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Liu M, Chen C, Yu J, Zhang H, Liang L, Guo B, Qiu Y, Yao F, Zhang H, Li J. The gelatin-based liquid marbles for cell cryopreservation. Mater Today Bio 2022; 17:100477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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2
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Peptide-based scaffolds for the culture and maintenance of primary human hepatocytes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6772. [PMID: 33762604 PMCID: PMC7990934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the use of a nanofibrous hydrogel as a 3D scaffold for the culture and maintenance of functional primary human hepatocytes. The system is based on the cooperative assembly of a fiber-forming peptide component, fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF), and the integrin-binding functional peptide ligand, Fmoc-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (Fmoc-RGD) into a nanofibrous gel at physiological pH. This Fmoc-FF/RGD hydrogel was formulated to provide a biomimetic microenvironment with some critical features such as mechanical properties and nanofiber morphology, which were optimized to support hepatocyte culture. The material was shown to support maintenance and function of encapsulated primary human hepatocytes as indicated by actin staining, qRT-PCR, and functional cytochrome P450 assays. The designed gel was shown to outperform Matrigel in cytochrome P450 functional assays. The hydrogel may prove useful for liver development and disease models, as well as providing insights into the design of future implantable scaffolds for the regeneration of liver tissue in patients with liver disease.
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Kupikowska-Stobba B, Lewińska D. Polymer microcapsules and microbeads as cell carriers for in vivo biomedical applications. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:1536-1574. [PMID: 32110789 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01337g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymer microcarriers are being extensively explored as cell delivery vehicles in cell-based therapies and hybrid tissue and organ engineering. Spherical microcarriers are of particular interest due to easy fabrication and injectability. They include microbeads, composed of a porous matrix, and microcapsules, where matrix core is additionally covered with a semipermeable membrane. Microcarriers provide cell containment at implantation site and protect the cells from host immunoresponse, degradation and shear stress. Immobilized cells may be genetically altered to release a specific therapeutic product directly at the target site, eliminating side effects of systemic therapies. Cell microcarriers need to fulfil a number of extremely high standards regarding their biocompatibility, cytocompatibility, immunoisolating capacity, transport, mechanical and chemical properties. To obtain cell microcarriers of specified parameters, a wide variety of polymers, both natural and synthetic, and immobilization methods can be applied. Yet so far, only a few approaches based on cell-laden microcarriers have reached clinical trials. The main issue that still impedes progress of these systems towards clinical application is limited cell survival in vivo. Herein, we review polymer biomaterials and methods used for fabrication of cell microcarriers for in vivo biomedical applications. We describe their key limitations and modifications aiming at improvement of microcarrier in vivo performance. We also present the main applications of polymer cell microcarriers in regenerative medicine, pancreatic islet and hepatocyte transplantation and in the treatment of cancer. Lastly, we outline the main challenges in cell microimmobilization for biomedical purposes, the strategies to overcome these issues and potential future improvements in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kupikowska-Stobba
- Laboratory of Electrostatic Methods of Bioencapsulation, Department of Biomaterials and Biotechnological Systems, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dorota Lewińska
- Laboratory of Electrostatic Methods of Bioencapsulation, Department of Biomaterials and Biotechnological Systems, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland.
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4
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Yamada K, Aoki T, Enami Y, Tashiro Y, Zehaou Z, Koizumi T, Kusano T, Matsuda K, Wada Y, Shibata H, Tomioka K, Siriratsivawong K, Hoffman RM, Murakami M. An Improved Encapsulation Method for Cryopreserving Hepatocytes for Functional Transplantation Using a Thermo-reversible Gelation Polymer. In Vivo 2020; 34:2309-2316. [PMID: 32871755 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Thermo-reversible gelation polymer (TGP) can be converted into a gel state upon warming and liquid upon cooling. The present study aimed to demonstrate a new method for cryopreservation and encapsulation of rat hepatocytes using a TGP and their successful transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The isolated rat hepatocytes were microencapsulated using TGP, and stored in liquid nitrogen. After cryopreservation, hepatocytes were cultured. Moreover, hepatocytes were transplanted into the spleen without a TGP capsule. RESULTS The viability of hepatocytes that were cryopreserved in TGP was 71.2±2.3%. The hepatocytes demonstrated adequate survival, maintained their hepatic function in culture, and expressed albumin after transplantation to the rat spleen. CONCLUSION We demonstrated a cryopreservation method of rat hepatocyte encapsulation using a TGP gel in the hydrogel state which subsequently allowed successful transplantation of unencapsulated hepatocytes in a sol state TGP gel at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Aoki
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Enami
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tashiro
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.,AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Zin Zehaou
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomotake Koizumi
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Kusano
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Matsuda
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Wada
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Shibata
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kodai Tomioka
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kris Siriratsivawong
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.,AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Masahiko Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterological and General Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Zhang X, Jiang T, Chen D, Wang Q, Zhang LW. Three-dimensional liver models: state of the art and their application for hepatotoxicity evaluation. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:279-309. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1756219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Tianyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA), Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Leshuai W. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
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6
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Miyoshi H, Iwamoto A, Koyama T. Growth and albumin secretion of mouse fetal liver cells cryopreserved within porous polymer scaffolds as a viable cell source for bioartificial livers. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:212-216. [PMID: 32312490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To clinically apply bioartificial livers (BALs), an effective liver cell cryopreservation method is required for a stable cell supply. In this study, we performed tissue-engineered construct (TEC) cryopreservation of fetal liver cells (FLCs) in which FLCs cultured within a porous polymer scaffold were cryopreserved. Growth and albumin secretion in TEC-cryopreserved FLCs after thawing were compared to freshly isolated FLCs (control experiments). The effect of preculture duration prior to cryopreservation (0-3 weeks) on these functions was also examined. In the three-dimensional cultures, the TEC-cryopreserved FLCs with preculturing showed constant growth, and this growth was comparable to controls. On the contrary, the TEC-cryopreserved FLCs without preculturing did not proliferate after thawing. Albumin secretion of TEC-cryopreserved FLCs with preculturing rapidly increased up to day 12 and high secretory activity comparable to controls was maintained thereafter in FLCs with 1- or 2-week preculturing, suggesting this as an appropriate preculture duration. Compared to conventionally cryopreserved FLCs, growth and albumin secretion in the TEC-cryopreserved FLCs were significantly higher, indicating their usefulness as a potent cell source for BALs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoshi Miyoshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Ayako Iwamoto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Toshie Koyama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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7
