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Tran HM, Prathan R, Hein ST, Chuanchuen R. Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance of Commercial Probiotic Products for Food-Producing Animals. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:148. [PMID: 38391534 PMCID: PMC10885956 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been popularly used in livestock production as an alternative to antibiotics. This study aimed to investigate the microbiological quality and phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance of bacteria in probiotic products sold for food animals. A total of 45 probiotic products were examined for the number of viable cells, species, and antimicrobial susceptibility; the contamination of Escherichia coli and Salmonella; and the presence of 112 genes encoding resistance to clinically important antimicrobials and transferability of AMR determinants. The results showed that 29 of 45 products (64.4%) were incorrectly labeled in either number of viable cells or bacterial species. None of the tested products were contaminated with E. coli and Salmonella. A total of 33 out of 64 bacterial isolates (51.6%) exhibited resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent. Of the 45 products tested, 16 (35.5%) carried AMR genes. Almost all AMR genes detected in probiotic products were not correlated to the AMR phenotype of probiotic strains formulated in the products. Three streptomycin-resistant Lactobacillus isolates could horizontally transfer their AMR determinants. The findings demonstrated that the probiotic products could serve as reservoirs for the spread of AMR genes and may not yield benefits to animals as claimed. The need for the adequate quality control of probiotic products is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang My Tran
- The International Graduate Course of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Rangsiya Prathan
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring in Foodborne Pathogens (in Cooperation with WHO), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Si Thu Hein
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring in Foodborne Pathogens (in Cooperation with WHO), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Rungtip Chuanchuen
- Research Unit in Microbial Food Safety and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring in Foodborne Pathogens (in Cooperation with WHO), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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2
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Kwit R, Zając M, Śmiałowska-Węglińska A, Skarżyńska M, Bomba A, Lalak A, Skrzypiec E, Wojdat D, Koza W, Mikos-Wojewoda E, Pasim P, Skóra M, Polak M, Wiącek J, Wasyl D. Prevalence of Enterococcus spp. and the Whole-Genome Characteristics of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Strains Isolated from Free-Living Birds in Poland. Pathogens 2023; 12:836. [PMID: 37375526 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci as opportunistic bacteria are important for human health. Due to the prevalence and ease of acquisition and transfer of their genes, they are an excellent indicator of environmental contamination and the spread of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of Enterococcus spp. in wild birds in Poland, determination of antimicrobial susceptibility and WGS analysis of Enterococcus (E.) faecium and E. faecalis. For this purpose, 138 samples from various species of free-living birds were tested, with 66.7% positive results. Fourteen species were detected, with E. faecalis being the most common, followed by E. casseliflavus and E. hirae. In antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 10.0% of E. faecalis and 50.0% of E. faecium showed resistance to one antimicrobial agent, in addition the MDR phenotype which was found in one E. faecium. The most common resistance phenotype included tetracycline and quinupristin/dalfopristin. The WGS analysis confirmed the significant advantage of the virulence gene diversity of E. faecalis strains over E. faecium. In addition, plasmid replicons were found in 42.0% of E. faecalis and 80.0% of E. faecium. The obtained results confirm free-living birds can be a reservoir of Enterococcus spp. with a considerable zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kwit
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zając
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Skarżyńska
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Bomba
- Department of Omic Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Anna Lalak
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Ewelina Skrzypiec
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Dominika Wojdat
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Weronika Koza
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Emilia Mikos-Wojewoda
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Paulina Pasim
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Milena Skóra
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Marcin Polak
- Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (UMCS), 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarosław Wiącek
- Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (UMCS), 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Wasyl
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
- Department of Omic Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute (PIWet), 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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3
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Hayat Z, Shahzad K, Ali H, Casini R, Naveed K, Hafeez A, El-Ansary DO, Elansary HO, Fiaz S, Abaid-Ullah M, Hafeez FY, Iqbal MS, Ullah A. 16S rRNA gene flow in Enterococcus spp. and SNP analysis: A reliable approach for specie level identification. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2022.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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4
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Kouhi F, Mirzaei H, Nami Y, Khandaghi J, Javadi A. Potential probiotic and safety characterisation of enterococcus bacteria isolated from indigenous fermented motal cheese. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Abd El-Aziz NK, Ammar AM, El Damaty HM, Abd Elkader RA, Saad HA, El-Kazzaz W, Khalifa E. Environmental Streptococcus uberis Associated with Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows: Virulence Traits, Antimicrobial and Biocide Resistance, and Epidemiological Typing. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1849. [PMID: 34206268 PMCID: PMC8300258 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis remains a serious problem for dairy animals. The misappropriation of antimicrobial agents helps accelerate resistance, which poses a serious challenge in controlling environmental S. uberis infection. Here, we study the virulence attributes, antimicrobial and biocide resistance, and epidemiological typing of S. uberis recovered from bovine clinical mastitis in dairy farms of diverse hygienic interventions in Egypt. The overall S. uberis infection rate was 20.59%; all were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The sua gene was the most frequent virulence gene (42.02%), followed by pauA (40.57%), cfu (21.73%), skc (20.28%), and opp (11.59%). The erm(B) gene served as the predominant antimicrobial-resistant gene (75.36%), followed by fexA (52.63%) and tet(M), blaZ, and aac(6')aph(2″) genes (46.38% each). Of note, 79.71%, 78.26%, and 18.84% of S. uberis isolates harbored qacED1, qacC/D, and qacA/B genes, respectively. All analyzed isolates were S. uberis type I by their unique RFLP-PCR pattern. In conclusion, the sustained presence of pauA and sua genes throughout the investigated farms contributes to a better understanding of the bacterium's pathogenicity. Furthermore, MDR coupled with the existence of biocide resistance genes indicates the importance of S. uberis surveillance and the prudent use of antimicrobials in veterinary clinical medicine to avoid the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan K Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Ammar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Hend M El Damaty
- Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Rehab A Abd Elkader
- Belbies Veterinary Organization, Ministry of Agriculture, Belbies 44974, Egypt
| | - Hosam A Saad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed El-Kazzaz
- Molecular Microbiology Lab., Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh 51511, Egypt
