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Pokhrel D, Thames HT, Fugate H, Dinh T, Schilling W, White S, Ramachandran R, Sukumaran AT, Zhang L. Increase in temperature facilitates Campylobacter jejuni biofilm formation under both aerobic and microaerobic incubation. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103753. [PMID: 38652947 PMCID: PMC11063496 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The formation of Campylobacter jeuni biofilms on processing surfaces is a significant concern in poultry processing, contributing to food safety risks. This study focused on assessing the biofilm forming capabilities of 12 field isolates of C. jejuni of different aerotolerance categories on stainless steel surfaces, a prevalent material in poultry processing environments. Working cultures of each isolate were prepared to approximately 6 log CFU/mL and incubated on stainless steel coupons under microaerobic or aerobic conditions at room temperature or 42°C for 72 h. Biofilm attached cells were enumerated using direct plating and biofilm density was measured using a crystal violet assay by measuring the optical density (OD600) a. Data analysis was conducted using the PROC GLIMMIX procedure in SAS 9.4 with a significance level of 0.05. The study revealed a notable interaction between aerotolerance categories and temperature (P < 0.039) impacting the number of biofilms attached C. jejuni cells on stainless steel coupons. All isolates had significantly higher counts when incubated at 42°C compared to room temperature, regardless of oxygen level (P < 0.001). Furthermore, stronger biofilm density was observed at 42°C compared to room temperature, regardless of oxygen level. These findings underscore the influence of temperature on the biofilm forming ability of C. jejuni. The ability of these field isolates to form biofilms under various environmental conditions suggests a heightened potential for surface colonization and increased infection risk in poultry processing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Pokhrel
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Hudson T Thames
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Hailey Fugate
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Thu Dinh
- Tyson Foods, Springdale, Arkansas, USA
| | - Wes Schilling
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Shecoya White
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, Mississippi State, USA
| | | | | | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, Mississippi State, USA.
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2
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Waqas S, Harun NY, Sambudi NS, Abioye KJ, Zeeshan MH, Ali A, Abdulrahman A, Alkhattabi L, Alsaadi AS. Effect of Operating Parameters on the Performance of Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge for Wastewater Treatment. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:704. [PMID: 37623765 PMCID: PMC10456300 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13080704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) is a hybrid wastewater treatment process that combines suspended and attached growth. The current review provides an overview of the effect of operating parameters on the performance of IFAS and their implications for wastewater treatment. The operating parameters examined include hydraulic retention time (HRT), solids retention time (SRT), dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, temperature, nutrient loading rates, and aeration. Proper control and optimization of these parameters significantly enhance the treatment efficiency and pollutant removal. Longer HRT and appropriate SRT contribute to improved organic matter and nutrient removal. DO levels promote the growth of aerobic microorganisms, leading to enhanced organic matter degradation. Temperature influences microbial activity and enzymatic reactions, impacting treatment efficiency. Nutrient loading rates must be carefully managed to avoid system overload or inhibition. Effective aeration ensures uniform distribution of wastewater and biofilm carriers, optimizing contact between microorganisms and pollutants. IFAS has been used in water reuse applications, providing a sustainable and reliable water source for non-potable uses. Overall, IFAS has proven to be an effective and efficient treatment process that can provide high-quality effluent suitable for discharge or reuse. Understanding the effects of these operating parameters helps to optimize the design and operation for efficient wastewater treatment. Further research is needed to explore the interactions between different parameters, evaluate their impact under varying wastewater characteristics, and develop advanced control strategies for improved performance and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharjeel Waqas
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (K.J.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Noorfidza Yub Harun
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (K.J.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Nonni Soraya Sambudi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Pertamina, Simprug, Jakarta Selatan 12220, Indonesia;
| | - Kunmi Joshua Abioye
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (K.J.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Hamad Zeeshan
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (K.J.A.); (M.H.Z.)
| | - Abulhassan Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23890, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Aymn Abdulrahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23890, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Loai Alkhattabi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23890, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmad S. Alsaadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23890, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.A.)
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Elgoulli M, Zahir H, Ellouali M, Latrache H. Disruption of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Adherent Cells by NaCl and NaOCl in Drinking Water. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:138. [PMID: 36920670 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare and explain the disruptive effect of sodium chloride and sodium hypochlorite on the adherent cells of P. aeruginosa on glass slides. To this end, the surface characteristics of glass slides and P. aeruginosa were estimated using the contact angle method. In addition, the effects of NaCl and NaOCl on the attachment of the adherent cells were revealed using optical microscopy. The contact angle data showed moderate effects of NaCl and NaOCl on the P. aeruginosa surface, which became faintly more hydrophilic (21.9 mJ/m2, 51.1 mJ/m2) and a stronger electrons donor (53.4 mJ/m2, 54.3 mJ/m2). NaCl reversed the hydrophobicity of glass, with its surface becoming very hydrophobic (- 31.7 mJ/m2) and a weak electrons donor (7.4 mJ/m2), whereas NaOCl enhanced the hydrophobicity of glass (49.3 mJ/m2) and its electrons donor character (62.7 mJ/m2). The optical microscopy showed that NaCl caused a clear and progressive disruption of the colonization, while NaOCl had no effect. Briefly, this study suggests that a combination of NaCl and NaOCl may solve the problem of P. aeruginosa installation in water tracks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Elgoulli
- Industrial and Surface Engineering Laboratory Team: Bioprocesses and Biointerfaces, Faculty of Science and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hafida Zahir
- Industrial and Surface Engineering Laboratory Team: Bioprocesses and Biointerfaces, Faculty of Science and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Mostafa Ellouali
- Industrial and Surface Engineering Laboratory Team: Bioprocesses and Biointerfaces, Faculty of Science and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hassan Latrache
- Industrial and Surface Engineering Laboratory Team: Bioprocesses and Biointerfaces, Faculty of Science and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni Mellal, Morocco.