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Tian C, Zhang X, Zhao G. Vitrification of stem cell-laden core-shell microfibers with unusually low concentrations of cryoprotective agents. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:889-900. [PMID: 30608077 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01231h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell-laden alginate hydrogel microfibers are particularly useful for building and repairing complex tissues because they are long, thin, and flexible. Therefore, they have important application value in regenerative medicine and clinical treatments. Cryopreservation is indispensable in order to ensure their "off-the-shelf" ready availability. Ice-free vitrification is considered an ideal method to preserve stem cell constructs (from cells to the overall ultrastructure of hydrogel). However, the vitrification process for preserving cell constructs requires highly toxic and cell membrane permeable cryoprotective agents (pCPA) and even requires the assistance of complex physical field based space warming technology. Therefore, a simple and feasible method is urgently needed. In addition, there are no reports about microfiber vitrification, as reports are limited to microcapsules. In this study, a novel device with nylon mesh for vitreous cryopreservation of hydrogel microfibers is developed to achieve ultra-rapid heat transfer by effectively suppressing film boiling during cooling. This may provide a low-toxic and cost-effective method for vitrification of cell-laden hydrogel microfibers with ultra-low concentrations of pCPA, facilitating their application in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghui Tian
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
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8
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Cao Y, Zhao G, Panhwar F, Zhang X, Chen Z, Cheng L, Zang C, Liu F, Zhao Y, He X. The Unusual Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene Enable Massive-Volume Vitrification of Stem Cells with Low-Concentration Cryoprotectants. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2019; 4:1800289. [PMID: 31448319 PMCID: PMC6707752 DOI: 10.1002/admt.201800289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Injectable stem cell-hydrogel constructs hold great potential for regenerative medicine and cell-based therapies. However, their clinical application is still challenging due to their short shelf-life at ambient temperature and the time-consuming fabrication procedure. Banking the constructs at cryogenic temperature may offer the possibility of "off-the-shelf" availability to end-users. However, ice formation during the cryopreservation process may compromise the construct quality and cell viability. Vitrification, cooling biological samples without apparent ice formation, has been explored to resolve the challenge. However, contemporary vitrification methods are limited to very small volume (up to ~0.25 ml) and/or need highly toxic and high concentration (up to ~8 M) of permeable cryoprotectants (pCPAs). Here, we show that polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, best known as Teflon for making non-stick cookware) capillary is flexible and unusually stable at a cryogenic temperature. By using the PTFE capillary as a flexible cryopreservation vessel together with alginate hydrogel microencapsulation and Fe3O4 nanoparticle-mediated nanowarming to suppress ice formation, massive-volume (10 ml) vitrification of cell-alginate hydrogel constructs with a low concentration (~2.5 M) of pCPA can be achieved. This may greatly facilitate the use of stem cell-based constructs for tissue regeneration and cell based therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cao
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Fazil Panhwar
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaozhang Zhang
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Zhongrong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanbao Zang
- Yinfeng Cryomedicine Technology Co., LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Yinfeng Cryomedicine Technology Co., LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
| | - Xiaoming He
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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9
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Du J, Jia R, Cao LP, Ding W, Xu P, Yin G. Effects of Rhizoma Alismatis extract on biochemical indices and adipose gene expression in oleic acid-induced hepatocyte injury in Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:747-768. [PMID: 29603076 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver is an increasingly serious disease of fish in aquaculture. However, the mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of fatty liver remain unclear, and no effective methods for the prevention and treatment of this disease have yet been found. In the present study, we aimed to develop an in vitro model of hepatocyte injury using oleic acid as hepatotoxicant and evaluate the protective effects of Rhizoma Alismatis extract (RAE) in Jian carp using this model. Primary hepatocytes from Jian carp were isolated and purified and cultured in vitro. The result indicated that 0.4 mmol L-1 oleic acid and 48 h could be the optimal conditions to induce hepatocyte injury model in cultured hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were exposed to oleic acid, followed by the addition of RAE at 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, or 50 μg mL-1. The hepatocytes and supernatant were then analyzed. RAE suppressed oleic acid-induced elevations in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, triglycerides, total cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase, malondialdehyde, γ-glutamyl transferase, cytochrome P450 1A, cytochrome P450 2E1, liver-type fatty acid binding protein, free fatty acid, fatty acid synthetase, and tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05); reduced protein levels of cytochrome P450 1A, nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, and NF-κB c-Rel; and inhibited cytochrome P4503A, NF-κB c-Rel, nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, and cytochrome P4501A mRNA levels. In conclusion, RAE exhibited a protective effect against hepatocyte injury in Jian carp. Further in vivo studies are needed to provide more evidence for the use of RAE as a hepatoprotective agent for the treatment of hepatocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Li-Ping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Weidong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Guojun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
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Advances in the slow freezing cryopreservation of microencapsulated cells. J Control Release 2018; 281:119-138. [PMID: 29782945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the use of cell microencapsulation technology has been promoted for a wide range of applications as sustained drug delivery systems or as cells containing biosystems for regenerative medicine. However, difficulty in their preservation and storage has limited their availability to healthcare centers. Because the preservation in cryogenic temperatures poses many biological and biophysical challenges and that the technology has not been well understood, the slow cooling cryopreservation, which is the most used technique worldwide, has not given full measure of its full potential application yet. This review will discuss the different steps that should be understood and taken into account to preserve microencapsulated cells by slow freezing in a successful and simple manner. Moreover, it will review the slow freezing preservation of alginate-based microencapsulated cells and discuss some recommendations that the research community may pursue to optimize the preservation of microencapsulated cells, enabling the therapy translate from bench to the clinic.