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Abd El-Aziz NK, Ammar AM, El-Naenaeey ESYM, El Damaty HM, Elazazy AA, Hefny AA, Shaker A, Eldesoukey IE. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm potentials of cinnamon oil and silver nanoparticles against Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis: new avenues for countering resistance. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:136. [PMID: 33789637 PMCID: PMC8010958 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) is a contagious pathogen of bovine mastitis. It has financial implications for the dairy cattle industry in certain areas of the world. Since antimicrobial resistance increases in dairy farms, natural antimicrobials from herbal origins and nanoparticles have been given more attention as an alternative therapy. Hence, this study reported the antimicrobial and antibiofilm potentials of cinnamon oil, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and their combination against multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. agalactiae recovered from clinical bovine mastitis in Egypt. RESULTS Our findings revealed that 73% (146/200) of the examined milk samples collected from dairy cows with clinical mastitis were infected with Streptococci species. Of these, 9.59% (14/146) were identified as S. agalactiae and categorized as MDR. S. agalactiae isolates expressed four virulence genes (Hyl, cylE, scpB, and lmb) and demonstrated an ability to produce biofilms. Cinnamon oil showed high antimicrobial (MICs ≤0.063 μg /mL) and antibiofilm (MBIC50 = 4 μg/mL) potentials against planktonic and biofilms of S. agalactiae isolates, respectively. However, AgNPs showed reasonable antimicrobial (MICs ≤16 μg/mL) and relatively low antibiofilm (MBIC50 = 64 μg/mL) activities against screened isolates. Synergistic antimicrobial or additive antibiofilm interactions of cinnamon oil combined with AgNPs were reported for the first time. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed that biofilms of S. agalactiae isolates treated with cinnamon oil were more seriously damaged than observed in AgNPs cinnamon oil combination. Moreover, reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) showed that cinnamon oil exerted a remarkable down-regulation of pili biosynthesis genes (pilA and pilB) and their regulator (rogB) against S. agalactiae biofilms, meanwhile the AgNPs cinnamon oil combination demonstrated a lower efficacy. CONCLUSIONS This is an in vitro preliminary approach that documented the antibiofilm potential of cinnamon oil and the inhibitory activity of cinnamon oil and its combination with AgNPs against MDR S. agalactiae recovered from clinical mastitis. Further in vivo studies should be carried out in animal models to provide evidence of concept for implementing these alternative candidates in the treatment of dairy farms infected by streptococcal mastitis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan K Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Ammar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed Y M El-Naenaeey
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt
| | - Hend M El Damaty
- Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Elazazy
- Abou Hamad Veterinary Organizations, Ministry of Agriculture, Abou Hamad, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Hefny
- Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Shaker
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim E Eldesoukey
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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7
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Cwiková O, Franke G. Influence of different storage conditions on the occurrence of Enterococci in smear ripened cheeses. POTRAVINARSTVO 2020. [DOI: 10.5219/1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of enterococci was monitored in smear-ripened cheeses stored under different temperature regimes. Sampling and subsequent analyses were performed on the day of manufacture (A/0 = B/0 = C/0), at the end of BBD (A/35, B/35, C/35), two weeks after BBD (A/49, B/49), and eight weeks after BBD (C/91). No statistical difference (p >0.05) was found in the numbers of enterococci in cheeses stored under different temperature regimes until the Best-Before date or at the end of monitoring after 49 and 91 days respectively. At the beginning of storage (A/0, B/0, C/0), the numbers of enterococci in cheeses were 2.3 log CFU.g-1. The highest number of enterococci was recorded after 49 days of storage at 6 °C at 5.4 log CFU.g-1. During storage, there was an increase (p <0.05) in the numbers of enterococci in all types of temperature regimes. Enterococci content was influenced (p <0.05) by both the storage period and storage method (temperature regime).
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8
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Cho S, Jackson C, Frye J. The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of
Salmonella
,
Escherichia coli
and
Enterococcus
sp. in surface water. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 71:3-25. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Cho
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Athens GA United States of America
| | - C.R. Jackson
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Athens GA United States of America
| | - J.G. Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Athens GA United States of America
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9
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Thu WP, Sinwat N, Bitrus AA, Angkittitrakul S, Prathan R, Chuanchuen R. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, virulence gene, and class 1 integrons of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from pigs, pork and humans in Thai-Laos border provinces. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 18:130-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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10
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Resistant Organisms and Their Approach to Management in Clinical and Emergency Care. CURRENT EMERGENCY AND HOSPITAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40138-019-00184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Sanderson H, Ortega-Polo R, McDermott K, Zaheer R, Brown RS, Majury A, McAllister T, Liss SN. Comparison of biochemical and genotypic speciation methods for vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from urban wastewater treatment plants. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 161:102-110. [PMID: 31071353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci species in wastewater including Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum isolates (n = 308) with low or high level vancomycin resistance were determined and compared using a phenotypic method (RapID™ STR system), 16S rRNA sequencing, and multi-locus (atpA, groESL, and pheS) sequence analysis (MLSA). Error rates for the RapID™ STR system were E. faecalis (15.9%), E. faecium (21.5%), and E. casseliflavus/E. gallinarum (56.9%) when referenced to the consensus of all methods tested. Comparison of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) distances and phylogenetic trees suggested that the groESL locus delineated species more effectively than other loci. The groESL locus was the most reliable loci for the correct identification of Enterococcus spp., including E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum, with high congruence compared to the consensus (Adjusted Rand Index = 0.954; Adjusted Wallace Co-efficient = 0.941). All of the methods were compared to whole genome sequencing, which acted as a gold standard, for the isolates from this study and those downloaded from NCBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Sanderson
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4P4, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Ortega-Polo
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4P4, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 6T5, Canada
| | | | - Rahat Zaheer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4P4, Canada
| | - R Stephen Brown
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Anna Majury
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Public Health Ontario, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3K3, Canada
| | - Tim McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4P4, Canada.
| | - Steven N Liss
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada.
