective endogenous erythropoietin from astrocytes mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-2α. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3620-6. [PMID: 25283246 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interest in erythropoietin (EPO) as a neuroprotective mediator has grown since it was found that systemically administered EPO is protective in several animal models of disease. However, given that the blood-brain barrier limits EPO entry into the brain, alternative approaches that induce endogenous EPO production in the brain may be more effective clinically and associated with fewer untoward side-effects. Astrocytes are the main source of EPO in the central nervous system. In the present study we investigated the effect of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) on hypoxia-induced upregulation of EPO in rat brain. Hypoxia significantly increased EPO mRNA expression in the brain and kidney, and this increase was suppressed by TNFα in vivo. In cultured astrocytes exposed to hypoxic conditions for 6 and 12 h, TNFα suppressed the hypoxia-induced increase in EPO mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner. TNFα inhibition of hypoxia-induced EPO expression was mediated primarily by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α rather than HIF-1α. The effects of TNFα in reducing hypoxia-induced upregulation of EPO mRNA expression probably involve destabilization of HIF-2α, which is regulated by the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway. TNFα treatment attenuated the protective effects of astrocytes on neurons under hypoxic conditions via EPO signaling. The effective blockade of TNFα signaling may contribute to the maintenance of the neuroprotective effects of EPO even under hypoxic conditions with an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Nagaya
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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6
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Zhao H, Luo F, Li H, Zhang L, Yi Y, Wan J. Antinociceptive effect of tetrandrine on LPS-induced hyperalgesia via the inhibition of IKKβ phosphorylation and the COX-2/PGE₂ pathway in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94586. [PMID: 24722146 PMCID: PMC3983227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrandrine (TET) is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isolated from the Stephania Tetrandra. It is known to possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. We have shown that TET can effectively suppress the production of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory mediators, including cyclooxygenases (COXs), in macrophages. However, whether TET has an antinociceptive effect on LPS-induced hyperalgesia is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the potential antinociceptive effects of TET and the mechanisms by which it elicits its effects on LPS-induced hyperalgesia. LPS effectively evoked hyperalgesia and induced the production of PGE2 in the sera, brain tissues, and cultured astroglia. TET pretreatment attenuated all of these effects. LPS also activated inhibitor of κB (IκB) kinase β (IKKβ) and its downstream components in the IκB/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway, including COX-2; the increase in expression levels of these components was significantly abolished by TET. Furthermore, in primary astroglia, knockdown of IKKβ, but not IKKα, reversed the effects of TET on the LPS-induced increase in IκB phosphorylation, P65 phosphorylation, and COX-2. Our results suggest that TET can effectively exert antinociceptive effects on LPS-induced hyperalgesia in mice by inhibiting IKKβ phosphorylation, which leads to the reduction in the production of important pain mediators, such as PGE2 and COX-2, via the IKKβ/IκB/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengguang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fuling Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongzhong Li
- Molecular oncology and epigenetics laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongfen Yi
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Tumor Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (YFY); (JYW)
| | - Jingyuan Wan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (YFY); (JYW)
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7
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Diclofenac Enhances Proinflammatory Cytokine-Induced Aquaporin-4 Expression in Cultured Astrocyte. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 33:393-400. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9905-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Aoyama M, Kakita H, Kato S, Tomita M, Asai K. Region-specific expression of a water channel protein, aquaporin 4, on brain astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:2272-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Kato S, Aoyama M, Kakita H, Hida H, Kato I, Ito T, Goto T, Hussein MH, Sawamoto K, Togari H, Asai K. Endogenous erythropoietin from astrocyte protects the oligodendrocyte precursor cell against hypoxic and reoxygenation injury. J Neurosci Res 2012; 89:1566-74. [PMID: 21833990 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxia-responsive cytokine erythropoietin (EPO) provides neuroprotective effects in the damaged brain during ischemic events and neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the EPO/EPO receptor (EPOR) endogenous system between astrocyte and oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) under hypoxia. We report here elevated EPO mRNA levels and protein release in cultured astrocytes following hypoxic stimulation by quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA. Furthermore, the EPOR gene expressions were detected in cultured OPCs as in astrocytes and microglias by quantitative RT-PCR. Cell staining revealed the EPOR expression in OPC. To evaluate the protective effect of endogenous EPO from astrocyte to OPCs, EPO/EPOR signaling was blocked by EPO siRNA or EPOR siRNA gene silencing in in vitro study. The suppression of endogenous EPO production in astrocytes by EPO siRNA decreased the protection to OPCs against hypoxic stress. Furthermore, OPC with EPOR siRNA had less cell survival after hypoxic/reoxygenation injury. This suggested that EPO/EPOR signaling from astrocyte to OPC could prevent OPC damage under hypoxic/reoxygenation condition. Our present finding of an interaction between astrocytes and OPCs may lead to a new therapeutic approach to OPCs for use against cellular stress and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kato