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Zhao G, Liu X, Zhu K, He X. Hydrogel Encapsulation Facilitates Rapid-Cooling Cryopreservation of Stem Cell-Laden Core-Shell Microcapsules as Cell-Biomaterial Constructs. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6:10.1002/adhm.201700988. [PMID: 29178480 PMCID: PMC5729581 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Core-shell structured stem cell microencapsulation in hydrogel has wide applications in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cell-based therapies because it offers an ideal immunoisolative microenvironment for cell delivery and 3D culture. Long-term storage of such microcapsules as cell-biomaterial constructs by cryopreservation is an enabling technology for their wide distribution and ready availability for clinical transplantation. However, most of the existing studies focus on cryopreservation of single cells or cells in microcapsules without a core-shell structure (i.e., hydrogel beads). The goal of this study is to achieve cryopreservation of stem cells encapsulated in core-shell microcapsules as cell-biomaterial constructs or biocomposites. To this end, a capillary microfluidics-based core-shell alginate hydrogel encapsulation technology is developed to produce porcine adipose-derived stem cell-laden microcapsules for vitreous cryopreservation with very low concentration (2 mol L-1 ) of cell membrane penetrating cryoprotective agents (CPAs) by suppressing ice formation. This may provide a low-CPA and cost-effective approach for vitreous cryopreservation of "ready-to-use" stem cell-biomaterial constructs, facilitating their off-the-shelf availability and widespread applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhu
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Xiaoming He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Nevi L, Cardinale V, Carpino G, Costantini D, Di Matteo S, Cantafora A, Melandro F, Brunelli R, Bastianelli C, Aliberti C, Monti M, Bosco D, Berloco PB, Panici PB, Reid L, Gaudio E, Alvaro D. Cryopreservation protocol for human biliary tree stem/progenitors, hepatic and pancreatic precursors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6080. [PMID: 28729654 PMCID: PMC5519713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human biliary tree stem/progenitor cells (hBTSCs) are being used for cell therapies of patients with liver cirrhosis. A cryopreservation method was established to optimize sourcing of hBTSCs for these clinical programs and that comprises serum-free Kubota’s Medium (KM) supplemented with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 15% human serum albumin (HSA) and 0.1% hyaluronans. Cryopreserved versus freshly isolated hBTSCs were similar in vitro with respect to self-replication, stemness traits, and multipotency. They were able to differentiate to functional hepatocytes,cholangiocytes or pancreatic islets, yielding similar levels of secretion of albumin or of glucose-inducible levels of insulin. Cryopreserved versus freshly isolated hBTSCs were equally able to engraft into immunocompromised mice yielding cells with human-specific gene expression and human albumin levels in murine serum that were higher for cryopreserved than for freshly isolated hBTSCs. The successful cryopreservation of hBTSCs facilitates establishment of hBTSCs cell banking offering logistical advantages for clinical programs for treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Nevi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Costantini
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Di Matteo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Cantafora
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Melandro
- Department of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Brunelli
- Department of Gynaecologic-Obstetric and Urologic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Bastianelli
- Department of Gynaecologic-Obstetric and Urologic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Aliberti
- Department of Gynaecologic-Obstetric and Urologic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Monti
- Department of Gynaecologic-Obstetric and Urologic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Bosco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Lola Reid
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Bissoyi A, Pramanik K, Panda NN, Sarangi S. Cryopreservation of hMSCs seeded silk nanofibers based tissue engineered constructs. Cryobiology 2014; 68:332-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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15
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Loh QL, Choong C. Three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: role of porosity and pore size. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:485-502. [PMID: 23672709 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1430] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering applications commonly encompass the use of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds to provide a suitable microenvironment for the incorporation of cells or growth factors to regenerate damaged tissues or organs. These scaffolds serve to mimic the actual in vivo microenvironment where cells interact and behave according to the mechanical cues obtained from the surrounding 3D environment. Hence, the material properties of the scaffolds are vital in determining cellular response and fate. These 3D scaffolds are generally highly porous with interconnected pore networks to facilitate nutrient and oxygen diffusion and waste removal. This review focuses on the various fabrication techniques (e.g., conventional and rapid prototyping methods) that have been employed to fabricate 3D scaffolds of different pore sizes and porosity. The different pore size and porosity measurement methods will also be discussed. Scaffolds with graded porosity have also been studied for their ability to better represent the actual in vivo situation where cells are exposed to layers of different tissues with varying properties. In addition, the ability of pore size and porosity of scaffolds to direct cellular responses and alter the mechanical properties of scaffolds will be reviewed, followed by a look at nature's own scaffold, the extracellular matrix. Overall, the limitations of current scaffold fabrication approaches for tissue engineering applications and some novel and promising alternatives will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Li Loh
- Division of Materials Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Canaple L, Rehor A, Hunkeler D. Improving cell encapsulation through size control. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 13:783-96. [PMID: 12296444 DOI: 10.1163/156856202760197410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Capsules based on the polyelectrolyte complexation between the polyanions sodium alginate and sodium cellulose sulphate with the polycation poly(methylene-co-guanidine) hydrochloride in the presence of calcium chloride have previously shown important advantages for cell encapsulation. However, in vivo long-term applications require capsule features that are well suited for the functionality of encapsulated cells. These should be targeted to the site of implantation with an appropriate size, a relative stability, and suitable diffusion properties. This study shows the effect of capsule size reduction, from 1 mm to 400 microm, on capsule quality control, mechanical stability, diffusion properties, and in vitro activities of the encapsulated cells. Following a controlled preparation, it was determined that the capsule mechanical stability was largely dependent on the volume ratio of the capsule over the membrane. The molecule diffusion time was related to the surface/volume ratio of the capsule even for the capsules exhibiting an identical cut-off towards the proteins and the dextran molecules. Finally, the in vitro cellular activities, for both primary cultures of rat islets and murine hepatocytes, were improved for cells encapsulated into the 400 microm capsules compared with those in the 1 mm capsules. All of these findings suggest that the smaller capsules present better properties for future clinical applications, at the same time widening the choice of implantation site, and strengthen the notion that slight changes in the capsular morphological parameters can largely influence the graft function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Canaple
- Laboratory of Polyelectrolytes and Biomacromolecules, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne.