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Pokhrel D, Thames HT, Zhang L, Dinh TTN, Schilling W, White SB, Ramachandran R, Theradiyil Sukumaran A. Roles of Aerotolerance, Biofilm Formation, and Viable but Non-Culturable State in the Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in Poultry Processing Environments. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2165. [PMID: 36363757 PMCID: PMC9699079 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of foodborne human gastroenteritis in the developed world. This bacterium colonizes in the ceca of chickens, spreads throughout the poultry production chain, and contaminates poultry products. Despite numerous on farm intervention strategies and developments in post-harvest antimicrobial treatments, C. jejuni is frequently detected on broiler meat products. This indicates that C. jejuni is evolving over time to overcome the stresses/interventions that are present throughout poultry production and processing. The development of aerotolerance has been reported to be a major survival strategy used by C. jejuni in high oxygen environments. Recent studies have indicated that C. jejuni can enter a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state or develop biofilm in response to environmental stressors such as refrigeration and freezing stress and aerobic stress. This review provides an overview of different stressors that C. jejuni are exposed to throughout the poultry production chain and the genotypic and phenotypic survival mechanisms, with special attention to aerotolerance, biofilm formation, and development of the VBNC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Pokhrel
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Hudson T. Thames
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Thu T. N. Dinh
- Tyson Foods, 2200 W. Don Tyson Parkway, Springdale, AR 72762, USA
| | - Wes Schilling
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Shecoya B. White
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Reshma Ramachandran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
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5
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Ma L, Feng J, Zhang J, Lu X. Campylobacter biofilms. Microbiol Res 2022; 264:127149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rana K, Nayak SR, Bihary A, Sahoo AK, Mohanty KC, Palo SK, Sahoo D, Pati S, Dash P. Association of quorum sensing and biofilm formation with Salmonella virulence: story beyond gathering and cross-talk. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5887-5897. [PMID: 34586468 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) is a public health concern which contributes to mortality and morbidity all around the globe. It is caused mainly due to ingestion of contaminated food and water with a gram negative, rod-shaped, flagellated bacterium known as Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (typhoid fever) or paratyphi (paratyphoid fever). Clinical problems associated with Salmonellosis are mainly bacteraemia, gastroenteritis and enteric fever. The bacteria undergo various mechanisms to escape itself from immune reaction of the host, modulating immune response at the site of infection leading to virulence factor production and anti-microbial resistance. Biofilm is one of the adaptation mechanisms through which Salmonella survives in unfavourable conditions and thus is considered as a major threat to public health. Another property of the bacteria is "Quorum Sensing", which is a cell-cell communication and most of the pathogenic bacteria use it to coordinate the production of several virulence factors and other behaviours such as swarming and biofilm formation. Earlier, quorum sensing was believed to be just a medium for communication but, later on, its role in virulence has been studied. However, there are negligible information relating to interaction between quorum sensing and biofilm formation and how these events play crucial role in Salmonella pathogenesis. The review is a summary of updated information regarding how Salmonella uses these properties to spread more and survive better, making a challenge for clinicians and public health experts. Therefore, this review would help bring an insight regarding how biofilm formation and quorum sensing are inter-related and their role in pathogenesis and virulence of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khokan Rana
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Alice Bihary
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ajay Ku Sahoo
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Subrata Ku Palo
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Debadutta Sahoo
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India.
| | - Pujarini Dash
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India.
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Biofilm Formation Ability of Arcobacter-like and Campylobacter Strains under Different Conditions and on Food Processing Materials. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102017. [PMID: 34683338 PMCID: PMC8538277 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the most frequent cause of bacterial gastrointestinal food-borne infection worldwide. The transmission of Campylobacter and Arcobacter-like species is often made possible by their ability to adhere to various abiotic surfaces. This study is focused on monitoring the biofilm ability of 69 strains of Campylobacter spp. and lesser described species of the Arcobacteraceae family isolated from food, water, and clinical samples within the Czech Republic. Biofilm formation was monitored and evaluated under an aerobic/microaerophilic atmosphere after cultivation for 24 or 72 h depending on the surface material. An overall higher adhesion ability was observed in arcobacters. A chi-squared test showed no association between the origin of the strains and biofilm activity (p > 0.05). Arcobacter-like species are able to form biofilms under microaerophilic and aerobic conditions; however, they prefer microaerophilic environments. Biofilm formation has already been demonstrated at refrigerator temperatures (5 °C). Arcobacters also showed higher biofilm formation ability at the temperature of 30 °C. This is in contrast to Campylobacter jejuni NP 2896, which showed higher biofilm formation ability at temperatures of 5–30 °C. Overall, the results demonstrated the biofilm formation ability of many strains, which poses a considerable risk to the food industry, medical practice, and human health.
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Kim SH, Chelliah R, Ramakrishnan SR, Perumal AS, Bang WS, Rubab M, Daliri EBM, Barathikannan K, Elahi F, Park E, Jo HY, Hwang SB, Oh DH. Review on Stress Tolerance in Campylobacter jejuni. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:596570. [PMID: 33614524 PMCID: PMC7890702 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.596570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are the leading global cause of bacterial colon infections in humans. Enteropathogens are subjected to several stress conditions in the host colon, food complexes, and the environment. Species of the genus Campylobacter, in collective interactions with certain enteropathogens, can manage and survive such stress conditions. The stress-adaptation mechanisms of Campylobacter spp. diverge from other enteropathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, S. enterica ser. Paratyphi, S. enterica ser. Typhimurium, and species of the genera Klebsiella and Shigella. This review summarizes the different mechanisms of various stress-adaptive factors on the basis of species diversity in Campylobacter, including their response to various stress conditions that enhance their ability to survive on different types of food and in adverse environmental conditions. Understanding how these stress adaptation mechanisms in Campylobacter, and other enteric bacteria, are used to overcome various challenging environments facilitates the fight against resistance mechanisms in Campylobacter spp., and aids the development of novel therapeutics to control Campylobacter in both veterinary and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hun Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, South Korea.,College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ramachandran Chelliah
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sudha Rani Ramakrishnan
- School of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | - Woo-Suk Bang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology and Kinesiology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Momna Rubab
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Kaliyan Barathikannan
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Fazle Elahi
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eunji Park
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Yeong Jo
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Su-Bin Hwang
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Deog Hwan Oh
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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A Review of Salmonella and Campylobacter in Broiler Meat: Emerging Challenges and Food Safety Measures. Foods 2020; 9:foods9060776. [PMID: 32545362 PMCID: PMC7353592 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry is one of the largest sources of animal-based protein in the United States. Poultry processing has grown from a small local network of plants to nearly 500 plants nationwide. Two of the most persistent bacteria in poultry processing are Salmonella and Campylobacter. It was not until the introduction of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point systems in 1996 that major efforts to reduce bacterial contamination were developed. Traditionally, chlorine has been the industry standard for decontaminating chicken meat. However, antimicrobials such as peracetic acid, cetylpyridinium chloride, and acidified sodium chlorite have replaced chlorine as primary antimicrobials. Despite current interventions, the emergence of stress-tolerant and biofilm-forming Salmonella and Campylobacter is of primary concern. In an effort to offset growing tolerance from microbes, novel techniques such as cold plasma treatment, electrostatic spraying, and bacteriophage-based applications have been investigated as alternatives to conventional treatments, while new chemical antimicrobials such as Amplon and sodium ferrate are investigated as well. This review provides an overview of poultry processing in the United States, major microbes in poultry processing, current interventions, emerging issues, and emerging technologies in antimicrobial treatments.
