1
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Gao D, Ciancanelli MJ, Zhang P, Harschnitz O, Bondet V, Hasek M, Chen J, Mu X, Itan Y, Cobat A, Sancho-Shimizu V, Bigio B, Lorenzo L, Ciceri G, McAlpine J, Anguiano E, Jouanguy E, Chaussabel D, Meyts I, Diamond MS, Abel L, Hur S, Smith GA, Notarangelo L, Duffy D, Studer L, Casanova JL, Zhang SY. TLR3 controls constitutive IFN-β antiviral immunity in human fibroblasts and cortical neurons. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:134529. [PMID: 33393505 DOI: 10.1172/jci134529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis can be caused by inborn errors of the TLR3 pathway, resulting in impairment of CNS cell-intrinsic antiviral immunity. Deficiencies of the TLR3 pathway impair cell-intrinsic immunity to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and HSV-1 in fibroblasts, and to HSV-1 in cortical but not trigeminal neurons. The underlying molecular mechanism is thought to involve impaired IFN-α/β induction by the TLR3 recognition of dsRNA viral intermediates or by-products. However, we show here that human TLR3 controls constitutive levels of IFNB mRNA and secreted bioactive IFN-β protein, and thereby also controls constitutive mRNA levels for IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in fibroblasts. Tlr3-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts also have lower basal ISG levels. Moreover, human TLR3 controls basal levels of IFN-β secretion and ISG mRNA in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons. Consistently, TLR3-deficient human fibroblasts and cortical neurons are vulnerable not only to both VSV and HSV-1, but also to several other families of viruses. The mechanism by which TLR3 restricts viral growth in human fibroblasts and cortical neurons in vitro and, by inference, by which the human CNS prevents infection by HSV-1 in vivo, is therefore based on the control of early viral infection by basal IFN-β immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxing Gao
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, and.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Michael J Ciancanelli
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Turnstone Biologics, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Oliver Harschnitz
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vincent Bondet
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Mary Hasek
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xin Mu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuval Itan
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, and.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, United Kingdom
| | - Benedetta Bigio
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Gabriele Ciceri
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica McAlpine
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Esperanza Anguiano
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research/ANRS Center for Human Vaccines, INSERM U899, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research/ANRS Center for Human Vaccines, INSERM U899, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Precision Immunology Institute and Mindich Child Health and Development Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sun Hur
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory A Smith
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Luigi Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, and.,Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Pediatric Immunology-Hematology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
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2
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Wang S, Dai T, Qin Z, Pan T, Chu F, Lou L, Zhang L, Yang B, Huang H, Lu H, Zhou F. Targeting liquid-liquid phase separation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein promotes innate antiviral immunity by elevating MAVS activity. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:718-732. [PMID: 34239064 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 exhibit low expression of interferon-stimulated genes, contributing to a limited antiviral response. Uncovering the underlying mechanism of innate immune suppression and rescuing the innate antiviral response remain urgent issues in the current pandemic. Here we identified that the dimerization domain of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (SARS2-NP) is required for SARS2-NP to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation with RNA, which inhibits Lys63-linked poly-ubiquitination and aggregation of MAVS and thereby suppresses the innate antiviral immune response. Mice infected with an RNA virus carrying SARS2-NP exhibited reduced innate immunity, an increased viral load and high morbidity. Notably, we identified SARS2-NP acetylation at Lys375 by host acetyltransferase and reported frequently occurring acetylation-mimicking mutations of Lys375, all of which impaired SARS2-NP liquid-liquid phase separation with RNA. Importantly, a peptide targeting the dimerization domain was screened out to disrupt the SARS2-NP liquid-liquid phase separation and demonstrated to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication and rescue innate antiviral immunity both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tong Dai
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ziran Qin
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Center for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Chu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingfeng Lou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Long Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Huizhe Huang
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chonqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huasong Lu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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3
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Adomati T, Cham LB, Hamdan TA, Bhat H, Duhan V, Li F, Ali M, Lang E, Huang A, Naser E, Khairnar V, Friedrich SK, Lang J, Friebus-Kardash J, Bergerhausen M, Schiller M, Machlah YM, Lang F, Häussinger D, Ferencik S, Hardt C, Lang PA, Lang KS. Dead Cells Induce Innate Anergy via Mertk after Acute Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3671-3681.e5. [PMID: 32187540 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections can result in a temporarily restricted unresponsiveness of the innate immune response, thereby limiting pathogen control. Mechanisms of such unresponsiveness are well studied in lipopolysaccharide tolerance; however, whether mechanisms of tolerance limit innate immunity during virus infection remains unknown. Here, we find that infection with the highly cytopathic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) leads to innate anergy for several days. Innate anergy is associated with induction of apoptotic cells, which activates the Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM) receptor Mertk and induces high levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Lack of Mertk in Mertk-/- mice prevents induction of IL-10 and TGF-β, resulting in abrogation of innate anergy. Innate anergy is associated with enhanced VSV replication and poor survival after infection. Mechanistically, Mertk signaling upregulates suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and SOCS3. Dexamethasone treatment upregulates Mertk and enhances innate anergy in a Mertk-dependent manner. In conclusion, we identify Mertk as one major regulator of innate tolerance during infection with VSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Adomati
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Lamin B Cham
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thamer A Hamdan
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hilal Bhat
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vikas Duhan
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fanghui Li
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Murtaza Ali
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Lang
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anfei Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eyad Naser
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vishal Khairnar
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Systems Biology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | | | - Judith Lang
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology I, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Cornelia Hardt
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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4