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17
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Turner RA, Mendel G, Wauthier E, Barbier C, Reid LM. Hyaluronan-supplemented buffers preserve adhesion mechanisms facilitating cryopreservation of human hepatic stem/progenitor cells. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:2257-66. [PMID: 22472355 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x637000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The supply of human hepatic stem cells (hHpSCs) and other hepatic progenitors has been constrained by the limited availability of liver tissues from surgical resections, the rejected organs from organ donation programs, and the need to use cells immediately. To facilitate accessibility to these precious tissue resources, we have established an effective method for serum-free cryopreservation of the cells, allowing them to be stockpiled and stored for use as an off-the-shelf product for experimental or clinical programs. The method involves use of buffers, some serum-free, designed for cryopreservation and further supplemented with hyaluronans (HA) that preserve adhesion mechanisms facilitating postthaw culturing of the cells and preservation of functions. Multiple cryopreservation buffers were found to yield high viabilities (80-90%) of cells on thawing of the progenitor cells. Serum-free CS10 supplemented with 0.05% hyaluronan proved the most effective, both in terms of viabilities of cells on thawing and in yielding cell attachment and formation of expanding colonies of cells that stably maintain the stem/progenitor cell phenotype. Buffers to which 0.05 or 0.1% HAs were added showed cells postthaw to be phenotypically stable as stem/progenitors, as well as having a high efficiency of attachment and expansion in culture. Success correlated with improved expression of adhesion molecules, particularly CD44, the hyaluronan receptor, E-cadherin, β4 integrin in hHpSCs, and β1 integrins in hepatoblasts. The improved methods in cryopreservation offer more efficient strategies for stem cell banking in both research and potential therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Turner
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Zhang W, He X. Microencapsulating and Banking Living Cells for Cell-Based Medicine. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2011; 2:427-446. [PMID: 22180835 DOI: 10.1260/2040-2295.2.4.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge to the eventual success of the emerging cell-based medicine such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cell transplantation is the limited availability of the desired cell sources. This challenge can be addressed by cell microencapsulation to overcome the undesired immune response (i.e., to achieve immunoisolation) so that non-autologous cells can be used to treat human diseases, and by cell/tissue preservation to bank living cells for wide distribution to end users so that they are readily available when needed in the future. This review summarizes the status quo of research in both cell microencapsulation and banking the microencapsulated cells. It is concluded with a brief outlook of future research directions in this important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujie Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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19
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Vrana NE, Matsumura K, Hyon SH, Geever LM, Kennedy JE, Lyons JG, Higginbotham CL, Cahill PA, McGuinness GB. Cell encapsulation and cryostorage in PVA-gelatin cryogels: incorporation of carboxylated ε-poly-L-lysine as cryoprotectant. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 6:280-90. [PMID: 21706775 DOI: 10.1002/term.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is desirable to produce cryopreservable cell-laden tissue-engineering scaffolds whose final properties can be adjusted during the thawing process immediately prior to use. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based solutions provide platforms in which cryoprotected cell suspensions can be turned into a ready-to-use, cell-laden scaffold by a process of cryogelation. In this study, such a PVA system, with DMSO as the cryoprotectant, was successfully developed. Vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC)-encapsulated cryogels were investigated under conditions of cyclic strain and in co-culture with vascular endothelial cells to mimic the environment these cells experience in vivo in a vascular tissue-engineering setting. In view of the cytotoxicity DMSO imposes with respect to the production procedure, carboxylated poly-L-lysine (COOH-PLL) was substituted as a non-cytotoxic cryoprotectant to allow longer, slower thawing periods to generate more stable cryogels. Encapsulated vSMC with DMSO as a cryoprotectant responded to 10% cyclic strain with increased alignment and proliferation. Cells were stored frozen for 1 month without loss of viability compared to immediate thawing. SMC-encapsulated cryogels also successfully supported functional endothelial cell co-culture. Substitution of COOH-PLL in place of DMSO resulted in a significant increase in cell viability in encapsulated cryogels for a range of thawing periods. We conclude that incorporation of COOH-PLL during cryogelation preserved cell functionality while retaining fundamental cryogel physical properties, thereby making it a promising platform for tissue-engineering scaffolds, particularly for vascular tissue engineering, or cell preservation within microgels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal E Vrana
- Materials Processing Research Centre, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Malpique R, Osório LM, Ferreira DS, Ehrhart F, Brito C, Zimmermann H, Alves PM. Alginate Encapsulation as a Novel Strategy for the Cryopreservation of Neurospheres. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:965-77. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Malpique
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Animal Cell Technology Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luísa M. Osório
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Animal Cell Technology Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniela S. Ferreira
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Animal Cell Technology Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Friederike Ehrhart
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Animal Cell Technology Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- Kryobiophysik & Kryotechnologie, Fraunhofer-Institut for Biomedical Engineering, Universität des Saarlandes, St. Ingbert, Germany
| | - Heiko Zimmermann
- Kryobiophysik & Kryotechnologie, Fraunhofer-Institut for Biomedical Engineering, Universität des Saarlandes, St. Ingbert, Germany
| | - Paula M. Alves
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Animal Cell Technology Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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21
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Yamamoto T, Navarro-Alvarez N, Soto-Gutierrez A, Yuasa T, Iwamuro M, Kubota Y, Seita M, Kawamoto H, Javed SM, Kondo E, Noguchi H, Kobayashi S, Nakaji S, Kobayashi N. Treatment of acute liver failure in mice by hepatocyte xenotransplantation. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:799-806. [PMID: 20573299 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x508915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases still have a high mortality even though liver transplantation has become a standard treatment. Currently, hepatocyte transplantation has been proposed as another promising strategy. One limitation is the availability of human livers as a source of hepatocytes. Because of an unlimited supply, the use of porcine hepatocytes might address this problem. Regardless of the source, once isolated hepatocytes lose specific functionality due to the loss of the natural microenvironment. For this reason, we tested the ability of a self-assembling peptide nanofiber (SAPNF) to provide a provisional three-dimensional (3D) support to interact with cells to control their function in vivo. Isolated porcine hepatocytes were embedded in SAPNF, or collagen type I and transplanted by direct injection into the splenic pulp of SCID mice suffering from acute liver failure (ALF) by 90% hepatectomy. SAPNF porcine hepatocyte transplantation produced engraftment that was far superior to that obtained using collagen and prolonged the survival of mice with ALF, in contrast with controls. An ultrastructural evaluation using transmission electron microscopy indicated extensive cell-cell communication and preservation of hepatocyte architecture. The transplanted SAPNF hepatocytes showed higher expression of albumin and PAS and lower apoptotic events assessed by TUNEL staining. Hepatocytes culture in a truly 3D network allows in vivo maintaining of differentiated functions, and once transplanted between widely divergent species can function to correct acute liver failure in mice and prolong their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Jiang ZX, Sha H, Li QY, Zhang QH, Li AQ, Lin H, Gao Y. Hypothermic storage of hepatocytes used for bioartificial liver support system: current status and recent advances. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:1792-1798. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i17.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The problem that high-quality hepatocytes are difficult to obtain restricts the use of bioartificial liver support system (BLASS) in clinical practice. Finding an effective way to preserve hepatocytes and constructing a "ready-to-use" hepatocyte bank would efficiently promote the development of the BLASS. Nowadays, the methods for hypothermic storage of hepatocytes could be classified into two types: conventional hypothermic storage at 4 °C or subzero nonfreezing storage, and cryopreservation at -80 °C or -196 °C. Each type of hypothermic storage method has its advantages and disadvantages. Many factors may affect the effect of hypothermic storage (cryopreservation), such as storage solution and cryoprotective agent. Although the precise mechanism underlying the death of hepatocytes during hypothermic storage is not well understood, numerous studies have indicated that apoptosis plays an important role in hypothermic storage injury.