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Comparison of genotypes, antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles of oral and non oral Enterococcus faecalis from Brazil, Japan and the United Kingdom. J Dent 2019; 84:49-54. [PMID: 30862557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether phenotypic and genotypic differences amongst isolates ofEnterococcus faecalis relate to geographical and clinical origin. METHODS E. faecalis from primary endodontic infections in Brazilian patients (n = 20), oral infections in UK patients (n = 10), and non-oral infections in Japanese patients (n = 9) were studied. In addition, 20 environmental vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) isolates from a UK hospital were analysed. For all isolates, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect genes associated with antibiotic resistance and virulence, whilst randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) was used to produce molecular profiles. RESULTS Gelatinase gene (gelE) was prevalent amongst isolates (77-100%) and for oral isolates, genes of aggregation substances (agg), immune evasion protein (esp), cytolysin (cylB), tetracycline resistance (tetM; tetL) and erythromycin resistance (ermB) were detected to varying extent. Japanese non-oral isolates had a similar genetic profile to oral isolates, but with higher prevalence of ermB and cylB. All VRE isolates were positive for gelE, esp, agg, vanA, ermB and tetM, 95% were positive for cylB and 17% positive for tetL. All isolates were negative for ermA, asa373 vanB, vanC1 and vanC2/3. RAPD-PCR revealed clustering of VRE isolates. CONCLUSIONS RAPD-PCR analysis revealed extensive genetic variability among the tested isolates. Oral isolates carried antibiotic resistance genes for tetracycline and whilst they possessed genes that could contribute to pathogenicity, these were detected at lower incidence compared with non-oral and VRE isolates. RAPD-PCR proved to be a useful approach to elucidate relatedness of disparate isolates.
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13
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McLaughlin RW, Shewmaker PL, Whitney AM, Humrighouse BW, Lauer AC, Loparev VN, Gulvik CA, Cochran PA, Dowd SE. Enterococcus crotali sp. nov., isolated from faecal material of a timber rattlesnake. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28632114 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A facultatively anaerobic, Gram-stain-positive bacterium, designated ETRF1T, was found in faecal material of a timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus). Based on a comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolate was assigned to the genus Enterococcus. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain ETRF1T showed >97 % similarity to that of the type strains of Enterococcus rotai, E. caccae, E. silesiacus, E haemoperoxidus, E. ureasiticus, E. moraviensis, E. plantarum, E. quebecensis, E. ureilyticus, E. termitis, E. rivorum and E. faecalis. The organism could be distinguished from these 12 phylogenetically related enterococci using conventional biochemical testing, the Rapid ID32 Strep system, comparative pheS and rpoA gene sequence analysis, and comparative whole genome sequence analysis. The estimated in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values were <70 %, and average nucleotide identity values were <96 %, when compared to these 12 species, further validating that ETRF1T represents a unique species within the genus Enterococcus. On the basis of these analyses, strain ETRF1T (=CCUG 65857T=LMG 28312T) is proposed as the type strain of a novel species, Enterococcus crotali sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W McLaughlin
- General Studies, Gateway Technical College, Kenosha, WI 53144, USA.,Biology Department, Saint Mary's University of Minnesota, Winona, MN 55987-1399, USA
| | | | - Anne M Whitney
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | - Ana C Lauer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | | | - P A Cochran
- Biology Department, Saint Mary's University of Minnesota, Winona, MN 55987-1399, USA
| | - Scot E Dowd
- MR DNA (Molecular Research LP), Shallowater, TX, USA
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14
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Conwell M, Daniels V, Naughton PJ, Dooley JSG. Interspecies transfer of vancomycin, erythromycin and tetracycline resistance among Enterococcus species recovered from agrarian sources. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:19. [PMID: 28100194 PMCID: PMC5241992 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0928-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococci are now well recognised for their ability to transfer antibiotic resistance and for their association with nosocomial infections, but less is known regarding their relevance in the wider environment. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were isolated from a range of agrarian associated sources (low-flow water, septic tank, poultry litter, high flow water, slurry/soil) and were assessed for latent ability to transfer antimicrobial resistance. Results The isolates were tested for phenotypic clumping in the presence of cell-free supernatant from other isolates. Some isolates were identified which demonstrated clumping, indicating that they possessed peptide sex pheromone conjugal machinery. All isolates were also tested for antibiotic resistance phenotypes using both disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. These tests revealed that the enterococci demonstrated both phenotypic clumping and antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Based on these selection criteria, the isolates were identified as having the potential for horizontal gene transfer and were used to investigate the transfer of multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Conjugal transfer of antibiotic resistance phenotypes was determined using a solid agar mating method followed by a standard antibiotic selection test resulting in different transfer patterns. An interspecies conjugal transfer of vancomycin resistance from E. faecalis to E. faecium was identified while the remaining reactions were within the same species. Transfer efficiencies ranging from 2 × 10−1 to 2.3 × 10−5 were determined based on the reactions of three donor isolates (MF06036, MF0410 and MF06035) and two recipient isolates (MW01105Rif and ST01109Rif), with the transfer of vancomycin, erythromycin and tetracycline resistance genes. Conclusions The conjugation reactions and selection conditions used in this study resulted in a variety of co-transferred resistance phenotypes suggesting the presence of different mobile elements in the set of natural isolates. This study highlights the potential for extensive horizontal gene transfer in a previously neglected reservoir for enterococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Conwell
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - V Daniels
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - P J Naughton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - J S G Dooley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
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Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Zadernowska A, Łaniewska-Trokenheim Ł. Virulence factors of Enterococcus spp. presented in food. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Efstratiou A, Lamagni T, Turner CE. Streptococci and Enterococci. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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17