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Sauter D, Kirchhoff F. Multilayered and versatile inhibition of cellular antiviral factors by HIV and SIV accessory proteins. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018. [PMID: 29526437 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1, the main causative agent of AIDS, and related primate lentiviruses show a striking ability to efficiently replicate throughout the lifetime of an infected host. In addition to their high variability, the acquisition of several accessory genes has enabled these viruses to efficiently evade or counteract seemingly strong antiviral immune responses. The respective viral proteins, i.e. Vif, Vpr, Vpu, Vpx and Nef, show a stunning functional diversity, acting by various mechanisms and targeting a large variety of cellular factors involved in innate and adaptive immunity. A focus of the present review is the accumulating evidence that Vpr, Vpu and Nef not only directly target cellular antiviral factors at the protein level, but also suppress their expression by modulating the activity of immune-regulatory transcription factors such as NF-κB. Furthermore, we will discuss the ability of accessory proteins to act as versatile adaptors, removing antiviral proteins from their sites of action and/or targeting them for proteasomal or endolysosomal degradation. Here, the main emphasis will be on emerging examples for functional interactions, synergisms and switches between accessory primate lentiviral proteins. A better understanding of this complex interplay between cellular immune defense mechanisms and viral countermeasures might facilitate the development of effective vaccines, help to prevent harmful chronic inflammation, and provide insights into the establishment and maintenance of latent viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstr. 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstr. 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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5
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Melzer MK, Lopez-Martinez A, Altomonte J. Oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus as a Viro-Immunotherapy: Defeating Cancer with a "Hammer" and "Anvil". Biomedicines 2017; 5:E8. [PMID: 28536351 PMCID: PMC5423493 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have gained much attention in recent years, due, not only to their ability to selectively replicate in and lyse tumor cells, but to their potential to stimulate antitumor immune responses directed against the tumor. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a negative-strand RNA virus, is under intense development as an oncolytic virus due to a variety of favorable properties, including its rapid replication kinetics, inherent tumor specificity, and its potential to elicit a broad range of immunomodulatory responses to break immune tolerance in the tumor microenvironment. Based on this powerful platform, a multitude of strategies have been applied to further improve the immune-stimulating potential of VSV and synergize these responses with the direct oncolytic effect. These strategies include: 1. modification of endogenous virus genes to stimulate interferon induction; 2. virus-mediated expression of cytokines or immune-stimulatory molecules to enhance anti-tumor immune responses; 3. vaccination approaches to stimulate adaptive immune responses against a tumor antigen; 4. combination with adoptive immune cell therapy for potentially synergistic therapeutic responses. A summary of these approaches will be presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karl Melzer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Arturo Lopez-Martinez
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Altomonte
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
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6
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Varble AJ, Ried CD, Hammond WJ, Marquis KA, Woodruff MC, Ferran MC. The vesicular stomatitis virus matrix protein inhibits NF-κB activation in mouse L929 cells. Virology 2016; 499:99-104. [PMID: 27643886 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A previous study found that NF-κB activation is delayed in L929 cells infected with wild-type (wt) strains of VSV, while activation occurred earlier in cells infected with mutant strain T1026R1 (R1) that encodes a mutation in the cytotoxic matrix (M) protein. The integrity of the other R1 proteins is unknown; therefore our goal was to identify the viral component responsible for preventing NF-κB activation in L929 cells. We found that the M protein inhibits viral-mediated activation of NF-κB in the context of viral infection and when expressed alone via transfection, and that the M51R mutation in M abrogates this function. Addition of an IκB kinase (IKK) inhibitor blocked NF-κB activation and interferon-β mRNA expression in cells infected with viruses encoding the M51R mutation in M. These results indicate that the VSV M protein inhibits activation of NF-κB by targeting an event upstream of IKK in the canonical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Varble
- Thomas Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Christopher D Ried
- Thomas Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Warren J Hammond
- Thomas Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kaitlin A Marquis
- Thomas Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Matthew C Woodruff
- Thomas Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Maureen C Ferran
- Thomas Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA.
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7
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Nassi JJ, Cepko CL, Born RT, Beier KT. Neuroanatomy goes viral! Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:80. [PMID: 26190977 PMCID: PMC4486834 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system is complex not simply because of the enormous number of neurons it contains but by virtue of the specificity with which they are connected. Unraveling this specificity is the task of neuroanatomy. In this endeavor, neuroanatomists have traditionally exploited an impressive array of tools ranging from the Golgi method to electron microscopy. An ideal method for studying anatomy would label neurons that are interconnected, and, in addition, allow expression of foreign genes in these neurons. Fortuitously, nature has already partially developed such a method in the form of neurotropic viruses, which have evolved to deliver their genetic material between synaptically connected neurons while largely eluding glia and the immune system. While these characteristics make some of these viruses a threat to human health, simple modifications allow them to be used in controlled experimental settings, thus enabling neuroanatomists to trace multi-synaptic connections within and across brain regions. Wild-type neurotropic viruses, such as rabies and alpha-herpes virus, have already contributed greatly to our understanding of brain connectivity, and modern molecular techniques have enabled the construction of recombinant forms of these and other viruses. These newly engineered reagents are particularly useful, as they can target genetically defined populations of neurons, spread only one synapse to either inputs or outputs, and carry instructions by which the targeted neurons can be made to express exogenous proteins, such as calcium sensors or light-sensitive ion channels, that can be used to study neuronal function. In this review, we address these uniquely powerful features of the viruses already in the neuroanatomist's toolbox, as well as the aspects of their biology that currently limit their utility. Based on the latter, we consider strategies for improving viral tracing methods by reducing toxicity, improving control of transsynaptic spread, and extending the range of species that can be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Nassi
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Constance L Cepko
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard T Born
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin T Beier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Biology, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
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8