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Miyoshi H, Ehashi T, Ohshima N, Jagawa A. Cryopreservation of Fibroblasts Immobilized Within a Porous Scaffold: Effects of Preculture and Collagen Coating of Scaffold on Performance of Three-Dimensional Cryopreservation. Artif Organs 2010; 34:609-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2009.00933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Navarro-Alvarez N, Soto-Gutierrez A, Chen Y, Caballero-Corbalan J, Hassan W, Kobayashi S, Kondo Y, Iwamuro M, Yamamoto K, Kondo E, Tanaka N, Fox IJ, Kobayashi N. Intramuscular transplantation of engineered hepatic tissue constructs corrects acute and chronic liver failure in mice. J Hepatol 2010; 52:211-9. [PMID: 20022655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Transplantation of isolated hepatocytes holds great promise as an alternative to whole organ liver transplantation. For treatment of liver failure, access to the portal circulation has significant risks and intrahepatic hepatocyte engraftment is poor. In advanced cirrhosis, transplantation into an extrahepatic site is necessary and intrasplenic engraftment is short-lived. Strategies that allow repeated extrahepatic infusion of hepatocytes could improve the efficacy and safety of hepatocyte transplantation for the treatment of liver failure. METHODS A non-immunogenic self-assembling peptide nanofiber (SAPNF) was developed as a three-dimensional scaffold and combined with growth factors derived from a conditionally immortalized human hepatocyte cell line to engineer a hepatic tissue graft that would allow hepatocyte engraftment outside the liver. RESULTS The hepatic tissue constructs maintained hepatocyte-specific gene expression and functionality in vitro. When transplanted into skeletal muscle as an extrahepatic site for engraftment, the engineered hepatic grafts provided life-saving support in models of acute, fulminant, and chronic liver failure that recapitulates these clinical diseases. CONCLUSIONS SAPNF-engineered hepatic constructs engrafted and functioned as hepatic tissues within the muscle to provide life-sustaining liver support. These engineered tissue constructs contained no animal products that would limit their development as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Shikata-cho, Okayama, Japan
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Abstract
Liver cell transplantation presents clinical benefit in patients with inborn errors of metabolism as an alternative, or at least as a bridge, to orthotopic liver transplantation. The success of such a therapeutic approach remains limited by the quality of the transplanted cells. Cryopreservation remains the best option for long-term storage of hepatocytes, providing a permanent and sufficient cell supply. However, isolated adult hepatocytes are poorly resistant to such a process, with a significant alteration both at the morphological and functional levels. Hence, the aim of the current review is to discuss the state of the art regarding widely-used hepatocyte cryopreservation protocols, as well as the assays performed to analyse the post-thawing cell quality both in vitro and in vivo. The majority of studies agree upon the poor quality and efficiency of cryopreserved/thawed hepatocytes as compared to freshly isolated hepatocytes. Intracellular ice formation or exposure to hyperosmotic solutions remains the main phenomenon of cryopreservation process, and its effects on cell quality and cell death induction will be discussed. The increased knowledge and understanding of the cryopreservation process will lead to research strategies to improve the viability and the quality of the cell suspensions after thawing. Such strategies, such as vitrification, will be discussed with respect to their potential to significantly improve the quality of cell suspensions dedicated to liver cell-based therapies.
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26
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Mei J, Sgroi A, Mai G, Baertschiger R, Gonelle-Gispert C, Serre-Beinier V, Morel P, Bühler LH. Improved survival of fulminant liver failure by transplantation of microencapsulated cryopreserved porcine hepatocytes in mice. Cell Transplant 2009; 18:101-10. [PMID: 19476213 DOI: 10.3727/096368909788237168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish hepatocyte isolation in pigs, and to evaluate function of isolated hepatocytes after encapsulation, cryopreservation, and transplantation (Tx) in a mouse model of fulminant liver failure (FLF). After isolation, porcine hepatocytes were microencapsulated with alginate-poly-L-Lysine-alginate membranes and cryopreserved. In vitro, albumin production of free and encapsulated hepatocytes were measured by enzyme linked-immunoadsorbent assay. In vivo, encapsulated hepatocytes were transplanted into different groups of mice with FLF and the following experimental groups were performed: group 1, Tx of empty capsules; group 2, Tx of free primary porcine hepatocytes; group 3, Tx of fresh encapsulated porcine hepatocytes; group 4, Tx of cryopreserved encapsulated porcine hepatocytes. In vitro, fresh or cryopreserved encapsulated porcine hepatocytes showed a continuous decreasing metabolic function over 1 week (albumin and urea synthesis, drug catabolism). In vivo, groups 1 and 2 showed similar survival (18% and 25%, respectively, p > 0.05). In groups 3 and 4, Tx of fresh or cryopreserved encapsulated porcine hepatocytes significantly increased survival rate to 75% and 68%, respectively (p < 0.05). Primary porcine hepatocytes maintained metabolic functions after encapsulation and cryopreservation. In mice with FLF, Tx of encapsulated xenogeneic hepatocytes significantly improved survival. These results indicate that porcine hepatocytes can successfully be isolated, encapsulated, stored using cryopreservation, and transplanted into xenogeneic recipients with liver failure and sustain liver metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mei
- Surgical Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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27
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Abstract
Successful cryopreservation of hepatocytes is essential for their use in hepatocyte transplantation. Cryopreservation allows hepatocytes to be available for emergency treatment of acute liver failure and also for planned treatment of liver-based metabolic disorders. In addition, cryopreservation of human hepatocytes can facilitate their use in metabolism and toxicity studies. Cryopreservation can adversely affect the viability and function, especially reduce the attachment efficiency, of hepatocytes on thawing.The cryopreservation process can be divided into steps so that improvements can be made on the 'standard' protocols that are followed in some laboratories. These steps are as follows: pre-incubation of cells; freezing solution, cryoprotectants and cytoprotectants; freezing process; storage; thawing; post-thawing culture. This chapter presents an optimised protocol for cryopreservation of human hepatocytes as developed at King's College Hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Terry
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine London, UK
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28