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Hefazi M, Damlaj M, Alkhateeb HB, Partain DK, Patel R, Razonable RR, Gastineau DA, Al-Kali A, Hashmi SK, Hogan WJ, Litzow MR, Patnaik MM. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus colonization and bloodstream infection: prevalence, risk factors, and the impact on early outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Transpl Infect Dis 2016; 18:913-920. [PMID: 27642723 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) is performed at many transplant centers, but data on the impact of VRE colonization and bloodstream infection (BSI) on hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) outcomes remain conflicting. METHODS Consecutive adults with acute myeloid leukemia who underwent allogeneic HCT between 2004 and 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were screened by perirectal PCR swabs targeting vanA and vanB twice weekly while inpatient. RESULTS Of a total of 203 patients (median age 54 years), 73 (36%) were VRE colonized prior to HCT, 23 (11%) became colonized within the first 100 days, and 107 (53%) remained non-colonized through day 100 post HCT. A landmark analysis on HCT day 0 revealed no significant difference in overall survival according to pre-transplant colonization status (P=.20). However, patients with subsequent VRE colonization within the first 100 days of HCT had a significantly worse survival on both univariable (P=.04) and multivariable (P=.03) analyses. During the first 30 days post HCT, 11 (5% of total and 11% of the VRE colonized) patients developed VRE BSI. Ten (91%) of these had screened positive for VRE colonization before the bacteremia. Age ≥60 years, HCT-comorbidity index ≥3, and VRE colonization were independent risk factors for VRE BSI on multivariable analysis (P=.04, .03, .003, respectively). Only 1 (9%) patient with VRE BSI died within the first 100 days post HCT. CONCLUSION VRE colonization is a surrogate marker and not an independent predictor of worse outcomes post HCT. VRE BSI is associated with increased morbidity, but does not impact post-HCT survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Robin Patel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Aref Al-Kali
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Mark R Litzow
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Jelden KC, Gibbs SG, Smith PW, Hewlett AL, Iwen PC, Schmid KK, Lowe JJ. Comparison of hospital room surface disinfection using a novel ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) generator. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2016; 13:690-698. [PMID: 27028152 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1166369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The estimated 721,800 hospital acquired infections per year in the United States have necessitated development of novel environmental decontamination technologies such as ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI). This study evaluated the efficacy of a novel, portable UVGI generator (the TORCH, ChlorDiSys Solutions, Inc., Lebanon, NJ) to disinfect surface coupons composed of plastic from a bedrail, stainless steel, chrome-plated light switch cover, and a porcelain tile that were inoculated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE). Each surface type was placed at 6 different sites within a hospital room and treated by 10-min ultraviolet-C (UVC) exposures using the TORCH with doses ranging from 0-688 mJ/cm(2) between sites. Organism reductions were compared with untreated surface coupons as controls. Overall, UVGI significantly reduced MRSA by an average of 4.6 log10 (GSD: 1.7 log10, 77% inactivation, p < 0.0001) and VRE by an average of 3.9 log10 (GSD: 1.7 log10, 65% inactivation, p < 0.0001). MRSA on bedrail was reduced significantly (p < 0.0001) less than on other surfaces, while VRE was reduced significantly less on chrome (p = 0.0004) and stainless steel (p = 0.0012) than porcelain tile. Organisms out of direct line of sight of the UVC generator were reduced significantly less (p < 0.0001) than those directly in line of sight. UVGI was found an effective method to inactivate nosocomial pathogens on surfaces evaluated within the hospital environment in direct line of sight of UVGI treatment with variation between organism and surface types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn C Jelden
- a Department of Environmental , Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska
| | - Shawn G Gibbs
- b Department of Environmental Health , Indiana University School of Public Health , Bloomington , Indiana
| | - Philip W Smith
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska
| | - Angela L Hewlett
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska
| | - Peter C Iwen
- d Department of Pathology and Microbiology , College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska
- e Nebraska Public Health Laboratory , Omaha , Nebraska
| | - Kendra K Schmid
- f Department of Biostatistics , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska
| | - John J Lowe
- a Department of Environmental , Agricultural & Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska
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19
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Dolka B, Chrobak-Chmiel D, Makrai L, Szeleszczuk P. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Enterococcus cecorum strains associated with infections in poultry. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:129. [PMID: 27350248 PMCID: PMC4924287 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background From the beginning of the 21st century Enterococcus cecorum has emerged as a significant health problem for poultry raised under intensive production systems. To obtain new insights into this bacterial species, we investigated 82 clinical isolates originating from different poultry flocks in Poland between 2011 and 2014. Results Phenotypically, isolates from clinical cases showed ability to growth at low temperatures (4 °C, 10 °C), and differences in growth at 45 °C (74.4 %). Survival at high temperatures (60 °C, 70 °C) was observed for 15, 30 min. More than half of strains survived at 60 °C even after prolonged incubation (1 h), but none survived after 1 h at 70 °C. Total growth inhibition was observed on agar supplemented with tergitol or potassium tellurite. Relatively high number of isolates gave positive reactions for β-galactosidase (βGAL 80 %), Voges Proskauer test (60 %), less for β-mannosidase (17 %), glycogen and mannitol (12 %). The metabolic fingerprinting for E. cecorum obtained in Biolog system revealed ability to metabolise 22 carbon sources. Only 27/82 strains contained ≥ 1 virulence genes of tested 7, however 2.4 % isolates carried 6. Increased antimicrobial resistance was observed to enrofloxacin (87 %), teicoplanin (85 %), doxycycline (83 %), erythromycin (46 %). Most strains (75/82) showed multidrug resistance. The single isolate was resistant to vancomycin (VRE) and high level gentamicin (HLGR). Linezolid resistance among clinical isolates was not found. PFGE revealed diversity of E. cecorum from cases. It could be assumed that transmission of pathogenic strains between flocks regardless of type of production or geographical region may be possible. Conclusions Clinical infections in poultry caused by E. cecorum may indicated on new properties of this bacterial species, previously known as a commensal. Despite many common phenotypic features, differences were found among clinical isolates. Several, widely distributed pathogenic E. cecorum strains seemed to be responsible for infection cases found in different poultry types. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0761-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Dolka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c St., Warsaw, 02-776, Poland.