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Ciancanelli MJ, Huang SXL, Luthra P, Garner H, Itan Y, Volpi S, Lafaille FG, Trouillet C, Schmolke M, Albrecht RA, Israelsson E, Lim HK, Casadio M, Hermesh T, Lorenzo L, Leung LW, Pedergnana V, Boisson B, Okada S, Picard C, Ringuier B, Troussier F, Chaussabel D, Abel L, Pellier I, Notarangelo LD, García-Sastre A, Basler CF, Geissmann F, Zhang SY, Snoeck HW, Casanova JL. Infectious disease. Life-threatening influenza and impaired interferon amplification in human IRF7 deficiency. Science 2015; 348:448-53. [PMID: 25814066 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe influenza disease strikes otherwise healthy children and remains unexplained. We report compound heterozygous null mutations in IRF7, which encodes the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 7, in an otherwise healthy child who suffered life-threatening influenza during primary infection. In response to influenza virus, the patient's leukocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells produced very little type I and III interferons (IFNs). Moreover, the patient's dermal fibroblasts and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived pulmonary epithelial cells produced reduced amounts of type I IFN and displayed increased influenza virus replication. These findings suggest that IRF7-dependent amplification of type I and III IFNs is required for protection against primary infection by influenza virus in humans. They also show that severe influenza may result from single-gene inborn errors of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ciancanelli
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah X L Huang
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priya Luthra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannah Garner
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Yuval Itan
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Division of Immunology and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabien G Lafaille
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Céline Trouillet
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Mirco Schmolke
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisabeth Israelsson
- Department of Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hye Kyung Lim
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melina Casadio
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tamar Hermesh
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Lawrence W Leung
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincent Pedergnana
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Satoshi Okada
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Capucine Picard
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France. Study Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies, AP-HP, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Damien Chaussabel
- Department of Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA. Department of Systems Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Pellier
- Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Oncology Unit, University Hospital Centre of Angers, Angers, France. INSERM U892, CNRS U6299, Angers, France
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frédéric Geissmann
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France. Pediatric Immuno-Hematology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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The strength of the T cell response against a surrogate tumor antigen induced by oncolytic VSV therapy does not correlate with tumor control. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1198-1210. [PMID: 24590047 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy using oncolytic viruses has gained interest in the last decade. Vesicular stomatitis virus is an attractive candidate for this alternative treatment approach. The importance of the immune response against tumor antigens in virotherapy efficacy is now well recognized, however, its relative contribution versus the intrinsic oncolytic capacity of viruses has been difficult to evaluate. To start addressing this question, we compared glycoprotein and matrix mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), showing different oncolytic potentials for B16/B16gp33 melanoma tumor cells in vitro, with the wild-type virus in their ability to induce tumor-specific CD8(+) T cell responses and control tumor progression in vivo. Despite the fact that wild-type and G mutants induced a stronger gp33-specific immune response compared to the MM51R mutant, all VSV strains showed a similar capacity to slow down tumor progression. The effectiveness of the matrix mutant treatment proved to be CD8(+) dependent and directed against tumor antigens other than gp33 since adoptive transfer of isolated CD8(+) T lymphocytes from treated B16gp33-bearing mice resulted in significant protection of naive mice against challenge with the parental tumor. Remarkably, the VSV matrix mutant induced the upregulation of major histocompatibility class-I antigen at the tumor cell surface thus favoring recognition by CD8(+) T cells. These results demonstrate that VSV mutants induce an antitumor immune response using several mechanisms. A better understanding of these mechanisms will prove useful for the rational design of viruses with improved therapeutic efficacy.
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10
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Identification of multipath genes differentially expressed in pathway-targeted microarrays in zebrafish infected and surviving spring viremia carp virus (SVCV) suggest preventive drug candidates. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73553. [PMID: 24069208 PMCID: PMC3772095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spring viremia carp virus (SVCV) is a rhabdovirus seasonally affecting warm-water cyprinid fish farming causing high impacts in worldwide economy. Because of the lack of effective preventive treatments, the identification of multipath genes involved in SVCV infection might be an alternative to explore the possibilities of using drugs for seasonal prevention of this fish disease. Because the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a cyprinid susceptible to SVCV and their genetics and genome sequence are well advanced, it has been chosen as a model for SVCV infections. We have used newly designed pathway-targeted microarrays 3-4-fold enriched for immune/infection functional-relevant probes by using zebrafish orthologous to human genes from selected pathways of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The comparative analysis of differential expression of genes through 20 pathways in 2-day exposed or 30-day survivors of SVCV infection allowed the identification of 16 multipath genes common to more than 6 pathways. In addition, receptors (Toll-like, B-cell, T-cell, RIG1-like) as well as viral RNA infection pathways were identified as the most important human-like pathways targeted by SVCV infection. Furthermore, by using bioinformatic tools to compare the promoter sequences corresponding to up and downregulated multipath gene groups, we identified putative common transcription factors which might be controlling such responses in a coordinated manner. Possible drug candidates to be tested in fish, can be identified now through search of data bases among those associated with the human orthologous to the zebrafish multipath genes. With the use of pathway-targeted microarrays, we identified some of the most important genes and transcription factors which might be implicated in viral shutoff and/or host survival responses after SVCV infection. These results could contribute to develop novel drug-based prevention methods and consolidate the zebrafish/SVCV as a model for vertebrate viral diseases.
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11
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Janelle V, Poliquin L, Lamarre A. [Vesicular stomatitis virus in the fight against cancer]. Med Sci (Paris) 2013; 29:175-82. [PMID: 23452604 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2013292015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease that affects more and more people around the world. Unfortunately, existing treatments are only partially efficient and often induce major side effects. Thus, the use of viruses to selectively kill cancer cells is a new promising therapeutic approach. Recently, VSV has been used in oncolytic virotherapy because of its capacity to preferentially infect most human tumor cells. However, despite the availability of good oncolytic VSV mutants, the large variability of tumor cell types and the multiple ways in which they can evade viral infection suggests that therapeutic combinations of various viruses will be necessary to efficiently treat most cancers. A better understanding of the infection mechanisms and immune system recruitment by oncolytic viruses will be of great value for the development of safe and efficient strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Janelle
- Laboratoire d'immunovirologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, Québec, Canada.
