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Zhou W, Chen X, Fan Q, Yu H, Jiang W. Using proton pump inhibitors increases the risk of hepato-biliary-pancreatic cancer. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:979215. [PMID: 36188583 PMCID: PMC9515471 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.979215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: More and more studies are focusing on the adverse effects and damage caused by PPI abuse, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis for assessing whether the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) leads to hepato-biliary-pancreatic cancer. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched until 1 July 2022, 25 studies (17 case-control and 8 cohort studies; 2741853 individuals) included in this study. Pooled Odd Ratios (ORs) were used for random effect models. Sensitivity analysis and dose-response analysis, subgroup analysis were all conducted. Results: The aggregate OR of the meta-analysis was 1.69 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.42–2.01, p = 0.01) and heterogeneity (I2 = 98.9%, p < 0.001) was substantial. According to stratified subgroup analyses, the incidence of hepato-biliary-pancreatic cancer was associated, expect for study design, study quality and region. Risk of hepato-biliary-pancreatic cancer is highest when people is treated with normal doses of PPI. The risks decrease and become insignificant when the cumulative defined daily dose (cDDD) increases. Conclusion: The use of PPI may be associated with an increased risk of hepato-biliary-pancreatic cancer. Hence, caution is needed when using PPIs among patients with a high risk of hepato-biliary-pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wence Zhou
- First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of General Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- *Correspondence: Wence Zhou,
| | - Xinlong Chen
- First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qigang Fan
- First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Haichuan Yu
- First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wenkai Jiang
- First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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2
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Liu C, Chen K, Wang H, Zhang Y, Duan X, Xue Y, He H, Huang Y, Chen Z, Ren H, Wang H, Zeng C. Gastrin Attenuates Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by a PI3K/Akt/Bad-Mediated Anti-apoptosis Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:540479. [PMID: 33343341 PMCID: PMC7740972 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.540479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury is the primary cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Gastrin, a gastrointestinal hormone, is involved in the regulation of kidney function of sodium excretion. However, whether gastrin has an effect on kidney I/R injury is unknown. Here we show that cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR), the gastrin receptor, was significantly up-regulated in I/R-injured mouse kidneys. While pre-administration of gastrin ameliorated I/R-induced renal pathological damage, as reflected by the levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, hematoxylin and eosin staining and periodic acid-Schiff staining. The protective effect could be ascribed to the reduced apoptosis for gastrin reduced tubular cell apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro studies also showed gastrin preserved the viability of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-treated human kidney 2 (HK-2) cells and reduced the lactate dehydrogenase release, which were blocked by CI-988, a specific CCKBR antagonist. Mechanistically, the PI3K/Akt/Bad pathway participates in the pathological process, because gastrin treatment increased phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt and Bad. While in the presence of wortmannin (1 μM), a PI3K inhibitor, the gastrin-induced phosphorylation of Akt after H/R treatment was blocked. Additionally, wortmannin and Akt inhibitor VIII blocked the protective effect of gastrin on viability of HK-2 cells subjected to H/R treatment. These studies reveals that gastrin attenuates kidney I/R injury via a PI3K/Akt/Bad-mediated anti-apoptosis signaling. Thus, gastrin can be considered as a promising drug candidate to prevent AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Huaixiang Wang
- Department of Lishilu Outpatient, General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Xudong Duan
- Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Department of Cardiology of Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanzheng Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongye He
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Chongqing, China.,Cardiovascular Research Center of Chongqing College, Department of Cardiology of Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Sato K, Francis H, Zhou T, Meng F, Kennedy L, Ekser B, Baiocchi L, Onori P, Mancinelli R, Gaudio E, Franchitto A, Glaser S, Alpini G. Neuroendocrine Changes in Cholangiocarcinoma Growth. Cells 2020; 9:E436. [PMID: 32069926 PMCID: PMC7072848 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive malignancy that emerges from the biliary tree. There are three major classes of CCA-intrahepatic, hilar (perihilar), or distal (extrahepatic)-according to the location of tumor development. Although CCA tumors are mainly derived from biliary epithelia (i.e., cholangiocytes), CCA can be originated from other cells, such as hepatic progenitor cells and hepatocytes. This heterogeneity of CCA may be responsible for poor survival rates of patients, limited effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and the lack of treatment options and novel therapies. Previous studies have identified a number of neuroendocrine mediators, such as hormones, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters, as well as corresponding receptors. The mediator/receptor signaling pathways play a vital role in cholangiocyte proliferation, as well as CCA progression and metastases. Agonists or antagonists for candidate pathways may lead to the development of novel therapies for CCA patients. However, effects of mediators may differ between healthy or cancerous cholangiocytes, or between different subtypes of receptors. This review summarizes current understandings of neuroendocrine mediators and their functional roles in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Leonardo Baiocchi
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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4
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Zeng Q, Ou L, Wang W, Guo DY. Gastrin, Cholecystokinin, Signaling, and Biological Activities in Cellular Processes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:112. [PMID: 32210918 PMCID: PMC7067705 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The structurally-related peptides, gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK), were originally discovered as humoral stimulants of gastric acid secretion and pancreatic enzyme release, respectively. With the aid of methodological advances in biochemistry, immunochemistry, and molecular biology in the past several decades, our concept of gastrin and CCK as simple gastrointestinal hormones has changed considerably. Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that gastrin and CCK play important roles in several cellular processes including maintenance of gastric mucosa and pancreatic islet integrity, neurogenesis, and neoplastic transformation. Indeed, gastrin and CCK, as well as their receptors, are expressed in a variety of tumor cell lines, animal models, and human samples, and might contribute to certain carcinogenesis. In this review, we will briefly introduce the gastrin and CCK system and highlight the effects of gastrin and CCK in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis in both normal and abnormal conditions. The potential imaging and therapeutic use of these peptides and their derivatives are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zeng
- Health Management Institute, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Ou
- Health Management Institute, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen Huli Guoyu Clinic, Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Wang
| | - Dong-Yu Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen Huli Guoyu Clinic, Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
- Dong-Yu Guo
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5
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Sha M, Cao J, Sun HY, Tong Y, Xia Q. Neuroendocrine regulation of cholangiocarcinoma: A status quo review. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:66-73. [PMID: 31152820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing studies have demonstrated that neuroendocrine system is involved in the development and progression of cholangiocarcinoma. The neuroendocrine hormones, neurotransmitters and neuropeptides regulate cholangiocarcinoma via affecting pathophysiology of tumor cells. The developing interaction and interplay between neuroendocrine-associated factors and tumor cells provide novel insights into neural control of tumorigenesis and reveal potential therapeutic effect on patients with cholangiocarcinoma. Herein we reviewed the latest findings and achievements which demonstrate the close interactions between neuroendocrine regulation and progression of cholangiocarcinoma. Also, future therapeutic approaches targeting neuroendocrine-associated factors are discussed which may help improve management and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Sha
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Han-Yong Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ying Tong
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai 200127, China.
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6
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Chromatographic Analyses, In Vitro Biological Activities, and Cytotoxicity of Cannabis sativa L. Essential Oil: A Multidisciplinary Study. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123266. [PMID: 30544765 PMCID: PMC6320915 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to renewed interest in the cultivation and production of Italian Cannabis sativa L., we proposed a multi-methodological approach to explore chemically and biologically both the essential oil and the aromatic water of this plant. We reported the chemical composition in terms of cannabinoid content, volatile component, phenolic and flavonoid pattern, and color characteristics. Then, we demonstrated the ethnopharmacological relevance of this plant cultivated in Italy as a source of antioxidant compounds toward a large panel of enzymes (pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and cholinesterases) and selected clinically relevant, multidrug-sensible, and multidrug-resistant microbial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Helicobacter pylori, Candida, and Malassezia spp.), evaluating the cytotoxic effects against normal and malignant cell lines. Preliminary in vivo cytotoxicity was also performed on Galleria mellonella larvae. The results corroborate the use of this natural product as a rich source of important biologically active molecules with particular emphasis on the role exerted by naringenin, one of the most important secondary metabolites.
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7
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Zhu J, Jin M, Wang J, Zhang H, Wu Y, Li D, Ji X, Yang H, Yin C, Ren T, Xing J. TNFα induces Ca 2+ influx to accelerate extrinsic apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:43. [PMID: 29506556 PMCID: PMC5838867 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0714-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor-α has been proven an effective anticancer agent in preclinical studies. However, the translation of TNFα from research to clinic has been blocked by significant systemic toxicity and limited efficacy at maximal tolerated dose, which need urgently to be solved. METHODS The level of cytosolic Ca2+ was assessed by Fura-2 in HCC cells. After changing cytosolic Ca2+ level by using agonists or inhibitors, cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. We also detected the effect of ionomycin or parvalbumin on the anti-tumor activity of TNFα in a mice model. Lastly, we studied the roles of cytosolic Ca2+ in the mitochondrial-dependent intrinsic apoptosis pathway. RESULTS Here, we demonstrated that TNFα induced extracellular Ca2+ influx into cytoplasm through transient receptor potential channel in HCC cells. Both cytosolic Ca2+ scavenger and Ca2+-binding protein PV effectively desensitized hepatocellular carcinoma cells to TNFα, whereas combination ionomycin or 1,4,5-inositol triphosphate significantly sensitized HCC cells to TNFα, indicating that the increased level of cytosolic Ca2+ was positively correlated with the TNFα-induced cell apoptosis in vitro. In a nude mice xenograft model, our data revealed that TNFα combined with ionomycin remarkably synergized the anti-tumor effect of TNFα. Furthermore, we found that TNFα-mediated extracellular Ca2+ influx accelerated TNFα-induced extrinsic apoptosis through activating calpain/IAP/caspase3 pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the evidence supporting a novel mechanism by which TNFα induces extracellular Ca2+ influx to enhance cell apoptosis and suggests that increasing the level of cytosolic Ca2+ might be an alternative strategy to improve the pro-apoptotic activity of TNFα in HCC cells, although suitable chemical or biological reagents need to be further tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, Premedical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Mingpeng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pain Treatment, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, 710038, China
| | - Yousheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Deyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiaoying Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hushan Yang
- Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Chun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Tingting Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Jinliang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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8
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Hall C, Ehrlich L, Venter J, O'Brien A, White T, Zhou T, Dang T, Meng F, Invernizzi P, Bernuzzi F, Alpini G, Lairmore TC, Glaser S. Inhibition of the apelin/apelin receptor axis decreases cholangiocarcinoma growth. Cancer Lett 2017; 386:179-188. [PMID: 27894959 PMCID: PMC5510601 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignancy of the biliary epithelium that is associated with low five-year survival. The apelin receptor (APLNR), which is activated by the apelin peptide, has not been studied in CCA. The purpose of this study is to determine if inhibition of the apelin/APLNR axis can inhibit CCA growth. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, rtPCR, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and ELISA was used to measure APLNR expression in human CCA cells and tissues. Mz-ChA-1 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of apelin and ML221, an APLNR antagonist. Expression of proliferative and angiogenic genes were measured via rtPCR. In vivo, Mz-ChA-1 cells were injected into the flanks of nu/nu mice, which were treated with ML221 (150 μg/kg) via tail vein injection. RESULTS Expression of the apelin/APLNR axis was increased in CCA. In vitro, CCA proliferation and angiogenesis was inhibited by ML221 treatment. ML221 treatment significantly decreased tumor growth in nu/nu mice. CONCLUSION The apelin/APLNR axis regulates CCA proliferation and angiogenesis. Inhibition of the apelin/APLNR axis decreases tumor growth in our xenograft model. Targeting APLNR signaling has the potential to serve as a novel, tumor directed therapy for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Hall
- Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Laurent Ehrlich
- Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA; Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Julie Venter
- Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - April O'Brien
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Tori White
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA; Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Tien Dang
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504, USA; Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA; Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Terry C Lairmore
- Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX 76504, USA; Scott & White Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA.
