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Oriá RB, Freitas RS, Roque CR, Nascimento JCR, Silva AP, Malva JO, Guerrant RL, Vitek MP. ApoE Mimetic Peptides to Improve the Vicious Cycle of Malnutrition and Enteric Infections by Targeting the Intestinal and Blood-Brain Barriers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041086. [PMID: 37111572 PMCID: PMC10141726 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) mimetic peptides are engineered fragments of the native apoE protein’s LDL-receptor binding site that improve the outcomes following a brain injury and intestinal inflammation in a variety of models. The vicious cycle of enteric infections and malnutrition is closely related to environmental-driven enteric dysfunction early in life, and such chronic inflammatory conditions may blunt the developmental trajectories of children with worrisome and often irreversible physical and cognitive faltering. This window of time for microbiota maturation and brain plasticity is key to protecting cognitive domains, brain health, and achieving optimal/full developmental potential. This review summarizes the potential role of promising apoE mimetic peptides to improve the function of the gut-brain axis, including targeting the blood-brain barrier in children afflicted with malnutrition and enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo B. Oriá
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-85-3366-8239
| | - Raul S. Freitas
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Cássia R. Roque
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
| | - José Carlos R. Nascimento
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medicine, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusofonia, Redenção 62790-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Silva
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine and Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João O. Malva
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine and Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Richard L. Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Michael P. Vitek
- Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Nascimento TS, Pinto DV, Dias RP, Raposo RS, Nunes PIG, Roque CR, Santos FA, Andrade GM, Viana JL, Fostier AH, Sussulini A, Alvarez-Leite JI, Fontes-Ribeiro C, Malva JO, Oriá RB. Chronic Methylmercury Intoxication Induces Systemic Inflammation, Behavioral, and Hippocampal Amino Acid Changes in C57BL6J Adult Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13837. [PMID: 36430321 PMCID: PMC9697706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is highly toxic to the human brain. Although much is known about MeHg neurotoxic effects, less is known about how chronic MeHg affects hippocampal amino acids and other neurochemical markers in adult mice. In this study, we evaluated the MeHg effects on systemic lipids and inflammation, hippocampal oxidative stress, amino acid levels, neuroinflammation, and behavior in adult male mice. Challenged mice received MeHg in drinking water (2 mg/L) for 30 days. We assessed weight gain, total plasma cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), endotoxin, and TNF levels. Hippocampal myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), amino acid levels, and cytokine transcripts were evaluated. Mice underwent open field, object recognition, Y, and Barnes maze tests. MeHg-intoxicated mice had higher weight gain and increased the TG and TC plasma levels. Elevated circulating TNF and LPS confirmed systemic inflammation. Higher levels of MPO and MDA and a reduction in IL-4 transcripts were found in the hippocampus. MeHg-intoxication led to increased GABA and glycine, reduced hippocampal taurine levels, delayed acquisition in the Barnes maze, and poor locomotor activity. No significant changes were found in AChE activity and object recognition. Altogether, our findings highlight chronic MeHg-induced effects that may have long-term mental health consequences in prolonged exposed human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyciane S. Nascimento
- Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, Brazil
| | - Daniel V. Pinto
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny, and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo P. Dias
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny, and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Ramon S. Raposo
- Experimental Biology Core, Health Sciences Center, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza 60812-020, Brazil
| | - Paulo Iury G. Nunes
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Cássia R. Roque
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny, and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Flávia A. Santos
- Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Geanne M. Andrade
- Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, Brazil
| | - José Lucas Viana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Anne H. Fostier
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Sussulini
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline I. Alvarez-Leite
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Nutritional Biochemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos Fontes-Ribeiro
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João O. Malva
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Reinaldo B. Oriá
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny, and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
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Leocádio PCL, Lopes SC, Dias RP, Alvarez-Leite JI, Guerrant RL, Malva JO, Oriá RB. The Transition From Undernutrition to Overnutrition Under Adverse Environments and Poverty: The Risk for Chronic Diseases. Front Nutr 2021; 8:676044. [PMID: 33968973 PMCID: PMC8102690 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.676044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Caroline L Leocádio
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Synara C Lopes
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny, and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo P Dias
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny, and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline I Alvarez-Leite
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Center for Global Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - João O Malva
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Reinaldo B Oriá
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny, and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Novo JP, Martins B, Raposo RS, Pereira FC, Oriá RB, Malva JO, Fontes-Ribeiro C. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Methylmercury Neurotoxicity and Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063101. [PMID: 33803585 PMCID: PMC8003103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) toxicity is a major environmental concern. In the aquatic reservoir, MeHg bioaccumulates along the food chain until it is consumed by riverine populations. There has been much interest in the neurotoxicity of MeHg due to recent environmental disasters. Studies have also addressed the implications of long-term MeHg exposure for humans. The central nervous system is particularly susceptible to the deleterious effects of MeHg, as evidenced by clinical symptoms and histopathological changes in poisoned humans. In vitro and in vivo studies have been crucial in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying MeHg-induced neurotoxicity. A collection of cellular and molecular alterations including cytokine release, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, Ca2+ and glutamate dyshomeostasis, and cell death mechanisms are important consequences of brain cells exposure to MeHg. The purpose of this review is to organize an overview of the mercury cycle and MeHg poisoning events and to summarize data from cellular, animal, and human studies focusing on MeHg effects in neurons and glial cells. This review proposes an up-to-date compendium that will serve as a starting point for further studies and a consultation reference of published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P. Novo
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.P.N.); (B.M.); (R.S.R.); (F.C.P.)
| | - Beatriz Martins
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.P.N.); (B.M.); (R.S.R.); (F.C.P.)
| | - Ramon S. Raposo
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.P.N.); (B.M.); (R.S.R.); (F.C.P.)
- Experimental Biology Core, University of Fortaleza, Health Sciences, Fortaleza 60110-001, Brazil
| | - Frederico C. Pereira
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.P.N.); (B.M.); (R.S.R.); (F.C.P.)
| | - Reinaldo B. Oriá
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil;
| | - João O. Malva
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.P.N.); (B.M.); (R.S.R.); (F.C.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.O.M.); (C.F.-R.)
| | - Carlos Fontes-Ribeiro
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.P.N.); (B.M.); (R.S.R.); (F.C.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.O.M.); (C.F.-R.)