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12
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Cytopathogenesis of vesicular stomatitis virus is regulated by the PSAP motif of M protein in a species-dependent manner. Viruses 2012; 4:1605-18. [PMID: 23170175 PMCID: PMC3499822 DOI: 10.3390/v4091605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an important vector-borne pathogen of bovine and equine species, causing a reportable vesicular disease. The matrix (M) protein of VSV is multifunctional and plays a key role in cytopathogenesis, apoptosis, host protein shut-off, and virion assembly/budding. Our previous findings indicated that mutations of residues flanking the 37PSAP40 motif within the M protein resulted in VSV recombinants having attenuated phenotypes in mice. In this report, we characterize the phenotype of VSV recombinant PS > A4 (which harbors four alanines (AAAA) in place of the PSAP motif without disruption of flanking residues) in both mice, and in Aedes albopictus C6/36 mosquito and Culicoides sonorensis KC cell lines. The PS > A4 recombinant displayed an attenuated phenotype in infected mice as judged by weight loss, mortality, and viral titers measured from lung and brain samples of infected animals. However, unexpectedly, the PS > A4 recombinant displayed a robust cytopathic phenotype in insect C6/36 cells compared to that observed with control viruses. Notably, titers of recombinant PS > A4 were approximately 10-fold greater than those of control viruses in infected C6/36 cells and in KC cells from Culicoides sonorensis, a known VSV vector species. In addition, recombinant PS > A4 induced a 25-fold increase in the level of C3 caspase activity in infected C6/36 cells. These findings indicate that the PSAP motif plays a direct role in regulating cytopathogenicity in a species-dependent manner, and suggest that the intact PSAP motif may be important for maintaining persistence of VSV in an insect host.
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13
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Mutations in the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus affect cytopathogenicity: potential for oncolytic virotherapy. J Virol 2011; 85:6513-20. [PMID: 21561919 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02484-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been widely used to characterize cellular processes, viral resistance, and cytopathogenicity. Recently, VSV has also been used for oncolytic virotherapy due to its capacity to selectively lyse tumor cells. Mutants of the matrix (M) protein of VSV have generally been preferred to the wild-type virus for oncolysis because of their ability to induce type I interferon (IFN) despite causing weaker cytopathic effects. However, due to the large variability of tumor types, it is quite clear that various approaches and combinations of multiple oncolytic viruses will be needed to effectively treat most cancers. With this in mind, our work focused on characterizing the cytopathogenic profiles of four replicative envelope glycoprotein (G) VSV mutants. In contrast to the prototypic M mutant, VSV G mutants are as efficient as wild-type virus at inhibiting cellular transcription and host protein translation. Despite being highly cytopathic, the mutant G(6R) triggers type I interferon secretion as efficiently as the M mutant. Importantly, most VSV G mutants are more effective at killing B16 and MC57 tumor cells in vitro than the M mutant or wild-type virus through apoptosis induction. Taken together, our results demonstrate that VSV G mutants retain the high cytopathogenicity of wild-type VSV, with G(6R) inducing type I IFN secretion at levels similar to that of the M mutant. VSV G protein mutants could therefore prove to be highly valuable for the development of novel oncolytic virotherapy strategies that are both safe and efficient for the treatment of various types of cancer.
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14
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Hoffmann M, Wu YJ, Gerber M, Berger-Rentsch M, Heimrich B, Schwemmle M, Zimmer G. Fusion-active glycoprotein G mediates the cytotoxicity of vesicular stomatitis virus M mutants lacking host shut-off activity. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2782-93. [PMID: 20631091 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.023978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytopathogenicity of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been attributed mainly to the host shut-off activity of the viral matrix (M) protein, which inhibits both nuclear transcription and nucleocytoplasmic RNA transport, thereby effectively suppressing the synthesis of type I interferon (IFN). The M protein from persistently VSV-infected cells was shown to harbour characteristic amino acid substitutions (M51R, V221F and S226R) implicated in IFN induction. This study demonstrates that infection of human fibroblasts with recombinant VSV containing the M51R substitution resulted in IFN induction, whereas neither the V221F nor the S226R substitution effected an IFN-inducing phenotype. Only when V221F was combined with S226R were the host shut-off activity of the M protein abolished and IFN induced, independently of M51R. The M33A substitution, previously implicated in VSV cytotoxicity, did not affect host shut-off activity. M-mutant VSV containing all four amino acid substitutions retained cytotoxic properties in both Vero cells and IFN-competent primary fibroblasts. Infected-cell death was associated with the formation of giant polynucleated cells, suggesting that the fusion activity of the VSV G protein was involved. Accordingly, M-mutant VSV expressing a fusion-defective G protein or with a deletion of the G gene showed significantly reduced cytotoxic properties and caused long-lasting infections in Vero cells and mouse hippocampal slice cultures. In contrast, a G-deleted VSV expressing wild-type M protein remained cytotoxic. These findings indicate that the host shut-off activity of the M protein dominates VSV cytotoxicty, whilst the fusion-active G protein is mainly responsible for the cytotoxicity remaining with M-mutant VSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hoffmann
- Institut für Virologie, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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15
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Quan PL, Junglen S, Tashmukhamedova A, Conlan S, Hutchison SK, Kurth A, Ellerbrok H, Egholm M, Briese T, Leendertz FH, Lipkin WI. Moussa virus: a new member of the Rhabdoviridae family isolated from Culex decens mosquitoes in Côte d'Ivoire. Virus Res 2009; 147:17-24. [PMID: 19804801 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of arboviruses at the interface of pristine habitats and anthropogenic landscapes is crucial to comprehensive emergent disease surveillance and forecasting efforts. In context of a surveillance campaign in and around a West African rainforest, particles morphologically consistent with rhabdoviruses were identified in cell cultures infected with homogenates of trapped mosquitoes. RNA recovered from these cultures was used to derive the first complete genome sequence of a rhabdovirus isolated from Culex decens mosquitoes in Côte d'Ivoire, tentatively named Moussa virus (MOUV). MOUV shows the classical genome organization of rhabdoviruses, with five open reading frames (ORF) in a linear order. However, sequences show only limited conservation (12-33% identity at amino acid level), and ORF2 and ORF3 have no significant similarity to sequences deposited in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis indicates a potential new species with distant relationship to Tupaia and Tibrogargan virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phenix-Lan Quan
