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Sargolzaei M, Nikoofard H. Design of prodrug for stereoisomers of omapatrilat to cross the blood-brain barrier using docking, homology modeling, MD, and QM/MM methods. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37728537 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2259488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we designed a suitable ester prodrug for omapatrilat to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and treat CNS diseases. Based on the ADMET properties, the methyl carboxylate ester of omapatrilat was chosen from among several prodrug structures. Sixteen methyl carboxylate esters were constructed for omapatrilat. The structure of brain carboxylesterase was derived via homology modeling, and molecular docking was used to determine the most potent stereoisomers against brain carboxylesterase. The top three stereoisomer complexes, and the apo form of the protein, were then considered using molecular dynamics simulation and MM/GBSA analysis. Following the simulation, structural analysis was performed using RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and hydrogen bond analysis tools. Our data demonstrated that the prodrug of RSSR is a suitable structure for crossing the blood-brain barrier and binding to brain carboxylesterase. In addition, we found via QM/MM calculation that the catalytic reaction of the prodrug of RSSR against brain carboxylesterase occurs via two steps, including acylation and diacylation steps. Based on our findings, we propose a clinical trial of a methyl carboxylate ester prodrug of omapatrilat's RSSR for the treatment of brain diseases.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Sargolzaei
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Hossein Nikoofard
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
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2
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Maslah H, Skarbek C, Gourson C, Plamont MA, Pethe S, Jullien L, Le Saux T, Labruère R. In-Cell Generation of Anticancer Phenanthridine Through Bioorthogonal Cyclization in Antitumor Prodrug Development. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24043-24047. [PMID: 34487611 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological inactivation of antitumor drugs toward healthy cells is a critical factor in prodrug development. Typically, pharmaceutical chemists graft temporary moieties to existing antitumor drugs to reduce their pharmacological activity. Here, we report a platform able to generate the cytotoxic agent by intramolecular cyclization. Using phenanthridines as cytotoxic model compounds, we designed ring-opened biaryl precursors that generated the phenanthridines through bioorthogonal irreversible imination. This reaction was triggered by reactive oxygen species, commonly overproduced in cancer cells, able to convert a vinyl boronate ester function into a ketone that subsequently reacted with a pendant aniline. An inactive precursor was shown to engender a cytotoxic phenanthridine against KB cancer cells. Moreover, the kinetic of cyclization of this prodrug was extremely rapid inside living cells of KB cancer spheroids so as to circumvent drug action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Maslah
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Charles Skarbek
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Catherine Gourson
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Marie-Aude Plamont
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Pethe
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Ludovic Jullien
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Le Saux
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Labruère
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay, 91405, Orsay, France
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3
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Maslah H, Skarbek C, Gourson C, Plamont M, Pethe S, Jullien L, Le Saux T, Labruère R. In‐Cell Generation of Anticancer Phenanthridine Through Bioorthogonal Cyclization in Antitumor Prodrug Development. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Maslah
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay 91405 Orsay France
| | - Charles Skarbek
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay 91405 Orsay France
| | - Catherine Gourson
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay 91405 Orsay France
| | - Marie‐Aude Plamont
- PASTEUR Département de chimie École normale supérieure PSL University Sorbonne Université CNRS 24, rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Stéphanie Pethe
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay 91405 Orsay France
| | - Ludovic Jullien
- PASTEUR Département de chimie École normale supérieure PSL University Sorbonne Université CNRS 24, rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Thomas Le Saux
- PASTEUR Département de chimie École normale supérieure PSL University Sorbonne Université CNRS 24, rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Raphaël Labruère
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS Institut de chimie moléculaire et des matériaux d'Orsay 91405 Orsay France
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Zhu Y, Shi H, Li T, Yu J, Guo Z, Cheng J, Liu Y. A Dual Functional Nanoreactor for Synergistic Starvation and Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:18309-18318. [PMID: 32233414 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and enzyme therapy is a highly desirable approach in malignant tumor therapies as it takes advantage of the spatial-controlled PDT and the effective enzyme-catalyzed bioreactions. However, it is a challenge to co-encapsulate hydrophilic enzymes and hydrophobic photosensitizers, and these two agents often interfere with each other. In this work, a protocell-like nanoreactor (GOx-MSN@MnPc-LP) has been designed for synergistic starvation therapy and PDT. In this nanoreactor, the hydrophilic glucose oxidase (GOx) is loaded in the pore of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), while the hydrophobic manganese phthaleincyanide (MnPc) is loaded in the membrane layer of liposome. This spatial separation of two payloads