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Pinto DV, Raposo RS, Matos GA, Alvarez-Leite JI, Malva JO, Oriá RB. Methylmercury Interactions With Gut Microbiota and Potential Modulation of Neurogenic Niches in the Brain. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:576543. [PMID: 33224022 PMCID: PMC7670038 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.576543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Pinto
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ramon S Raposo
- Experimental Biology Core, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Gabriella A Matos
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline I Alvarez-Leite
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - João O Malva
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Reinaldo B Oriá
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Oriá RB, Empadinhas N, Malva JO. Editorial: Interplay Between Nutrition, the Intestinal Microbiota and the Immune System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1758. [PMID: 32849628 PMCID: PMC7423988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo B Oriá
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João O Malva
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB) and Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Reis F, Sá-Moura B, Guardado D, Couceiro P, Catarino L, Mota-Pinto A, Veríssimo MT, Teixeira AM, Ferreira PL, Lima MP, Palavra F, Rama L, Santos L, van der Heijden RA, Gonçalves CE, Cunha A, Malva JO. Development of a Healthy Lifestyle Assessment Toolkit for the General Public. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:134. [PMID: 31316985 PMCID: PMC6610478 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of age-related non-communicable chronic diseases has increased worldwide, being the leading causes of morbidity and death in many world regions, including in Europe. Innovative models and strategies focused on preventive care, including early identification of risk factors underlying disease onset and progression, and proper modification of lifestyle habits and behaviors, might contribute to promote quality of life, healthy living and active aging. Healthy Lifestyle Innovative Quarters for Cities and Citizens (HeaLIQs4cities) is an EIT Health-funded project aiming to engage, empower and educate citizens toward healthy lifestyles. One of the major objectives of this project was to develop a toolkit for a rapid and informal assessment of healthy lifestyles, to be used at different levels of care pathways, including in informal public environments. In this paper, we describe the methodology underlying the development of the toolkit, which resulted from the collaboration of an interdisciplinary focus group of academic experts, from medicine, sport sciences, psychology, health economics, and innovative technologies applied to health. The following eight components were included in the toolkit: (1) anthropometric assessment and cardiometabolic parameters; (2) physical activity and exercise; (3) well-being, social cohesion, and functional independence; (4) nutrition; (5) mental health; (6) smoking, drinking, and use of illicit substances; (7) sleep habits and quality; and (8) health and disease. A traffic light rating system indicating the risk score was used (low: green; moderate: yellow; and relevant: orange) for each of the 8 components, together with recommendations for the toolkit users. After completing the reduced version of the toolkit, individuals showing moderate or relevant risk in one or more of the 8 dimensions, were invited to participate in a more detailed assessment (toolkit long version), based on deeper and scientifically validated tools. The toolkit was incorporated in eVida, a web-based platform that focuses on delivering services to personalized health and well-being. The validation of the current toolkit has been applied in wide-ranging public events in three different European Regions. Large scale deployment of the toolkit is expected to profit from the Reference Site Collaborative Network of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Aging (EIP on AHA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Reis
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bebiana Sá-Moura
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana Guardado
- Laboratory of Automatics and Systems, Pedro Nunes Institute (IPN), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Couceiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luis Catarino
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anabela Mota-Pinto
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, General Pathology Institute, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Research in the Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel T Veríssimo
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Service of Internal Medicine, University of Coimbra Hospital (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro L Ferreira
- Faculty of Economics, Centre for Health Studies and Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Margarida P Lima
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipe Palavra
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Neuropediatrics Unit, Centre for Child Development, Pediatrics Hospital, University of Coimbra Hospital (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luis Rama
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lelita Santos
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Research in the Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Service of Internal Medicine, University of Coimbra Hospital (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Unit of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Coimbra Hospital (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Roel A van der Heijden
- Center for Development and Innovation (CDI), University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Healthy Ageing Network Northern Netherlands (HANNN), Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Carlos E Gonçalves
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Cunha
- Laboratory of Automatics and Systems, Pedro Nunes Institute (IPN), Coimbra, Portugal.,Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João O Malva
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal
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Augusto-Oliveira M, Arrifano GPF, Malva JO, Crespo-Lopez ME. Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Different Taxonomic Groups: Possible Functional Similarities and Striking Controversies. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020125. [PMID: 30764477 PMCID: PMC6406791 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs in many species, from fish to mammals, with an apparent reduction in the number of both neurogenic zones and new neurons inserted into established circuits with increasing brain complexity. Although the absolute number of new neurons is high in some species, the ratio of these cells to those already existing in the circuit is low. Continuous replacement/addition plays a role in spatial navigation (migration) and other cognitive processes in birds and rodents, but none of the literature relates adult neurogenesis to spatial navigation and memory in primates and humans. Some models developed by computational neuroscience attribute a high weight to hippocampal adult neurogenesis in learning and memory processes, with greater relevance to pattern separation. In contrast to theories involving neurogenesis in cognitive processes, absence/rarity of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of primates and adult humans was recently suggested and is under intense debate. Although the learning process is supported by plasticity, the retention of memories requires a certain degree of consolidated circuitry structures, otherwise the consolidation process would be hampered. Here, we compare and discuss hippocampal adult neurogenesis in different species and the inherent paradoxical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Research on Neurodegeneration and Infection, University Hospital João de Barros Barreto, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.
| | - Gabriela P F Arrifano
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.
| | - João O Malva
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil.
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de Aquino CC, Leitão RA, Oliveira Alves LA, Coelho-Santos V, Guerrant RL, Ribeiro CF, Malva JO, Silva AP, Oriá RB. Effect of Hypoproteic and High-Fat Diets on Hippocampal Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Oxidative Stress. Front Nutr 2019; 5:131. [PMID: 30687711 PMCID: PMC6333637 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, millions of people are exposed to dietary imbalance that impacts in health and quality of life. In developing countries, like in Brazil, in poor settings, dietary habits, traditionally hypoproteic, are changing rapidly to western-type high-fat foods. These rapidly changing dietary habits are imposing new challenges to human health and there are many questions in the field that remain to be answered. Accordingly, we currently do not know if chronic consumption of hypoproteic (regional basic diet, RBD) or high-fat diets (HFD) may impact the brain physiology, contributing to blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and neuroinflammatory events. To address this issue, mice were challenged by breastfeeding from dams receiving standard, RBD or HFD from suckling day 10 until weaning. Immediately after weaning, mice continued under the same diets until post-natal day 52. Herein, we show that both RBD and HFD cause not only a peripheral but also a consistent central neuroinflammatory response, characterized by an increased production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, BBB hyperpermeability, accounted by an increase in hippocampal albumin content, a decrease in claudin-5 protein levels and collagen IV immunostaining, was also observed together with an upregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Interestingly, we also identified a significant astrogliosis, manifested by upregulation of GFAP and S100β levels and an intensification of arbor complexity of these glial cells. In sum, our data show that dietary imbalance, related with hypoproteic or high-fat content, impairs BBB properties potentially favoring the transmigration of peripheral immune cells and induces both a peripheral and central neuroinflammatory status. Noteworthy, neuroinflammatory events in the hippocampus may cause neuronal malfunction leading to cognitive deficits and long-term persistence of this phenomenon may contribute to age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristhyane Costa de Aquino
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Leitão
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís A Oliveira Alves
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Coelho-Santos
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Carlos F Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João O Malva
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana P Silva
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Reinaldo B Oriá
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
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10
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Oriá RB, Malva JO, Foley PL, Freitas RS, Bolick DT, Guerrant RL. Revisiting Inbred Mouse Models to Study the Developing Brain: The Potential Role of Intestinal Microbiota. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:358. [PMID: 30283311 PMCID: PMC6156437 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo B Oriá
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and the Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - João O Malva
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patricia L Foley
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Raul S Freitas
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and the Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - David T Bolick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Center for Global Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Center for Global Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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11
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Malva JO, Amado A, Rodrigues A, Mota-Pinto A, Cardoso AF, Teixeira AM, Todo-Bom A, Devesa A, Ambrósio AF, Cunha AL, Gomes B, Dantas C, Abreu C, Santana I, Bousquet J, Apóstolo J, Santos L, Meneses de Almeida L, Illario M, Veríssimo R, Rodrigues V, Veríssimo MT. The Quadruple Helix-Based Innovation Model of Reference Sites for Active and Healthy Ageing in Europe: The Ageing@Coimbra Case Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:132. [PMID: 29868588 PMCID: PMC5952223 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Challenges posed by demographic changes and population aging are key priorities for the Horizon 2020 Program of the European Commission. Aligned with the vision of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP on AHA), the development, exchange, and large-scale adoption of innovative good practices is a key element of the responses required to ensure all European citizens remain as active and healthy as possible as they age. Urged by the need of developing scalable disruptive innovation across Europe, the European Commission and the EIP on AHA created the Reference Sites; local coalition of partners that develop good practices to support AHA. Ageing@Coimbra is an example of how this can be achieved at a regional level. The consortium comprises over 70 institutions that develop innovative practices to support AHA in Portugal. Ageing@Coimbra partners support a regional network of stakeholders that build a holistic ecosystem in health and social care, taking into consideration the specificities of the territories, living environments and cultural resources (2,243,934 inhabitants, 530,423 aged 65 or plus live in the Centre Region of Portugal). Good practices in reducing the burden of brain diseases that affect cognition and memory impairment in older people and tackling social isolation in urban and rural areas are among the top priorities of Ageing@Coimbra. Profiting from the collaborative work of academia, business companies, civil society, and authorities, the quadruple helix of Ageing@Coimbra supports: early diagnosis of frailty and disease; care and cure; and active, assisted, and independent living. This paper describes, as a Community Case Study, the creation of a Reference Site of the EIP on AHA, Ageing@Coimbra, and its impact in Portugal. This Reference Site can motivate other regions to develop innovative formulas to federate stakeholders and networks, building consortia at regional level. This growing movement, across Europe, is inspired by the quadruple helix concept and by the replication of innovative good practices; creating new Reference Sites for the benefit of Citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- João O Malva
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), and CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alda Amado
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Instituto de Segurança Social, Centro Distrital de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Rodrigues
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento Regional do Centro, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anabela Mota-Pinto
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, General Pathology Institute, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana F Cardoso
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Evidence Based Practice, Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M Teixeira
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Todo-Bom
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, General Pathology Institute, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra Hospital, CHUC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Devesa
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Municipality of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António F Ambrósio
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), and CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António L Cunha
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Pedro Nunes Institute, Laboratory of Automatics and Systems, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Gomes
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), and CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Dantas
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Caritas Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cidalina Abreu
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Evidence Based Practice, Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra Hospital, CHUC, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jean Bousquet
- Contre les Maladies Chroniques pour un VIeilissement Active (MACVIA) en France en EIP on AHA Reference Site, Montpellier, France
| | - João Apóstolo
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Evidence Based Practice, Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Santos
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Portuguese Pharmaceutical Society - Center Region Branch, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Meneses de Almeida
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Regional Health Authority, ARS Centro, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maddalena Illario
- Division for Health Innovation, Campania Region and Federico II University Hospital Naples (R&D and DISMET), Naples, Italy
| | | | - Vitor Rodrigues
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel T Veríssimo
- Ageing@Coimbra, EIP on AHA Reference Site, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), and CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra Hospital, CHUC, Coimbra, Portugal
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12
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Malva JO, Bousquet J. Operational definition of active and healthy ageing: Roadmap from concept to change of management. Maturitas 2015; 84:3-4. [PMID: 26704254 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João O Malva
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Ageing@Coimbra EIP-AHA Reference Site, Portugal.