| | - Dorota Chrobak-Chmiel
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland
| | - László Makrai
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Hungária krt. 23-25, Budapest, H-1143, Hungary
| | - Piotr Szeleszczuk
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c St., Warsaw, 02-776, Poland
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20
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Hassan MM, Belal ESB. Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in enterococcus strains isolated from different hospitals in Saudi Arabia. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1184992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Hassan
- Scientific Research Center, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Unit, Taif University, KSA
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Genetics, Minufiya University, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed B. Belal
- Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Botany Department (Agricultural Microbiology), Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
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Ben Said L, Klibi N, Dziri R, Borgo F, Boudabous A, Ben Slama K, Torres C. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages of Enterococcus spp. from vegetable food, soil and irrigation water in farm environments in Tunisia. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:1627-1633. [PMID: 25988398 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the species, clonal diversity, antibiotic resistance and virulence of enterococci in different environments. Seventy-one samples of farm origin (34 of food vegetables, 27 of soil and ten of irrigation water) and 19 samples of vegetables from five markets, were inoculated in Slanetz-Bartley agar plates supplemented or not with gentamicin (SB-Gen and SB plates, respectively) for enterococci recovery. RESULTS Enterococci were obtained from 72.2% of tested samples in SB media (food vegetables from farms, 88.2%; soil and irrigation water, 51%; food vegetables from markets, 84.2%), and 65 enterococcal isolates were obtained. Enterococcus faecium was the most prevalent species (52.3%), followed by E. hirae (35.4%), E. faecalis (6.15%), and E. casseliflavus (6.15%). Antibiotic resistance detected among these enterococci was as follows (percentage/detected gene): ciprofloxacin (60%), erythromycin (18.4%/erm(B)), tetracycline (15.4%/tet(M)-tet(L)), kanamycin (15.4%/aph(3')-III), chloramphenicol (7.7%), streptomycin (3%/ant(6)), vancomycin (6.15%/vanC2)), teicoplanin (0%) and ampicillin (0%). High-level gentamicin-resistant (HLR-G) enterococci were detected in SB-Gen plates in 14 of 90 tested samples (15.5%), and 15 isolates were characterized: ten E. faecalis, four E. faecium and one E. hirae. All HLR-G enterococci carried the aac(6')-aph(2″), erm(B) and tet(M) genes, among other resistance genes. The HLR-G isolates showed high genetic diversity (ten different PFGE profiles), and were ascribed to the sequence types ST2, ST16, ST28 and new ST528 (in E. faecalis), and ST56, new ST885 and new ST886 (in E. faecium). CONCLUSION Food vegetables in the farm or market settings are frequently contaminated by HLR-G enterococci, and these microorganisms could reach the human intestine through the food chain, if hygienic conditions are not followed. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Ben Said
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Naouel Klibi
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Raoudha Dziri
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Francesca Borgo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20142, Milan, Italy
| | - Abdellatif Boudabous
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Karim Ben Slama
- Laboratoire des Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Faculté de Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, E-26006, Logroño, Spain
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22
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Kara R, Gokmen M, Akkaya L, Gok V. Microbiological Quality and Salmonella spp., /Listeria monocytogenes of Spices in Turkey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/jm.2015.440.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Nowakiewicz A, Ziółkowska G, Zięba P, Trościańczyk A, Banach T, Kowalski C. Modified 16S-23S rRNA intergenic region restriction endonuclease analysis for species identification of Enterococcus strains isolated from pigs, compared with identification using classical methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:217-223. [PMID: 25587074 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast and reliable identification of bacteria to at least the species level is currently the basis for correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment of infections. This is particularly important in the case of bacteria of the genus Enterococcus, whose resistance profile is often correlated with their species (e.g. resistance to vancomycin). In this study, we evaluated restriction endonuclease analysis of the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region for species identification of Enterococcus. The utility of the method was compared with that of phenotypic methods [biochemical profile evaluation and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)]. Identification was based on 21 Enterococcus reference strains, of the species E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. durans, E. casseliflavus, E. gallinarum, E. avium, E. cecorum and E. columbae, and 47 Enterococcus field strains isolated from pigs. Restriction endonuclease analysis of the ITS-PCR product using HinfI, RsaI and MboI, in the order specified, enabled species differentiation of the Enterococcus reference and field strains, and in the case of the latter, the results of species identification were identical (47/47) to those obtained by MALDI-TOF MS. Moreover, as a result of digestion with MboI, a unique restriction profile was also obtained for the strains (3/3) identified by MALDI-TOF MS as E. thailandicus. In our opinion, restriction endonuclease analysis of the 16S-23S rRNA gene ITS region of Enterococcus may be a simple and relatively fast (less than 4 h) alternative method for identifying the species occurring most frequently in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Nowakiewicz
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grażyna Ziółkowska
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Przemysław Zięba
- State Veterinary Laboratory, Droga Męczenników Majdanka 50, 20-325 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Banach
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Cezary Kowalski
- University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Sub-Department of Pharmacology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Han SH, Chin BS, Lee HS, Jeong SJ, Choi HK, Kim CK, Kim CO, Yong D, Choi JY, Song YG, Lee K, Kim JM. Recovery of Both Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusFrom Culture of a Single Clinical Specimen From Colonized or Infected Patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 30:130-8. [DOI: 10.1086/593957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective.To describe the incidence of recovery of both vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) from culture of a single clinical specimen, to describe the clinical characteristics of patients from whom these specimens were recovered, and to identify the risk factors of these patients.Design.A retrospective cohort and case-control study.Setting.A tertiary care university hospital and referral center in Seoul, Korea.Methods.We identified 61 case patients for whom a single clinical specimen yielded both VRE and MRSA on culture, and 122 control patients for whom any clinical specimen yielded only VRE on culture. The control patients were selected by matching 2 :1 with the case patients for age, sex, and first date of sampling that led to isolation of VRE or both VRE and MRSA among 1,536 VRE-colonized patients from January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2006. To identify patient risk factors for the recovery of both VRE and MRSA in a single clinical specimen, we performed univariate comparisons between the 2 groups and then multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results.The incidence of recovery of both VRE and MRSA from culture of a single clinical specimen was 3.97% (for 61 of 1,536 VRE-colonized patients) over 4 years. Among these 82 single clinical specimens, the most common type was wound specimens (26.8%), followed by lower respiratory tract specimens (18.3%), urine specimens (17.1%), and catheter tips (15.9%). Of the 61 case patients, 14 (23.0%) had 2 or more single clinical specimens that yielded both VRE and MRSA on culture, and the longest interval from the first sampling that yielded both organisms to the last sampling that yielded both was 174 days. Independent patient risk factors for the presence of both VRE and MRSA in a single clinical specimen were chronic renal disease (odds ratio [OR], 7.00;P= .012), urinary catheterization (OR, 3.36;P= .026), and longer total cumulative duration of hospital stay within the previous year (OR, 1.03;P< .001).Conclusion.We confirmed that the recovery of VRE and MRSA from a single clinical specimen occurs continually. Because prolonged cell-to-cell contact can facilitate transfer ofvanA,close observation and surveillance for vancomycin-resistantS. aureus, especially among patients with risk factors for the recovery of both VRE and MRSA from a single clinical specimen, should be continued.