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9
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Ehrlich L, Hall C, Venter J, Dostal D, Bernuzzi F, Invernizzi P, Meng F, Trzeciakowski JP, Zhou T, Standeford H, Alpini G, Lairmore TC, Glaser S. miR-24 Inhibition Increases Menin Expression and Decreases Cholangiocarcinoma Proliferation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:570-580. [PMID: 28087162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Menin (MEN1) is a tumor-suppressor protein in neuroendocrine tissue. Therefore, we tested the novel hypothesis that menin regulates cholangiocarcinoma proliferation. Menin and miR-24 expression levels were measured in the following intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell lines, Mz-ChA-1, TFK-1, SG231, CCLP, HuCCT-1, and HuH-28, as well as the nonmalignant human intrahepatic biliary line, H69. miR-24 miRNA and menin protein levels were manipulated in vitro in Mz-ChA-1 cell lines. Markers of proliferation and angiogenesis (Ki-67, vascular endothelial growth factors A/C, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 2/3, angiopoietin 1/2, and angiopoietin receptors 1/2) were evaluated. Mz-ChA-1 cells were injected into the flanks of nude mice and treated with miR-24 inhibitor or inhibitor scramble. Menin expression was decreased in advanced CCA specimens, whereas miR-24 expression was increased in CCA. Menin overexpression decreased proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion. Inhibition of miR-24 increased menin protein expression while decreasing proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion. miR-24 was shown to negatively regulate menin expression by luciferase assay. Tumor burden and expression of proliferative and angiogenic markers was decreased in the miR-24 inhibited tumor group compared to controls. Interestingly, treated tumors were more fibrotic than the control group. miR-24-dependent expression of menin may be important in the regulation of nonmalignant and CCA proliferation and may be an additional therapeutic tool for managing CCA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Ehrlich
- Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology and Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Chad Hall
- Division of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - David Dostal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Diseases, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Diseases, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology and Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Research Section, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Jerome P Trzeciakowski
- Division of Gastroenterology and Medical Physiology, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Holly Standeford
- Research Section, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Research Section, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Terry C Lairmore
- Division of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Research Section, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas.
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10
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Banales JM, Cardinale V, Carpino G, Marzioni M, Andersen JB, Invernizzi P, Lind GE, Folseraas T, Forbes SJ, Fouassier L, Geier A, Calvisi DF, Mertens JC, Trauner M, Benedetti A, Maroni L, Vaquero J, Macias RIR, Raggi C, Perugorria MJ, Gaudio E, Boberg KM, Marin JJG, Alvaro D. Expert consensus document: Cholangiocarcinoma: current knowledge and future perspectives consensus statement from the European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma (ENS-CCA). Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 13:261-80. [PMID: 27095655 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 864] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies with features of biliary tract differentiation. CCA is the second most common primary liver tumour and the incidence is increasing worldwide. CCA has high mortality owing to its aggressiveness, late diagnosis and refractory nature. In May 2015, the "European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma" (ENS-CCA: www.enscca.org or www.cholangiocarcinoma.eu) was created to promote and boost international research collaboration on the study of CCA at basic, translational and clinical level. In this Consensus Statement, we aim to provide valuable information on classifications, pathological features, risk factors, cells of origin, genetic and epigenetic modifications and current therapies available for this cancer. Moreover, future directions on basic and clinical investigations and plans for the ENS-CCA are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, Ikerbasque, CIBERehd, Paseo del Dr. Begiristain s/n, E-20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Clinic and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
- Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Guro E Lind
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Folseraas
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, EH16 4SB, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Fouassier
- INSERM UMR S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571, Paris cedex 12, Fondation ARC, 9 rue Guy Môquet 94803 Villejuif, France
| | - Andreas Geier
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstrasse 6, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Löffler-Strasse 23e, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Joachim C Mertens
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Benedetti
- Department of Clinic and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Maroni
- Department of Clinic and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Javier Vaquero
- INSERM UMR S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571, Paris cedex 12, Fondation ARC, 9 rue Guy Môquet 94803 Villejuif, France
| | - Rocio I R Macias
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E.I.D. S-09, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, CIBERehd, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Chiara Raggi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria J Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, Ikerbasque, CIBERehd, Paseo del Dr. Begiristain s/n, E-20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Kirsten M Boberg
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jose J G Marin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E.I.D. S-09, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, CIBERehd, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
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11
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Cui Y, Li SB, Peng XC, Wu J, Fu GH. Trastuzumab Inhibits Growth of HER2-Negative Gastric Cancer Cells Through Gastrin-Initialized CCKBR Signaling. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:3631-41. [PMID: 26173505 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administration of trastuzumab, a fully humanized monoclonal antibody targeted to the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2, p185), has improved outcomes for patients with HER2-positive gastric cancer (GC), but some relevant issues remain to be investigated and will emerge with new anti-GC drugs. Gastrin is a major gastrointestinal hormone proven to have an inhibitory effect on GC in vitro and in vivo. AIM To explore the sympathetic role of trastuzumab and gastrin on inhibition of GC. METHODS The HER2-positive and HER2-negative GC cell lines were treated with trastuzumab, gastrin, or their combination in vitro and in xenograft model. The synergistical role of trastuzumab and gastrin and related mechanisms were investigated. RESULTS We found the synergistic inhibitory effects of trastuzumab and gastrin on HER2-negative GC cells through the gastrin/cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR) pathway. Trastuzumab upregulated CCKBR protein levels but could not initiate its signal transduction, whereas gastrin increased the levels and activation of CCKBR. Molecular experiments indicated that trastuzumab and gastrin co-treatment synergistically enhanced the stability of CCKBR. Moreover, their combined treatment synergistically arrested GC cells at G0/G1 phase, down-regulated levels of GC-related proteins, including anion exchanger 1 (AE1), cyclin D1, β-catenin, and cytoplasmic p16, and promoted nuclear translocation of p16. In addition, combination treatment upregulated AE2 levels, which are reduced in GC tissues. The in vivo synergistic anti-GC effect of combined treatment was confirmed in xenograft experiments. CONCLUSIONS Trastuzumab plus gastrin inhibit growth of Her2-negative GC by targeting cytoplasmic AE1 and p16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cui
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanbian, China
- Pathology Center, Shanghai First People's Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Number 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shao-Bo Li
- Pathology Center, Shanghai First People's Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Number 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xing-Chun Peng
- Pathology Center, Shanghai First People's Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Number 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Pathology Center, Shanghai First People's Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Number 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Guo-Hui Fu
- Pathology Center, Shanghai First People's Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Number 280, South Chong-Qing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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12
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Franchitto A, Onori P, Renzi A, Carpino G, Mancinelli R, Alvaro D, Gaudio E. Recent advances on the mechanisms regulating cholangiocyte proliferation and the significance of the neuroendocrine regulation of cholangiocyte pathophysiology. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 1:27. [PMID: 25332971 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2012.10.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes are epithelial cells lining the biliary epithelium. Cholangiocytes play several key roles in the modification of ductal bile and are also the target cells in chronic cholestatic liver diseases (i.e., cholangiopathies) such as PSC, PBC, polycystic liver disease (PCLD) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). During these pathologies, cholangiocytes (which in normal condition are in a quiescent state) begin to proliferate acquiring phenotypes of neuroendocrine cells, and start secreting different cytokines, growth factors, neuropeptides, and hormones to modulate cholangiocytes proliferation and interaction with the surrounding environment, trying to reestablish the balance between proliferation/loss of cholangiocytes for the maintenance of biliary homeostasis. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent findings on the mechanisms regulating cholangiocyte proliferation and the significance of the neuroendocrine regulation of cholangiocyte pathophysiology. To clarify the mechanisms of action of these factors we will provide new potential strategies for the management of chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Franchitto
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- 1 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy ; 2 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy ; 3 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Science, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy ; 5 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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13
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Meng F, DeMorrow S, Venter J, Frampton G, Han Y, Francis H, Standeford H, Avila S, McDaniel K, McMillin M, Afroze S, Guerrier M, Quezada M, Ray D, Kennedy L, Hargrove L, Glaser S, Alpini G. Overexpression of membrane metalloendopeptidase inhibits substance P stimulation of cholangiocarcinoma growth. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G759-68. [PMID: 24603459 PMCID: PMC4010652 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00018.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) promotes cholangiocyte growth during cholestasis by activating its receptor, NK1R. SP is a proteolytic product of tachykinin (Tac1) and is deactivated by membrane metalloendopeptidase (MME). This study aimed to evaluate the functional role of SP in the regulation of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) growth. NK1R, Tac1, and MME expression and SP secretion were assessed in human CCA cells and nonmalignant cholangiocytes. The proliferative effects of SP (in the absence/presence of the NK1R inhibitor, L-733,060) and of L-733,060 were evaluated. In vivo, the effect of L-733,060 treatment or MME overexpression on tumor growth was evaluated by using a xenograft model of CCA in nu/nu nude mice. The expression of Tac1, MME, NK1R, PCNA, CK-19, and VEGF-A was analyzed in the resulting tumors. Human CCA cell lines had increased expression of Tac1 and NK1R, along with reduced levels of MME compared with nonmalignant cholangiocytes, resulting in a subsequent increase in SP secretion. SP treatment increased CCA cell proliferation in vitro, which was blocked by L-733,060. Treatment with L-733,060 alone inhibited CCA proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Xenograft tumors derived from MME-overexpressed human Mz-ChA-1 CCA cells had a slower growth rate than those derived from control cells. Expression of PCNA, CK-19, and VEGF-A decreased, whereas MME expression increased in the xenograft tumors treated with L-733,060 or MME-overexpressed xenograft tumors compared with controls. The study suggests that SP secreted by CCA promotes CCA growth via autocrine pathway. Blockade of SP secretion and NK1R signaling may be important for the management of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyin Meng