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Schuldt U, Hunkeler D. Alginate-cellulose sulphate-oligocation microcapsules: Optimization of mass transport and mechanical properties. J Microencapsul 2008; 24:1-10. [PMID: 17438938 DOI: 10.1080/02652040601058350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Microcapsules based on polyelectrolyte complexation, where the inner phase involves a blend of alginate and sodium cellulose sulphate (SCS), have mechanical and transport properties which are relatively insensitive to the chemical composition of the rigid polyanion. Specifically, the bursting force of 400- and 1000 microm microcapsules increase slightly with the degree of substitution of the SCS, though the molar mass of the SCS appears to influence the transport properties more strongly than its composition. The concentration of the sodium chloride in the gelling batch can be varied rather extensively, with optimum properties at approximately half (i.e. 0.5 M) the level typically employed for the formation of cell-containing microcapsules. This indicates that the microcapsule properties can be tuned for biocompatability, without concern that changes to the polymer microstructure or reaction process conditions would adversely influence the bursting force or molar mass cut-off of the capsules. The alginate-SCS blend, which is typical equimass, can be slightly increased in favour of the SCS (to 55 wt%) if one seeks to mechanically optimize the system. The substitution of the oligocation polymethylene-co-guanidine with pDADMAC seems strongly undesirable. Similarly, the replacement of SCS with sulphoethylcellulose, while possible, offers no important advantages. The overall optimum conditions appear to be for a SCS with a DS of 2, prepared at 1.2 wt% of total cation with alginate. The ideal ratio, for mechanical and transport properties, of SCS to alginate is 55:45 (wt:wt), which represents a subtle modification from the classical formulation with very good biocompatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schuldt
- Laboratory of Polyelectrolytes and BioMacromolecules, Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Baldini E, Cursio R, De Sousa G, Margara A, Honiger J, Saint-Paul MC, Bayer P, Raimondi V, Rahmani R, Mouiel J, Gugenheim J. Peritoneal Implantation of Cryopreserved Encapsulated Porcine Hepatocytes in Rats Without Immunosuppression: Viability and Function. Transplant Proc 2008; 40:2049-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Mano J, Silva G, Azevedo H, Malafaya P, Sousa R, Silva S, Boesel L, Oliveira J, Santos T, Marques A, Neves N, Reis R. Natural origin biodegradable systems in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: present status and some moving trends. J R Soc Interface 2008; 4:999-1030. [PMID: 17412675 PMCID: PMC2396201 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2007.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 647] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine aim at promoting the regeneration of tissues or replacing failing or malfunctioning organs, by means of combining a scaffold/support material, adequate cells and bioactive molecules. Different materials have been proposed to be used as both three-dimensional porous scaffolds and hydrogel matrices for distinct tissue engineering strategies. Among them, polymers of natural origin are one of the most attractive options, mainly due to their similarities with the extracellular matrix (ECM), chemical versatility as well as typically good biological performance. In this review, the most studied and promising and recently proposed naturally derived polymers that have been suggested for tissue engineering applications are described. Different classes of such type of polymers and their blends with synthetic polymers are analysed, with special focus on polysaccharides and proteins, the systems that are more inspired by the ECM. The adaptation of conventional methods or non-conventional processing techniques for processing scaffolds from natural origin based polymers is reviewed. The use of particles, membranes and injectable systems from such kind of materials is also overviewed, especially what concerns the present status of the research that should lead towards their final application. Finally, the biological performance of tissue engineering constructs based on natural-based polymers is discussed, using several examples for different clinically relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.F Mano
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - G.A Silva
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - H.S Azevedo
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - P.B Malafaya
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - R.A Sousa
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - S.S Silva
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - L.F Boesel
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - J.M Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - T.C Santos
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - A.P Marques
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - N.M Neves
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - R.L Reis
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- IBB—Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Author for correspondence ()
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Navarro-Alvarez N, Soto-Gutierrez A, Rivas-Carrillo JD, Chen Y, Yamamoto T, Yuasa T, Misawa H, Takei J, Tanaka N, Kobayashi N. Self-assembling peptide nanofiber as a novel culture system for isolated porcine hepatocytes. Cell Transplant 2007; 15:921-7. [PMID: 17299997 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshly isolated porcine hepatocytes are a very attractive cell source in the cell-based therapies to treat liver failure because of unlimited availability. However, due to the loss of hepatocyte functions in vitro, there is a need to develop a functional culture system to keep the cells metabolically active. Here we compared the effect of a self-assembling peptide nanofiber (SAPNF) as an extracellular matrix (ECM) with collagen type I on hepatocyte metabolic and secretion activities following hepatocyte isolation. Isolated porcine hepatocytes were cultured in SAPNF and collagen type I. Morphological assessment at different time points was performed by using SEM and phase contrast microscope. Metabolic and secretion activities were comparatively performed in the groups, by means of ammonia, lidocaine, and diazepam as well as albumin. Hepatocytes cultured on SAPNF revealed a three-dimensional spheroidal formation, thus maintaining cell differentiation status during 2 weeks of culture. On the other hand, hepatocytes in collagen revealed a spread shape, and by day 14 no hepatocyte-like cells were observed, but cells with long shape were present, thus revealing a degree of dedifferentiation in collagen culture. Hepatocytes in SAPNF were capable of drug-metabolizing activities and albumin secretion in higher ratio than those cultured on collagen. The present work clearly demonstrates the usefulness of SAPNF for maintaining differentiated functions of porcine hepatocytes in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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32
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Kagaya N, Kamiyoshi A, Tagawa YI, Akamatsu S, Isoda K, Kawase M, Yagi K. Suppression of cell death in primary rat hepatocytes by alpha1-acid glycoprotein. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 99:81-3. [PMID: 16233760 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.99.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In screening for effective additives for the long-term culture of hepatocytes, the hepatoprotective effect of alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) was observed. AGP prevented primary hepatocytes from undergoing cell death induced by the chemical toxin, bromobenzene. Moreover, AGP added to medium was found to maintain the number of viable hepatocytes for as long as 6 d. The hepatoprotective effect of AGP was lost by removing sialic acid groups at the N-glycan chain terminal of AGP. It is shown that the complete form of N-glycan chain is needed for the hepatoprotectivity of AGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Kagaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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33