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Okui A, Soga Y, Kokeguchi S, Nose M, Yamanaka R, Kusano N, Morita M. Detection of Identical Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis from the Blood and Oral Mucosa in a Patient with Infective Endocarditis. Intern Med 2015; 54:1809-14. [PMID: 26179542 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of infective endocarditis (IE) of oral origin has been previously discussed. However, there are few reports confirming this infection using molecular biological techniques. We herein describe the case of a 67-year-old man who developed IE. Blood culture samples and strains obtained from the gingival and buccal mucosa showed 100% identity to Enterococcus faecalis JCM 5803 on sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments. A random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis showed the same pattern for these samples, thus confirming the identity of E. faecalis isolates in the blood and oral mucosa. Our observations provide novel information regarding the level of identity between IE pathogens and oral bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Okui
- Division of Hospital Dentistry, Central Clinical Department, Okayama University Hospital, Japan
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26
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Distribution of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in RAW meat and fish samples in Korea. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Taboada N, Núñez M, Medina R, López Alzogaray MS. Characterization and Technological Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Traditional Argentinean Goat’s Milk Products. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2014.895944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Recommended minimal standards for description of new taxa of the genera Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and related genera. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:1434-1451. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.060046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal standards for the description of new cultivable strains that represent novel genera and species belonging to the genera
Bifidobacterium
,
Lactobacillus
and related genera are proposed in accordance with Recommendation 30b of the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision): the description of novel species should be based on phenotypic, genotypic and ecological characteristics to ensure a rich polyphasic characterization. Concerning genotypic characterization, in addition to DNA G+C content (mol%) data, the description should be based on DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH), 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities and at least two housekeeping gene (e.g. hsp60 and recA) sequence similarities. DDH might not be needed if the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the closest known species is lower than 97 %. This proposal has been endorsed by members of the Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of
Bifidobacterium
,
Lactobacillus
and related organisms of the International Committee on the Systematics of Prokaryotes.
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Quintela-Baluja M, Böhme K, Fernández-No IC, Morandi S, Alnakip ME, Caamaño-Antelo S, Barros-Velázquez J, Calo-Mata P. Characterization of different food-isolatedEnterococcusstrains by MALDI-TOF mass fingerprinting. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2240-50. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Quintela-Baluja
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science; School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Santiago de Compostela; Lugo; Spain
| | - Karola Böhme
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science; School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Santiago de Compostela; Lugo; Spain
| | - Inmaculada C. Fernández-No
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science; School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Santiago de Compostela; Lugo; Spain
| | - Stefano Morandi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA-CNR); Milan; Italy
| | - Mohammed E. Alnakip
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science; School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Santiago de Compostela; Lugo; Spain
| | - Sonia Caamaño-Antelo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science; School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Santiago de Compostela; Lugo; Spain
| | - Jorge Barros-Velázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science; School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Santiago de Compostela; Lugo; Spain
| | - Pilar Calo-Mata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science; School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Santiago de Compostela; Lugo; Spain
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Comparison of Enterococcus species diversity in marine water and wastewater using Enterolert and EPA Method 1600. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 2013:848049. [PMID: 23840233 PMCID: PMC3691910 DOI: 10.1155/2013/848049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
EPA Method 1600 and Enterolert are used interchangeably to measure Enterococcus for fecal contamination of public beaches, but the methods occasionally produce different results. Here we assess whether these differences are attributable to the selectivity for certain species within the Enterococcus group. Both methods were used to obtain 1279 isolates from 17 environmental samples, including influent and effluent of four wastewater treatment plants, ambient marine water from seven different beaches, and freshwater urban runoff from two stream systems. The isolates were identified to species level. Detection of non-Enterococcus species was slightly higher using Enterolert (8.4%) than for EPA Method 1600 (5.1%). E. faecalis and E. faecium, commonly associated with human fecal waste, were predominant in wastewater; however, Enterolert had greater selectivity for E. faecalis, which was also shown using a laboratory-created sample. The same species selectivity was not observed for most beach water and urban runoff samples. These samples had relatively higher proportions of plant associated species, E. casseliflavus (18.5%) and E. mundtii (5.7%), compared to wastewater, suggesting environmental inputs to beaches and runoff. The potential for species selectivity among water testing methods should be considered when assessing the sanitary quality of beaches so that public health warnings are based on indicators representative of fecal sources.