protects GOx and MnPc from the cellular environment and avoids interference with each other. GOx catalyzes the oxidation of glucose, which generates hydrogen peroxide and gluconic acid, leading to the starvation therapy via glucose consumption in cancer cells, as well as the disruption of cellular redox balance. MnPc produces cytotoxic singlet oxygen under 730 nm laser irradiation, achieving PDT. The antitumor effects of the nanoreactor have been verified on tumor cells and tumor-bearing mice models. GOx-MSN@MnPc-LP efficiently inhibits tumor growth in vivo with a single treatment, indicating the robust synergy of starvation therapy and PDT treatment. This work also offers a versatile strategy for delivering hydrophilic enzymes and hydrophobic photosensitizers using a protocell-like nanoreactor for effective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Hongdong Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Tuanwei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Jianing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Zhengxi Guo
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yangzhong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026, P.R. China
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Liu G, Khanna V, Kirtane A, Grill A, Panyam J. Chemopreventive efficacy of oral curcumin: a prodrug hypothesis. FASEB J 2019; 33:9453-9465. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900166r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garvey Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Vidhi Khanna
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Ameya Kirtane
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Alex Grill
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Jayanth Panyam
- Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
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Chen H, Jia H, Tham HP, Qu Q, Xing P, Zhao J, Phua SZF, Chen G, Zhao Y. Theranostic Prodrug Vesicles for Imaging Guided Codelivery of Camptothecin and siRNA in Synergetic Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:23536-23543. [PMID: 28657709 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The construction of prodrugs has been a popular strategy to overcome the limitations of chemotherapeutic drugs. However, complicated synthesis procedures and laborious purification steps make the fabrication of amphiphilic prodrugs rather difficult. By harnessing the concept of host-guest interaction, we designed and prepared a supra-amphiphile consisting of a dendritic cyclodextrin host and an adamantane/naphthalimide-modified camptothecin guest through glutathione-responsive disulfide linkage. This host-guest complex could self-assemble in aqueous solution to give nanosized vesicles. When the disulfide bond in adamantane/naphthalimide-modified camptothecin was cleaved by glutathione, the fluorescence of the freed adamantane/naphthalimide unit showed a significant red shift with enhanced intensity. Such glutathione-responsive fluorescence change allows for intracellular imaging and simultaneous monitoring of drug release in real time. On account of abundant positively charged amine groups on the supramolecular vesicle surface, siRNA (siPlK1) could be efficiently loaded on the vesicle. The gel retardation and fluorescence experiments proved that the siPlK1 was successfully bonded to the supramolecular vesicle. The vesicle with dendritic cyclodextrin ring exhibited negligible cytotoxicity even at high concentrations, avoiding the shortcoming of cytotoxicity from commonly used gene vectors. In vitro studies demonstrated that the loaded siRNA was transported into cancer cells to improve cancer therapeutic efficacy. Thus, we developed a prodrug-based supramolecular amphiphile via the host-guest interaction with better therapeutic performance than free camptothecin. The assembled system was utilized as a drug/gene vector to achieve combinational gene therapy and chemotherapy with a synergistic effect, providing an alternative strategy to deliver both prodrug and therapeutic gene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jin Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology , Tianjin, China 300222
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7
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Cheng YY, Liu CY, Huang LJ, Huang CH, Lee KH, Lin CT, Kuo SC. Mechanistic studies on regioselective dephosphorylation of phosphate prodrugs during a facile synthesis of antitumor phosphorylated 2-phenyl-6,7-methylenedioxy-1H-quinolin-4-one. Molecules 2013; 18:8028-45. [PMID: 23884134 PMCID: PMC6270573 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18078028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of 2-(3-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-methylenedioxy-1H-quinolin-4-one (1) afforded diphosphate 2. We found that, upon treatment with methanol under mild conditions, 2 can undergo facile and highly regioselective dephosphorylation to give the monophosphate 3, with a phosphate group remaining on the phenyl ring. The details of the dephosphorylation process were postulated and then probed by LC-MS and HPLC analyses. Furthermore, as a preliminary study, the water soluble monophosphate prodrug 4 was tested for antitumor activity against a MCF-7 xenograft nude mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Yi Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yu Liu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jiau Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Huang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung, 43302, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, 2 Yuh-Der Road, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tung Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Science College, Tunghai University, No.1727, Sec.4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung, 40704, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (S.-C.K.); (C.-T.L.); Tel./Fax: +886-4-2203-0760 (S.-C.K.); Tel.: +886-4-2359-0248 (ext. 401) (C.-T.L.)
| | - Sheng-Chu Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, 2 Yuh-Der Road, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (S.-C.K.); (C.-T.L.); Tel./Fax: +886-4-2203-0760 (S.-C.K.); Tel.: +886-4-2359-0248 (ext. 401) (C.-T.L.)