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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16
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Marozin S, Altomonte J, Stadler F, Thasler WE, Schmid RM, Ebert O. Inhibition of the IFN-β Response in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Alternative Spliced Isoform of IFN Regulatory Factor-3. Mol Ther 2008; 16:1789-1797. [DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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17
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Zhang J, Timoney PJ, MacLachlan NJ, McCollum WH, Balasuriya UBR. Persistent equine arteritis virus infection in HeLa cells. J Virol 2008; 82:8456-64. [PMID: 18579588 PMCID: PMC2519626 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01249-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The horse-adapted virulent Bucyrus (VB) strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV) established persistent infection in high-passage-number human cervix cells (HeLa-H cells; passages 170 to 221) but not in low-passage-number human cervix cells (HeLa-L cells; passages 95 to 115) or in several other cell lines that were evaluated. However, virus recovered from the 80th passage of the persistently infected HeLa-H cells (HeLa-H-EAVP80) readily established persistent infection in HeLa-L cells. Comparative sequence analysis of the entire genomes of the VB and HeLa-H-EAVP80 viruses identified 16 amino acid substitutions, including 4 in the replicase (nsp1, nsp2, nsp7, and nsp9) and 12 in the structural proteins (E, GP2, GP3, GP4, and GP5). Reverse genetic studies clearly showed that substitutions in the structural proteins but not the replicase were responsible for the establishment of persistent infection in HeLa-L cells by the HeLa-H-EAVP80 virus. It was further demonstrated that recombinant viruses with substitutions in the minor structural proteins E and GP2 or GP3 and GP4 were unable to establish persistent infection in HeLa-L cells but that recombinant viruses with combined substitutions in the E (Ser53-->Cys and Val55-->Ala), GP2 (Leu15-->Ser, Trp31-->Arg, Val87-->Leu, and Ala112-->Thr), GP3 (Ser115-->Gly and Leu135-->Pro), and GP4 (Tyr4-->His and Ile109-->Phe) proteins or with a single point mutation in the GP5 protein (Pro98-->Leu) were able to establish persistent infection in HeLa-L cells. In summary, an in vitro model of EAV persistence in cell culture was established for the first time. This system can provide a valuable model for studying virus-host cell interactions, especially virus-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0099, USA
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18
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Neznanov N, Dragunsky EM, Chumakov KM, Neznanova L, Wek RC, Gudkov AV, Banerjee AK. Different effect of proteasome inhibition on vesicular stomatitis virus and poliovirus replication. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1887. [PMID: 18382670 PMCID: PMC2268745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome activity is an important part of viral replication. In this study, we examined the effect of proteasome inhibitors on the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and poliovirus. We found that the proteasome inhibitors significantly suppressed VSV protein synthesis, virus accumulation, and protected infected cells from toxic effect of VSV replication. In contrast, poliovirus replication was delayed, but not diminished in the presence of the proteasome inhibitors MG132 and Bortezomib. We also found that inhibition of proteasomes stimulated stress-related processes, such as accumulation of chaperone hsp70, phosphorylation of eIF2α, and overall inhibition of translation. VSV replication was sensitive to this stress with significant decline in replication process. Poliovirus growth was less sensitive with only delay in replication. Inhibition of proteasome activity suppressed cellular and VSV protein synthesis, but did not reduce poliovirus protein synthesis. Protein kinase GCN2 supported the ability of proteasome inhibitors to attenuate general translation and to suppress VSV replication. We propose that different mechanisms of translational initiation by VSV and poliovirus determine their sensitivity to stress induced by the inhibition of proteasomes. To our knowledge, this is the first study that connects the effect of stress induced by proteasome inhibition with the efficiency of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolay Neznanov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
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19
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Irie T, Carnero E, Okumura A, García-Sastre A, Harty RN. Modifications of the PSAP region of the matrix protein lead to attenuation of vesicular stomatitis virus in vitro and in vivo. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2559-2567. [PMID: 17698667 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix (M) protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a multi-functional protein involved in virus assembly, budding and pathogenesis. The (24)PPPY(27) late (L) domain of the M protein plays a key role in virus budding, whereas amino acids downstream of the PPPY motif contribute to host protein shut-off and pathogenesis. Using a panel of (37)PSAP(40) recombinant viruses, it has been demonstrated previously that the PSAP region of M does not possess L-domain activity similar to that of PPPY in BHK-21 cells. This study reports the unanticipated finding that these PSAP recombinants were attenuated in cell culture and in mice compared with control viruses. Indeed, PSAP recombinant viruses exhibited a small-plaque phenotype, reduced CPE, reduced levels of activated caspase-3, enhanced production of IFN-beta and reduced titres in the lungs and brains of infected mice. In particular, recombinant virus M6PY>A4-R34E was the most severely attenuated, exhibiting little or no CPE in cell culture and undetectable titres in the lungs and brains of infected mice. These findings indicate an important role for the PSAP region (aa 33-44) of the M protein in the pathology of VSV infection and may have implications for the development of VSV as a vaccine and/or oncolytic vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Irie
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elena Carnero
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Ronald N Harty
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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20