- 1Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; ,2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Academic Operations, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; and ,3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S&W and Texas A&M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- 2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Academic Operations, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; and ,3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S&W and Texas A&M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Julie Venter
- 3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S&W and Texas A&M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- 3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S&W and Texas A&M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Yuyan Han
- 3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S&W and Texas A&M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Heather Francis
- 1Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; ,2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Academic Operations, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; and ,3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S&W and Texas A&M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Holly Standeford
- 1Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas;
| | - Shanika Avila
- 3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S&W and Texas A&M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Kelly McDaniel
- 1Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; ,2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Academic Operations, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; and ,3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S&W and Texas A&M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Matthew McMillin
- 3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S&W and Texas A&M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Syeda Afroze
- 3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S&W and Texas A&M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Micheleine Guerrier
- 3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S&W and Texas A&M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Morgan Quezada
- 2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Academic Operations, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Debolina Ray
- 3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S&W and Texas A&M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- 2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Academic Operations, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Laura Hargrove
- 2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Academic Operations, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Shannon Glaser
- 1Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; ,2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Academic Operations, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; and ,3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S&W and Texas A&M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- 1Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; ,2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Academic Operations, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; and ,3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, S&W and Texas A&M System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
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14
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A network map of the gastrin signaling pathway. J Cell Commun Signal 2014; 8:165-70. [PMID: 24584707 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-014-0224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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15
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Meng F, Onori P, Hargrove L, Han Y, Kennedy L, Graf A, Hodges K, Ueno Y, Francis T, Gaudio E, Francis HL. Regulation of the Histamine/VEGF Axis by miR-125b during Cholestatic Liver Injury in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:662-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Tabibian JH, Masyuk AI, Masyuk TV, O'Hara SP, LaRusso NF. Physiology of cholangiocytes. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:541-65. [PMID: 23720296 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes are epithelial cells that line the intra- and extrahepatic ducts of the biliary tree. The main physiologic function of cholangiocytes is modification of hepatocyte-derived bile, an intricate process regulated by hormones, peptides, nucleotides, neurotransmitters, and other molecules through intracellular signaling pathways and cascades. The mechanisms and regulation of bile modification are reviewed herein.
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17
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Kennedy L, Baker K, Hodges K, Graf A, Venter J, Hargrove L, Harris R, Harnish E, Meng F, Francis H. Dysregulation of vitamin D3 synthesis leads to enhanced cholangiocarcinoma growth. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:316-22. [PMID: 23375797 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma is a deadly biliary tumour with limited treatment strategies. Vitamin (1,25(OH)2D) has anti-proliferative effects on several cancers. Vitamin D3 is synthesized by the enzyme, CYP27B1, and signals via the nuclear vitamin D3 receptor. The enzyme, CYP24A1, degrades vitamin D3. AIMS (i) Measure the expression of CYP27B1, CYP24A1, and vitamin D3 receptor in human nonmalignant and cholangiocarcinoma lines and biopsy control or tumour samples; and (ii) evaluate the effects of vitamin D3 on vitamin D3 synthesis and cholangiocarcinoma growth. METHODS In vitro studies were performed in malignant and nonmalignant cholangiocytes. Vitamin D3 receptor, CYP24 and CYP27 expression was measured in cell lines and biopsy samples. Cell lines were stimulated with vehicle or vitamin D3 from 30min to 48h. Cell viability was assessed by MTS assays and BrdU incorporation. Vitamin D3 receptor, CYP24A1 and CYP27B1 expression was measured in cholangiocarcinoma cells stimulated with vehicle or vitamin D3. RESULTS In cholangiocarcinoma lines and biopsy samples, vitamin D3 receptor and CYP24A1 expression increased compared to controls, whereas CYP27B1 expression was decreased or unchanged. Vitamin D3 induced nuclear translocation of vitamin D3 receptor in cholangiocarcinoma and decreased cholangiocarcinoma growth. CONCLUSION Treatment with vitamin D3 decreased CYP24A1, whereas CYP27B1 expression increased. Modulation of vitamin D3 synthesis may be important in the management of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Kennedy
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
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18
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Francis HL, DeMorrow S, Franchitto A, Venter JK, Mancinelli RA, White MA, Meng F, Ueno Y, Carpino G, Renzi A, Baker KK, Shine HE, Francis TC, Gaudio E, Alpini GD, Onori P. Histamine stimulates the proliferation of small and large cholangiocytes by activation of both IP3/Ca2+ and cAMP-dependent signaling mechanisms. J Transl Med 2012; 92:282-94. [PMID: 22064319 PMCID: PMC3293651 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although large cholangiocytes exert their functions by activation of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), Ca(2+)-dependent signaling regulates the function of small cholangiocytes. Histamine interacts with four receptors, H1-H4HRs. H1HR acts by Gαq activating IP(3)/Ca(2+), whereas H2HR activates Gα(s) stimulating cAMP. We hypothesize that histamine increases biliary growth by activating H1HR on small and H2HR on large cholangiocytes. The expression of H1-H4HRs was evaluated in liver sections, isolated and cultured (normal rat intrahepatic cholangiocyte culture (NRIC)) cholangiocytes. In vivo, normal rats were treated with histamine or H1-H4HR agonists for 1 week. We evaluated: (1) intrahepatic bile duct mass (IBDM); (2) the effects of histamine, H1HR or H2HR agonists on NRIC proliferation, IP(3) and cAMP levels and PKCα and protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation; and (3) PKCα silencing on H1HR-stimulated NRIC proliferation. Small and large cholangiocytes express H1-H4HRs. Histamine and the H1HR agonist increased small IBDM, whereas histamine and the H2HR agonist increased large IBDM. H1HR agonists stimulated IP(3) levels, as well as PKCα phosphorylation and NRIC proliferation, whereas H2HR agonists increased cAMP levels, as well as PKA phosphorylation and NRIC proliferation. The H1HR agonist did not increase proliferation in PKCα siRNA-transfected NRICs. The activation of differential signaling mechanisms targeting small and large cholangiocytes is important for repopulation of the biliary epithelium during pathologies affecting different-sized bile ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Francis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Scott and White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA,Division of Research and Education, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Scott and White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Internal Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, ‘La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy,Eleonora Lonillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Julie K Venter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Romina A Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Internal Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, ‘La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - Mellanie A White
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA,Division of Research and Education, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department Health Science, University of Rome‘Foro Italico’, Italy
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Scott and White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA,Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Internal Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, ‘La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - Kimberly K Baker
- Division of Research and Education, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Hannah E Shine
- Division of Research and Education, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Taylor C Francis
- Division of Research and Education, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Internal Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, ‘La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco D Alpini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Scott and White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA,Division Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, State University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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Abstract
Epidemiological data from the last years show an increasing trend of incidence and mortality of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) worldwide. Many pathophysiologic aspects of this neoplasia are still unknown and need to be fully discovered. However, several progresses were recently made in order to establish the molecular mechanisms involved in the transformation and growth of malignant cholangiocytes. The principal concept that at least seems to be established is that cholangiocarcinogenesis is a multistep cellular process evolving from a normal condition of the epithelial biliary cells through a chronic inflammation status ending with malignant transformation. The bad prognosis related to CC justifies why a better identification of the molecular mechanisms involved in the growth and progression of this cancer is required for the development of effective preventive measures and valid treatment regimens. This Paper describes the scientific progresses made in the last years in defining the molecular pathways implicated in the generation of this devastating disease.