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Mai G, Nguyen TH, Huy NT, Morel P, Mei J, Andres A, Bosco D, Baertschiger R, Toso C, Berney T, Majno P, Mentha G, Trono D, Buhler LH. Treatment of fulminant liver failure by transplantation of microencapsulated primary or immortalized xenogeneic hepatocytes. Xenotransplantation 2005; 12:457-64. [PMID: 16202069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2005.00248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo functions of isolated hepatocytes after immortalization, cryopreservation, encapsulation and xenotransplantation into mice with fulminant liver failure (FLF). METHODS Rat and human hepatocytes were isolated from normal liver tissue by collagenase digestion. Human hepatocytes were immortalized using lentiviral vectors coding for SV 40 large T antigen, Bmi-1 and telomerase. Rat and immortalized human hepatocytes (IHH) were encapsulated in 400 micron alginate-PLL-alginate membranes and cryopreserved using a computerized device. In vitro, encapsulated hepatocytes (cryopreserved or freshly isolated) were cultured in albumin-free medium and albumin production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In vivo, a model of FLF was established in C57/BL6 mice by acetaminophen administration (700 mg/kg i.p.) followed 15 h later by a 30% hepatectomy. Microencapsulated (cryopreserved or freshly isolated) hepatocytes were transplanted intraperitoneally to mice with FLF and the following experimental groups were performed: group 1 (n = 10) Tx of empty capsules; group 2 (n = 12) Tx of free primary rat hepatocytes; group 3 (n = 12) Tx of cryopreserved encapsulated rat hepatocytes; group 4 (n = 10) Tx of fresh encapsulated rat hepatocytes; group 5 (n = 9) Tx of cryopreserved encapsulated IHH; group 6 (n = 10) Tx of fresh encapsulated IHH. Animals were killed at regular intervals and histopathology of microcapsules and liver tissue was obtained. RESULTS In vitro, cryopreserved or fresh encapsulated rodent hepatocytes showed a progressively decreasing albumin secretion over 1 week in culture. In contrast, cryopreserved or fresh encapsulated IHH showed minimal, but stable albumin secretion. In vivo, FLF was achieved by combination of acetaminophen with 30% hepatectomy, resulting in a reproducible survival of 23% +/- 5%. In groups 1 and 2, survival rates were not improved significantly compared with untreated mice. In groups 3 and 4, Tx of cryopreserved or fresh encapsulated rat hepatocytes significantly increased survival rate to 66% and 80%, respectively (P < 0.01). In groups 5 and 6, Tx of cryopreserved or fresh encapsulated IHH improved survival to 50% and 55%, respectively (P < 0.05). Histopathology revealed that encapsulated hepatocytes were viable up to 2 weeks post-Tx. CONCLUSIONS Primary rodent hepatocytes maintained synthetic functions after encapsulation and cryopreservation short-term. IHH showed minimal albumin secretion in the absence of encapsulation and cryopreservation, suggesting that hepatocytes loose specific functions after immortalization. After induction of FLF in mice, intraperitoneal Tx of encapsulated (primary or immortalized, fresh or cryopreserved) xenogeneic hepatocytes significantly improved survival. These results indicate that naïve and genetically modified hepatocytes can successfully be encapsulated, stored using cryopreservation, and be transplanted into xenogeneic recipients with liver failure and sustain liver metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Mai
- Surgical Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, Switzerland
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Ho Ye S, Watanabe J, Takai M, Iwasaki Y, Ishihara K. High functional hollow fiber membrane modified with phospholipid polymers for a liver assist bioreactor. Biomaterials 2005; 27:1955-62. [PMID: 16239028 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
For practical application of a liver assist system with a tissue-conjugated hollow fiber membrane (HFM) bioreactor used in an extracorporeal therapy, it would require a highly sophisticated HFM which has both hemocompatibility on one side and cytocompatibility on the other side. In this study, we present a cellulose acetate (CA) HFM modified with 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) copolymers (PMB30 (MPC-co-n-butyl methacrylate) and PMA30 (MPC-co-methacrylic acid) for preparing a novel liver assist HFM bioreactor. A CA/PMB-PMA30 HFM modified asymmetrically on the inner and outer surface with the PMB30 and PMA30 was prepared successfully. Analysis with an X-ray photoelectron spectroscope showed that the intensity of the phosphorus atom attributed to the MPC units on the outer surface of the modified HFM was stronger than that of the inner surface. The PMA30 was immobilized on the outer surface of the CA/PMB30 blend HFM by a chemical condensation reaction. The CA/PMB-PMA30 HFM showed good water and solute permeability in comparison with the CA HFM. The morphologies of the adherent hepatocytes were round in shape in comparison with the cells that adhered on CA HFM. Furthermore, hepatocytes cultured on the inner surface of the CA/PMB-PMA30 HFM showed higher functional expression in terms of urea synthesis and albumin synthesis than that of the CA HFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ho Ye
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Ringel M, von Mach MA, Santos R, Feilen PJ, Brulport M, Hermes M, Bauer AW, Schormann W, Tanner B, Schön MR, Oesch F, Hengstler JG. Hepatocytes cultured in alginate microspheres: an optimized technique to study enzyme induction. Toxicology 2005; 206:153-67. [PMID: 15590115 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Revised: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 07/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An important application of hepatocyte cultures is identification of drugs acting as inducers of biotransformation enzymes that alter metabolic clearance of other therapeutic agents. In the present study we optimized an in vitro system with hepatocytes cultured in alginate microspheres that allow studies of enzyme induction with excellent sensitivity. Induction factors obtained with standard inducers, such as 3-methylcholanthrene or phenobarbital, were higher compared to those with conventional hepatocyte co-cultures on collagen coated dishes. This is illustrated by activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) after incubation with 5 microM 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), a standard inducer for cytochrome P4501A1 and 1A2. Mean activities for solvent controls and 3-MC exposed cells were 2.99 and 449 pmol/min/mg protein (induction factor: 150) for hepatocytes cultured in microspheres compared to 2.72 and 80.6 pmol/min/mg (induction factor: 29.6) for hepatocytes on collagen coated dishes. To compare these in vitro data to the in vivo situation male Sprague Dawley rats, the same strain that was used also for the in vitro studies, were exposed to 3-MC in vivo using a protocol that guarantees maximal induction. Activities were 29.2 and 1656 pmol/min/mg in liver homogenate of solvent and 3-MC treated animals (induction factor: 56.7). Thus, the absolute activities of 3-MC exposed hepatocytes in microspheres are lower compared to the in vivo situation. However, the induction factor in vitro was even higher compared to the in vivo situation (150-fold versus 56.7-fold). A similar scenario was observed using phenobarbital (0.75 mM) for induction of CYP2B and 3A isoenzymes: induction factors for testosterone hydroxylation in position 16beta were 127.5- and 50.4-fold for hepatocytes in microspheres and conventionally cultured hepatocytes, respectively. The new in vitro system with hepatocytes embedded in solid alginate microspheres offers several technical advantages: (i) the solid alginate microspheres can be liquefied within 60s, allowing a fast and complete harvest of hepatocytes; (ii) alginate capsules are stable allowing transport and mechanical stress; (iii) high numbers of hepatocytes can be encapsulated in short periods; (iv) defined cell numbers between 600 hepatocytes, the approximate number of cells in one capsule, and 18 x 10(6) hepatocytes, the number of hepatocytes in 6 ml alginate, can be transferred to a culture dish or flask. Thus, encapsulated hepatocytes allow a flexible organization of experiments with respect to cell number. In conclusion, we optimized a technique for encapsulation of hepatocytes in alginate microspheres that allows identification of enzyme induction with an improved sensitivity compared to existing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ringel
- Institute of Toxicology, University of Mainz, Germany
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36