| | - Jean Bousquet
- University Hospital, Montpellier, France; MACVIA-LR, Contre les MAladies Chroniques pour un VIeillissement Actif en Languedoc-Roussillon, EIP-AHA Reference Site, France
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13
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Neiva I, Malva JO, Valero J. Can we talk about microglia without neurons? A discussion of microglial cell autonomous properties in culture. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:202. [PMID: 25104923 PMCID: PMC4109436 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Neiva
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João O Malva
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal ; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Valero
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal ; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
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14
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Eiriz MF, Valero J, Malva JO, Bernardino L. New insights into the role of histamine in subventricular zone-olfactory bulb neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:142. [PMID: 24982610 PMCID: PMC4058902 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) contains neural stem cells (NSCs) that generate new neurons throughout life. Many brain diseases stimulate NSCs proliferation, neuronal differentiation and homing of these newborns cells into damaged regions. However, complete cell replacement has never been fully achieved. Hence, the identification of proneurogenic factors crucial for stem cell-based therapies will have an impact in brain repair. Histamine, a neurotransmitter and immune mediator, has been recently described to modulate proliferation and commitment of NSCs. Histamine levels are increased in the brain parenchyma and at the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) upon inflammation and brain injury, thus being able to modulate neurogenesis. Herein, we add new data showing that in vivo administration of histamine in the lateral ventricles has a potent proneurogenic effect, increasing the production of new neuroblasts in the SVZ that ultimately reach the olfactory bulb (OB). This report emphasizes the multidimensional effects of histamine in the modulation of NSCs dynamics and sheds light into the promising therapeutic role of histamine for brain regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Eiriz
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra (CNC-UC) Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Valero
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra (CNC-UC) Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João O Malva
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior Covilhã, Portugal
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15
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Valero J, Mastrella G, Neiva I, Sánchez S, Malva JO. Long-term effects of an acute and systemic administration of LPS on adult neurogenesis and spatial memory. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:83. [PMID: 24795557 PMCID: PMC4001049 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cognitive reserve is the capacity of the brain to maintain normal performance while exposed to insults or ageing. Increasing evidences point to a role for the interaction between inflammatory conditions and cognitive reserve status during Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. The production of new neurons along adult life can be considered as one of the components of the cognitive reserve. Interestingly, adult neurogenesis is decreased in mouse models of AD and following inflammatory processes. The aim of this work is to reveal the long-term impact of a systemic inflammatory event on memory and adult neurogenesis in wild type (WT) and triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD). Four month-old mice were intraperitoneally injected once with saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and their performance on spatial memory analyzed with the Morris water maze (MWM) test 7 weeks later. Our data showed that a single intraperitoneal injection with LPS has a long-term impact in the production of hippocampal neurons. Consistently, LPS-treated WT mice showed less doublecortin-positive neurons, less synaptic contacts in newborn neurons, and decreased dendritic volume and complexity. These surprising observations were accompanied with memory deficits. 3xTg-AD mice showed a decrease in new neurons in the dentate gyrus compatible with, although exacerbated, the pattern observed in WT LPS-treated mice. In 3xTg-AD mice, LPS injection did not significantly affected the production of new neurons but reduced their number of synaptic puncta and impaired memory performance, when compared to the observations made in saline-treated 3xTg-AD mice. These data indicate that LPS treatment induces a long-term impairment on hippocampal neurogenesis and memory. Our results show that acute neuroinflammatory events influence the production of new hippocampal neurons, affecting the cognitive reserve and leading to the development of memory deficits associated to AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Valero
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal ; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Giorgia Mastrella
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal ; International Master Degree in Neuroscience, Department of Life Sciences, "Università degli Studi di Trieste" Trieste, Italy
| | - Ismael Neiva
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Silvia Sánchez
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João O Malva
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
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16
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Xapelli S, Agasse F, Grade S, Bernardino L, Ribeiro FF, Schitine CS, Heimann AS, Ferro ES, Sebastião AM, De Melo Reis RA, Malva JO. Modulation of subventricular zone oligodendrogenesis: a role for hemopressin? Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:59. [PMID: 24578683 PMCID: PMC3936357 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) from the subventricular zone (SVZ) have been indicated as a source of new oligodendrocytes to use in regenerative medicine for myelin pathologies. Indeed, NSCs are multipotent cells that can self-renew and differentiate into all neural cell types of the central nervous system. In normal conditions, SVZ cells are poorly oligodendrogenic, nevertheless their oligodendrogenic potential is boosted following demyelination. Importantly, progressive restriction into the oligodendrocyte fate is specified by extrinsic and intrinsic factors, endocannabinoids being one of these factors. Although a role for endocannabinoids in oligodendrogenesis has already been foreseen, selective agonists and antagonists of cannabinoids receptors produce severe adverse side effects. Herein, we show that hemopressin (Hp), a modulator of CB1 receptors, increased oligodendroglial differentiation in SVZ neural stem/progenitor cell cultures derived from neonatal mice. The original results presented in this work suggest that Hp and derivates may be of potential interest for the development of future strategies to treat demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Xapelli
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal ; Institute of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon Lisboa, Portugal ; Unit of Neurosciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fabienne Agasse
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Grade
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal ; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health Neuherberg, Germany ; Department of Physiological Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal ; Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Filipa F Ribeiro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon Lisboa, Portugal ; Unit of Neurosciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Clarissa S Schitine
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Emer S Ferro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Institute of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon Lisboa, Portugal ; Unit of Neurosciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo A De Melo Reis
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João O Malva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal ; Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
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17
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Agasse F, Xapelli S, Coronas V, Christiansen SH, Rosa AI, Sardá-Arroyo L, Santos T, Ferreira R, Schitine C, Harnois T, Bourmeyster N, Bragança J, Bernardino L, Malva JO, Woldbye DP. Galanin Promotes Neuronal Differentiation in Murine Subventricular Zone Cell Cultures. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1693-708. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Agasse
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Valérie Coronas
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, University of Poitiers, CNRS FRE 3511, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Søren H. Christiansen
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra I. Rosa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Laura Sardá-Arroyo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Clarissa Schitine
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thomas Harnois
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, University of Poitiers, CNRS FRE 3511, Poitiers Cedex, France
- CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Bourmeyster
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, University of Poitiers, CNRS FRE 3511, Poitiers Cedex, France
- CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - José Bragança
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João O. Malva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - David P.D. Woldbye