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Han Y, DeMorrow S, Invernizzi P, Jing Q, Glaser S, Renzi A, Meng F, Venter J, Bernuzzi F, White M, Francis H, Lleo A, Marzioni M, Onori P, Alvaro D, Torzilli G, Gaudio E, Alpini G. Melatonin exerts by an autocrine loop antiproliferative effects in cholangiocarcinoma: its synthesis is reduced favoring cholangiocarcinoma growth. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G623-33. [PMID: 21778461 PMCID: PMC3191557 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00118.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a devastating biliary cancer. Melatonin is synthesized in the pineal gland and peripheral organs from serotonin by two enzymes, serotonin N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) and acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT). Cholangiocytes secrete neuroendocrine factors, including serotonin-regulating CCA growth by autocrine mechanisms. Melatonin exerts its effects by interaction with melatonin receptor type 1A/1B (MT1/MT2) receptors. We propose that 1) in CCA, there is decreased expression of AANAT and ASMT and secretion of melatonin, changes that stimulate CCA growth; and 2) in vitro overexpression of AANAT decreases CCA growth. We evaluated the 1) expression of AANAT, ASMT, melatonin, and MT1/MT2 in human nonmalignant and CCA lines and control and CCA biopsy samples; 2) melatonin levels in nonmalignant and CCA lines, and bile and serum from controls and patients with intrahepatic CCA; 3) effect of melatonin on the growth and expression of AANAT/ASMT and MT1/MT2 in CCA lines implanted into nude mice; and 4) effect of AANAT overexpression on the proliferation, apoptosis, and expression of MT1/MT2 in Mz-ChA-1 cells. The expression of AANAT, ASMT, and melatonin decreased, whereas MT1/MT2 expression increased in CCA lines and biopsy samples. Melatonin secretion decreased in the supernatant of CCA lines and bile of CCA patients. Melatonin decreased xenograft CCA tumor growth in nude mice by increased AANAT/ASMT and melatonin, along with reduced MT1/MT2 expression. Overexpression of AANAT in Mz-ChA-1 cells inhibited proliferation and MT1/MT2 expression and increased apoptosis. There is dysregulation of the AANAT/ASMT/melatonin → melatonin receptor axis in CCA, which inhibited melatonin secretion and subsequently enhanced CCA growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Han
- 3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and ,6Department School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China;
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- 2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, ,3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- 5Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy;
| | - Qing Jing
- 6Department School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China;
| | - Shannon Glaser
- 2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, ,3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and
| | | | - Fanyin Meng
- 2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, ,3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and ,4Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas;
| | - Julie Venter
- 3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and
| | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- 5Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy; ,10Department of Translational Medicine, and
| | | | - Heather Francis
- 2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, ,3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and ,4Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas;
| | - Ana Lleo
- 5Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy; ,10Department of Translational Medicine, and
| | - Marco Marzioni
- 7Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ospedali Riuniti General Hospital of Ancona, Ancona;
| | - Paolo Onori
- 8Department of Experimental Medicine, State University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila;
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- 9Department of Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, University of Rome, Sapienza, Polo Pontino, Latina;
| | - Guido Torzilli
- 11Liver Surgery Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Department of Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Rozzano; and
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- 12Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- 1Division Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, ,2Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, ,3Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, and
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Kim SY, Kwon YW, Jung IL, Sung JH, Park SG. Tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA) inhibits neointimal hyperplasia by suppression of ERK via PKCα-mediated MKP-1 induction. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 92:307-16. [PMID: 21840882 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hyperplasia of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) after blood vessel injury is one of the major pathophysiological mechanisms associated with neointima. Tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA) is a cytoprotective agent in a variety of cells including hepatocytes as well as an inducer of apoptosis in cancer cells. In this study, we investigated whether TUDCA could prevent neointimal hyperplasia by suppressing the growth and migration of VSMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Transporters of TUDCA uptake in human VSMCs (hVSMCs) were analysed by RT-PCR and western blot. A knock-down experiment using specific si-RNA revealed that TUDCA was incorporated into hVSMCs via organic anion transporter 2 (OATP2). TUDCA reduced the viability of hVSMCs, which were mediated by inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) by induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) via protein kinase Cα (PKCα). The anti-proliferative effect of TUDCA was reversed by treatment with 7-hydroxystaurosporine, an inhibitor of PKC, and by the knock-down of MKP-1. In addition, TUDCA suppressed hVSMC migration, which was mediated by reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression by ERK inhibition, as well as reduced viability of hVSMCs. Rats with carotid artery balloon injury received oral administration of TUDCA; this reduced the increase in ERK and MMP-9 caused by balloon injury. TUDCA significantly decreased the ratio of intima to media by reducing proliferation and inducing apoptosis of the VSMCs. CONCLUSION TUDCA inhibits neointimal hyperplasia by reducing proliferation and inducing apoptosis of smooth muscle cells by suppression of ERK via PKCα-mediated MKP-1 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Yoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 606-16, Yeoksamdong, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea
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Miller T, Yang F, Wise CE, Meng F, Priester S, Munshi MK, Guerrier, Dostal DE, Glaser SS. Simvastatin stimulates apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma by inhibition of Rac1 activity. Dig Liver Dis 2011; 43:395-403. [PMID: 21334995 PMCID: PMC3071437 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simvastatin is a cholesterol-lowering drug that is widely used to prevent and treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Simvastatin exhibits numerous pleiotropic effects including anti-cancer activity. However, the effect of simvastatin on cholangiocarcinoma has not been evaluated. AIM The aim of our study was to determine the effect of simvastatin on cholangiocarcinoma proliferation. METHODS The effect of simvastatin was evaluated in five human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines (Mz-ChA-1, HuH-28, TFK-1, SG231, and HuCCT1) and normal cholangiocyte cell line (HiBEpiC). RESULTS We found that simvastatin stimulates a reduction in cell viability and apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines, whilst in normal human cholangiocytes, HiBEpiC, simvastatin inhibits proliferation with no effect on apoptosis. Simvastatin-induced reduction of cell viability was partially blocked by pre-treatment with metabolites of the mevalonate pathway. In Mz-ChA-1 cells, pre-treatment with cholesterol alone stimulated an increase in the number of viable cells and fully restored cell viability following simvastatin treatment. Treatment with simvastatin triggered the loss of lipid raft localised Rac1 and reduction of Rac1 activity in Mz-ChA-1 cells. This effect was prevented by pre-treatment with cholesterol. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results demonstrate that simvastatin induces cholangiocarcinoma cancer cell death by disrupting Rac1/lipid raft colocalisation and depression of Rac1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504
| | - Fuquan Yang
- Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China, 100004
| | - Candace E. Wise
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504
| | - Sally Priester
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504
| | - Md Kamruzzaman Munshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504
| | - Guerrier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504
| | - David E. Dostal
- Molecular Cardiology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504
| | - Shannon S. Glaser
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504
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23
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DeMorrow S, Onori P, Venter J, Invernizzi P, Frampton G, White M, Franchitto A, Kopriva S, Bernuzzi F, Francis H, Coufal M, Glaser S, Fava G, Meng F, Alvaro D, Carpino G, Gaudio E, Alpini G. Neuropeptide Y inhibits cholangiocarcinoma cell growth and invasion. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 300:C1078-89. [PMID: 21270292 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00358.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
No information exists on the role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in cholangiocarcinoma growth. Therefore, we evaluated the expression and secretion of NPY and its subsequent effects on cholangiocarcinoma growth and invasion. Cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and nonmalignant cholangiocytes were used to assess NPY mRNA expression and protein secretion. NPY expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in human liver biopsies. Cell proliferation and migration were evaluated in vitro by MTS assays and matrigel invasion chambers, respectively, after treatment with NPY or a neutralizing NPY antibody. The effect of NPY or NPY depletion on tumor growth was assessed in vivo after treatment with NPY or the neutralizing NPY antibody in a xenograft model of cholangiocarcinoma. NPY secretion was upregulated in cholangiocarcinoma compared with normal cholangiocytes. Administration of exogenous NPY decreased proliferation and cell invasion in all cholangiocarcinoma cell lines studied and reduced tumor cell growth in vivo. In vitro, the effects of NPY on proliferation were blocked by specific inhibitors for NPY receptor Y2, but not Y1 or Y5, and were associated with an increase in intracellular d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and PKCα activation. Blocking of NPY activity using a neutralizing antibody promoted cholangiocarcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo and increased the invasiveness of cholangiocarcinoma in vitro. Increased NPY immunoreactivity in human tumor tissue occurred predominantly in the center of the tumor, with less expression toward the invasion front of the tumor. We demonstrated that NPY expression is upregulated in cholangiocarcinoma, which exerts local control on tumor cell proliferation and invasion. Modulation of NPY secretion may be important for the management of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon DeMorrow
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, 702 SW H. K. Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX, 76504. or
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Patel O, Marshall KM, Bramante G, Baldwin GS, Shulkes A. The C-terminal flanking peptide (CTFP) of progastrin inhibits apoptosis via a PI3-kinase-dependent pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 165:224-31. [PMID: 20727916 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Progastrin is processed to a number of peptides including glycine-extended gastrin, amidated gastrin and the C-terminal flanking peptide (CTFP). Progastrin and gastrin-gly are pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic in gastric and colorectal cancer cell lines. The CTFP is a major form of progastrin in the stomach and colon and stimulates proliferation. However the effect of CTFP on apoptosis has not been examined. Using the human gastric carcinoma cell line AGS we show that CTFP attenuates apoptosis through a PI3-kinase pathway by stimulating the phosphorylation of Akt leading to sustained increases in the concentrations of Bcl-xL and phosphorylated Bad protein and by reducing caspase 3 activity. The anti-apoptotic effect represents an important potential mechanism for the growth promoting action of CTFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oneel Patel
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
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26
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Francis H, Alpini G, DeMorrow S. Recent advances in the regulation of cholangiocarcinoma growth. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G1-9. [PMID: 20430870 PMCID: PMC2904122 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00114.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas arise after the neoplastic transformation of the cholangiocytes that line the intra- and extrahepatic biliary epithelium. Symptoms usually do not present until late in the course of the disease, at which time they are relatively resistant to chemotherapeutic agents and as such are difficult to treat and display a poor prognosis. Because of the relative rarity of this disease, the overall volume of research into the molecular pathophysiology associated with this disease is small compared with other more prevalent tumors. However, the incidence of this devastating cancer is on the rise and renewed efforts to understand the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma is needed to design novel therapeutic strategies to combat this disease. This review summarizes the recent advances into our knowledge and understanding of cholangiocarcinoma and highlights potential novel therapeutic strategies that may prove useful to treat this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Francis
- 2Digestive Disease Research Center and ,3Department of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital; and
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine; ,2Digestive Disease Research Center and ,4Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine; ,2Digestive Disease Research Center and
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Onori P, Wise C, Gaudio E, Franchitto A, Francis H, Carpino G, Lee V, Lam I, Miller T, Dostal DE, Glaser SS. Secretin inhibits cholangiocarcinoma growth via dysregulation of the cAMP-dependent signaling mechanisms of secretin receptor. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:43-54. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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28
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Onori P, Gaudio E, Franchitto A, Alpini G, Francis H. Histamine regulation of hyperplastic and neoplastic cell growth in cholangiocytes. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2010; 1:38-49. [PMID: 21607141 PMCID: PMC3097946 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v1.i2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Histamine has long been known to be involved in inflammatory events. The discovery of antihistamines dates back to the first half of the 20th century when a Swiss-Italian pharmacologist, Daniel Bovet began his work. In 1957 he was awarded a Nobel Prize for his production of antihistamines for allergy relief. Since that time, histamine has been found to play a role in other events besides allergic reaction. Possibly unbelievable to Bovet and his peers, histamine has now been marked as playing a role in liver pathologies including hepatobiliary diseases.