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Lynch C, O'Connor JA, O'Brien D, Vaughan C, Bolton D, Coffey A, Lucey B. First reported detection of biofilm formation by Campylobacter fetus during investigation of a case of prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Clin Pathol 2019; 72:554-557. [PMID: 31055471 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus (CFF) can cause intestinal illness, particularly in immunocompromised humans, with the potential to cause severe systemic infections. CFF is a zoonotic pathogen with a broad host range among farm animals and humans, inducing abortion in sheep and cows. The current paper describes a strain of CFF isolated from a patient with prosthetic valve endocarditis in Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland, during 2017. Only five cases of C. fetus as a cause of prosthetic valve endocarditis have been reported in the literature, with no reports of biofilm formation within the species. METHODS The aetiological strain was speciated and subspeciated by the VITEK 2 NH card and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. CFF biofilm formation was analysed using a crystal violet staining method. C. jejuni National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC) 11168 was used as a positive control organism. Strains were incubated statically in Mueller-Hinton broth and Mueller-Hinton broth supplemented with 0.025% sodium deoxycholate for 3 and 7 days at 37°C, microaerobically. RESULTS The CFF strain formed stronger attached biofilms on polystyrene plates on day 3 (72 hours) than the C. jejuni NCTC 11168 control strain, but were weaker than the control strain on day 7 in Mueller-Hinton broth. Monoculture of this C. fetus isolate was found to exist in three defined forms of biofilms (attached, air-liquid interface and floccules). CONCLUSIONS This clinically significant C. fetus isolate showed considerable biofilm-forming capability, which we suggest conferred a survivalist advantage, contributing to the genesis of infective prosthetic valve endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoimhe Lynch
- Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | - Carl Vaughan
- Cardiology, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Aidan Coffey
- Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brigid Lucey
- Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Li J, Feng J, Ma L, de la Fuente Núñez C, Gölz G, Lu X. Effects of meat juice on biofilm formation of Campylobacter and Salmonella. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 253:20-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Feng J, Lamour G, Xue R, Mirvakliki MN, Hatzikiriakos SG, Xu J, Li H, Wang S, Lu X. Chemical, physical and morphological properties of bacterial biofilms affect survival of encased Campylobacter jejuni F38011 under aerobic stress. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 238:172-182. [PMID: 27648759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a microaerophilic pathogen and leading cause of human gastroenteritis. The presence of C. jejuni encased in biofilms found in meat and poultry processing facilities may be the major strategy for its survival and dissemination in aerobic environment. In this study, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa was mixed with C. jejuni F38011 as a culture to form dual-species biofilms. After 4days' exposure to aerobic stress, no viable C. jejuni cells could be detected from mono-species C. jejuni biofilm. In contrast, at least 4.7logCFU/cm2 of viable C. jejuni cells existed in some dual-species biofilms. To elucidate the mechanism of protection mode, chemical, physical and morphological features of biofilms were characterized. Dual-species biofilms contained a higher level of extracellular polymeric substances with a more diversified chemical composition, especially for polysaccharides and proteins, than mono-species C. jejuni biofilm. Structure of dual-species biofilms was more compact and their surface was >8 times smoother than mono-species C. jejuni biofilm, as indicated by atomic force microscopy. Under desiccation stress, water content of dual-species biofilms decreased slowly and remained at higher levels for a longer time than mono-species C. jejuni biofilm. The surface of all biofilms was hydrophilic, but total surface energy of dual-species biofilms (ranging from 52.5 to 56.2mJ/m2) was lower than that of mono-species C. jejuni biofilm, leading to more resistance to wetting by polar liquids. This knowledge can aid in developing intervention strategies to decrease the survival and dispersal of C. jejuni into foods or environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Feng
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Guillaume Lamour
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rui Xue
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Mehr Negar Mirvakliki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Savvas G Hatzikiriakos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaonan Lu
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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The Influence of Prior Modes of Growth, Temperature, Medium, and Substrate Surface on Biofilm Formation by Antibiotic-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:859-866. [PMID: 27623781 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of bacterial gastrointestinal food-borne infection worldwide. It has been suggested that biofilm formation may play a role in survival of these bacteria in the environment. In this study, the influence of prior modes of growth (planktonic or sessile), temperatures (37 and 42 °C), and nutrient conditions (nutrient broth and Mueller-Hinton broth) on biofilm formation by eight C. jejuni strains with different antibiotic resistance profiles was examined. The ability of these strains to form biofilm on different abiotic surfaces (stainless steel, glass, and polystyrene) as well as factors potentially associated with biofilm formation (bacterial surface hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, and initial attachment) was also determined. The results showed that cells grown as sessile culture generally have a greater ability to form biofilm (P < 0.05) compared to their planktonic counterparts. Biofilm was also greater (P < 0.05) in lower nutrient media, while growth at different temperatures affects biofilm formation in a strain-dependent manner. The strains were able to attach and form biofilms on different abiotic surfaces, but none of them demonstrated strong, complex, or structured biofilm formation. There were no clear trends between the bacterial surface hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, attachment, and biofilm formation by the strains. This finding suggests that environmental factors did affect biofilm formation by C. jejuni, and they are more likely to persist in the environment in the form of mixed-species rather than monospecies biofilms.
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Josephs-Spaulding J, Beeler E, Singh OV. Human microbiome versus food-borne pathogens: friend or foe. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4845-63. [PMID: 27102132 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As food safety advances, there is a great need to maintain, distribute, and provide high-quality food to a much broader consumer base. There is also an ever-growing "arms race" between pathogens and humans as food manufacturers. The human microbiome is a collective organ of microbes that have found community niches while associating with their host and other microorganisms. Humans play an important role in modifying the environment of these organisms through their life choices, especially through individual diet. The composition of an individual's diet influences the digestive system-an ecosystem with the greatest number and largest diversity of organisms currently known. Organisms living on and within food have the potential to be either friends or foes to the consumer. Maintenance of this system can have multiple benefits, but lack of maintenance can lead to a host of chronic and preventable diseases. Overall, this dynamic system is influenced by intense competition from food-borne pathogens, lifestyle, overall diet, and presiding host-associated microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Josephs-Spaulding
- Division of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Campus Drive, Bradford, PA, 16701, USA
| | - Erik Beeler
- Division of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Campus Drive, Bradford, PA, 16701, USA
| | - Om V Singh
- Division of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Campus Drive, Bradford, PA, 16701, USA.