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Xapelli S, Agasse F, Sardà-Arroyo L, Bernardino L, Santos T, Ribeiro FF, Valero J, Bragança J, Schitine C, de Melo Reis RA, Sebastião AM, Malva JO. Activation of type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) promotes neurogenesis in murine subventricular zone cell cultures. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63529. [PMID: 23704915 PMCID: PMC3660454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system has been implicated in the modulation of adult neurogenesis. Here, we describe the effect of type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) activation on self-renewal, proliferation and neuronal differentiation in mouse neonatal subventricular zone (SVZ) stem/progenitor cell cultures. Expression of CB1R was detected in SVZ-derived immature cells (Nestin-positive), neurons and astrocytes. Stimulation of the CB1R by (R)-(+)-Methanandamide (R-m-AEA) increased self-renewal of SVZ cells, as assessed by counting the number of secondary neurospheres and the number of Sox2+/+ cell pairs, an effect blocked by Notch pathway inhibition. Moreover, R-m-AEA treatment for 48 h, increased proliferation as assessed by BrdU incorporation assay, an effect mediated by activation of MAPK-ERK and AKT pathways. Surprisingly, stimulation of CB1R by R-m-AEA also promoted neuronal differentiation (without affecting glial differentiation), at 7 days, as shown by counting the number of NeuN-positive neurons in the cultures. Moreover, by monitoring intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in single cells following KCl and histamine stimuli, a method that allows the functional evaluation of neuronal differentiation, we observed an increase in neuronal-like cells. This proneurogenic effect was blocked when SVZ cells were co-incubated with R-m-AEA and the CB1R antagonist AM 251, for 7 days, thus indicating that this effect involves CB1R activation. In accordance with an effect on neuronal differentiation and maturation, R-m-AEA also increased neurite growth, as evaluated by quantifying and measuring the number of MAP2-positive processes. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CB1R activation induces proliferation, self-renewal and neuronal differentiation from mouse neonatal SVZ cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Xapelli
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- Unit of Neurosciences, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fabienne Agasse
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail: (JOM); (FA)
| | - Laura Sardà-Arroyo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa F. Ribeiro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- Unit of Neurosciences, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge Valero
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Bragança
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Clarissa Schitine
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A. de Melo Reis
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana M. Sebastião
- Institute of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- Unit of Neurosciences, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João O. Malva
- Center for Research on Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (polo 3), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail: (JOM); (FA)
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Xapelli S, Agasse F, Sardà-Arroyo L, Bernardino L, Santos T, Ribeiro FF, Valero J, Bragança J, Schitine C, de Melo Reis RA, Sebastião AM, Malva JO. Activation of Type 1 Cannabinoid Receptor (CB1R) Promotes Neurogenesis in Murine Subventricular Zone Cell Cultures. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63529. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
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20
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Grade S, Weng YC, Snapyan M, Kriz J, Malva JO, Saghatelyan A. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor promotes vasculature-associated migration of neuronal precursors toward the ischemic striatum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55039. [PMID: 23383048 PMCID: PMC3558494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke induces the recruitment of neuronal precursors from the subventricular zone (SVZ) into the ischemic striatum. In injured areas, de-routed neuroblasts use blood vessels as a physical scaffold to their migration, in a process that resembles the constitutive migration seen in the rostral migratory stream (RMS). The molecular mechanism underlying injury-induced vasculature-mediated migration of neuroblasts in the post-stroke striatum remains, however, elusive. Using adult mice we now demonstrate that endothelial cells in the ischemic striatum produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin that promotes the vasculature-mediated migration of neuronal precursors in the RMS, and that recruited neuroblasts maintain expression of p75NTR, a low-affinity receptor for BDNF. Reactive astrocytes, which are widespread throughout the damaged area, ensheath blood vessels and express TrkB, a high-affinity receptor for BDNF. Despite the absence of BDNF mRNA, we observed strong BDNF immunolabeling in astrocytes, suggesting that these glial cells trap extracellular BDNF. Importantly, this pattern of expression is reminiscent of the adult RMS, where TrkB-expressing astrocytes bind and sequester vasculature-derived BDNF, leading to the entry of migrating cells into the stationary phase. Real-time imaging of cell migration in acute brain slices revealed a direct role for BDNF in promoting the migration of neuroblasts to ischemic areas. We also demonstrated that cells migrating in the ischemic striatum display higher exploratory behavior and longer stationary periods than cells migrating in the RMS. Our findings suggest that the mechanisms involved in the injury-induced vasculature-mediated migration of neuroblasts recapitulate, at least partially, those observed during constitutive migration in the RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Grade
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Insitut en Santé Mentale de Québec, Quebec City, Canada
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Yuan C. Weng
- Centre de Recherche du CHUL (CHUQ), Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marina Snapyan
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Insitut en Santé Mentale de Québec, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Jasna Kriz
- Centre de Recherche du CHUL (CHUQ), Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - João O. Malva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Research on Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (polo 3), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Insitut en Santé Mentale de Québec, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
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21
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Grade S, Bernardino L, Malva JO. Oligodendrogenesis from neural stem cells: perspectives for remyelinating strategies. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:692-700. [PMID: 23340483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobilization of remyelinating cells spontaneously occurs in the adult brain. These cellular resources are specially active after demyelinating episodes in early phases of multiple sclerosis (MS). Indeed, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) actively proliferate, migrate to and repopulate the lesioned areas. Ultimately, efficient remyelination is accomplished when new oligodendrocytes reinvest nude neuronal axons, restoring the normal properties of impulse conduction. As the disease progresses this fundamental process fails. Multiple causes seem to contribute to such transient decline, including the failure of OPCs to differentiate and enwrap the vulnerable neuronal axons. Regenerative medicine for MS has been mainly centered on the recruitment of endogenous self-repair mechanisms, or on transplantation approaches. The latter commonly involves grafting of neural precursor cells (NPCs) or neural stem cells (NSCs), with myelinogenic potential, in the injured areas. Both strategies require further understanding of the biology of oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination. Indeed, the success of transplantation largely depends on the pre-commitment of transplanted NPCs or NSCs into oligodendroglial cell type, while the endogenous differentiation of OPCs needs to be boosted in chronic stages of the disease. Thus, much effort has been focused on finding molecular targets that drive oligodendrocytes commitment and development. The present review explores several aspects of remyelination that must be considered in the design of a cell-based therapy for MS, and explores more deeply the challenge of fostering oligodendrogenesis. In this regard, we discuss herein a tool developed in our research group useful to search novel oligodendrogenic factors and to study oligodendrocyte differentiation in a time- and cost-saving manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Grade
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Santos T, Ferreira R, Maia J, Agasse F, Xapelli S, Cortes L, Bragança J, Malva JO, Ferreira L, Bernardino L. Polymeric nanoparticles to control the differentiation of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of the brain. ACS Nano 2012; 6:10463-10474. [PMID: 23176155 DOI: 10.1021/nn304541h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the use of retinoic acid-loaded polymeric nanoparticles as a potent tool to induce the neuronal differentiation of subventricular zone neural stem cells. The intracellular delivery of retinoic acid by the nanoparticles activated nuclear retinoic acid receptors, decreased stemness, and increased proneurogenic gene expression. Importantly, this work reports for the first time a nanoparticle formulation able to modulate in vivo the subventricular zone neurogenic niche. The work further compares the dynamics of initial stages of differentiation between SVZ cells treated with retinoic acid-loaded polymeric nanoparticles and solubilized retinoic acid. The nanoparticle formulation developed here may ultimately offer new perspectives to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Santos
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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Bernardino L, Eiriz MF, Santos T, Xapelli S, Grade S, Rosa AI, Cortes L, Ferreira R, Bragança J, Agasse F, Ferreira L, Malva JO. Histamine stimulates neurogenesis in the rodent subventricular zone. Stem Cells 2012; 30:773-84. [PMID: 22893458 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells present in the subventricular zone (SVZ) are a potential source of repairing cells after injury. Therefore, the identification of novel players that modulate neural stem cells differentiation can have a huge impact in stem cell-based therapies. Herein, we describe a unique role of histamine in inducing functional neuronal differentiation from cultured mouse SVZ stem/progenitor cells. This proneurogenic effect depends on histamine 1 receptor activation and involves epigenetic modifications and increased expression of Mash1, Dlx2, and Ngn1 genes. Biocompatible poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles, engineered to release histamine in a controlled and prolonged manner, also triggered robust neuronal differentiation in vitro. Preconditioning with histamine-loaded microparticles facilitated neuronal differentiation of SVZ-GFP cells grafted in hippocampal slices and in in vivo rodent brain. We propose that neuronal commitment triggered by histamine per se or released from biomaterial-derived vehicles may represent a new tool for brain repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Bernardino