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Fava G. Molecular mechanisms of cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2010; 1:12-22. [PMID: 21607138 PMCID: PMC3097940 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v1.i1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CC), the malignant tumor of the epithelial cells lining the biliary ducts, has undergone a worldwide increase in incidence and mortality. The malignant transformation of the biliary cells originates from a multistep process evolving through chronic inflammation of the biliary tract to CC. In the last few years several advances have been towards understanding and clarifying the molecular mechanisms implicated in the cholangiocarcinogenesis process. However, many pathophysiologic aspects governing the growth of CC are still undefined. The poor prognosis of this tumor underlines the urgent need to codify the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the growth and progression of CC in order to design effective preventive measures and valid treatment regimens. This review reports on progresses made in the last few years in clarifying the molecular pathways involved in the process of cholangiocarcinogenesis.
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Opposing actions of endocannabinoids on cholangiocarcinoma growth is via the differential activation of Notch signaling. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1465-78. [PMID: 20347808 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) have opposing effects on cholangiocarcinoma growth. Implicated in cancer, Notch signaling requires the gamma-secretase complex for activation. The aims of this study were to determine if the opposing effects of endocannabinoids depend on the differential activation of the Notch receptors and to demonstrate that the differential activation of these receptors are due to presenilin 1 containing- and presenilin 2 containing-gamma-secretase complexes. Mz-ChA-1 cells were treated with AEA or 2-AG. Notch receptor expression, activation, and nuclear translocation were determined. Specific roles for Notch 1 and 2 on cannabinoid-induced effects were determined by transient transfection of Notch 1 or 2 shRNA vectors before stimulation with AEA or 2-AG. Expression of presenilin 1 and 2 was determined after AEA or 2-AG treatment, and the involvement of presenilin 1 and 2 in the cannabinoid-induced effects was demonstrated in cell lines with low presenilin 1 or 2 expression. Antiproliferative effects of AEA required increased Notch 1 mRNA, activation, and nuclear translocation, whereas the growth-promoting effects induced by 2-AG required increased Notch 2 mRNA expression, activation, and nuclear translocation. AEA increased presenilin 1 expression and recruitment into the gamma-secretase complex, whereas 2-AG increased expression and recruitment of presenilin 2. The development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the endocannabinoid system or mimicking the mode of action of AEA on Notch signaling pathways would prove beneficial for cholangiocarcinoma management.
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31
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Coufal M, Invernizzi P, Gaudio E, Bernuzzi F, Frampton GA, Onori P, Franchitto A, Carpino G, Ramirez JC, Alvaro D, Marzioni M, Battisti G, Benedetti A, DeMorrow S. Increased local dopamine secretion has growth-promoting effects in cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:2112-22. [PMID: 19795457 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a devastating cancer of biliary origin with limited treatment options. Symptoms are usually evident after blockage of the bile duct by the tumor, and at this late stage, they are relatively resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Therefore, it is imperative that alternative treatment options are explored. We have previously shown that serotonin metabolism is dysregulated in cholangiocarcinoma leading to an increased secretion of serotonin, which has growth-promoting effects. Because serotonin and dopamine share the degradation machinery, we evaluated the secretion of dopamine from cholangiocarcinoma and its effects on cell proliferation. Using 4 cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and human biopsy samples, we demonstrated that there was an increase in mRNA and protein expression of the dopamine synthesis enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase in cholangiocarcinoma. There was increased dopamine secretion from cholangiocarcinoma cell lines compared to H69 and HIBEC cholangiocytes and increased dopamine immunoreactivity in human biopsy samples. Furthermore, administration of dopamine to all cholangiocarcinoma cell lines studied increased proliferation by up to 30%, which could be blocked by the pretreatment of the D2 and D4 dopamine receptor antagonists, whereas blocking dopamine production by alpha-methyldopa administration suppressed growth by up to 25%. Administration of alpha-methyldopa to nude mice also suppressed cholangiocarcinoma tumor growth. The data presented here represent the first evidence that dopamine metabolism is dysregulated in cholangiocarcinoma and that modulation of dopamine synthesis may represent an alternative target for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Coufal
- Department of Medicine, Scott & White Hospital, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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Francis H, Onori P, Gaudio E, Franchitto A, DeMorrow S, Venter J, Kopriva S, Carpino G, Mancinelli R, White M, Meng F, Vetuschi A, Sferra R, Alpini G. H3 histamine receptor-mediated activation of protein kinase Calpha inhibits the growth of cholangiocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1704-13. [PMID: 19825989 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Histamine regulates functions via four receptors (HRH1, HRH2, HRH3, and HRH4). The d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3))/Ca(2+)/protein kinase C (PKC)/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway regulates cholangiocarcinoma growth. We evaluated the role of HRH3 in the regulation of cholangiocarcinoma growth. Expression of HRH3 in intrahepatic and extrahepatic cell lines, normal cholangiocytes, and human tissue arrays was measured. In Mz-ChA-1 cells stimulated with (R)-(alpha)-(-)-methylhistamine dihydrobromide (RAMH), we measured (a) cell growth, (b) IP(3) and cyclic AMP levels, and (c) phosphorylation of PKC and mitogen-activated protein kinase isoforms. Localization of PKCalpha was visualized by immunofluorescence in cell smears and immunoblotting for PKCalpha in cytosol and membrane fractions. Following knockdown of PKCalpha, Mz-ChA-1 cells were stimulated with RAMH before evaluating cell growth and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 phosphorylation. In vivo experiments were done in BALB/c nude mice. Mice were treated with saline or RAMH for 44 days and tumor volume was measured. Tumors were excised and evaluated for proliferation, apoptosis, and expression of PKCalpha, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C, VEGF receptor 2, and VEGF receptor 3. HRH3 expression was found in all cells. RAMH inhibited the growth of cholangiocarcinoma cells. RAMH increased IP(3) levels and PKCalpha phosphorylation and decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. RAMH induced a shift in the localization of PKCalpha expression from the cytosolic domain into the membrane region of Mz-ChA-1 cells. Silencing of PKCalpha prevented RAMH inhibition of Mz-ChA-1 cell growth and ablated RAMH effects on ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In vivo, RAMH decreased tumor growth and expression of VEGF and its receptors; PKCalpha expression was increased. RAMH inhibits cholangiocarcinoma growth by PKCalpha-dependent ERK1/2 dephosphorylation. Modulation of PKCalpha by histamine receptors may be important in regulating cholangiocarcinoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Francis
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
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Fava G, DeMorrow S, Gaudio E, Franchitto A, Onori P, Carpino G, Glaser S, Francis H, Coufal M, Marucci L, Alvaro D, Marzioni M, Horst T, Mancinelli R, Benedetti A, Alpini G. Endothelin inhibits cholangiocarcinoma growth by a decrease in the vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Liver Int 2009; 29:1031-42. [PMID: 19291182 PMCID: PMC2706939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.01997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelins (ET-1, ET-2, ET-3) are peptides with vasoactive properties interacting with ET(A) and ET(B) receptors. ET-1 inhibits secretin-stimulated ductal secretion (hallmark of cholangiocyte growth) of cholestatic rats by interaction with ET receptors. AIM The aims of the studies were to evaluate (i) the effect of ET-1 on cholangiocarcinoma growth in Mz-ChA-1 cells and nude mice and (ii) whether ET-1 regulation of cholangiocarcinoma growth is associated with changes in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), VEGF-C, VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and VEGFR-3. METHODS We determined the expression of ET(A) and ET(B) receptors on normal and malignant (Mz-ChA-1) cholangiocytes and human cholangiocarcinoma tissue and the effect of ET-1 on the proliferation and expression of VEGF-A, VEGF-C (regulators of tumour angiogenesis) and its receptors, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, in Mz-ChA-1 cells. In vivo, Mz-ChA-1 cells were injected into the flanks of athymic mice and injections of ET-1 or saline into the tumours were performed daily. The effect of ET-1 on tumour size, cell proliferation, apoptosis, collagen quantity and the expression of VEGF-A and VEGF-C and VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 were measured after 73 days. RESULTS Higher expression of ET(A) and ET(B) was observed in malignant compared with normal cholangiocytes. ET-1 inhibited proliferation and VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 expression of Mz-ChA-1 cells. Chronic ET-1 treatment decreased tumour volume, tumour cell proliferation and VEGF-A and VEGF-C expression but increased apoptosis and collagen tissue deposition compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of VEGF-A and VEGF-C (by ET-1) may be important for managing cholangiocarcinoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giammarco Fava
- Department of Gastroenterology, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Human Anatomy, Università of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Human Anatomy, Università of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Health Science, IUSM University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Monique Coufal
- Division of Research and Education, Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Luca Marucci
- Department of Gastroenterology, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Trenton Horst
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA, Department of Human Anatomy, Università of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Benedetti
- Department of Gastroenterology, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White, Temple, TX, USA, Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, USA, Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