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Hubel A, Darr TB. Post-Thaw Function and Caspase Activity of Cryopreserved Hepatocyte Aggregates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1089/cpt.2004.2.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Hubel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - T. Brian Darr
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Mahler S, Desille M, Frémond B, Chesné C, Guillouzo A, Campion JP, Clément B. Hypothermic storage and cryopreservation of hepatocytes: the protective effect of alginate gel against cell damages. Cell Transplant 2004; 12:579-92. [PMID: 14579926 DOI: 10.3727/000000003108747181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte-based therapy has been proposed as an alternative to organ transplantation in the treatment of liver disorders. In the clinical context, a major issue is the constant supply of quality assurance-controlled hepatocytes, thereby requiring their cold storage in good conditions. We have analyzed the protective effects of alginate entrapment of rat hepatocytes after either 24 or 48 h of hypothermic storage or cryopreservation on the cell viability, cell yield, both mitochondrial and other cytoplasmic functional activities, and apoptosis. Decrease in viability, as evaluated by the MTT inclusion test, was 4% and 13% (24 h at 4 degrees C), 15% and 33% (48 h at 4 degrees C), and 9% and 19% (liquid nitrogen) for entrapped and free suspended hepatocytes, respectively. Viable cell yields were 86 +/- 8% and 51 +/- 6% for cryopreserved entrapped and free suspended hepatocytes, respectively. The mitochondrial (MTS assay), 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were better preserved in entrapped than in free suspended hepatocytes. Both hypothermic storage and cryopreservation were found to induce early caspase-3-like activities, being always much lower in entrapped hepatocytes, particularly after cryopreservation (98.4 +/- 42.4 vs. 6.4 +/- 4.0 fluorescence arbitrary units/hours/microg protein). Thus, cold-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes can be significantly reduced following their entrapment within alginate gel beads and this is associated with an improvement of both their viability and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Mahler
- INSERM U456, Detoxication and Tissue Repair Unit, University of Rennes I, 2 avenue Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
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Kagaya N, Hara Y, Saijo R, Kamiyoshi A, Tagawa YI, Kawase M, Yagi K. Novel function of rare catechin, epigallocatechin-3-(3″-O-methyl)gallate, against cold injury in primary rat hepatocytes. J Biosci Bioeng 2003; 96:559-63. [PMID: 16233573 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(04)70149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Accepted: 09/30/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-(3''-O-methyl)gallate (EGCg-3''-OMe) is a rare component in green tea leaf and its bioactivity is hardly known. In this paper, we report that EGCg-3''-OMe has the function for cold preservation of primary rat hepatocytes. Confluent primary cultured hepatocytes were suspended in a storage solution, culture medium or cell banker (CB). EGCg-3''-OMe was tested as a supplement in the storage solution together with a general cryoprotectant, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). After 24 h cold preservation of cells at 4 degrees C followed by 1 h rewarming, cell viability and urea-synthesizing activity, one of the most important liver functions, were measured. EGCg-3''-OMe dose-dependently maintained cell viability and this effect was equal to that of a commercial CB at the highest concentration. Cell viability was also maintained after a further 24 h incubation at 37 degrees C of the cold-preserved hepatocytes. Conversely, urea-synthesizing activity was dose-dependently reduced by EGCg-3''-OMe. Cell protection by EGCg-3''-OMe due to the decrease in metabolic activity in cold-preserved cells was suggested. The decreased hepatic function of cells caused by EGCg-3''-OMe was rescued after a further 24 h incubation of cells at 37 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Kagaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Ikeda S, Mitaka T, Harada K, Sugimoto S, Hirata K, Mochizuki Y. Proliferation of rat small hepatocytes after long-term cryopreservation. J Hepatol 2002; 37:7-14. [PMID: 12076856 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The demand for clinical use of hepatocytes is escalating because cell transplantation will be an alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation and the shortage of liver donors is a serious problem throughout the world. However, the supply of fresh differentiated hepatocytes is limited and methods for cryopreservation of hepatocytes that can proliferate with hepatic functions are not satisfactorily established. METHODS Colonies of small hepatocytes were collected and then maintained at -80 degrees C for more than 6 months. Albumin secretion and mRNA expression of thawed cells were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and Northern blotting, respectively, and the expression of hepatic functions was examined by immunoblotting. The ultrastructure of cryopreserved cells was also examined. RESULTS About 60% of the cryopreserved colonies attached on dishes and then proliferated. The average area of small hepatocyte colonies was about 7.5 times larger at day 15 than at day 1. Albumin production increased with time in culture. In addition, the cells produced other serum proteins such as transferrin and fibrinogen, and expressed carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. CONCLUSIONS Small hepatocytes maintain growth ability and hepatic differentiated functions even after long-term cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Ikeda
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chu-Ku, S-1, W-17, Sapporo, Japan
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Canaple L, Nurdin N, Angelova N, Hunkeler D, Desvergne B. Development of a coculture model of encapsulated cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 944:350-61. [PMID: 11797685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the whole animal, metabolic regulations are set by reciprocal interactions between various organs, via the blood circulation. At present, analyses of such interactions require numerous and uneasily controlled in vivo experiments. In a search for an alternative to in vivo experiments, our work aims at developing a coculture system in which different cell types are isolated in polymer capsules and grown in a common environment. The signals exchanged between cells from various origins are, thus, reproducing the in vivo intertissular communications. With this perspective, we evaluated a new encapsulation system as an artificial housing for liver cells on the one hand and adipocytes on the other hand. Murine hepatocytes were encapsulated with specially designed multicomponent capsules formed by polyelectrolyte complexation between sodium alginate, cellulose sulphate and poly(methylene-coguanidine) hydrochloride, of which the permeability has been characterized. We demonstrated the absence of cytotoxicity and the excellent biocompatibility of these capsules towards primary culture of murine hepatocytes. Encapsulated hepatocytes retain their specific functions--transaminase activity, urea synthesis, and protein secretion--during the first four days of culture in minimum medium. Mature adipocytes, isolated from mouse epidydimal fat, were embedded in alginate beads. Measurement of protein secretion shows an identical profile between free and embedded adipocytes. We finally assessed the properties of encapsulated hepatocytes, cryopreserved over a periods of up to four months. The perspective of using encapsulated cells in coculture are discussed, since this system may represent a promising tool for fundamental research, such as analyses of drug metabolism, intercellular regulations, and metabolic pathways, as well as for the establishment of a tissue bank for storage and supply of murine hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Canaple
- Institute of Animal Biology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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