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Malva JO, Xapelli S, Baptista S, Valero J, Agasse F, Ferreira R, Silva AP. Multifaces of neuropeptide Y in the brain--neuroprotection, neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. Neuropeptides 2012; 46:299-308. [PMID: 23116540 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the modulation of important features of neuronal physiology, including calcium homeostasis, neurotransmitter release and excitability. Moreover, NPY has been involved as an important modulator of hippocampal and thalamic circuits, receiving particular attention as an endogenous antiepileptic peptide and as a potential master regulator of feeding behavior. NPY not only inhibits excessive glutamate release (decreasing circuitry hyperexcitability) but also protects neurons from excitotoxic cell death. Furthermore, NPY has been involved in the modulation of the dynamics of dentate gyrus and subventricular zone neural stem cell niches. In both regions, NPY is part of the chemical resource of the neurogenic niche and acts through NPY Y1 receptors to promote neuronal differentiation. Interestingly, NPY is also considered a neuroimmune messenger. In this review, we highlight recent evidences concerning paracrine/autocrine actions of NPY involved in neuroprotection, neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. In summary, the three faces of NPY, discussed in the present review, may contribute to better understand the dynamics and cell fate decision in the brain parenchyma and in restricted areas of neurogenic niches, in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Malva
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Gonçalves J, Baptista S, Olesen MV, Fontes-Ribeiro C, Malva JO, Woldbye DP, Silva AP. Methamphetamine-induced changes in the mice hippocampal neuropeptide Y system: implications for memory impairment. J Neurochem 2012; 123:1041-53. [PMID: 23061411 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant drug that causes irreversible brain damage leading to several neurological and psychiatric abnormalities, including cognitive deficits. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is abundant in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and has several important functions, being involved in learning and memory processing. It has been demonstrated that METH induces significant alteration in mice striatal NPY, Y(1) and Y(2) receptor mRNA levels. However, the impact of this drug on the hippocampal NPY system and its consequences remain unknown. Thus, in this study, we investigated the effect of METH intoxication on mouse hippocampal NPY levels, NPY receptors function, and memory performance. Results show that METH increased NPY, Y(2) and Y(5) receptor mRNA levels, as well as total NPY binding accounted by opposite up- and down-regulation of Y(2) and Y(1) functional binding, respectively. Moreover, METH-induced impairment in memory performance and AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway were both prevented by the Y(2) receptor antagonist, BIIE0246. These findings demonstrate that METH interferes with the hippocampal NPY system, which seems to be associated with memory failure. Overall, we concluded that Y(2) receptors are involved in memory deficits induced by METH intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Gonçalves J, Ribeiro CF, Malva JO, Silva AP. Protective role of neuropeptide Y Y2receptors in cell death and microglial response following methamphetamine injury. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:3173-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Baptista S, Bento AR, Gonçalves J, Bernardino L, Summavielle T, Lobo A, Fontes-Ribeiro C, Malva JO, Agasse F, Silva AP. Neuropeptide Y promotes neurogenesis and protection against methamphetamine-induced toxicity in mouse dentate gyrus-derived neurosphere cultures. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:2413-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Schitine C, Xapelli S, Agasse F, Sardà-Arroyo L, Silva AP, De Melo Reis RA, de Mello FG, Malva JO. Ampakine CX546 increases proliferation and neuronal differentiation in subventricular zone stem/progenitor cell cultures. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1672-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Eiriz MF, Grade S, Rosa A, Xapelli S, Bernardino L, Agasse F, Malva JO. Functional evaluation of neural stem cell differentiation by single cell calcium imaging. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2012; 6:288-96. [PMID: 21476976 DOI: 10.2174/157488811796575387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain occurs in two specific brain areas, the subventricular zone (SVZ) bordering the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. Although these regions are prone to produce new neurons, cultured cells from these neurogenic niches tend to be mixed cultures, containing both neurons and glial cells. Several reports highlight the potential of the self-healing capacity of the brain following injury. Even though much knowledge has been produced on the neurogenesis itself, brain repairing strategies are still far away from patients cure. Here we review general concepts in the neurogenesis field, also addressing the methods available to study neural stem cell differentiation. A major problem faced by research groups and companies dedicated to brain regenerative medicine resides on the lack of good methods to functionally identify neural stem cell differentiation and novel drug targets. To address this issue, we developed a unique single cell calcium imaging-based method to functionally discriminate different cell types derived from SVZ neural stem cell cultures. The unique functional profile of each SVZ cell type was correlated at the single cell level with the immunodetection of specific phenotypic markers. This platform was raised on the basis of the functional response of neurons, oligodendrocytes and immature cells to depolarising agents, to thrombin and to histamine, respectively. We also outline key studies in which our new platform was extremely relevant in the context of drug discovery and development in the area of brain regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francisca Eiriz
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Portugal
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Abstract
Directing neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiation towards oligodendroglial cell lineage is a crucial step in the endeavor of developing cell replacement-based therapies for demyelinating diseases. Evaluation of NSCs differentiation is mostly performed by methodologies that use fixed cells, like immunocytochemistry, or lysates, like Western blot. On the other hand, electrophysiology allows differentiation studies on living cells, but it is highly time-consuming and endowed with important limitations concerning population studies. Herein, we describe a functional method, based on single cell calcium imaging, which accurately and rapidly distinguishes cell types among NSCs progeny, in living cultures prepared from the major reservoir of NSCs in the postnatal mouse brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ). Indeed, by applying a rational sequence of three stimuli-KCl, histamine, and thrombin-to the heterogeneous SVZ cell population, one can identify each cell phenotype according to its unique calcium signature. Mature oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells of the central nervous system, are the thrombin-responsive cells in SVZ cell culture and display no intracellular calcium increase upon KCl or histamine perfusion. On the other hand, KCl and histamine stimulate neurons and immature cells, respectively. The method described in this chapter is a valuable tool to identify novel pro-oligodendrogenic compounds, which may play an important role in the design of future treatments for demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Grade
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Ferreira R, Santos T, Cortes L, Cochaud S, Agasse F, Silva AP, Xapelli S, Malva JO. Neuropeptide Y inhibits interleukin-1 beta-induced microglia motility. J Neurochem 2011; 120:93-105. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Silva AP, Martins T, Baptista S, Gonçalves J, Agasse F, Malva JO. Brain injury associated with widely abused amphetamines: neuroinflammation, neurogenesis and blood-brain barrier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 3:239-54. [PMID: 21208167 DOI: 10.2174/1874473711003040239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the course of the 20(th) century, it became increasingly clear that amphetamine-like psychostimulants carried serious abuse liability that has resulted in sociological use patterns that have been described as epidemics. In fact, drug addiction is a brain disease with a high worldwide prevalence, and is considered the most expensive of the neuropsychiatric disorders. This review goes beyond the previously well-documented evidence demonstrating that amphetamines cause neuronal injury. Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the neurotoxicity of psychostimulants drugs have been extensively described giving particular attention to the role of oxidative stress and metabolic compromise. Recently, it was shown that the amphetamine class of drugs of abuse triggers an inflammatory process, emerging as a critical concept to understand the toxic effects of these drugs. Moreover, it has been suggested that psychostimulants compromise the capacity of the brain to generate new neurons (neurogenesis), and can also lead to blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Together, these effects may contribute to brain damage, allowing the entry of pathogens into the brain parenchyma and thus decreasing the endogenous brain repair resources. The overall objective of this review is to highlight experimental evidence in an attempt to clarify the role of neuroinflammation in amphetamines-induced brain dysfunction and the effect of these drugs on both neurogenesis and BBB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
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Bento AR, Baptista S, Malva JO, Silva AP, Agasse F. Methamphetamine exerts toxic effects on subventricular zone stem/progenitor cells and inhibits neuronal differentiation. Rejuvenation Res 2011; 14:205-14. [PMID: 21453012 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2010.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent and widely consumed psychostimulant drug that causes brain functional and structural abnormalities. However, there is little information regarding METH impact on adult neurogenic niches and, indeed, nothing is known about its consequences on the subventricular zone (SVZ). Thus, this work aims to clarify the effect of METH on SVZ stem/progenitor cells dynamics and neurogenesis. For that purpose, SVZ neurospheres were obtained from early postnatal mice and treated with increasing concentrations of METH (1 μM to 500 μM). Exposure to 100, 250, or 500 μM METH for 24 h triggered cell death both by necrosis and apoptosis, as assessed by propidium iodide uptake, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and quantification of the proapoptotic caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, we showed that METH inhibited SVZ progenitor cells proliferation as it decreased BrdU incorporation. Interestingly, at non-toxic concentrations (1 and 10 μM), METH decreased neuronal differentiation and maturation, which were evaluated by quantification of the number of neuronal nuclei-positive neurons and measurements of phospho-c-Jun-NH(2)-terminal kinase signal in growing axons, respectively. Altogether, our data demonstrate that METH has a negative impact on SVZ stem/progenitor cells, inducing cell death and inhibiting neurogenesis, effects that in vivo may challenge the cell replacement capacities displayed by endogenous populations of brain stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Bento