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Onori P, DeMorrow S, Gaudio E, Franchitto A, Mancinelli R, Venter J, Kopriva S, Ueno Y, Alvaro D, Savage J, Alpini G, Francis H. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester decreases cholangiocarcinoma growth by inhibition of NF-kappaB and induction of apoptosis. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:565-76. [PMID: 19358267 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) inhibits the growth of tumor cells and is a known inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kappaB), which is constitutively active in cholangiocarcinoma (CCH) cells. We evaluated the effects of CAPE on CCH growth both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity was confirmed in nuclear extracts treated with CAPE at 50, 40 and 20 microM. CAPE decreases the expression of NF-kappaB1 (p50) and RelA (p65). CAPE decreased the growth of a number of CCH cells but not normal cholangiocytes. Cell cycle decrease was seen by a decrease in PCNA protein expression and the number of BrdU-positive cells treated with CAPE at 20 microM compared to vehicle. Inhibition of growth and increased cell cycle arrest of Mz-ChA-1 cells by CAPE were coupled with increased apoptosis. Bax expression was increased, whereas Bcl-2 was decreased in cells treated with CAPE compared to vehicle. In vivo studies were performed in BALB/c nude (nu/nu) mice implanted subcutaneously with Mz-ChA-1 cells and treated with daily IP injections of DMSO or CAPE (10 mg/kg body weight in DMSO) for 77 days. Tumor growth was decreased and tumor latency was increased 2-fold in CAPE compared to vehicle-treated nude mice. In tumor samples, decreased CCH growth by CAPE was coupled with increased apoptosis. CAPE both in vivo and in vitro decreases the growth of CCH cells by increasing apoptosis. These results demonstrate that CAPE might be an important therapeutic tool in the treatment of CCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Onori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Marzioni M, Invernizzi P, Candelaresi C, Maggioni M, Saccomanno S, Selmi C, Rychlicki C, Agostinelli L, Cassani B, Miozzo M, Pasini S, Fava G, Alpini G, Benedetti A. Human cholangiocarcinoma development is associated with dysregulation of opioidergic modulation of cholangiocyte growth. Dig Liver Dis 2009; 41:523-33. [PMID: 18948067 PMCID: PMC2692367 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Incidence of cholangiocarcinoma is increasing worldwide, yet remaining highly aggressive and with poor prognosis. The mechanisms that drive cholangiocyte transition towards malignant phenotype are obscure. Cholangiocyte benign proliferation is subjected to a self-limiting mechanism based on the autocrine release of endogenous opioid peptides. Despite the presence of both, ligands interact with delta opioid receptor (OR), but not with microOR, with the consequent inhibition of cell growth. We aimed to verify whether cholangiocarcinoma growth is associated with failure of opioidergic regulation of growth control. METHODS We evaluated the effects of OR selective agonists on cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Intracellular signals were also characterised. RESULTS Activation of microOR, but not deltaOR, increases cholangiocarcinoma cell growth. Such an effect is mediated by ERK1/2, PI3K and Ca(2+)-CamKIIalpha cascades, but not by cAMP/PKA and PKCalpha. microOR activation also enhances cholangiocarcinoma cell migration and reduces death by apoptosis. The anti-apoptotic effect of microOR was PI3K dependent. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that cholangiocarcinoma growth is associated with altered opioidergic regulation of cholangiocyte biology, thus opening new scenarios for future surveillance or early diagnostic strategies for cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Politechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy,Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 0712206043; fax: +39 0712206044. E-mail address: (M. Marzioni)
| | - P. Invernizzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic Institute Humanitas IRCCS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C. Candelaresi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Politechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - M. Maggioni
- Department of Human Pathology, San Paolo Hospital School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Saccomanno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Politechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - C. Selmi
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C. Rychlicki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Politechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - L. Agostinelli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Politechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - B. Cassani
- Department of Human Pathology, San Paolo Hospital School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Miozzo
- Medical Genetic Unit, San Paolo Hospital School of Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | - S. Pasini
- Division of Internal Medicine and Liver Unit, San Paolo Hospital School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G. Fava
- Department of Gastroenterology, Politechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - G. Alpini
- Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Scott & White Hospital and The Texas A & M University System Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA,Department of Medicine, Scott & White Hospital and The Texas A & M University System Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA,Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Scott & White Hospital and The Texas A & M University System Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - A. Benedetti
- Department of Gastroenterology, Politechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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36
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Endothelin inhibits cholangiocarcinoma growth by a decrease in the vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Liver Int 2009. [PMID: 19291182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelins (ET-1, ET-2, ET-3) are peptides with vasoactive properties interacting with ET(A) and ET(B) receptors. ET-1 inhibits secretin-stimulated ductal secretion (hallmark of cholangiocyte growth) of cholestatic rats by interaction with ET receptors. AIM The aims of the studies were to evaluate (i) the effect of ET-1 on cholangiocarcinoma growth in Mz-ChA-1 cells and nude mice and (ii) whether ET-1 regulation of cholangiocarcinoma growth is associated with changes in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), VEGF-C, VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and VEGFR-3. METHODS We determined the expression of ET(A) and ET(B) receptors on normal and malignant (Mz-ChA-1) cholangiocytes and human cholangiocarcinoma tissue and the effect of ET-1 on the proliferation and expression of VEGF-A, VEGF-C (regulators of tumour angiogenesis) and its receptors, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, in Mz-ChA-1 cells. In vivo, Mz-ChA-1 cells were injected into the flanks of athymic mice and injections of ET-1 or saline into the tumours were performed daily. The effect of ET-1 on tumour size, cell proliferation, apoptosis, collagen quantity and the expression of VEGF-A and VEGF-C and VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 were measured after 73 days. RESULTS Higher expression of ET(A) and ET(B) was observed in malignant compared with normal cholangiocytes. ET-1 inhibited proliferation and VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 expression of Mz-ChA-1 cells. Chronic ET-1 treatment decreased tumour volume, tumour cell proliferation and VEGF-A and VEGF-C expression but increased apoptosis and collagen tissue deposition compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of VEGF-A and VEGF-C (by ET-1) may be important for managing cholangiocarcinoma growth.
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Alpini G, Invernizzi P, Gaudio E, Venter J, Kopriva S, Bernuzzi F, Onori P, Franchitto A, Coufal M, Frampton G, Alvaro D, Lee SP, Marzioni M, Benedetti A, DeMorrow S. Serotonin metabolism is dysregulated in cholangiocarcinoma, which has implications for tumor growth. Cancer Res 2008; 68:9184-93. [PMID: 19010890 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a devastating cancer of biliary origin with limited treatment options. Symptoms are usually evident after blockage of the bile duct by the tumor, and at this late stage, they are relatively resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Therefore, it is imperative that alternative treatment options are explored. We present novel data indicating that the metabolism of serotonin is dysregulated in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines, compared with normal cholangiocytes, and tissue and bile from cholangiocarcinoma patients. Specifically, there was an increased expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 and a suppression of monoamine oxidase A expression (enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of serotonin, respectively) in cholangiocarcinoma. This resulted in an increased secretion of serotonin from cholangiocarcinoma and increased serotonin in the bile from cholangiocarcinoma patients. Increased local serotonin release may have implications on cholangiocarcinoma cell growth. Serotonin administration increased cholangiocarcinoma cell growth in vitro, whereas inhibition of serotonin synthesis decreases tumor cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. The data presented here represent the first evidence that serotonin metabolism is dysregulated in cholangiocarcinoma and that modulation of serotonin synthesis may represent an alternative target for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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38
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DeMorrow S, Francis H, Gaudio E, Venter J, Franchitto A, Kopriva S, Onori P, Mancinelli R, Frampton G, Coufal M, Mitchell B, Vaculin B, Alpini G. The endocannabinoid anandamide inhibits cholangiocarcinoma growth via activation of the noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G1150-8. [PMID: 18832445 PMCID: PMC2604798 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90455.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas are cancers that have poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The noncanonical Wnt pathway is mediated predominantly by Wnt 5a, which activates a Ca(2+)-dependent pathway involving protein kinase C, or a Ca(2+)-independent pathway involving the orphan receptor Ror2 and subsequent activation of Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK). This pathway is associated with growth-suppressing effects in numerous cell types. We have shown that anandamide decreases cholangiocarcinoma growth in vitro. Therefore, we determined the effects of anandamide on cholangiocarcinoma tumor growth in vivo using a xenograft model and evaluated the effects of anandamide on the noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways. Chronic administration of anandamide decreased tumor growth and was associated with increased Wnt 5a expression in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of cholangiocarcinoma cells with recombinant Wnt 5a decreased cell proliferation in vitro. Neither anandamide nor Wnt 5a affected intracellular calcium release, but both increased the JNK phosphorylation. Stable knockdown of Wnt 5a or Ror2 expression in cholangiocarcinoma cells abolished the effects of anandamide on cell proliferation and JNK activation. Modulation of the endocannabinoid system may be important in cholangiocarcinoma treatment. The antiproliferative actions of the noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway warrants further investigation to dissect the mechanism by which this may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Heather Francis
- Department of Medicine and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center and Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; Division of Anatomy, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Texas Biosciences Institute, Temple College, Temple, Texas
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Medicine and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center and Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; Division of Anatomy, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Texas Biosciences Institute, Temple College, Temple, Texas
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medicine and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center and Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; Division of Anatomy, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Texas Biosciences Institute, Temple College, Temple, Texas
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Medicine and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center and Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; Division of Anatomy, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Texas Biosciences Institute, Temple College, Temple, Texas
| | - Shelley Kopriva
- Department of Medicine and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center and Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; Division of Anatomy, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Texas Biosciences Institute, Temple College, Temple, Texas
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Medicine and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center and Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; Division of Anatomy, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Texas Biosciences Institute, Temple College, Temple, Texas
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Medicine and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center and Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; Division of Anatomy, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Texas Biosciences Institute, Temple College, Temple, Texas
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Department of Medicine and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center and Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; Division of Anatomy, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Texas Biosciences Institute, Temple College, Temple, Texas
| | - Monique Coufal
- Department of Medicine and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center and Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; Division of Anatomy, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Texas Biosciences Institute, Temple College, Temple, Texas
| | - Brett Mitchell
- Department of Medicine and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center and Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; Division of Anatomy, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Texas Biosciences Institute, Temple College, Temple, Texas