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Breitbach CJ, Paterson JM, Lemay CG, Falls TJ, McGuire A, Parato KA, Stojdl DF, Daneshmand M, Speth K, Kirn D, McCart JA, Atkins H, Bell JC. Targeted inflammation during oncolytic virus therapy severely compromises tumor blood flow. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1686-93. [PMID: 17579581 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are selected or designed to eliminate malignancies by direct infection and lysis of cancer cells. In contrast to this concept of direct tumor lysis by viral infection, we observed that a significant portion of the in vivo tumor killing activity of two OVs, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and vaccinia virus is caused by indirect killing of uninfected tumor cells. Shortly after administering the oncolytic virus we observed limited virus infection, coincident with a loss of blood flow to the interior of the tumor that correlated with induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. Transcript profiling of tumors showed that virus infection resulted in a dramatic transcriptional activation of pro-inflammatory genes including the neutrophil chemoattractants CXCL1 and CXCL5. Immunohistochemical examination of infected tumors revealed infiltration by neutrophils correlating with chemokine induction. Depletion of neutrophils in animals prior to VSV administration eliminated uninfected tumor cell apoptosis and permitted more extensive replication and spreading of the virus throughout the tumor. Taken all together, these results indicate that targeted recruitment of neutrophils to infected tumor beds enhances the killing of malignant cells. We propose that activation of inflammatory cells can be used for enhancing the effectiveness of oncolytic virus therapeutics, and that this approach should influence the planning of therapeutic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Breitbach
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Goel A, Carlson SK, Classic KL, Greiner S, Naik S, Power AT, Bell JC, Russell SJ. Radioiodide imaging and radiovirotherapy of multiple myeloma using VSV(Delta51)-NIS, an attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus encoding the sodium iodide symporter gene. Blood 2007; 110:2342-50. [PMID: 17515401 PMCID: PMC1988925 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-01-065573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a radiosensitive malignancy that is currently incurable. Here, we generated a novel recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus [VSV(Delta51)-NIS] that has a deletion of methionine 51 in the matrix protein and expresses the human sodium iodide symporter (NIS) gene. VSV(Delta51)-NIS showed specific oncolytic activity against myeloma cell lines and primary myeloma cells and was able to replicate to high titers in myeloma cells in vitro. Iodide uptake assays showed accumulation of radioactive iodide in VSV(Delta51)-NIS-infected myeloma cells that was specific to the function of the NIS transgene. In bg/nd/xid mice with established subcutaneous myeloma tumors, administration of VSV(Delta51)-NIS resulted in high intratumoral virus replication and tumor regression. VSV-associated neurotoxicity was not observed. Intratumoral spread of the infection was monitored noninvasively by serial gamma camera imaging of (123)I-iodide biodistribution. Dosimetry calculations based on these images pointed to the feasibility of combination radiovirotherapy with VSV(Delta51)-NIS plus (131)I. Immunocompetent mice with syngeneic 5TGM1 myeloma tumors (either subcutaneous or orthotopic) showed significant enhancements of tumor regression and survival when VSV(Delta51)-NIS was combined with (131)I. These results show that VSV(Delta51)-NIS is a safe oncolytic agent with significant therapeutic potential in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apollina Goel
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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22
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Abstract
The emergence of vesicular stomatatis virus (VSV) as a potent antitumor agent has made a dissection of the molecular determinants of host-cell permissiveness to this virus an important objective. Such insight would not only enable the intelligent design of future generations of recombinant VSV vectors to combat disease, but may also resolve general features of cellular transformation that may be exploited by this virus, and perhaps other oncolytic viruses. The defective pathways underlining the oncolytic activity of VSV remain to be fully determined but recent data indicates that flaws in innate immune responses, involving the interferon (IFN) system, may commonly occur in tumor cells and thus play a large role in facilitating oncolysis. Aside from the IFN system, however, it is almost certain that other key cellular pathways may be similarly defective and therefore cooperatively contribute towards mediating rapid oncolytic virus activity. Recent data have indicated that defects in cancer cell translational regulation could be one area that may be exploited by VSV. Certainly, all viruses require cellular protein synthesis pathways to facilitate their replication and many have devised numerous mechanisms to ensure that viral mRNAs become translated at the expense of the host. Using VSV as a model, this review will discuss some of the recent developments in the fields of innate immunity and translational regulation that may help explain mechanisms of viral oncolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen N Barber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33136, USA.
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23
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Shinozaki K, Ebert O, Suriawinata A, Thung SN, Woo SLC. Prophylactic alpha interferon treatment increases the therapeutic index of oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus virotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in immune-competent rats. J Virol 2005; 79:13705-13. [PMID: 16227290 PMCID: PMC1262571 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.21.13705-13713.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a negative-strand RNA virus with intrinsic oncolytic specificity due to substantially attenuated antiviral responses in many tumors. We have recently reported that recombinant VSV vector can be used as an effective oncolytic agent to safely treat multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the livers of immune-competent rats via hepatic artery infusion. When administered at doses above the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), however, the animals suffered from neurotoxicity and/or acute lethal hepatotoxicity. Since VSV is extremely sensitive to the antiviral actions of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) in normal cells, we tested if prophylactic treatment with rat IFN-alpha would enhance VSV safety without compromising treatment efficacy in tumor-bearing rats. We found that VSV retained its replication potential in human and rat HCC cells after preincubation with relatively high doses of rat and human IFN-alpha in vitro, and its MTD in tumor-bearing rats treated systemically with rat IFN-alpha at 66 IU/g body weight (BW), equivalent to a human IFN-alpha dose that is currently prescribed for patients with viral hepatitis, was elevated by more than 1/2 log unit. Furthermore, we demonstrate that intratumoral replication of VSV was not attenuated by administration of 66 IU/g BW rat IFN-alpha, as tumor response and survival advantage in VSV-treated rats in the presence or absence of rat IFN-alpha were equivalent. The results suggest that prophylactic rat IFN-alpha treatment elevates the therapeutic index of hepatic arterial VSV therapy for multifocal HCC in rats. Since human IFN-alpha is currently in clinical use, its prophylactic application should be considered in future clinical translational protocols for VSV-mediated oncolytic virotherapy as a novel therapeutic modality in patients with advanced HCC, as well as other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Shinozaki
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1496, New York, NY 10029-6574.