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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34
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De Melo Reis RA, Schitine CS, Köfalvi A, Grade S, Cortes L, Gardino PF, Malva JO, de Mello FG. Functional identification of cell phenotypes differentiating from mice retinal neurospheres using single cell calcium imaging. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 31:835-46. [PMID: 21409522 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of neural retina causes vision impairment and can lead to blindness. Neural stem and progenitor cells might be used as a tool directed to regenerative medicine of the retina. Here, we describe a novel platform for cell phenotype-specific drug discovery and screening of proneurogenic factors, able to boost differentiation of neural retinal progenitor cells. By using single cell calcium imaging (SCCI) and a rational-based stimulation protocol, a diversity of cells emerging from differentiated retinal neurosphere cultures were identified. Exposure of retinal progenitor cultures to KCl or to α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) stimulated Ca(2+) transients in microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) positive neurons. Doublecortin (DCX) and polysialated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) positive neuroblasts were distinguished from differentiated neurons on the basis of their response to muscimol. Ca(2+) fluxes in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or glutamine synthetase (GS) positive cells were induced by ATP. To validate the platform, neurospheres were treated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (proneurogenic) or ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) (gliogenic factor). BDNF increased the percentage of differentiated cells expressing Tuj-1 sensitive to KCl or AMPA and reduced the population of cells responding to muscimol. CNTF exposure resulted in a higher number of cells expressing GFAP responding to ATP. All together, our data may open new perspectives for cell type-specific discovery of drug targets and screening of novel proneurogenic factors to boost differentiation of neural retina cells to treat degenerative retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A De Melo Reis
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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35
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Maia J, Santos T, Aday S, Agasse F, Cortes L, Malva JO, Bernardino L, Ferreira L. Controlling the neuronal differentiation of stem cells by the intracellular delivery of retinoic acid-loaded nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2011; 5:97-106. [PMID: 21171566 DOI: 10.1021/nn101724r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of endogenous stem cell populations from the subventricular zone (SVZ), a neurogenic niche, creates an opportunity to induce neurogenesis and influence brain regenerative capacities in the adult brain. Herein, we demonstrate the ability of polyelectrolyte nanoparticles to induce neurogenesis exclusively after being internalized by SVZ stem cells. The nanoparticles are not cytotoxic for concentrations equal or below 10 μg/mL. The internalization process is rapid, and nanoparticles escape endosomal fate in a few hours. Retinoic acid-loaded nanoparticles increase the number of neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN)-positive neurons and functional neurons responding to depolarization with KCl and expressing NMDA receptor subunit type 1 (NR1). These nanoparticles offer an opportunity for in vivo delivery of proneurogenic factors and neurodegenerative disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Maia
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Coimbra, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
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36
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Thiriet N, Agasse F, Nicoleau C, Guégan C, Vallette F, Cadet JL, Jaber M, Malva JO, Coronas V. NPY promotes chemokinesis and neurogenesis in the rat subventricular zone. J Neurochem 2011; 116:1018-27. [PMID: 21175616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a major reservoir for stem cells in the adult mammalian brain. Neural stem cells supply the olfactory bulb with new interneurons and provide cells that migrate towards lesioned brain areas. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the brain, was previously shown to induce neuroproliferation on mice SVZ cells. In the present study, performed in rats, we demonstrate the endogenous synthesis of NPY by cells in the SVZ that suggests that NPY could act as an autocrine/paracrine factor within the SVZ area. We observed that NPY promotes SVZ cell proliferation as previously reported in mice, but does not affect self-renewal of SVZ stem cells. Additionally, this study provides the first direct evidence of a chemokinetic activity of NPY on SVZ cells. Using pharmacological approaches, we demonstrate that both the mitogenic and chemokinetic properties of NPY involve Y1 receptor-mediated activation of the ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathway. Altogether, our data establish that NPY through Y1 receptors activation controls chemokinetic activity and, as for mice, is a major neuroproliferative regulator of rat SVZ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Thiriet
- Institut de Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaires, University of Poitiers, CNRS, Poitiers Cedex, France
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Ferreira R, Xapelli S, Santos T, Silva AP, Cristóvão A, Cortes L, Malva JO. Neuropeptide Y modulation of interleukin-1{beta} (IL-1{beta})-induced nitric oxide production in microglia. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:41921-34. [PMID: 20959451 PMCID: PMC3009919 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.164020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the modulatory role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the immune system, we investigated the effect of NPY on the production of NO and IL-1β in microglia. Upon LPS stimulation, NPY treatment inhibited NO production as well as the expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS). Pharmacological studies with a selective Y(1) receptor agonist and selective antagonists for Y(1), Y(2), and Y(5) receptors demonstrated that inhibition of NO production and iNOS expression was mediated exclusively through Y(1) receptor activation. Microglial cells stimulated with LPS and ATP responded with a massive release of IL-1β, as measured by ELISA. NPY inhibited this effect, suggesting that it can strongly impair the release of IL-1β. Furthermore, we observed that IL-1β stimulation induced NO production and that the use of a selective IL-1 receptor antagonist prevented NO production upon LPS stimulation. Moreover, NPY acting through Y(1) receptor inhibited LPS-stimulated release of IL-1β, inhibiting NO synthesis. IL-1β activation of NF-κB was inhibited by NPY treatment, as observed by confocal microscopy and Western blotting analysis of nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit, leading to the decrease of NO synthesis. Our results showed that upon LPS challenge, microglial cells release IL-1β, promoting the production of NO through a NF-κB-dependent pathway. Also, NPY was able to strongly inhibit NO synthesis through Y(1) receptor activation, which prevents IL-1β release and thus inhibits nuclear translocation of NF-κB. The role of NPY in key inflammatory events may contribute to unravel novel gateways to modulate inflammation associated with brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Xapelli
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology
| | - Tiago Santos
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology
| | - Ana Paula Silva
- the Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
- the Institute of Biomedical Research on Light and Image
| | - Armando Cristóvão
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology
- the Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Cortes
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology
| | - João O. Malva
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology
- the Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, and
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Grade S, Agasse F, Bernardino L, Silva CG, Cortes L, Malva JO. Functional identification of neural stem cell-derived oligodendrocytes by means of calcium transients elicited by thrombin. Rejuvenation Res 2010; 13:27-37. [PMID: 20230276 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2009.0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current immunosuppressive treatments for central nervous system demyelinating diseases fail to prevent long-term motor and cognitive decline in patients. Excitingly, glial cell transplantation arises as a promising complementary strategy to challenge oligodendrocytes loss occurring in myelination disorders. A potential source of new oligodendrocytes is the subventricular zone (SVZ) pool of multipotent neural stem cells. However, this approach has been handicapped by the lack of functional methods for identification and pharmacological analysis of differentiating oligodendrocytes, prior to transplantation. In this study, we questioned whether SVZ-derived oligodendrocytes could be functionally discriminated due to intracellular calcium level ([Ca(2+)](i)) variations following KCl, histamine, and thrombin stimulations. Previously, we have shown that SVZ-derived neurons and immature cells can be discriminated on the basis of their selective [Ca(2+)](i) rise upon KCl and histamine stimulation, respectively. Herein, we demonstrate that O4+ and proteolipid protein-positive (PLP+) oligodendrocytes do not respond to these stimuli, but display a robust [Ca(2+)](i) rise following thrombin stimulation, whereas other cell types are thrombin-insensitive. Thrombin-induced Ca(2+) increase in oligodendrocytes is mediated by protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) activation and downstream signaling through G(q/11) and phospholipase C (PLC), resulting in Ca(2+) recruitment from intracellular compartments. This method allows the analysis of functional properties of oligodendrocytes in living SVZ cultures, which is of major interest for the development of effective grafting strategies in the demyelinated brain. Additionally, it opens new perspectives for the search of new pro-oligodendrogenic factors to be used prior grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Grade