| | - Bradley Vaculin
- Department of Medicine and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center and Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; Division of Anatomy, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Texas Biosciences Institute, Temple College, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Medicine and Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center and Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, Texas; Division of Anatomy, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Texas Biosciences Institute, Temple College, Temple, Texas
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Fava G, Alpini G, Rychlicki C, Saccomanno S, DeMorrow S, Trozzi L, Candelaresi C, Venter J, Di Sario A, Marzioni M, Bearzi I, Glaser S, Alvaro D, Marucci L, Francis H, Svegliati-Baroni G, Benedetti A. Leptin enhances cholangiocarcinoma cell growth. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6752-61. [PMID: 18701500 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a strongly aggressive malignancy with a very poor prognosis. Effective therapeutic strategies are lacking because molecular mechanisms regulating cholangiocarcinoma cell growth are unknown. Furthermore, experimental in vivo animal models useful to study the pathophysiologic mechanisms of malignant cholangiocytes are lacking. Leptin, the hormone regulating caloric homeostasis, which is increased in obese patients, stimulates the growth of several cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of this study was to define if leptin stimulates cholangiocarcinoma growth. We determined the expression of leptin receptors in normal and malignant human cholangiocytes. Effects on intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (HuH-28) cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of the in vitro exposure to leptin, together with the intracellular pathways, were then studied. Moreover, cholangiocarcinoma was experimentally induced in obese fa/fa Zucker rats, a genetically established animal species with faulty leptin receptors, and in their littermates by chronic feeding with thioacetamide, a potent carcinogen. After 24 weeks, the effect of leptin on cholangiocarcinoma development and growth was assessed. Normal and malignant human cholangiocytes express leptin receptors. Leptin increased the proliferation and the metastatic potential of cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro through a signal transducers and activators of transcription 3-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Leptin increased the growth and migration, and was antiapoptotic for cholangiocarcinoma cells. Moreover, the loss of leptin function reduced the development and the growth of cholangiocarcinoma. The experimental carcinogenesis model induced by thioacetamide administration is a valid and reproducible method to study cholangiocarcinoma pathobiology. Modulation of the leptin-mediated signal could be considered a valid tool for the prevention and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giammarco Fava
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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40
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Francis H, Franchitto A, Ueno Y, Glaser S, DeMorrow S, Venter J, Gaudio E, Alvaro D, Fava G, Marzioni M, Vaculin B, Alpini G. H3 histamine receptor agonist inhibits biliary growth of BDL rats by downregulation of the cAMP-dependent PKA/ERK1/2/ELK-1 pathway. J Transl Med 2007; 87:473-87. [PMID: 17334413 PMCID: PMC3751000 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine regulates many functions by binding to four histamine G-coupled receptor proteins (H1R, H2R, H3R and H4R). As H3R exerts their effects by coupling to Galpha(i/o) proteins reducing adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) levels (a key player in the modulation of cholangiocyte hyperplasia/damage), we evaluated the role of H3R in the regulation of biliary growth. We posed the following questions: (1) Do cholangiocytes express H3R? (2) Does in vivo administration of (R)-(alpha)-(-)-methylhistamine dihydrobromide (RAMH) (H3R agonist), thioperamide maleate (H3R antagonist) or histamine, in the absence/presence of thioperamide maleate, to bile duct ligated (BDL) rats regulate cholangiocyte proliferation? and (3) Does RAMH inhibit cholangiocyte proliferation by downregulation of cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)/ets-like gene-1 (Elk-1)? The expression of H3R was evaluated in liver sections by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, and by real-time PCR in cholangiocyte RNA from normal and BDL rats. BDL rats (immediately after BDL) were treated daily with RAMH, thioperamide maleate or histamine in the absence/presence of thioperamide maleate for 1 week. Following in vivo treatment of BDL rats with RAMH for 1 week, and in vitro stimulation of BDL cholangiocytes with RAMH, we evaluated cholangiocyte proliferation, cAMP levels and PKA, ERK1/2 and Elk-1 phosphorylation. Cholangiocytes from normal and BDL rats express H3R. The expression of H3R mRNA increased in BDL compared to normal cholangiocytes. Histamine decreased cholangiocyte growth of BDL rats to a lower extent than that observed in BDL RAMH-treated rats; histamine-induced inhibition of cholangiocyte growth was partly blocked by thioperamide maleate. In BDL rats treated with thioperamide maleate, cholangiocyte hyperplasia was slightly higher than that of BDL rats. In vitro, RAMH inhibited the proliferation of BDL cholangiocytes. RAMH inhibition of cholangiocyte growth was associated with decreased cAMP levels and PKA/ERK1/2/Elk-1 phosphorylation. Downregulation of cAMP-dependent PKA/ERK1/2/Elk-1 phosphorylation (by activation of H3R) is important in the inhibition of cholangiocyte growth in liver diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bile Ducts/surgery
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/drug effects
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/growth & development
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Histamine/pharmacology
- Histamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Hyperplasia/chemically induced
- Hyperplasia/pathology
- Ligation
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Male
- Methylhistamines/pharmacology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Receptor, EphA8/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H3/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine H3/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Francis
- Department of Research and Education, College of Medicine, Scott & White Hospital and The Texas A & M University System Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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DeMorrow S, Glaser S, Francis H, Venter J, Vaculin B, Vaculin S, Alpini G. Opposing actions of endocannabinoids on cholangiocarcinoma growth: recruitment of Fas and Fas ligand to lipid rafts. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:13098-113. [PMID: 17329257 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608238200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas are devastating cancers of biliary origin with limited treatment options. Modulation of the endocannabinoid system is being targeted to develop possible therapeutic strategies for a number of cancers; therefore, we evaluated the effects of the two major endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol, on numerous cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. Although anandamide was antiproliferative and proapoptotic, 2-arachidonylglycerol stimulated cholangiocarcinoma cell growth. Specific inhibitors for each of the cannabinoid receptors did not prevent either of these effects nor did pretreatment with pertussis toxin, a G(i/o) protein inhibitor, suggesting that anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol did not exert their diametric effects through any known cannabinoid receptor or through any other G(i/o) protein-coupled receptor. Using the lipid raft disruptors methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and filipin, we demonstrated that anandamide, but not 2-arachidonylglycerol, requires lipid raft-mediated events to inhibit cellular proliferation. Closer inspection of the lipid raft structures within the cell membrane revealed that although anandamide treatment had no observable effect 2-arachidonylglycerol treatment effectively dissipated the lipid raft structures and caused the lipid raft-associated proteins lyn and flotillin-1 to disperse into the surrounding membrane. In addition, anandamide, but not 2-arachidonylglycerol, induced an accumulation of ceramide, which was required for anandamide-induced suppression of cell growth. Finally we demonstrated that anandamide and ceramide treatment of cholangiocarcinoma cells recruited Fas and Fas ligand into the lipid rafts, subsequently activating death receptor pathways. These findings suggest that modulation of the endocannabinoid system may be a target for the development of possible therapeutic strategies for the treatment of this devastating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon DeMorrow
- Division of Research and Education, Scott and White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, Texas 76504, USA
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Alvaro D, Mancino MG, Glaser S, Gaudio E, Marzioni M, Francis H, Alpini G. Proliferating cholangiocytes: a neuroendocrine compartment in the diseased liver. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:415-31. [PMID: 17241889 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last 15 years, the intrahepatic biliary tree has become the object of extensive studies, which highlighted the extraordinary biologic properties of cholangiocytes involved in bile formation, proliferation, injury repair, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and regulation of blood flow. Proliferation is a "typical" property of cholangiocytes and is key as a mechanism of repair responsible for maintaining the integrity of the biliary tree. Cholangiocyte proliferation occurs virtually in all pathologic conditions of liver injury where it is associated with inflammation, regeneration, and repair, thus conditioning the evolution of liver damage. Interestingly, proliferating cholangiocytes acquire the phenotype of neuroendocrine cells, and secrete different cytokines, growth factors, neuropeptides, and hormones, which represent potential mechanisms for cross talk with other liver cells. Many studies suggest the generation of a neuroendocrine compartment in the injured liver, mostly constituted by cells with cholangiocyte features, which functionally conditions the progression of liver disease. These insights on cholangiocyte pathophysiology will provide new potential strategies for the management of chronic liver diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent findings on the mechanisms regulating cholangiocyte proliferation and the significance of the neuroendocrine regulation of cholangiocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Alvaro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University La Sapienza, via R. Rossellini 51, 00137 Rome, Italy.
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Selective inhibition of ion transport mechanisms regulating intracellular pH reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells. Dig Liver Dis 2007; 39:60-9. [PMID: 16982221 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2006.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cells within the acidic extracellular environment of solid tumours maintain their intracellular pH through the activity of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger and the Na(+) dependent Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchanger. The inhibition of these mechanisms could therefore inhibit cancer cell growth. AIM We evaluated the effect of two selective inhibitors of these transporters (cariporide and S3705) on proliferation and apoptosis of human cholangiocarcinoma cells (HUH-28 and Mz-ChA-1 cells) as a function of external pH (7.4 and 6.8). METHODS/RESULTS HUH-28 cells incubated for 24h at external pH 7.4 or 6.8 without inhibitors maintained intracellular pH at physiological level, whereas incubation with cariporide and/or S3705 caused the intracellular pH of cells to drop. Incubation of HUH-28 cells with cariporide and/or S3705 was able to reduce proliferation, evaluated by a colorimetric ELISA method, and to induce apoptosis, evaluated by measuring caspase-3 activity and Annexin-V staining, and these effects were more evident at external pH 6.8. S3705 but not cariporide was able to inhibit serum-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, AKT and BAD, intracellular molecules involved in cancer cell proliferation and survival. Similar results were obtained in Mz-ChA-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS (1) Inhibition of intracellular pH regulatory mechanisms by cariporide and S3705 reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells; and (2) these drugs might have potential therapeutic value against cholangiocarcinoma.