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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10
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Ohara K, Aoyama M, Fujita M, Sobue K, Asai K. Prolonged exposure to ammonia increases extracellular glutamate in cultured rat astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2009; 462:109-12. [PMID: 19576960 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal alteration of brain function is a characteristic complication of hepatic encephalopathy in both acute and chronic liver failure. Previous studies suggest that the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy involves chronic glial edema with subsequent alteration of glioneuronal communication, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation, and oxidative/nitrosative stress. In the present study, we investigated extracellular glutamate levels in cultured astrocytes under prolonged exposure to ammonia. Using an enzyme-linked high-performance liquid chromatography assay to detect glutamate, prolonged (48 h) exposure of cultured astrocytes to ammonia resulted in a concentration- and time-dependent increase in extracellular glutamate. Similar increases were observed when ammonia-containing medium (pH 7.8) was adjusted to the pH of control medium (pH 7.4), indicating that the effect is not due to pH. Treatment of astrocytes with an antioxidant (l-ascorbic acid), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin), a Ca2+ chelator (BAPTA-AM), an NMDA receptor antagonist (NK801), or a mitochondrial permeability transition inhibitor (cyclosporine A) suppressed the increase of extracellular glutamate in response to prolonged ammonia exposure. Prolonged exposure to ammonia increased extracellular glutamate through the NMDA receptor, increased intracellular Ca2+ levels, and upregulation of excitatory amino acids. The addition of ATP further increased extracellular glutamate levels in astrocytes subjected to prolonged ammonia treatment (5mM, 48 h) in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that the deregulation of glutamate release from astrocytes may contribute to the dysfunction of glutamatergic neurons in patients with acute liver failure (ALF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ohara
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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11
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Kakita H, Aoyama M, Hussein MH, Kato S, Suzuki S, Ito T, Togari H, Asai K. Diclofenac enhances proinflammatory cytokine-induced nitric oxide production through NF-κB signaling in cultured astrocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 238:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Di Loreto S, Falone S, Caracciolo V, Sebastiani P, D'Alessandro A, Mirabilio A, Zimmitti V, Amicarelli F. Fifty hertz extremely low-frequency magnetic field exposure elicits redox and trophic response in rat-cortical neurons. J Cell Physiol 2009; 219:334-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Folkersma H, Brevé JJP, Tilders FJH, Cherian L, Robertson CS, Vandertop WP. Cerebral microdialysis of interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6: extraction efficiency and production in the acute phase after severe traumatic brain injury in rats. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2008; 150:1277-84; discussion 1284. [PMID: 19031041 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-008-0151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a research tool, cerebral microdialysis might be a useful technique in monitoring the release of cytokines into the extracellular fluid (ECF) following traumatic brain injury (TBI). We established extraction efficiency of Interleukin(IL)-1ss and Interleukin(IL)-6 by an in vitro microdialysis-perfusion system, followed by in vivo determination of the temporal profile of extracellular fluid cytokines after severe TBI in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro experiments using a polyether sulfon (PES) microdialysis probe especially developed for recovery of macromolecules such as cytokines, were carried out to establish the extraction efficiency of IL-1ss and IL-6 from artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with defined IL-1ss and IL-6 concentrations. In vivo experiments in which rats were subjected to TBI or sham and microdialysis samples were collected from the parietal lobe for measurement of cytokines. FINDINGS The extraction efficiency was maximal 6.05% (range, 5.97-6.13%) at 0.5 microl/min(-1) and decreased at higher flow rates. Both cytokines were detectable in the dialysates. Highest IL-1ss levels were found within 200 min, highest IL-6 concentrations were detected at later intervals (200-400 min). No differences were found between the TBI and control groups. CONCLUSIONS Cerebral microdialysis allows measurement of cytokine secretion in the ECF of brain tissue in rats.