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8
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Hu L, Wu X, Han J, Chen L, Vass SO, Browne P, Hall BS, Bot C, Gobalakrishnapillai V, Searle PF, Knox RJ, Wilkinson SR. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of nitrobenzyl phosphoramide mustards as nitroreductase-activated prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3986-91. [PMID: 21620697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of nitrobenzyl phosphoramide mustards and their analogs was designed and synthesized to explore their structure-activity relationships as substrates of nitroreductases from Escherichia coli and trypanosomes and as potential antiproliferative and antiparasitic agents. The position of the nitro group on the phenyl ring was important with the 4-nitrobenzyl phosphoramide mustard (1) offering the best combination of enzyme activity and antiproliferative effect against both mammalian and trypanosomatid cells. A preference was observed for halogen substitutions ortho to benzyl phosphoramide mustard but distinct differences were found in their SAR of substituted 4-nitrobenzyl phosphoramide mustards in E. coli nitroreductase-expressing cells and in trypanosomatids expressing endogenous nitroreductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqin Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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9
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Gholivand K, Dorosti N, Shariatinia Z, Ghaziany F, Sarikhani S, Mirshahi M. Cyclophosphamide analogues: synthesis, spectroscopic study, and antitumor activity of diazaphosphorinanes. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Anticancer prodrugs designed to target specifically tumor cells should increase therapeutic effectiveness and decrease systemic side effects in the treatment of cancer. Over the last 20 years, significant advances have been made in the development of anticancer prodrugs through the incorporation of triggers for reductive activation. Reductively activated prodrugs have been designed to target hypoxic tumor tissues, which are known to overexpress several endogenous reductive enzymes. In addition, exogenous reductive enzymes can be delivered to tumor cells through fusion with tumor-specific antibodies or overexpressed in tumor cells through gene delivery approaches. Many anticancer prodrugs have been designed to use both the endogenous and exogenous reductive enzymes for target-specific activation and these prodrugs often contain functional groups such as quinones, nitroaromatics, N-oxides, and metal complexes. Although no new agents have been approved for clinical use, several reductively activated prodrugs are in various stages of clinical trial. This review mainly focuses on the medicinal chemistry aspects of various classes of reductively activated prodrugs including design principles, structure-activity relationships, and mechanisms of activation and release of active drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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11
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Kamal A, Tekumalla V, Raju P, Naidu V, Diwan PV, Sistla R. Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine-β-glucuronide prodrugs with a potential for selective therapy of solid tumors by PMT and ADEPT strategies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3769-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Rautio J, Laine K, Gynther M, Savolainen J. Prodrug approaches for CNS delivery. AAPS JOURNAL 2008; 10:92-102. [PMID: 18446509 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery remains a major challenge, despite extensive efforts that have been made to develop novel strategies to overcome obstacles. Prodrugs are bioreversible derivatives of drug molecules that must undergo an enzymatic and/or chemical transformation in vivo to release the active parent drug, which subsequently exerts the desired pharmacological effect. In both drug discovery and drug development, prodrugs have become an established tool for improving physicochemical, biopharmaceutical or pharmacokinetic properties of pharmacologically active agents that overcome barriers to a drug's usefulness. This review provides insight into various prodrug strategies explored to date for CNS drug delivery, including lipophilic prodrugs, carrier- and receptor-mediated prodrug delivery systems, and gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Rautio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Abstract
Tumour specific drug targeting has been a very actively investigated area for over 2 decades. Various approaches have involved the use of drug delivery systems that can localise the anticancer agent at the tumour site without damaging the normal cells. For this purpose, various delivery systems that have been utilised are liposomes, microspheres and recently, nanoparticles. Two liposome formulations containing anticancer drugs for example, adriamycin and daunomycin are already on the market in the USA and Europe. Microspheres are also being investigated for delivering various anticancer drugs and protein/peptides for anticancer treatment, and several formulations are in Phase I/II clinical trials. Antitumour drugs have also been linked to tumour specific monoclonal antibodies via various chemical linkages. Doxorubicin was linked to a chimeric monoclonal antibody that was targeted to the Lewis Y antigen. Though this conjugate initially showed potential, it was recently dropped from Phase II clinical trials. Another approach with monoclonal antibodies has been the use of immunotoxins. Immunotoxins initially showed promise as potential anticancer agents at picomolar concentrations but several clinical and preclinical studies have not shown much promise in