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Gonçalves J, Baptista S, Martins T, Milhazes N, Borges F, Ribeiro CF, Malva JO, Silva AP. Methamphetamine-induced neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction in the mice hippocampus: preventive effect of indomethacin. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 31:315-26. [PMID: 20074221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) causes irreversible damage to brain cells leading to neurological and psychiatric abnormalities. However, the mechanisms underlying life-threatening effects of acute METH intoxication remain unclear. Indeed, most of the hypotheses focused on intra-neuronal events, such as dopamine oxidation, oxidative stress and excitotoxicity. Yet, recent reports suggested that glia may contribute to METH-induced neuropathology. In the present study, we investigated the hippocampal dysfunction induced by an acute high dose of METH (30 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection), focusing on the inflammatory process and changes in several neuronal structural proteins. For that, 3-month-old male wild-type C57BL/6J mice were killed at different time-points post-METH. We observed that METH caused an inflammatory response characterized by astrocytic and microglia reactivity, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) system alterations. Indeed, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and CD11b immunoreactivity were upregulated, likewise TNF-alpha and TNF receptor 1 protein levels. Furthermore, the effect of METH on hippocampal neurons was also investigated, and we observed a downregulation in beta III tubulin expression. To clarify the possible neuronal dysfunction induced by METH, several neuronal proteins were analysed. Syntaxin-1, calbindin D28k and tau protein levels were downregulated, whereas synaptophysin was upregulated. We also evaluated whether an anti-inflammatory drug could prevent or diminish METH-induced neuroinflammation, and we concluded that indomethacin (10 mg/kg; i.p.) prevented METH-induced glia activation and both TNF system and beta III tubulin alterations. In conclusion, we demonstrated that METH triggers an inflammatory process and leads to neuronal dysfunction in the hippocampus, which can be prevented by an anti-inflammatory treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gonçalves
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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40
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Gonçalves J, Martins T, Ferreira R, Milhazes N, Borges F, Ribeiro CF, Malva JO, Macedo TR, Silva AP. Methamphetamine-Induced Early Increase of IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA Expression in the Mouse Brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1139:103-11. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1432.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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41
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Bernardino L, Balosso S, Ravizza T, Marchi N, Ku G, Randle JC, Malva JO, Vezzani A. Inflammatory events in hippocampal slice cultures prime neuronal susceptibility to excitotoxic injury: a crucial role of P2X7 receptor-mediated IL-1beta release. J Neurochem 2008; 106:271-80. [PMID: 18384650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the consequences of transient application of specific stimuli mimicking inflammation to hippocampal tissue on microglia activation and neuronal cell vulnerability to a subsequent excitotoxic insult. Two-week-old organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, from 7-day-old C57BL/6 donor mice, were exposed for 3 h to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 ng/mL) followed by 3 h co-incubation with 1 mM ATP, or 100 microM 2'3'-O-(4-benzoyl-benzoyl) adenosine 5'-triphosphate triethylammonium, a selective P2X(7) receptor agonist. These treatments in combination, but not individually, induced a pronounced activation and apoptotic-like death of macrophage antigen-1 (MAC-1)-positive microglia associated with a massive release of interleukin (IL)-1beta exceeding that induced by LPS alone. Antagonists of P2X(7) receptors prevented these effects. Transient pre-exposure of slice cultures to a combination of LPS and P2X(7) receptor agonists, but not either one or the other alone, significantly exacerbated CA3 pyramidal cell loss induced by subsequent 12 h exposure to 8 microM alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propinate (AMPA). Potentiation of AMPA toxicity was prevented when IL-1beta production or its receptor signaling were blocked by an inhibitor of interleukin-converting-enzyme or IL-1 receptor antagonist during application of LPS + ATP. The same treatments did not prevent microglia apoptosis-like death. These findings show that transient exposure to specific pro-inflammatory stimuli in brain tissue can prime neuronal susceptibility to a subsequent excitotoxic insult. P2X(7) receptor stimulation, and the consequent IL-1beta release, is mandatory for exacerbation of neuronal loss. These mechanisms may contribute to determine cell death/survival in acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions associated with inflammatory events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Bernardino
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
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42
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Bernardino L, Agasse F, Silva B, Ferreira R, Grade S, Malva JO. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha modulates survival, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation in neonatal subventricular zone cell cultures. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2361-71. [PMID: 18583543 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha has been reported to modulate brain injury, but remarkably, little is known about its effects on neurogenesis. We report that TNF-alpha strongly influences survival, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation in cultured subventricular zone (SVZ) neural stem/progenitor cells derived from the neonatal P1-3 C57BL/6 mice. By using single-cell calcium imaging, we developed a method, based on cellular response to KCl and/or histamine, that allows the functional evaluation of neuronal differentiation. Exposure of SVZ cultures to 1 and 10 ng/ml mouse or 1 ng/ml human recombinant TNF-alpha resulted in increased differentiation of cells displaying a neuronal-like profile of [Ca2+](i) responses, compared with the predominant profile of immature cells observed in control, nontreated cultures. Moreover, by using neutralizing antibodies for each TNF-alpha receptor, we found that the proneurogenic effect of 1 ng/ml TNF-alpha is mediated via tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 activation. Accordingly, the percentage of neuronal nuclear protein-positive neurons was increased following exposure to mouse TNF-alpha. Interestingly, exposure of SVZ cultures to 1 ng/ml TNF-alpha induced cell proliferation, whereas 10 and 100 ng/ml TNF-alpha induced apoptotic cell death. Moreover, we found that exposure of SVZ cells to TNF-alpha for 15 minutes or 6 hours caused an increase in the phospho-stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase immunoreactivity initially in the nucleus and then in growing axons, colocalizing with tau, consistent with axonogenesis. Taken together, these results show that TNF-alpha induces neurogenesis in neonatal SVZ cell cultures of mice. TNF-alpha, a proinflammatory cytokine and a proneurogenic factor, may play a central role in promoting neurogenesis and brain repair in response to brain injury and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Bernardino
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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43
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Agasse F, Bernardino L, Silva B, Ferreira R, Grade S, Malva JO. Response to Histamine Allows the Functional Identification of Neuronal Progenitors, Neurons, Astrocytes, and Immature Cells in Subventricular Zone Cell Cultures. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:187-200. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2007.0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Agasse
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Silva
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ferreira
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Grade
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João O. Malva
- Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Brain Repair Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Pinheiro PS, Perrais D, Coussen F, Barhanin J, Bettler B, Mann JR, Malva JO, Heinemann SF, Mulle C. GluR7 is an essential subunit of presynaptic kainate autoreceptors at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:12181-6. [PMID: 17620617 PMCID: PMC1924597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608891104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Presynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors are emerging as key players in the regulation of synaptic transmission. Here we identify GluR7, a kainate receptor (KAR) subunit with no known function in the brain, as an essential subunit of presynaptic autoreceptors that facilitate hippocampal mossy fiber synaptic transmission. GluR7(-/-) mice display markedly reduced short- and long-term synaptic potentiation. Our data suggest that presynaptic KARs are GluR6/GluR7 heteromers that coassemble and are localized within synapses. We show that recombinant GluR6/GluR7 KARs exhibit low sensitivity to glutamate, and we provide evidence that presynaptic KARs at mossy fiber synapses are likely activated by high concentrations of glutamate. Overall, from our data, we propose a model whereby presynaptic KARs are localized in the presynaptic active zone close to release sites, display low affinity for glutamate, are likely Ca(2+)-permeable, are activated by single release events, and operate within a short time window to facilitate the subsequent release of glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo S. Pinheiro
- *Laboratoire “Physiologie Cellulaire de la Synapse,” Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bordeaux Neuroscience Institute, University of Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - David Perrais
- *Laboratoire “Physiologie Cellulaire de la Synapse,” Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bordeaux Neuroscience Institute, University of Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Coussen