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14
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Pinteaux E, Trotter P, Simi A. Cell-specific and concentration-dependent actions of interleukin-1 in acute brain inflammation. Cytokine 2008; 45:1-7. [PMID: 19026559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 is a pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokine and an important mediator of both acute and chronic central nervous system (CNS) injuries. Despite intense research in CNS IL-1 biology over the past two decades, its precise mechanism of action in inflammatory responses to acute brain disorders remains largely unknown. In particular, much effort has been focussed on using in vitro approaches to better understand the cellular and signalling mechanisms of actions of IL-1, yet some discrepancies in the literature regarding the effects produced by IL-1beta in in vitro paradigms of injury still exist, particularly as to whether IL-1 exerts neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects. Here we aim to review the cell-specific and concentration-dependent actions of IL-1 in brain cells, to depict the mechanism by which this cytokine induces neurotoxicity or neuroprotection in acute brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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15
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Hou L, Hong T. Stem cells and neurodegenerative diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 51:287-94. [PMID: 18368305 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-008-0049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the neurodegenerative changes or apoptosis of neurons involved in networks, which are important to specific physiological functions. With the development of old-aging society, the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases is on the increase. However, it is difficult to diagnose for most of neurodegenerative diseases. At present, there are too few effective therapies. Advances in stem cell biology have raised the hope and possibility for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, stem cells have been widely attempted to treat neurodegenerative diseases of animal model. Here we review the progress and prospects of various stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cell and neural stem cells and so on, for the treatments of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington' disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Lou Gehrig's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- LingLing Hou
- Institute of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China.
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16
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Schmidt OI, Leinhase I, Hasenboehler E, Morgan SJ, Stahel PF. [The relevance of the inflammatory response in the injured brain]. DER ORTHOPADE 2007; 36:248, 250-8. [PMID: 17333066 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-007-1061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Research efforts in recent years have defined traumatic brain injury (TBI) as a predominantly immunological and inflammatory disorder. This perception is based on the fact that the overwhelming neuroinflammatory response in the injured brain contributes to the development of posttraumatic edema and to neuropathological sequelae which are, in large part, responsible for the adverse outcome. While the "key" mediators of neuroinflammation, such as the cytokine cascade and the complement system, have been clearly defined by studies in experimental TBI models, their exact pathways of interaction and pathophysiological implications remain to be further elucidated. This lack of knowledge is partially due to the concept of a "dual role" of the neuroinflammatory response after TBI. This notion implies that specific inflammatory molecules may mediate diverse functions depending on their local concentration and kinetics of expression in the injured brain. The inflammation-induced effects range from beneficial aspects of neuroprotection to detrimental neurotoxicity. The lack of success in pushing anti-inflammatory therapeutic concepts from"bench to bedside" for patients with severe TBI strengthens the further need for advances in basic research on the molecular aspects of the neuroinflammatory network in the injured brain. The present review summarizes the current knowledge from experimental studies in this field of research and discusses potential future targets of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Schmidt