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Fava G, Ueno Y, Glaser S, Francis H, Demorrow S, Marucci L, Marzioni M, Benedetti A, Venter J, Vaculin B, Vaculin S, Alpini G. Thyroid hormone inhibits biliary growth in bile duct-ligated rats by PLC/IP(3)/Ca(2+)-dependent downregulation of SRC/ERK1/2. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 292:C1467-75. [PMID: 17192280 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00575.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of the thyroid hormone agonist 3,3',5 l-tri-iodothyronine (T3) on cholangiocytes is unknown. We evaluated the in vivo and in vitro effects of T3 on cholangiocyte proliferation of bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats. We assessed the expression of alpha(1)-, alpha(2)-, beta(1)-, and beta(2)-thyroid hormone receptors (THRs) by immunohistochemistry in liver sections from normal and BDL rats. BDL rats were treated with T3 (38.4 mug/day) or vehicle for 1 wk. We evaluated 1) biliary mass and apoptosis in liver sections and 2) proliferation in cholangiocytes. Serum-free T3 levels were measured by chemiluminescence. Purified BDL cholangiocytes were treated with 0.2% BSA or T3 (1 muM) in the absence/presence of U-73122 (PLC inhibitor) or BAPTA/AM (intracellular Ca(2+) chelator) before measurement of PCNA protein expression by immunoblots. The in vitro effects of T3 (1 muM) on 1) cAMP, IP(3), and Ca(2+) levels and 2) the phosphorylation of Src Tyr139 and Tyr530 (that, together, regulate Src activity) and ERK1/2 of BDL cholangiocytes were also evaluated. alpha(1)-, alpha(2)-, beta(1)-, and beta(2)-THRs were expressed by bile ducts of normal and BDL rats. In vivo, T3 decreased cholangiocyte proliferation of BDL rats. In vitro, T3 inhibition of PCNA protein expression was blocked by U-73122 and BAPTA/AM. Furthermore, T3 1) increased IP(3) and Ca(2+) levels and 2) decreased Src and ERK1/2 phosphorylation of BDL cholangiocytes. T3 inhibits cholangiocyte proliferation of BDL rats by PLC/IP(3)/Ca(2+)-dependent decreased phosphorylation of Src/ERK1/2. Activation of the intracellular signals triggered by T3 may modulate the excess of cholangiocyte proliferation in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giammarco Fava
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Department of Medicine Temple, Texas 76504, USA
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Fava G, Marzioni M, Benedetti A, Glaser S, DeMorrow S, Francis H, Alpini G. Molecular pathology of biliary tract cancers. Cancer Lett 2006; 250:155-67. [PMID: 17069969 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the development, growth and metastatic diffusion of biliary tract cancers are still undefined. The increase in worldwide incidence and mortality of cholangiocarcinoma justifies the impellent need to clarify the intracellular mechanisms triggering the malignant transformation of the biliary epithelium and growth of biliary malignancies. A more complete characterization of the molecular pathology of bile duct cancers could lead to the identification of valid targets for the diagnosis and therapy of these devastating malignancies. This review describes the scientific progress made over the past decades with regard to the understanding of the molecular processes of cholangiocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giammarco Fava
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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Cui G, Takaishi S, Ai W, Betz KS, Florholmen J, Koh TJ, Houghton J, Pritchard DM, Wang TC. Gastrin-induced apoptosis contributes to carcinogenesis in the stomach. J Transl Med 2006; 86:1037-51. [PMID: 16894354 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypergastrinemia in INS-GAS mice leads to accelerated carcinogenesis of the stomach, but the mechanisms have not been well defined. We investigated the possible role of gastrin-induced gastric cell apoptosis in the development of gastric cancer. We examined apoptosis and the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins in INS-GAS mice of different ages, as well as in gastrin-deficient (GAS-KO) mice after gastrin-17 (G-17) infusion. In addition, we studied the effects of the gastrin/cholecystokinin-2 (CCK-2) receptor antagonist YF476 and/or histamine H2 (H-2) receptor antagonist loxtidine on apoptosis and atrophy in INS-GAS mice with or without Helicobacter felis (H. felis) infection. INS-GAS mice had age-associated increases in Bax protein expression and decreases in Bcl-2 protein expression, along with increased glandular and epithelial cell apoptosis. At 8-week gastrin infusions in GAS-KO mice resulted in a similar pattern of altered Bax and Bcl-2 expression, followed by gastric cell apoptosis. H. felis infection of INS-GAS mice led to increased apoptosis and the development of atrophy, whereas treatment with either YF476 and/or loxtidine strongly inhibited both apoptosis and atrophy. In vitro studies with Fas-expressing RGM1 cells showed that gastrin stimulation alone directly induced apoptosis via gastrin/CCK-2 receptor and synergized with FasL stimulation. These results indicate that gastrin can induce apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells and contribute to the development of gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Marzioni M, Fava G, Benedetti A. Nervous and Neuroendocrine regulation of the pathophysiology of cholestasis and of biliary carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:3471-80. [PMID: 16773704 PMCID: PMC4087563 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i22.3471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the biliary ducts, are the target cells in several liver diseases. Cholangiopathies and cholangiocarcinoma generate interest in many scientists since the genesis. The developing mechanisms, and the therapeutic tools of these diseases are still undefined. Several studies demonstrate that many hormones, neuropeptides and neurotransmitters regulate malignant and non-malignant cholangiocyte pathophysiology in the course of chronic biliary diseases. The aim of this review is to present the findings of several studies published in the recent years that contributed to clarifying the role of nervous and neuroendocrine regulation of the pathophysiologic events associated with cholestasis and cholangiocarcinoma development. This manuscript is organized into two parts. The first part offers an overview of the innervation of the liver and the origin of neuroendocrine hormones, neurotransmitters and neuropeptides affecting cholangiocyte function and metabolism. The first section also reviews the effects played by several neuroendocrine hormones and nervous system on cholangiocyte growth, survival and functional activity in the course of cholestasis. In the second section, we summarize the results of some studies describing the role of nervous system and neuroendocrine hormones in the regulation of malignant cholangiocyte growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Nuovo Polo Didattico, III piano, Via Tronto 10, 60020 Ancona, Italy.
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Minagawa N, Ehrlich BE, Nathanson MH. Calcium signaling in cholangiocytes. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:3466-70. [PMID: 16773703 PMCID: PMC4087562 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i22.3466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2006] [Revised: 01/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic Ca2+ is an important second messenger in virtually every type of cell. Moreover, Ca2+ generally regulates multiple activities within individual cells. This article reviews the cellular machinery that is responsible for Ca2+ signaling in cholangiocytes. In addition, two Ca2+-mediated events in cholangiocytes are discussed: bicarbonate secretion and apoptosis. Finally, emerging evidence is reviewed that Ca2+ signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of diseases affecting the biliary tree and that Ca2+ signaling pathways can be manipulated to therapeutic advantage in the treatment of cholestatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Minagawa
- Department of Medicine Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 1 Gilbert Street, Room TAC S241D, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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Gaudio E, Barbaro B, Alvaro D, Glaser S, Francis H, Ueno Y, Meininger CJ, Franchitto A, Onori P, Marzioni M, Taffetani S, Fava G, Stoica G, Venter J, Reichenbach R, De Morrow S, Summers R, Alpini G. Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates rat cholangiocyte proliferation via an autocrine mechanism. Gastroenterology 2006; 130:1270-82. [PMID: 16618418 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is secreted by several epithelia and modulates cellular functions by autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. The role of VEGF in cholangiocyte pathophysiology is unknown. We evaluated the role of VEGF in the regulation of cholangiocyte proliferation in rats that underwent bile duct ligation. METHODS The expression of VEGF-A and VEGF-C and their receptors in cholangiocytes from normal and BDL rats was evaluated. Normal or BDL rats were treated with recombinant-VEGF-A or recombinant-VEGF-C or anti-VEGF antibodies, and proliferation of cholangiocytes was evaluated in situ by morphometry and in vitro by proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunoblots and MTS assay. In vitro, normal rat cholangiocyte cultures were stimulated with r-VEGF-A or r-VEGF-C and proliferation and signal transduction were evaluated. RESULTS We found that (1) cholangiocytes express messenger RNA and protein for VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), and VEGF receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) and secrete VEGF; (2) secretion of VEGF and expression of VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 increases in BDL cholangiocytes; (3) blocking VEGF in vivo by anti-VEGF-A or anti-VEGF-C antibodies decreases cholangiocyte proliferation; (4) the in vivo administration of r-VEGF-A or r-VEGF-C induces cholangiocyte proliferation in normal rats; and (5) in vitro, VEGF-A increases normal rat cholangiocyte culture proliferation by activation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate/Ca2+/protein kinase C alpha and phosphorylation of Src/ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS Cholangiocytes secrete VEGF and express VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, all of which are amplified in BDL cholangiocytes. VEGF induces cholangiocyte proliferation by activation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate/[Ca2+]i/protein kinase C alpha and phosphorylation of Src/ERK1/2. VEGF mediates the adaptive proliferative response of cholangiocytes to cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Gaudio
- Division of Anatomy, University "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy
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Glaser S, Alvaro D, Francis H, Ueno Y, Marucci L, Benedetti A, De Morrow S, Marzioni M, Mancino MG, Phinizy JL, Reichenbach R, Fava G, Summers R, Venter J, Alpini G. Adrenergic receptor agonists prevent bile duct injury induced by adrenergic denervation by increased cAMP levels and activation of Akt. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290:G813-26. [PMID: 16339297 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00306.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Loss of parasympathetic innervation after vagotomy impairs cholangiocyte proliferation, which is associated with depressed cAMP levels, impaired ductal secretion, and enhanced apoptosis. Agonists that elevate cAMP levels prevent cholangiocyte apoptosis and restore cholangiocyte proliferation and ductal secretion. No information exists regarding the role of adrenergic innervation in the regulation of cholangiocyte function. In the present studies, we investigated the role of adrenergic innervation on cholangiocyte proliferative and secretory responses to bile duct ligation (BDL). Adrenergic denervation by treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) during BDL decreased cholangiocyte proliferation and secretin-stimulated ductal secretion with concomitant increased apoptosis, which was associated with depressed cholangiocyte cAMP levels. Chronic administration of forskolin (an adenylyl cyclase activator) or beta(1)- and beta(2)-adrenergic receptor agonists (clenbuterol or dobutamine) prevented the decrease in cholangiocyte cAMP levels, maintained cholangiocyte secretory and proliferative activities, and decreased cholangiocyte apoptosis resulting from adrenergic denervation. This was associated with enhanced phosphorylation of Akt. The protective effects of clenbuterol, dobutamine, and forskolin on 6-OHDA-induced changes in cholangiocyte apoptosis and proliferation were partially blocked by chronic in vivo administration of wortmannin. In conclusion, we propose that adrenergic innervation plays a role in the regulation of biliary mass and cholangiocyte functions during BDL by modulating intracellular cAMP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Glaser
- Division of Research and Education, College of Medicine, Scott and White Hospital and The Texas A & M University System Health Science Center, Temple, 76504, USA
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