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Lee NK, Jung BS, Na DS, Yu HH, Kim JS, Paik HD. The impact of antimicrobial effect of chestnut inner shell extracts against Campylobacter jejuni in chicken meat. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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LA35 Poultry Fecal Marker Persistence Is Correlated with That of Indicators and Pathogens in Environmental Waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4616-25. [PMID: 25934617 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00444-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disposal of fecally contaminated poultry litter by land application can deliver pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) into receiving waters via runoff. While water quality is regulated by FIB enumeration, FIB testing provides inadequate information about contamination source and health risk. This microbial source tracking (MST) study compared the persistence of the Brevibacterium sp. strain LA35 16S rRNA gene (marker) for poultry litter with that of pathogens and FIB under outdoor, environmentally relevant conditions in freshwater, marine water, and sediments over 7 days. Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Bacteroidales, and LA35 were enumerated by quantitative PCR (qPCR), and Enterococcus spp. and E. coli were quantified by culture and qPCR. Unlike the other bacteria, C. jejuni was not detectable after 48 h. Bacterial levels in the water column consistently declined over time and were highly correlated among species. Survival in sediments ranged from a slow decrease over time to growth, particularly in marine microcosms and for Bacteroidales. S. enterica also grew in marine sediments. Linear decay rates in water (k) ranged from -0.17 day(-1) for LA35 to -3.12 day(-1) for C. coli. LA35 levels correlated well with those of other bacteria in the water column but not in sediments. These observations suggest that, particularly in the water column, the fate of LA35 in aquatic environments is similar to that of FIB, C. coli, and Salmonella, supporting the hypothesis that the LA35 marker gene can be a useful tool for evaluating the impact of poultry litter on water quality and human health risk.
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Teh AHT, Lee SM, Dykes GA. Does Campylobacter jejuni form biofilms in food-related environments? Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:5154-60. [PMID: 24928882 PMCID: PMC4136081 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01493-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most frequent causes of bacterial gastrointestinal food-borne infection worldwide. This species is part of the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tracts of animals used for food production, including poultry, which is regarded as the primary source of human Campylobacter infections. The survival and persistence of C. jejuni in food processing environments, especially in poultry processing plants, represent significant risk factors that contribute to the spread of this pathogen through the food chain. Compared to other food-borne pathogens, C. jejuni is more fastidious in its growth requirements and is very susceptible to various environmental stressors. Biofilm formation is suggested to play a significant role in the survival of C. jejuni in the food production and processing environment. The aims of this minireview were (i) to examine the evidence that C. jejuni forms biofilms and (ii) to establish the extent to which reported and largely laboratory-based studies of C. jejuni biofilms provide evidence for biofilm formation by this pathogen in food processing environments. Overall existing studies do not provide strong evidence for biofilm formation (as usually defined) by most C. jejuni strains in food-related environments under the combined conditions of atmosphere, temperature, and shear that they are likely to encounter. Simple attachment to and survival on surfaces and in existing biofilms of other species are far more likely to contribute to C. jejuni survival in food-related environments based on our current understanding of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Huei Teen Teh
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sui Mae Lee
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gary A Dykes
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Srey S, Park SY, Jahid IK, Ha SD. Reduction effect of the selected chemical and physical treatments to reduce L. monocytogenes biofilms formed on lettuce and cabbage. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wang H, Ding S, Wang G, Xu X, Zhou G. In situ characterization and analysis of Salmonella biofilm formation under meat processing environments using a combined microscopic and spectroscopic approach. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:293-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Lee KI, Kobayashi N, Watanabe M, Sugita-Konishi Y, Tsubone H, Kumagai S, Hara-Kudo Y. Spread and change in stress resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 on fungal colonies. Microb Biotechnol 2013; 7:621-9. [PMID: 23919289 PMCID: PMC4265080 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the effect of fungal hyphae on the behaviour of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157, the spread and change in stress resistance of the bacterium were evaluated after coculture with 11 species of food-related fungi including fermentation starters. Spread distances of STEC O157 varied depending on the co-cultured fungal species, and the motile bacterial strain spread for longer distances than the non-motile strain. The population of STEC O157 increased when co-cultured on colonies of nine fungal species but decreased on colonies of Emericella nidulans and Aspergillus ochraceus. Confocal scanning microscopy visualization of green fluorescent protein-tagged STEC O157 on fungal hyphae revealed that the bacterium colonized in the water film that existed on and between hyphae. To investigate the physiological changes in STEC O157 caused by co-culturing with fungi, the bacterium was harvested after 7 days of co-culturing and tested for acid resistance. After co-culture with eight fungal species, STEC O157 showed greater acid resistance compared to those cultured without fungi. Our results indicate that fungal hyphae can spread the contamination of STEC O157 and can also enhance the stress resistance of the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Lee
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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21
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Biofilm formation of meat-borne Salmonella enterica and inhibition by the cell-free supernatant from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Giaouris E, Samoilis G, Chorianopoulos N, Ercolini D, Nychas GJ. Differential protein expression patterns between planktonic and biofilm cells of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis PT4 on stainless steel surface. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 162:105-13. [PMID: 23376784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the proteome of a strain of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis PT4, grown either as biofilm on stainless steel surface or as free-floating (planktonic) in Brain Heart (BH) broth, was investigated in order to detect the strong differences in whole-cell protein expression patterns between the two growth styles. The proteins extracted from both types of cells were subjected to 2-D PAGE, followed by in-gel tryptic digestion, extraction, subsequent MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and finally database searches for protein identification. Using this approach, 30 proteins were identified as differentially expressed between the two growth modes on an "on-off" basis, that is, proteins that were detected in one case but not in the other. In particular, 20 and 10 proteins were identified in biofilm and planktonic-grown cells, respectively. The group of proteins whose expression was visible only during biofilm growth included proteins involved in global regulation and stress response (ArcA, BtuE, Dps, OsmY, SspA, TrxA, YbbN and YhbO), nutrient transport (Crr, DppA, Fur and SufC), degradation and energy metabolism (GcvT, GpmA, RibB), detoxification (SseA and YibF), DNA metabolism (SSB), curli production (CsgF), and murein synthesis (MipA). To summarize, this study demonstrates that biofilm growth of S. Enteritidis causes distinct changes in protein expression and offers valuable new data regarding some of the proteins presumably involved in this process. The putative role of these proteins in the maintenance of a biofilm community in Salmonella and other bacteria is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, Mitropoliti Ioakeim 2, Myrina, 81400 Lemnos, Greece.