- Zentrum für Traumatologie, Fachbereich Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Klinikum Sankt Georg, Leipzig
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17
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Bernardino L, Xapelli S, Silva AP, Jakobsen B, Poulsen FR, Oliveira CR, Vezzani A, Malva JO, Zimmer J. Modulator effects of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on AMPA-induced excitotoxicity in mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. J Neurosci 2006; 25:6734-44. [PMID: 16033883 PMCID: PMC6725352 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1510-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) have been identified as mediators of several forms of neurodegeneration in the brain. However, they can produce either deleterious or beneficial effects on neuronal function. We investigated the effects of these cytokines on neuronal death caused by exposure of mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures to toxic concentrations of AMPA. Either potentiation of excitotoxicity or neuroprotection was observed, depending on the concentration of the cytokines and the timing of exposure. A relatively high concentration of mouse recombinant TNF-alpha (10 ng/ml) enhanced excitotoxicity when the cultures were simultaneously exposed to AMPA and to this cytokine. Decreasing the concentration of TNF-alpha to 1 ng/ml resulted in neuroprotection against AMPA-induced neuronal death independently on the application protocol. By using TNF-alpha receptor (TNFR) knock-out mice, we demonstrated that the potentiation of AMPA-induced toxicity by TNF-alpha involves TNF receptor-1, whereas the neuroprotective effect is mediated by TNF receptor-2. AMPA exposure was associated with activation and proliferation of microglia as assessed by macrophage antigen-1 and bromodeoxyuridine immunohistochemistry, suggesting a functional recruitment of cytokine-producing cells at sites of neurodegeneration. Together, these findings are relevant for understanding the role of proinflammatory cytokines and microglia activation in acute and chronic excitotoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Bernardino
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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Ravizza T, Vezzani A. Status epilepticus induces time-dependent neuronal and astrocytic expression of interleukin-1 receptor type I in the rat limbic system. Neuroscience 2005; 137:301-8. [PMID: 16289587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Revised: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/30/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1beta is rapidly synthesized by glia after the induction of seizures. Recent evidence shows that endogenous IL-1beta has proconvulsant actions mediated by interleukin-1 receptor type I. This receptor also mediates interleukin-1beta effects on neuronal susceptibility to neurotoxic insults. In this study, we investigated the basal and seizure-induced expression of interleukin-1 receptor type I in rat forebrain to identify the cells targeted by interleukin-1beta during epileptic activity. Self-sustained limbic status epilepticus was induced in rats by electrical stimulation of the ventral hippocampus. Interleukin-1 receptor type I immunoreactivity was barely detectable in neurons in control brain tissue. During status epilepticus, interleukin-1 receptor type I was induced in the hippocampal neurons firstly, and several hours later in astrocytes localized in limbic and extralimbic areas. Neuronal interleukin-1 receptor type I expression in the hippocampus outlasted the duration of spontaneous electroencephalographic seizure and was not observed in degenerating neurons. Astrocytic expression occurred transiently, between six and 18 h after the induction of status epilepticus and was invariably found in regions of neuronal damage. These time-dependent, cell- and region-specific changes in interleukin-1 receptor type I expression during status epilepticus suggest that interleukin-1 receptor type I in neurons mediates interleukin-1beta-induced fast changes in hippocampal excitability while interleukin-1 receptor type I receptors in astrocytes may mediate interleukin-1beta effects on neuronal survival in hostile conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ravizza
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milano, Italy.