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24
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Ebert O, Harbaran S, Shinozaki K, Woo SLC. Systemic therapy of experimental breast cancer metastases by mutant vesicular stomatitis virus in immune-competent mice. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 12:350-8. [PMID: 15565179 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In view of the limited success of available treatment modalities for metastatic breast cancer, alternative and complementary strategies need to be developed. Oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a promising novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of recombinant VSV containing the M51R mutation in the matrix (M) protein gene administered intravenously as an effective and safe therapeutic agent for treating mice with experimental breast cancer metastases. Recombinant VSV(M51R)-LacZ was generated and characterized in vitro on human and murine breast cancer cells. Breast cancer metastases were established in immune-competent Balb/c mice by intravenous injection of syngeneic 4T1 cells. The vector was infused into the tumor-bearing animals via the tail vein, and productive infection of pulmonary breast cancer lesions was assessed by X-gal stainings of frozen lung sections. To evaluate potential systemic toxicity, histology of major organs and serum chemistries were analyzed. To assess effectiveness, buffer- or vector-treated tumor-bearing mice were followed for survival and the results were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. We found that VSV(M51R)-LacZ efficiently replicated and lysed human breast cancer cells but was partially attenuated in 4T1 cells in vitro. We also demonstrated that its maximum tolerated dose after intravenous infusion in normal Balb/c mice was elevated by at least 100-fold over that of the parental VSV vector containing the wild-type M gene. When VSV(M51R)-LacZ was repeatedly injected intravenously into mice bearing syngeneic 4T1 tumors, the virus was able to infect multiple breast cancer lesions in the lungs without apparent toxicities, which led to significant prolongation of animal survival (P=.003). In conclusion, systemic administration of M mutant VSV is both effective and safe in the treatment of experimental breast cancer metastases in immune-competent mice, suggesting that further development of this approach may have potential for clinical application in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ebert
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA
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25
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Gaddy DF, Lyles DS. Vesicular stomatitis viruses expressing wild-type or mutant M proteins activate apoptosis through distinct pathways. J Virol 2005; 79:4170-9. [PMID: 15767418 PMCID: PMC1061557 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.7.4170-4179.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) induces apoptosis by at least two mechanisms. The viral matrix (M) protein induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway due to the inhibition of host gene expression. However, in some cell types, the inhibition of host gene expression by VSV expressing wild-type (wt) M protein delays VSV-induced apoptosis, indicating that another mechanism is involved. In support of this, the recombinant M51R-M (rM51R-M) virus, expressing a mutant M protein that is defective in its ability to inhibit host gene expression, induces apoptosis much more rapidly in L929 cells than do viruses expressing wt M protein. Here, we determine the caspase pathways by which the rM51R-M virus induces apoptosis. An analysis of caspase activity, using fluorometric caspase assays and Western blots, indicated that each of the main initiator caspases, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-12, were activated during infection with the rM51R-M virus. The overexpression of Bcl-2, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial pathway, or MAGE-3, an inhibitor of caspase-12 activation, did not delay apoptosis induction in rM51R-M virus-infected L929 cells. However, an inhibitor of caspase-8 activity significantly delayed apoptosis induction. Furthermore, the inhibition of caspase-8 activity prevented the activation of caspase-9, suggesting that caspase-9 is activated by cross talk with caspase-8. These data indicate that VSV expressing the mutant M protein induces apoptosis via the death receptor apoptotic pathway, a mechanism distinct from that induced by VSV expressing the wt M protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Gaddy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Recent data has shown that viruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a relatively non-pathogenic, negative-stranded RNA virus, can preferentially replicate in malignant cells and less so in normal cells. VSV appears able to carry out this function in transformed cells since these hosts exhibit the hallmarks of flawed host defense, probably involving the interferon system, which is essential for preventing virus replication. The simple genetic constitution of VSV, lack of any known transforming, integrating or reassortment properties, extensive knowledge relating to its interaction with the immune system and the ability to genetically manipulate this agent affords an ideal opportunity to exploit the oncolytic and gene targeting potential of this innocuous virus. Thus, aside from preferentially targeting malignant cells VSV recombinants could be generated that could increase a tumor's susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents and/ or importantly, the host immune response. Collectively, our data and others demonstrate that VSV as well as other RNA viruses could provide a promising and exciting approach to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen N Barber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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27
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Giedlin MA, Cook DN, Dubensky TW. Vesicular stomatitis virus: an exciting new therapeutic oncolytic virus candidate for cancer or just another chapter from Field's Virology? Cancer Cell 2003; 4:241-3. [PMID: 14585348 DOI: 10.1016/s1535-6108(03)00251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Selected mutant strains of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) are described that are unable to combat endogenous IFN-beta signaling within infected normal cells and as a result are dramatically more selective for productive growth in tumor cells having a defective antiviral response. The VSV mutants may have the potential to be used clinically as a systemic oncolytic agent for the treatment of distal and metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Giedlin
- Cancer Research, Cerus Corporation, 2411 Stanwell Drive, Concord, CA 94520, USA
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28
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Stojdl DF, Lichty BD, tenOever BR, Paterson JM, Power AT, Knowles S, Marius R, Reynard J, Poliquin L, Atkins H, Brown EG, Durbin RK, Durbin JE, Hiscott J, Bell JC. VSV strains with defects in their ability to shutdown innate immunity are potent systemic anti-cancer agents. Cancer Cell 2003; 4:263-75. [PMID: 14585354 DOI: 10.1016/s1535-6108(03)00241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ideally, an oncolytic virus will replicate preferentially in malignant cells, have the ability to treat disseminated metastases, and ultimately be cleared by the patient. Here we present evidence that the attenuated vesicular stomatitis strains, AV1 and AV2, embody all of these traits. We uncover the mechanism by which these mutants are selectively attenuated in interferon-responsive cells while remaining highly lytic in 80% of human tumor cell lines tested. AV1 and AV2 were tested in a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer and in an immune competent mouse model of metastatic colon cancer. While highly attenuated for growth in normal mice, both AV1 and AV2 effected complete and durable cures in the majority of treated animals when delivered systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Stojdl
- Ottawa Regional Cancer Centre Research Laboratories, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
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29