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Petropavlovskii A, Sillanpää M. Removal of micropollutants by biofilms: current approaches and future prospects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2013.865794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Mahendran B, Lishman L, Liss SN. Structural, physicochemical and microbial properties of flocs and biofilms in integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFFAS) systems. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:5085-5101. [PMID: 22832219 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Integrated fixed-film activated sludge systems (IFFAS) may achieve year-round nitrification or gain additional treatment capacity due to the presence of both flocs and biofilms, and the potential for multiple redox states and long solids retention time. Flocs and biofilms are distinctive microbial structures and characterization of the physicochemical and structural properties of these may provide insight into their respective roles in wastewater treatment and contaminant removal in IFFAS. Flocs and biofilms were examined from five different pilot media systems being evaluated for potential full scale implementation at a large municipal wastewater treatment plant. Flocs and biofilms within the same system possessed different surface characteristics; flocs were found to have a higher negative surface charge (-0.35 to -0.65 meq./g VSS) and are more hydrophobic (60%-75%) than biofilms (-0.05 to -0.07 meq/g VSS; 19-34%). The EPS content of flocs was significantly higher (range of 2.1-4.5 folds) than that of biofilms. In floc-derived extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), protein (PN) was clearly dominant; whereas in biofilm-derived EPS, PN and polysaccharide (PS) were present in approximately equal proportions. Biofilm EPS had a higher proportion of DNA when compared to flocs. Biofilm growth was preferential on the protected internal surfaces of the media. Colonization of the external surfaces of the media was evident by the presence of small microcolonies. The structural heterogeneity of the biofilms examined was supported by observed differences in biomass content, thickness and roughness of biofilm surface. The biofilm on the interior surface of media was found to be patchy with clusters of cells connected by an irregular arrangement of interconnecting EPS projections. Biofilm thickness ranged between 139 μm and 253 μm. The pattern of oxygen penetration is expected to be complex. Nitrifiers and denitrifiers were predominantly associated with the biofilms, and the latter were found to be dispersed throughout the film and arranged in micro-clusters, suggesting partial oxygen penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basuvaraj Mahendran
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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Seneviratne CJ, Wang Y, Jin L, Wong SSW, Herath TDK, Samaranayake LP. Unraveling the resistance of microbial biofilms: Has proteomics been helpful? Proteomics 2012; 12:651-65. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Peters BM, Jabra-Rizk MA, O'May GA, Costerton JW, Shirtliff ME. Polymicrobial interactions: impact on pathogenesis and human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:193-213. [PMID: 22232376 PMCID: PMC3255964 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00013-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms coexist in a complex milieu of bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses on or within the human body, often as multifaceted polymicrobial biofilm communities at mucosal sites and on abiotic surfaces. Only recently have we begun to appreciate the complicated biofilm phenotype during infection; moreover, even less is known about the interactions that occur between microorganisms during polymicrobial growth and their implications in human disease. Therefore, this review focuses on polymicrobial biofilm-mediated infections and examines the contribution of bacterial-bacterial, bacterial-fungal, and bacterial-viral interactions during human infection and potential strategies for protection against such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Peters
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Program, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Graeme A. O'May
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - J. William Costerton
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark E. Shirtliff
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Nguyen VT, Turner MS, Dykes GA. Influence of cell surface hydrophobicity on attachment of Campylobacter to abiotic surfaces. Food Microbiol 2011; 28:942-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Trevors JT. Viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria: Gene expression in planktonic and biofilm cells. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 86:266-73. [PMID: 21616099 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria are common in nutrient poor and/or stressed environments as planktonic cells and biofilms. This article discusses approaches to researching VBNC bacteria to obtain knowledge that is lacking on their gene expression while in the VBNC state, and when they enter into and then recover from this state, when provided with the necessary nutrients and environmental conditions to support growth and cell division. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins, global gene expression, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and sequencing by synthesis coupled with data on cell numbers, viability and species present are central to understanding the VBNC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Trevors
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Environmental Sciences, Rm. 3320 Bovey Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd., East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Siringan P, Connerton PL, Payne RJH, Connerton IF. Bacteriophage-Mediated Dispersal of Campylobacter jejuni Biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3320-6. [PMID: 21441325 PMCID: PMC3126433 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02704-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria in their natural environments frequently exist as mixed surface-associated communities, protected by extracellular material, termed biofilms. Biofilms formed by the human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni may arise in the gastrointestinal tract of animals but also in water pipes and other industrial situations, leading to their possible transmission into the human food chain either directly or via farm animals. Bacteriophages are natural predators of bacteria that usually kill their prey by cell lysis and have potential application for the biocontrol and dispersal of target bacteria in biofilms. The effects of virulent Campylobacter specific-bacteriophages CP8 and CP30 on C. jejuni biofilms formed on glass by strains NCTC 11168 and PT14 at 37°C under microaerobic conditions were investigated. Independent bacteriophage treatments (n ≥ 3) led to 1 to 3 log₁₀ CFU/cm² reductions in the viable count 24 h postinfection compared with control levels. In contrast, bacteriophages applied under these conditions effected a reduction of less than 1 log₁₀ CFU/ml in planktonic cells. Resistance to bacteriophage in bacteria surviving bacteriophage treatment of C. jejuni NCTC 11168 biofilms was 84% and 90% for CP8 and CP30, respectively, whereas bacteriophage resistance was not found in similarly recovered C. jejuni PT14 cells. Dispersal of the biofilm matrix by bacteriophage was demonstrated by crystal violet staining and transmission electron microscopy. Bacteriophage may play an important role in the control of attachment and biofilm formation by Campylobacter in situations where biofilms occur in nature, and they have the potential for application in industrial situations leading to improvements in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharin Siringan
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Phillippa L. Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. H. Payne