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Selvaraju R, Bernasconi L, Losberger C, Graber P, Kadi L, Avellana-Adalid V, Picard-Riera N, Baron Van Evercooren A, Cirillo R, Kosco-Vilbois M, Feger G, Papoian R, Boschert U. Osteopontin is upregulated during in vivo demyelination and remyelination and enhances myelin formation in vitro. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 25:707-21. [PMID: 15080898 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2003.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2003] [Revised: 12/11/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used in vitro oligodendrocyte differentiation and the in vivo remyelination model, the cuprizone model, to identify genes regulating oligodendrocyte function and remyelination. One of the genes we identified, osteopontin (opn), is a secreted glycoprotein with cytokine-like, chemotactic, and anti-apoptotic properties that contains an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) cell adhesion motif-mediating interactions with several integrins. Both microglia and astrocytes in demyelinating brain regions of cuprizone-fed mice expressed OPN protein. Recombinant OPN protein produced in a baculovirus expression system induced proliferation of both the rat CG-4 and the mouse Oli-neu oligodendrocyte precursor (OLP)-like cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, recombinant OPN treatment stimulated both myelin basic protein (MBP) synthesis and myelin sheath formation in mixed cortical cultures from embryonic mouse brain, an in vitro primary culture model of myelination. Interestingly, myelinating mixed cultures prepared from OPN(-/-) mice contained significantly less MBP compared to wild-type cultures after 17 days in culture. We propose that in the central nervous system, OPN may act as a novel regulator of myelination and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Selvaraju
- Department of Immunology, Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Ares-Serono International SA, Geneva, Switzerland
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Takuma K, Baba A, Matsuda T. Astrocyte apoptosis: implications for neuroprotection. Prog Neurobiol 2004; 72:111-27. [PMID: 15063528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2003] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cell types in the brain, provide metabolic and trophic support to neurons and modulate synaptic activity. Accordingly, impairment in these astrocyte functions can critically influence neuronal survival. Recent studies show that astrocyte apoptosis may contribute to pathogenesis of many acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, such as cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We found that incubation of cultured rat astrocytes in a Ca(2+)-containing medium after exposure to a Ca(2+)-free medium causes an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration followed by apoptosis, and that NF-kappa B, reactive oxygen species, and enzymes such as calpain, xanthine oxidase, calcineurin and caspase-3 are involved in reperfusion-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that heat shock protein, mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase are target molecules for anti-apoptotic drugs. This review summarizes (1) astrocytic functions in neuroprotection, (2) current evidence of astrocyte apoptosis in both in vitro and in vivo studies including its molecular pathways such as Ca(2+) overload, oxidative stress, NF-kappa B activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and protease activation, and (3) several drugs preventing astrocyte apoptosis. As a whole, this article provides new insights into the potential role of astrocytes as targets for neuroprotection. In addition, the advance in the knowledge of molecular mechanisms of astrocyte apoptosis may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Takuma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and High Technology Research Center, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe 651-2180, Japan
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Oprica M, Eriksson C, Schultzberg M. Inflammatory mechanisms associated with brain damage induced by kainic acid with special reference to the interleukin-1 system. J Cell Mol Med 2003; 7:127-40. [PMID: 12927051 PMCID: PMC6740282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2003.tb00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The evidence of inflammatory processes in the clinical manifestations and neuropathological sequelae of epilepsy have accumulated in the last decade. Administration of kainic acid, an analogue of the excitatory amino acid glutamate, induces a characteristic behavioural syndrome and a reproducible pattern of neurodegeneration in several brain areas, closely resembling human temporal lobe epilepsy. Results from studies using the kainic acid model indicate that manipulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines can modify the outcome with regard to the behavioural syndrome as well as the neuropathological consequences. Interleukin-1 is one of the most important cytokines and has several actions in the brain that are critical for the host defense against injury and infection, and it is involved in the initiation of early stages of inflammation. It is believed that interleukin-1 plays a pivotal role in the neuroinflammation associated with certain forms of neurodegeneration, including cerebral ischemia, trauma and excitotoxic brain injury. In this review, we have summarized the experimental data available with regard to the involvement of the interleukin-1 system in kainic acid-induced changes in the brain and emphasized the modulatory role of interleukin-1beta in this model of epilepsy
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oprica
- Neurotec Department, Karolinska Institute, Division of Experimental Geriatrics, Huddinge University Hospital, Novum, 4th floor, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Sugaya K. Potential use of stem cells in neuroreplacement therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 228:1-30. [PMID: 14667041 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(03)28001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of stem cells for neuroreplacement therapy is no longer science fiction--it is science fact. We have succeeded in the development of neural and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation to produce neural cells in the brain. We have also seen improvement in cognitive function following stem cell transplantation in a memory-impaired aged animal model. These results promise a bright future for stem cell therapies in neurodegenerative diseases. Before we begin to think about clinical applications beyond the present preclinical studies, we have to consider the pathophysiological environment of individual diseases and weigh the factors that affect stem cell biology. Here, I not only review potential therapeutic applications of stem cell strategies in neurodegenerative diseases, but also discuss stem cell biology regarding factors that are altered under disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiminobu Sugaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, The Psychiatric Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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