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Ahmed M, McKenzie MO, Puckett S, Hojnacki M, Poliquin L, Lyles DS. Ability of the matrix protein of vesicular stomatitis virus to suppress beta interferon gene expression is genetically correlated with the inhibition of host RNA and protein synthesis. J Virol 2003; 77:4646-57. [PMID: 12663771 PMCID: PMC152115 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.8.4646-4657.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) matrix (M) protein plays a major role in the virus-induced inhibition of host gene expression. It has been proposed that the inhibition of host gene expression by M protein is responsible for suppressing activation of host interferon gene expression. Most wild-type (wt) strains of VSV induce little if any interferon gene expression. Interferon-inducing mutants of VSV have been isolated previously, many of which contain mutations in their M proteins. However, it was not known whether these M protein mutations were responsible for the interferon-inducing phenotype of these viruses. Alternatively, mutations in other genes besides the M gene may enhance the ability of VSV to induce interferons. These hypotheses were tested by transfecting cells with mRNA expressing wt and mutant M proteins in the absence of other viral components and determining their ability to inhibit interferon gene expression. The M protein mutations were the M51R mutation originally found in the tsO82 and T1026R1 mutant viruses, the double substitution V221F and S226R found in the TP3 mutant virus, and the triple substitution E213A, V221F, and S226R found in the TP2 mutant virus. wt M proteins suppressed expression of luciferase from the simian virus 40 promoter and from the beta interferon (IFN-beta) promoter, while M proteins of interferon-inducing viruses were unable to inhibit luciferase expression from either promoter. The M genes of the interferon-inducing mutants of VSV were incorporated into the wt background of a recombinant VSV infectious cDNA clone. The resulting recombinant viruses were tested for their ability to activate interferon gene expression and for their ability to inhibit host RNA and protein synthesis. Each of the recombinant viruses containing M protein mutations induced expression of a luciferase reporter gene driven by the IFN-beta promoter and induced production of interferon bioactivity more effectively than viruses containing wt M proteins. Furthermore, the M protein mutant viruses were defective in their ability to inhibit both host RNA synthesis and host protein synthesis. These data support the idea that wt M protein suppresses interferon gene expression through the general inhibition of host RNA and protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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Glodowski DR, Petersen JM, Dahlberg JE. Complex nuclear localization signals in the matrix protein of vesicular stomatitis virus. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:46864-70. [PMID: 12351648 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208576200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix (M) protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) functions from within the nucleus to inhibit bi-directional nucleocytoplasmic transport. Here, we show that M protein can be imported into the nucleus by an active transport mechanism, even though it is small enough (approximately 27 kDa) to diffuse through nuclear pore complexes. We map two distinct nuclear localization signal (NLS)-containing regions of M protein, each of which is capable of directing the nuclear localization of a heterologous protein. One of these regions, comprising amino acids 47-229, is also sufficient to inhibit nucleocytoplasmic transport. Two amino acids that are conserved among the matrix proteins of vesiculoviruses are important for nuclear localization, but are not essential for the inhibitory activity of M protein. Thus, different regions of M protein function for nuclear localization and for inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen R Glodowski
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1532, USA
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31
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Rodriguez LL, Pauszek SJ, Bunch TA, Schumann KR. Full-length genome analysis of natural isolates of vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana 1 serotype) from North, Central and South America. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:2475-2483. [PMID: 12237430 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-10-2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies on the molecular biology and functional analysis of vesicular stomatitis virus Indiana 1 serotype (VSV-IN1) are based on the only full-length genomic sequence currently deposited in GenBank. This sequence is a composite of several VSV-IN1 laboratory strains passaged extensively in tissue culture over the years and it is not certain that this sequence is representative of strains circulating in nature. We describe here the complete genomic sequence of three natural isolates, each representing a distinct genetic lineage and geographical origin: 98COE (North America), 94GUB (Central America) and 85CLB (South America). Genome structure and organization were conserved, with a 47 nucleotide 3' leader, five viral genes -- N, P, M, G and L -- and a 59 nucleotide 5' trailer. The most conserved gene was N, followed by M, L and G, with the most variable being P. Sequences containing the polyadenylation and transcription stop and start signals were completely conserved among all the viruses studied, but changes were found in the non-transcribed intergenic nucleotides, including the presence of a trinucleotide at the M-G junction of the South American lineage isolate. A 102-189 nucleotide insertion was present in the 5' non-coding region of the G gene only in the viruses within a genetic lineage from northern Central America. These full-length genomic sequences should be useful in designing diagnostic probes and in the interpretation of functional genomic analyses using reverse genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis L Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Orient Point, Long Island, PO Box 848 Greenport, NY 11944-0848, USA1
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Orient Point, Long Island, PO Box 848 Greenport, NY 11944-0848, USA1
| | - Thomas A Bunch
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Orient Point, Long Island, PO Box 848 Greenport, NY 11944-0848, USA1
| | - Kate R Schumann
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Orient Point, Long Island, PO Box 848 Greenport, NY 11944-0848, USA1
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32
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Desforges M, Despars G, Bérard S, Gosselin M, McKenzie MO, Lyles DS, Talbot PJ, Poliquin L. Matrix protein mutations contribute to inefficient induction of apoptosis leading to persistent infection of human neural cells by vesicular stomatitis virus. Virology 2002; 295:63-73. [PMID: 12033766 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a model system to study factors involved in the establishment of a persistent viral infection that may lead to neurodegenerative diseases, Indiana and New Jersey variants of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) with different capacities to infect and persist in human neural cells were studied. Indiana matrix (M) protein mutants and the wild-type New Jersey strain persisted in the human neural cell line H4 for at least 120 days. The Indiana wild-type virus (HR) and a non-M mutant (TP6), both unable to persist, induced apoptosis more strongly than all the other variants tested, as indicated by higher levels of DNA fragmentation and caspase-3-like activity. Transfection of H4 cells with mRNA coding for the VSV M protein confirmed the importance of this protein in the induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, the pan-caspase inhibitor ZVAD-fmk maintained cell survival to about 80%, whereas inhibition of caspase-8, caspase-9, or both only partially protected the cells against death, consistent with the fact that anti-apoptotic molecules from the Bcl-2 family also protect cells from death only partially. These results suggest that VSV activates many pathways of cell death and that an inefficient induction of caspase-3-related apoptosis participates in the establishment of a persistent infection of human neural cells by less virulent VSV variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Desforges
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
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