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31
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Castillo-Rojas G, Mazari-Hiríart M, Ponce de León S, Amieva-Fernández RI, Agis-Juárez RA, Huebner J, López-Vidal Y. Comparison of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Strains isolated from water and clinical samples: antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic relationships. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59491. [PMID: 23560050 PMCID: PMC3613387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are part of the normal intestinal flora in a large number of mammals, and these microbes are currently used as indicators of fecal contamination in water and food for human consumption. These organisms are considered one of the primary causes of nosocomial and environmental infections due to their ability to survive in the environment and to their intrinsic resistance to antimicrobials. The aims of this study were to determine the biochemical patterns and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium isolates from clinical samples and from water (groundwater, water from the Xochimilco wetland, and treated water from the Mexico City Metropolitan Area) and to determine the genetic relationships among these isolates. A total of 121 enterococcus strains were studied; 31 and 90 strains were isolated from clinical samples and water (groundwater, water from the Xochimilco wetland, and water for agricultural irrigation), respectively. Identification to the species level was performed using a multiplex PCR assay, and antimicrobial profiles were obtained using a commercial kit. Twenty-eight strains were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). E. faecium strains isolated from water showed an atypical biochemical pattern. The clinical isolates showed higher resistance to antibiotics than those from water. Both the enterococci isolated from humans, and those isolated from water showed high genetic diversity according to the PFGE analysis, although some strains seemed to be closely related. In conclusion, enterococci isolated from humans and water are genetically different. However, water represents a potential route of transmission to the community and a source of antimicrobial resistance genes that may be readily transmitted to other, different bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Castillo-Rojas
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Marisa Mazari-Hiríart
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Sergio Ponce de León
- Subdirector de Servicios Paramédicos, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, México City, México
| | - Rosa I. Amieva-Fernández
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Raúl A. Agis-Juárez
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Johannes Huebner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yolanda López-Vidal
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
- * E-mail:
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32
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Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from meat and fishery production in Korea. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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33
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da Silva VL, Caçador NC, da Silva CDSF, Fontes CO, Garcia GD, Nicoli JR, Diniz CG. Occurrence of multidrug-resistant and toxic-metal tolerant enterococci in fresh feces from urban pigeons in Brazil. Microbes Environ 2012; 27:179-85. [PMID: 22791051 PMCID: PMC4036010 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me11296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus are emerging as important putative pathogens resistant to chemicals that are widely released into the environment, and urban pigeons might act as a natural reservoir contributing to the spread of resistant strains. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of Enterococcus in pigeon feces and their antimicrobial and toxic metal susceptibility. Bacteria were isolated and identified from 150 fresh feces by phenotypic and genetic techniques. Antimicrobial and toxic metal susceptibility was determined by the agar dilution method, and the multiple antibiotic resistance index (MAR) was calculated. Out of 120 isolates, no resistance was observed against penicillin and vancomycin, but was observed against gentamicin (55.8%), chloramphenicol (21.7%), tetracycline (13.3%), ciprofloxacin (8.4%) and rifampin (2.5%). 18.3% presented a MAR index ≥0.2, ranging between 0.14 to 0.57, indicating resistance to more than one antimicrobial. All samples were tolerant to >1024 μg mL−1 zinc and chromium. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1,024 μg mL−1 was observed for copper (100%) and nickel (71.4%). Mercury inhibited 88.4% at 32 μg mL−1 and the MIC for cadmium ranged from 0.125–128 μg mL−1. Since pigeons were found to harbor drug-resistant Enterococcus, our data support that their presence in the urban environment may contribute to the spread of resistance, with an impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Lúcia da Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
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Rathnayake IU, Hargreaves M, Huygens F. Antibiotic resistance and virulence traits in clinical and environmental Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates. Syst Appl Microbiol 2012; 35:326-33. [PMID: 22742879 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study compared virulence and antibiotic resistance traits in clinical and environmental Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates. E. faecalis isolates harboured a broader spectrum of virulence determinants compared to E. faecium isolates. The virulence traits Cyl-A, Cyl-B, Cyl-M, gel-E, esp and acm were tested and environmental isolates predominantly harboured gel-E (80% of E. faecalis and 31.9% of E. faecium) whereas esp was more prevalent in clinical isolates (67.8% of E. faecalis and 70.4% of E. faecium). E. faecalis and E. faecium isolated from water had different antibiotic resistance patterns compared to those isolated from clinical samples. Linezolid resistance was not observed in any isolates tested and vancomycin resistance was observed only in clinical isolates. Resistance to other antibiotics (tetracycline, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin) was detected in both clinical and water isolates. Clinical isolates were more resistant to all the antibiotics tested compared to water isolates. Multi-drug resistance was more prevalent in clinical isolates (71.2% of E. faecalis and 70.3% of E. faecium) compared to water isolates (only 5.7% E. faecium). tet L and tet M genes were predominantly identified in tetracycline-resistant isolates. All water and clinical isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin and ampicillin contained mutations in the gyrA, parC and pbp5 genes. A significant correlation was found between the presence of virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance in all the isolates tested in this study (p<0.05). The presence of antibiotic resistant enterococci, together with associated virulence traits, in surface recreational water could be a public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- I U Rathnayake
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
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Frolkova P, Ghosh A, Svec P, Zurek L, Literak I. Use of the manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase gene sodA for rapid identification of recently described enterococcal species. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2012; 57:439-42. [PMID: 22570141 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-012-0115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Frolkova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
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36
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Zaheer R, Yanke LJ, Church D, Topp E, Read RR, McAllister TA. High-throughput species identification of enterococci using pyrosequencing. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 89:174-8. [PMID: 22465481 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the development and validation of an automated high-throughput pyrosequencing-based method for the reliable identification of isolated Enterococcus species. This method exploits the discrete species-specificity of hypervariable groES-EL spacer region and utilizes a universal dispensation order optimized for a wide range of Enterococcus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Zaheer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
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37
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Vu J, Carvalho J. Enterococcus: review of its physiology, pathogenesis, diseases and the challenges it poses for clinical microbiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-011-1167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Makrai L, Nemes C, Simon A, Ivanics É, Dudás Z, Fodor L, Glávits R. Association of Enterococcus cecorum with vertebral osteomyelitis and spondylolisthesis in broiler parent chicks. Acta Vet Hung 2011; 59:11-21. [PMID: 21354938 DOI: 10.1556/avet.59.2011.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus cecorum is the most frequently occurring enterococcal species in the intestine of chickens of over 12 weeks of age, and there are few reports on its isolation from the skeleton of broiler parent chicks. In the present study, observations on vertebral osteomyelitis and spondylolisthesis ('kinky back syndrome') showing high incidence in 8 broiler parent flocks in different parts of Hungary are summarised. Clinical signs were seen only in roosters between 5 and 13 weeks of age. Diseased birds were alert and remained sitting on their hocks with their feet slightly raised off the ground. Incidence of the disease among male birds ranged from 8% to 30% depending on flocks. Enlargement and distortion of the body of the 6th vertebra were seen as the main pathological lesions. The cavity of the spinal canal was constricted by the distorted vertebral bodies. Resorption of bone tissue and sequestrum formation, signs of increased osteoclast activity, proliferation of fibrotic tissues, infiltration with heterophils and formation of sclerotic layers were detected in the vertebral bodies. From all 24 samples collected from the vertebral lesions, Enterococcus cecorum was isolated and identified using metabolic fingerprinting as well as 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Demonstration of E. cecorum from the vertebral lesions in all examined broiler breeder roosters showing the same clinical and pathological findings in different flocks suggested the pathogenic role of this microorganism for the first time in Hungary.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Makrai