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian F. Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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Laurin M, Everett ML, Parker W. The cecal appendix: one more immune component with a function disturbed by post-industrial culture. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:567-79. [PMID: 21370495 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review assesses the current state of knowledge regarding the cecal appendix, its apparent function, and its evolution. The association of the cecal appendix with substantial amounts of immune tissue has long been taken as an indicator that the appendix may have some immune function. Recently, an improved understanding of the interactions between the normal gut flora and the immune system has led to the identification of the appendix as an apparent safe-house for normal gut bacteria. Further, a variety of observations related to the evolution and morphology of the appendix, including the identification of the structure as a "recurrent trait" in some clades, the presence of appendix-like structures in monotremes and some non-mammalian species, and consistent features of the cecal appendix such as its narrow diameter, provide direct support for an important function of the appendix. This bacterial safe-house, which is likely important in the event of diarrheal illness, is presumably of minimal importance to humans living with abundant nutritional resources, modern medicine and modern hygiene practices that include clean drinking water. Consistent with this idea, epidemiologic studies demonstrate that diarrheal illness is indeed a major source of selection pressure in developing countries but not in developed countries, whereas appendicitis shows the opposite trend, being associated with modern hygiene and medicine. The cecal appendix may thus be viewed as a part of the immune system that, like those immune compartments that cause allergy, is vital to life in a "natural" environment, but which is poorly suited to post-industrialized societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Laurin
- UMR 7207, CNRS/MNHN/UPMC, Centre de Recherches sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Wang Y, Zhang W, Wu Z, Lu C. Reduced virulence is an important characteristic of biofilm infection of Streptococcus suis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 316:36-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Xu H, Zou Y, Lee HY, Ahn J. Effect of NaCl on the Biofilm Formation by Foodborne Pathogens. J Food Sci 2010; 75:M580-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Harro JM, Peters BM, O'May GA, Archer N, Kerns P, Prabhakara R, Shirtliff ME. Vaccine development in Staphylococcus aureus: taking the biofilm phenotype into consideration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 59:306-23. [PMID: 20602638 PMCID: PMC2936112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development against pathogenic bacteria is an imperative initiative as bacteria are gaining resistance to current antimicrobial therapies and few novel antibiotics are being developed. Candidate antigens for vaccine development can be identified by a multitude of high-throughput technologies that were accelerated by access to complete genomes. While considerable success has been achieved in vaccine development against bacterial pathogens, many species with multiple virulence factors and modes of infection have provided reasonable challenges in identifying protective antigens. In particular, vaccine candidates should be evaluated in the context of the complex disease properties, whether planktonic (e.g. sepsis and pneumonia) and/or biofilm associated (e.g. indwelling medical device infections). Because of the phenotypic differences between these modes of growth, those vaccine candidates chosen only for their efficacy in one disease state may fail against other infections. This review will summarize the history and types of bacterial vaccines and adjuvants as well as present an overview of modern antigen discovery and complications brought about by polymicrobial infections. Finally, we will also use one of the better studied microbial species that uses differential, multifactorial protein profiles to mediate an array of diseases, Staphylococcus aureus, to outline some of the more recently identified problematic issues in vaccine development in this biofilm-forming species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette M Harro
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sulaeman S, Le Bihan G, Rossero A, Federighi M, Dé E, Tresse O. Comparison between the biofilm initiation ofCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter colistrains to an inert surface using BioFilm Ring Test®. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:1303-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rajashekara G, Drozd M, Gangaiah D, Jeon B, Liu Z, Zhang Q. Functional characterization of the twin-arginine translocation system in Campylobacter jejuni. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 6:935-45. [PMID: 19799526 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human campylobacterosis is one of the most commonly occurring types of bacterial food poisoning in the United States and other developed countries. Most human cases are due to Campylobacter jejuni that is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. The twin-arginine translocase (TAT) secretion system uses N-terminal peptide tags with a distinct twin-arginine-containing motif to identify partially or fully folded proteins and directs them across the cytoplasmic membrane. In other bacteria, the TAT system contributes to diverse phenotypes, including virulence, but the role of this secretion system in Campylobacter pathophysiology is still not well defined. Genome sequence of C. jejuni revealed TAT pathway genes as well as several proteins that contain TAT pathway targeting motifs. The predicted Tat substrates are highly conserved among all sequenced C. jejuni strains. Phenotypic analyses revealed that the tatC knockout has defects in biofilm formation, motility, and flagellation, as well as an increased susceptibility to antimicrobials. Additionally, the tatC mutant was defective in survival under osmotic shock, oxidative, and nutrient stresses. Our results also indicated that tatC is essential for C. jejuni to sustain colonization in chickens. These findings suggest that the TAT pathway affects Campylobacter physiology and contributes to stress responses, allowing this fastidious pathogen to adapt to various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA.
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Hanning I, Donoghue DJ, Jarquin R, Kumar GS, Aguiar VF, Metcalf JH, Reyes-Herrera I, Slavik M. Campylobacter biofilm phenotype exhibits reduced colonization potential in young chickens and altered in vitro virulence. Poult Sci 2009; 88:1102-7. [PMID: 19359701 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the ability of different Campylobacter phenotypes (biofilm versus planktonic) to colonize young poultry. It has been suggested that a persistent Campylobacter biofilm reservoir may be involved in the initial contamination of poultry flocks. Campylobacter jejuni cultured adherent to agar was utilized as the biofilm model and C. jejuni cultured in broth was evaluated as the planktonic model. In 2 independent trials, 1-d-old broiler chicks were given 1 of 3 treatments: 1) 10(5) cfu.mL(-1) of C. jejuni cultured in broth, 2) 10(5) cfu.mL(-1) of C. jejuni cultured adherent to agar, or 3) no C. jejuni (negative control). Cecal contents of all birds were evaluated by culturing 12 d after the initial challenge with C. jejuni. In both trials, birds challenged with C. jejuni cultured in broth had approximately 3 to 4 log higher cecal Campylobacter concentration than birds challenged with C. jejuni cultured adherent to agar. Using 2 cell lines (INT 407 and DF1), virulence of C. jejuni cultured in broth versus adherent to agar also was evaluated by challenging monolayers of eukaryotic cells with 1 of 3 treatments: 1) 10(5) cfu.mL(-1) of C. jejuni cultured in broth, 2) 10(5) cfu.mL(-1) of C. jejuni cultured adherent to agar, or 3) no C. jejuni (negative control). The virulence study also showed differences of C. jejuni cultured in broth or agar in attachment and invasion abilities to tissue culture cells, but differences were not as consistent as with the chick colonization study. This study indicates that phenotype may play a role in colonization of chickens and virulence by C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hanning
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA.