- *Laboratoire “Physiologie Cellulaire de la Synapse,” Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bordeaux Neuroscience Institute, University of Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Barhanin
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Bernhard Bettler
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Jeffrey R. Mann
- Division of Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - João O. Malva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Stephen F. Heinemann
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Christophe Mulle
- *Laboratoire “Physiologie Cellulaire de la Synapse,” Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bordeaux Neuroscience Institute, University of Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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45
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Xapelli S, Silva AP, Ferreira R, Malva JO. Neuropeptide Y can rescue neurons from cell death following the application of an excitotoxic insult with kainate in rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Peptides 2007; 28:288-94. [PMID: 17212973 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we investigated the neuroprotective role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) after an excitotoxic insult in rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Exposure of 2 week-old rat hippocampal slice cultures to 12muM kainate (KA) for 24h induced neuronal death in dentate gyrus (DG) granular cell layer, CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cell layers, as quantified by cellular propidium iodide (PI) uptake. The activation of Y(1) or Y(2) receptors 30min after starting the exposure to the excitotoxic insult with kainate resulted in neuroprotection by reducing the PI uptake in DG, CA1 and CA3 cell layers. The use of Y(1) or Y(2) receptors antagonists, BIBP3226 (1muM) or BIIE0246 (1muM), resulted in the loss of the neuroprotection induced by the activation of Y(1) or Y(2) receptors, respectively, in all hippocampal subfields. Taken together these results suggest that activation of NPY Y(1) or Y(2) receptors activates neuroprotective pathways that are able to rescue neurons from excitotoxic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Xapelli
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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46
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Resende R, Pereira C, Agostinho P, Vieira AP, Malva JO, Oliveira CR. Susceptibility of hippocampal neurons to Abeta peptide toxicity is associated with perturbation of Ca2+ homeostasis. Brain Res 2007; 1143:11-21. [PMID: 17336275 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuritic dystrophy, loss of synapses and neuronal death in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the differential susceptibility of cortical and hippocampal neurons to amyloid-beta (Abeta)-induced toxicity. For that, we have used primary neuronal cultures prepared from rat brain cortex and hippocampus which were treated with the synthetic peptides Abeta25-35 or Abeta1-40. Abeta-induced apoptotic cell death was analyzed by determining caspase-3-like activity. Neuritic dystrophy was evaluated by cobalt staining and MAP2 immunoreactivity. Perturbation of Ca(2+) homeostasis caused by exposure to Abeta was evaluated by determining basal cytosolic calcium levels in the whole neuronal population and by single cell calcium imaging under basal and KCl-depolarization conditions. Finally, levels of GluR2 subunit of glutamate AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionate) receptors were quantified by western blotting. Our results demonstrated that hippocampal neurons in culture are more susceptible than cortical neurons to Abeta-induced apoptosis and also that this mechanism involves the perturbation of Ca(2+) homeostasis. Accordingly, the exposure of hippocampal neurons to Abeta peptides decreases the protein levels of the GluR2 subunit of glutamate AMPA receptors that may be associated with a significant rise of cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, leading to dendritic dystrophy and activation of apoptotic neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Resende
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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47
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Silva AP, Lourenço J, Xapelli S, Ferreira R, Kristiansen H, Woldbye DPD, Oliveira CR, Malva JO. Protein kinase C activity blocks neuropeptide Y-mediated inhibition of glutamate release and contributes to excitability of the hippocampus in status epilepticus. FASEB J 2006; 21:671-81. [PMID: 17167071 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6163com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The unbalanced excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitter function in the neuronal network afflicted by seizures is the main biochemical and biophysical hallmark of epilepsy. The aim of this work was to identify changes in the signaling mechanisms associated with neuropeptide Y (NPY)-mediated inhibition of glutamate release that may contribute to hyperexcitability. Using isolated rat hippocampal nerve terminals, we showed that the KCl-evoked glutamate release is inhibited by NPY Y2 receptor activation and is potentiated by the stimulation of protein kinase C (PKC). Moreover, we observed that immediately after status epilepticus (6 h postinjection with kainate, 10 mg/kg), the functional inhibition of glutamate release by NPY Y2 receptors was transiently blocked concomitantly with PKC hyperactivation. The pharmacological blockade of seizure-activated PKC revealed again the Y2 receptor-mediated inhibition of glutamate release. The functional activity of PKC immediately after status epilepticus was assessed by evaluating phosphorylation of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 (Ser-831), a substrate for PKC. Moreover, NPY-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS autoradiographic binding studies indicated that the common target for Y2 receptor and PKC on the inhibition/potentiation of glutamate release was located downstream of the Y2 receptor, or its interacting G-protein, and involves voltage-gated calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Silva
- Institute of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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48
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Bernardino L, Xapelli S, Silva AP, Jakobsen B, Poulsen FR, Oliveira CR, Vezzani A, Malva JO, Zimmer J. Modulator effects of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on AMPA-induced excitotoxicity in mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. J Neurosci 2006; 25:6734-44. [PMID: 16033883 PMCID: PMC6725352 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1510-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) have been identified as mediators of several forms of neurodegeneration in the brain. However, they can produce either deleterious or beneficial effects on neuronal function. We investigated the effects of these cytokines on neuronal death caused by exposure of mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures to toxic concentrations of AMPA. Either potentiation of excitotoxicity or neuroprotection was observed, depending on the concentration of the cytokines and the timing of exposure. A relatively high concentration of mouse recombinant TNF-alpha (10 ng/ml) enhanced excitotoxicity when the cultures were simultaneously exposed to AMPA and to this cytokine. Decreasing the concentration of TNF-alpha to 1 ng/ml resulted in neuroprotection against AMPA-induced neuronal death independently on the application protocol. By using TNF-alpha receptor (TNFR) knock-out mice, we demonstrated that the potentiation of AMPA-induced toxicity by TNF-alpha involves TNF receptor-1, whereas the neuroprotective effect is mediated by TNF receptor-2. AMPA exposure was associated with activation and proliferation of microglia as assessed by macrophage antigen-1 and bromodeoxyuridine immunohistochemistry, suggesting a functional recruitment of cytokine-producing cells at sites of neurodegeneration. Together, these findings are relevant for understanding the role of proinflammatory cytokines and microglia activation in acute and chronic excitotoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Bernardino
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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Abstract
The aim of the present review is to discuss the evidence supporting the hypothesis that inflammation and neurogenesis play an important role in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and to examine whether possible strategies that involve the pharmacological manipulation of inflammation/neurogenesis can lead to the development of novel approaches for the treatment of epilepsy. Since it is not yet clear whether the neuron-glia response obtained in this pathology is a secondary effect of an aggressive inflammation or if it is somehow related to the cause of the epileptic condition, with the present review we guide the readers through the complex and ambiguous crosstalk between neuroimmunology and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bernardino
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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50
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Pinheiro PS, Rodrigues RJ, Rebola N, Xapelli S, Oliveira CR, Malva JO. Presynaptic kainate receptors are localized close to release sites in rat hippocampal synapses. Neurochem Int 2005; 47:309-16. [PMID: 16005547 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The subsynaptic distribution of kainate receptors is still a matter of much debate given its importance to understand the way they influence neuronal communication. Here, we show that, in synapses of the rat hippocampus, presynaptic kainate receptors are localized within the presynaptic active zone close to neurotransmitter release sites. The activation of these receptors with low concentrations of agonists induces the release of [(3)H]glutamate in the absence of a depolarizing stimulus. Furthermore, this modulation of [(3)H]glutamate release by kainate is more efficient when compared with a KCl-evoked depolarization that causes a more than two-fold increase in the intra-terminal calcium concentration but no apparent release of [(3)H]glutamate, suggesting a direct receptor-mediated process. Using a selective synaptic fractionation technique that allows for a highly efficient separation of presynaptic, postsynaptic and non-synaptic proteins we confirmed that, presynaptically, kainate receptors are mainly localized within the active zone of hippocampal synapses where they are expected to be in a privileged position to modulate synaptic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Pinheiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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