- 1 Szent István University Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Hungária krt. 23-25 H-1143 Budapest Hungary
| | - Csaba Nemes
- 2 Division of Pathology of Kaposvár Central Agricultural Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Kaposvár Hungary
| | | | - Éva Ivanics
- 4 Laboratory of Poultry Pathology Central Agricultural Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Budapest Hungary
| | | | - László Fodor
- 1 Szent István University Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Hungária krt. 23-25 H-1143 Budapest Hungary
| | - Róbert Glávits
- 6 Laboratory of Mammalian Pathology and Histopathology Central Agricultural Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate Budapest Hungary
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39
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Identification of enterococci from broiler products and a broiler processing plant and description of Enterococcus viikkiensis sp. nov. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:1196-203. [PMID: 21183650 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02412-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In two previous studies dealing with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from modified-atmosphere-packaged (MAP) broiler products and a broiler processing plant, several isolates remained unidentified. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, 36 isolates were assigned to the genus Enterococcus. Numerical analysis of combined HindIII and EcoRI ribopatterns of these isolates resulted in species-specific clusters that were congruent with the clusters obtained by both DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit A (rpoA) and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase α chain (pheS) housekeeping gene analyses. In the analyses, a group of five isolates distinct from any known enterococcal species clustered together. The five isolates were positioned in the Enterococcus avium group, with E. devriesei being the closest phylogenetic neighbor. The DNA-DNA hybridization levels with E. devriesei ranged from 28.8 to 54.3% and indicated that these strains represented a novel species. The name Enterococcus viikkiensis sp. nov. is proposed, with strain DSM 24043(T) (LMG 26075(T)) being the type strain. Our study demonstrated that the identification of enterococci within the E. avium phylogenetic group demands polyphasic taxonomic approaches. The rpoA and pheS gene similarities (99.0 to 99.2% and 94.3 to 95.4%, respectively) between E. viikkiensis and its closest phylogenetic neighbor, E. devriesei, were higher than those previously reported within the enterococci. In addition, the phenotypic profiles of the species in the E. avium group were also highly similar, and some traits were found to be misleading for enterococci, such as E. viikkiensis does not grow at 45°C. The numerical analysis of combined HindIII and EcoRI ribopatterns was of considerable assistance in distinguishing enterococcal species within the E. avium group.
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40
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Evaluation of PCR-based typing methods for the identification of probiotic Enterococcus faecium strains from animal feeds. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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41
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42
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Detection and quantification of Enterococcus gilvus in cheese by real-time PCR. Syst Appl Microbiol 2009; 32:514-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Kotzamanidis C, Zdragas A, Kourelis A, Moraitou E, Papa A, Yiantzi V, Pantelidou C, Yiangou M. Characterization ofvanA-typeEnterococcus faeciumisolates from urban and hospital wastewater and pigs. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:997-1005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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44
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Characterization and safety evaluation of enterococci isolated from Spanish goats' milk cheeses. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 132:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Fisher K, Phillips C. The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:1749-1757. [PMID: 19383684 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.026385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Enterococci are Gram-positive, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, facultative anaerobic bacteria, which usually inhabit the alimentary tract of humans in addition to being isolated from environmental and animal sources. They are able to survive a range of stresses and hostile environments, including those of extreme temperature (5-65 degrees C), pH (4.5-10.0) and high NaCl concentration, enabling them to colonize a wide range of niches. Virulence factors of enterococci include the extracellular protein Esp and aggregation substances (Agg), both of which aid in colonization of the host. The nosocomial pathogenicity of enterococci has emerged in recent years, as well as increasing resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics. Understanding the ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus species is important for limiting urinary tract infections, hepatobiliary sepsis, endocarditis, surgical wound infection, bacteraemia and neonatal sepsis, and also stemming the further development of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Fisher
- University of Northampton, School of Health, Park Campus, Boughton Green Road, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK
| | - Carol Phillips
- University of Northampton, School of Health, Park Campus, Boughton Green Road, Northampton NN2 7AL, UK
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46
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Han SH, Chin BS, Lee HS, Jeong SJ, Choi HK, Kim CO, Yong D, Choi JY, Song YG, Lee K, Kim JM. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci bacteremia: Risk factors for mortality and influence of antimicrobial therapy on clinical outcome. J Infect 2009; 58:182-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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47
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Martín B, Corominas L, Garriga M, Aymerich T. Identification and tracing ofEnterococcusspp. by RAPD-PCR in traditional fermented sausages and meat environment. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:66-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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48
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Fornasari ME, Rossetti L, Remagni C, Giraffa G. Quantification of Enterococcus italicus in traditional Italian cheeses by fluorescence whole-cell hybridization. Syst Appl Microbiol 2008; 31:223-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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49
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Martín B, Garriga M, Aymerich T. Identification of Enterococcus species by melting curve analysis of restriction fragments. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 75:145-7. [PMID: 18558446 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the identification of Enterococcus species has been developed. It combines PCR amplification of sodA gene and 16S-23S intergenic spacer region with restriction enzyme digestion followed by a melting curve analysis of the restriction fragments (MCARF). All strains analyzed were correctly identified by MCARF. This method was proved to be a reliable enterococcal identification tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Martín
- Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology (IRTA), Finca Camps i Armet, E-17121 Monells, Spain
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50
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Evaluation of different PCR-based approaches for the identification and typing of environmental enterococci. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2007; 93:193-203. [PMID: 17929191 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-007-9193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the work was the evaluation of different PCR-based methods to found an appropriate identification and typing strategy for environmental enterococci. Environmental enterococci were isolated mainly from surface- and waste-waters. Species identification was provided by combination of phenotypic (Micronaut System, Merlin) and molecular detection methods (fluorescent ITS-PCR, ddl-PCR, REP-PCR, AFLP). Very similar results were observed among molecular methods, however several discrepancies were recognized during comparison of molecular and biochemical identification. Seven enterococcal species (E. faecium, E. hirae, E. casseliflavus, E. mundtii, E. faecalis, E. durans and E. gallinarum) were identified within 166 environmental isolates. The results obtained in this work attest the importance of PCR-based methods for identification and typing of environmental enterococci. The fluorescent ITS-PCR (fITS-PCR) showed the best results in order to identify the enterococci strains, the method used the automated capillary electrophoresis to separate the PCR products in a very rapid and precise way. The AFLP method was suitable to identify and characterize the isolates, while the REP-PCR can be used for species identification.
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