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Bénard L, Litzler PY, Cosette P, Lemeland JF, Jouenne T, Junter GA. Proteomic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms grown in vitro on mechanical heart valve leaflets. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 88:1069-78. [PMID: 18404712 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro colonization of three commercial heart valve leaflets by Staphylococcus aureus was investigated. The leaflets, made of pyrolytic carbon alloyed with or without silicon, displayed similar surface properties (wettability, roughness) and were readily colonized by S. aureus that formed patchy biofilms on the three supports. A proteomic approach was used to assess the physiological status of biofilm populations by comparing their protein maps to those of bacteria cultured as free cells in the presence or absence of biofilm substratum. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed, for each tested leaflet, statistical relationships between the protein maps of the biofilm and free-floating microbial populations. A spot-by-spot comparison of protein levels on two-dimensional electropherograms showed that many proteins were accumulated or underproduced by microbial populations grown in the presence of a leaflet compared with protein levels in control free populations. The number of accumulated proteins was noticeably higher than that of underproduced polypeptides. This protein overproduction was emphasized in biofilm populations. Several proteins, some of which were identified, were differentially produced by both surface-associated planktonic and biofilm-grown cell populations compared with control free-cell ones cultured in the absence of leaflet, whatever the leaflet tested. The potential of this proteomic approach for fighting against microbial adhesion and biofilm formation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Bénard
- Research Group on Antimicrobials and Microorganisms, EA 2656, Charles Nicolle University Hospital, Rouen, France
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Hanning I, Jarquin R, Slavik M. Campylobacter jejunias a secondary colonizer of poultry biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:1199-208. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Campylobacter jejuni biofilms up-regulated in the absence of the stringent response utilize a calcofluor white-reactive polysaccharide. J Bacteriol 2007; 190:1097-107. [PMID: 17993532 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00516-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is a highly prevalent yet fastidious bacterium. Biofilms and surface polysaccharides participate in stress survival, transmission, and virulence in C. jejuni; thus, the identification and characterization of novel genes involved in each process have important implications for pathogenesis. We found that C. jejuni reacts with calcofluor white (CFW), indicating the presence of surface polysaccharides harboring beta1-3 and/or beta1-4 linkages. CFW reactivity increased with extended growth, under 42 degrees C anaerobic conditions, and in a DeltaspoT mutant defective for the stringent response (SR). Conversely, two newly isolated dim mutants exhibited diminished CFW reactivity as well as growth and serum sensitivity differences from the wild type. Genetic, biochemical, and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses suggested that differences in CFW reactivity between wild-type and DeltaspoT and dim mutant strains were independent of well-characterized lipooligosaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, and N-linked polysaccharides. Targeted deletion of carB downstream of the dim13 mutation also resulted in CFW hyporeactivity, implicating a possible role for carbamoylphosphate synthase in the biosynthesis of this polysaccharide. Correlations between biofilm formation and production of the CFW-reactive polymer were demonstrated by crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy, with the C. jejuni DeltaspoT mutant being the first SR mutant in any bacterial species identified as up-regulating biofilms. Together, these results provide new insight into genes and processes important for biofilm formation and polysaccharide production in C. jejuni.
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Candon HL, Allan BJ, Fraley CD, Gaynor EC. Polyphosphate kinase 1 is a pathogenesis determinant in Campylobacter jejuni. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:8099-108. [PMID: 17827292 PMCID: PMC2168705 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01037-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the developed world. Despite its prevalence, relatively little is known about C. jejuni's precise pathogenesis mechanisms, particularly in comparison to other well-studied enteric organisms such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Altered expression of phosphate genes in a C. jejuni stringent response mutant, together with known correlations between the stringent response, polyphosphate (poly-P), and virulence in other bacteria, led us to investigate the role of poly-P in C. jejuni stress survival and pathogenesis. All sequenced C. jejuni strains harbor a conserved putative polyphosphate kinase 1 predicted to be principally responsible for poly-P synthesis. We generated a targeted ppk1 deletion mutant (Deltappk1) in C. jejuni strain 81-176 and found that Deltappk1, as well as the DeltaspoT stringent response mutant, exhibited low levels of poly-P at all growth stages. In contrast, wild-type C. jejuni poly-P levels increased significantly as the bacteria transitioned from log to stationary phase. Phenotypic analyses revealed that the Deltappk1 mutant was defective for survival during osmotic shock and low-nutrient stress. However, certain phenotypes associated with ppk1 deletion in other bacteria (i.e., motility and oxidative stress) were unaffected in the C. jejuni Deltappk1 mutant, which also displayed an unexpected increase in biofilm formation. The C. jejuni Deltappk1 mutant was also defective for the virulence-associated phenotype of intraepithelial cell survival in a tissue culture infection model and exhibited a striking, dose-dependent chick colonization defect. These results indicate that poly-P utilization and accumulation contribute significantly to C. jejuni pathogenesis and affect its ability to adapt to specific stresses and stringencies. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that poly-P likely plays both similar and unique roles in C. jejuni compared to its roles in other bacteria and that poly-P metabolism is linked to stringent response mechanisms in C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Candon
- University of British Columbia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Sanders SQ, Boothe DH, Frank JF, Arnold JW. Culture and detection of Campylobacter jejuni within mixed microbial populations of biofilms on stainless steel. J Food Prot 2007; 70:1379-85. [PMID: 17612067 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.6.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the most frequently reported cause of foodborne illness in the United States, but its survival outside the host is poor. The objective of this research was to examine the formation and composition of biofilms by C. jejuni alone and within mixed bacterial populations from the poultry-processing environment. C. jejuni growth was assessed with four media, two temperatures, and two atmospheric conditions to develop culture methods for liquid media that would allow growth within the biofilms. Growth kinetics was followed at four cell densities to determine temporal compatibility within biofilm mixtures. Analysis of the biofilms by confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that C. jejuni formed a biofilm when incubated without other bacteria. The average surface area of stainless steel covered by C. jejuni increased by 50% from 24 to 48 h, remained level to 96 h, and then decreased by 88% by 168 h. C. jejuni and mixed bacterial populations formed biofilms during incubation periods of up to 7 days. The area of the mixture was significantly greater than for C. jejuni alone at 24 h, was approximately the same at 48 h, and was significantly less by 168 h. When incubated with either of two initial inoculum densities of other bacteria, the number of C. jejuni was enhanced after 24 h. The intensity of fluorescence and cell viability were monitored by epifluorescence microscopy. This study provides the basis for studying interactions of Campylobacter spp. with other bacteria in the environment, which will aid in the design of effective intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheriase Q Sanders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, P.O. Box 5677, Athens, Georgia 30604-5677, USA
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Corcoran AT, Moran AP. Influence of growth conditions on diverse polysaccharide production byCampylobacter jejuni. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 49:124-32. [PMID: 17266718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2006.00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. The present study was undertaken to determine the forms of polysaccharide-related compounds (PRCs) produced by C. jejuni and the culture conditions influencing their production. Expression of polysaccharides by C. jejuni was influenced by culture medium composition and growth phase. In addition to the production of lipooligosaccharide and capsular polysaccharide, a previously undescribed polysaccharide, not related to capsular polysaccharide, was shown to occur in C. jejuni in batch liquid and chemostat cultures. Thus, a variety of PRCs are produced by C. jejuni, and this should be considered when growing the bacterium in vitro for pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian T Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Duffy L, Dykes GA. Growth temperature of four Campylobacter jejuni strains influences their subsequent survival in food and water. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 43:596-601. [PMID: 17083703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.02019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine if Campylobacter jejuni grown at 37 and 42 degrees C have different abilities to survive on beef and chicken, and in water. METHODS AND RESULTS Beef, chicken and water were separately inoculated with four Camp. jejuni (two poultry and two beef) strains grown at 37 or 42 degrees C. The matrices were stored at approximately 4 degrees C and Camp. jejuni numbers were monitored over time by plate counts. On beef there was a greater decrease in number for two strains (P < 0.05; approximately 0.7 and 1.3 log CFU cm(-2)) grown at 37 degrees C as compared with 42 degrees C. By contrast on chicken there was a decrease in numbers for two strains (P < 0.05; approximately 1.3 and 1 log CFU g(-1)) grown at 42 degrees C as compared with 37 degrees C. In water there was a greater decrease in numbers for all strains (P < 0.05; approximately 3-5.3 log CFU ml(-1)) grown at 42 degrees C as compared with 37 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS Growth temperature influences the survival of Camp. jejuni on food and in water. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Campylobacter jejuni survival studies need to consider growth temperature to avoid erroneous results. Campylobacter jejuni grown at 37 degrees C, the body temperature of humans and cattle, may represent a greater public health risk in water than those grown at 42 degrees C, the body temperature of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Duffy
- Food Science Australia, Tingalpa DC, Qld, Australia
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Collet A, Vilain S, Cosette P, Junter GA, Jouenne T, Phillips RS, Di Martino P. Protein expression in Escherichia coli S17-1 biofilms: impact of indole. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2006; 91:71-85. [PMID: 17021938 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-006-9097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria undergo significant changes during adherence to surfaces and biofilm development. Cell-to-cell signalling molecules are known to be involved in these phenotypic adaptations to the sessile mode of life. We demonstrated previously that indole can act as an extracellular signal to regulate biofilm formation in E. coli. To identify proteins over- or under-expressed in response to E. coli biofilm formation and indole signalling, we compared the proteomes of the E. coli S17-1 wild-type and 3714 (S17-1 tnaA::Tn5) tryptophanase-negative mutant cells (which don't produce indole) grown as suspensions or biofilms in the presence or absence of exogenous indole. From computer-assisted image analysis, 407 spots were discriminated on two-dimensional electropherograms. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the electropherograms did not discriminate between the proteomes of the wild-type and mutant cells grown as suspensions indicating that indole has a limited impact onto protein expression of planktonic cells. The first principal component extracted by PCA, after standardization of the observations, opposed planktonic and biofilm cells confirming the existence of changes in protein expression during E. coli biofilm formation. Among proteins over- or under-expressed by both sessile wild-type and mutant cells, we identified metabolic enzymes, transporters, proteins involved in the translation and transcription machinery, stress response and regulation, and signalling proteins. The wild-type and mutant strains grown as biofilms in the presence of indole were discriminated by the second component. The role of some proteins whose expression was altered in biofilm bacteria compared to suspended counterparts is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Collet
- IBBR Group, UMR 6522 CNRS, University of Rouen, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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Abstract
In many temperate countries Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial causes of human infectious intestinal disease. Yet the aetiology of this infection has only partly been described. A majority of human campylobacteriosis cases are associated with food of animal origin. Despite being very sensitive to environmental stressors Campylobacter spp. are able to persist in the food chain and can pose a threat to the consumer. In this review, the survival potential and stress response of Campylobacter spp. in food will be summarized and the importance of food preservation technologies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alter
- Division of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany.
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Murphy C, Carroll C, Jordan KN. Environmental survival mechanisms of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:623-32. [PMID: 16553716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. continue to be the greatest cause of bacterial gastrointestinal infections in humans worldwide. They encounter many stresses in the host intestinal tract, on foods and in the environment. However, in common with other enteric bacteria, they have developed survival mechanisms to overcome these stresses. Many of the survival mechanisms used by Campylobacter spp. differ from those used by other bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which Campylobacter spp. adapt to stress conditions and thereby increase their ability to survive on food and in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Murphy
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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Abstract
AIMS To investigate the physicochemical surface properties, such as cellular surface charge, hydrophobicity and electron donor/acceptor potential of a selection of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates grown in broth and agar culture. METHODS AND RESULTS Cellular surface charge was determined using zeta potential measurements. Hydrophobicity of the isolates was determined using bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbons assay, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and contact angle measurements. Microbial adhesion to solvents was used to determine the electron donor/acceptor characteristics. No differences of surface charge measurements were found between broth and agar grown cultures. Isolates belonging to serogroup O157 and serotypes O26:H11 and O111:H- were significantly (P < 0.05) less negatively charged than other STEC serotypes tested. All strains were hydrophilic with most methods and demonstrated a lower hydrophobicity in agar culture compared with broth culture. All strains demonstrated a strong microbial adhesion to chloroform indicating that STEC possess an electron donor and basic character. A relationship between serogroup O157 and other STEC serotypes was apparent using principal-component analysis (PCA). CONCLUSIONS Combining the results for physicochemical properties using PCA differentiated between strains belonging to the O157 serogroup and other STEC/non-STEC strains. PCA found similar results for broth and agar grown cultures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Particular serotypes of STEC possess similar physicochemical properties which may play a role in their pathogenicity or potential attachment to various surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rivas
- Food Science Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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50
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) related to Campylobacter in animals and foodstuffs. EFSA J 2005. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2005.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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