this regard. Drug containing liposomes and microspheres have been further linked to tumour specific monoclonal antibodies to enhance their tumour specificity. Most of the studies with immunoliposomes or targeted microspheres have not gone beyond the preclinical studies. New therapeutic approaches are presently emerging based on natural products like cytokines, peptide growth factor antagonists, antisense oligonucleotides and specific genes. These approaches need the help of delivery systems to deliver these complex molecules to tumour cells. One of the current pursued approaches is the use of cationic liposomes. Several clinical studies are undergoing with various cationic liposomes and the next few years will demonstrate the usefulness of this approach. In recent years, the problems in cancer treatment have been complicated with the emergence of resistance strains leading to resistant and cross-resistant tumour cells. Several agents have been used to overcome or reverse drug-resistance in solid tumours and it remains a highly pursued area in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Sachdeva
- College of Pharmacy, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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Ton GN, Weichert JP, Longino MA, Fine JP, Kwon GS. Methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated carboxypeptidase A for solid tumor targeting. J Control Release 2005; 104:155-66. [PMID: 15866342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated effects of mPEG modification on pharmacokinetic properties of carboxypeptidase A (CPA) in normal rats. Attachment of two or three mPEG chains to CPA resulted in the generation of mPEG2-CPA and mPEG3-CPA analogs with significantly enhanced plasma half-lives, especially during the distribution phase. Moreover, the assessment of real-time whole-body kinetics in CT26 tumor-bearing mice showed both mPEG2-CPA and mPEG3-CPA exhibited increased body retention at 48 h post-injection. In addition, tumor localization of mPEG3-CPA at 72 h was visualized and confirmed by fusion of the gamma-scintigraphy and microCT data sets. Results from the imaging studies support our hypothesis of a correlation between tumor uptake and enhanced circulatory half-life. Tissue distribution data indicated the combination of increased tumor extravasation and effective renal elimination observed with mPEG2-CPA at 48 h following administration led to the highest observed tumor-to-blood ratio of 4.8:1. Although the total concentration of mPEG3-CPA accumulated in tumor was higher than that of mPEG2-CPA and CPA at predetermined time intervals, a higher tumor-to-blood ratio was not obtained owing to a higher level of blood activity. Clearly, the attachment of an appropriate number of mPEG chains can facilitate tumor localization as effectively as can the use of a tumor-specific antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giangthy N Ton
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, K4/644 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-3252, USA
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Ton GN, Fine JP, Kwon GS. Methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated carboxypeptidase A for solid tumor targeting. J Control Release 2005; 104:129-39. [PMID: 15866340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Revised: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In vivo efficacy of novel anticancer agents has been hindered by the inability to deliver effective concentrations of drugs to tumors. The use of macromolecules such as antibodies and polymers for enzyme delivery to tumors has revealed that catalyzing the conversion of a nontoxic prodrug into its cytotoxic form can generate an effective level of cytotoxic agents at tumor sites. This study primarily focuses on the synthesis and characterization of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-modified carboxypeptidase A (CPA) for solid tumor targeting. The molecular weight of CPA has been successfully altered from 35 to 40-50 kDa via attachment of a defined number of mPEG moieties. Relatively pure mPEG-CPA conjugates containing one, two, and three mPEG chains were obtained at preparative scale quantities through controlled PEGylation followed by fractionation that involved size-exclusion chromatography. An enhancement in kinetic properties including k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) towards hippuryl-L-phenylalanine (hipp-L-phe) was observed in mPEG-CPA conjugates. An increase in the V(m) appeared to be responsible for this enhancement. The attachment of mPEG to CPA substantially improved the stability of the enzyme with respect to the specific peptidase activity toward the model substrate. This finding is particularly important in the development of a novel CPA/methotrexate-alpha-peptide system in solid tumor chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giangthy N Ton
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, K4/644 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792-3252, USA
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Cheng H, Cao X, Xian M, Fang L, Cai TB, Ji JJ, Tunac JB, Sun D, Wang PG. Synthesis and enzyme-specific activation of carbohydrate-geldanamycin conjugates with potent anticancer activity. J Med Chem 2005; 48:645-52. [PMID: 15658879 DOI: 10.1021/jm049693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Geldanamycin (GA) is a potent anticancer antibiotic that inhibits Hsp90. Its potential clinical utility is hampered by its severe toxicity. To alleviate this problem, we synthesized a series of carbohydrate-geldanamycin conjugates for enzyme-specific activation to increase tumor selectivity. The conjugation was carried out at the C-17-position of GA. Their anticancer activity was tested in a number of cancer cell lines. The enzyme-specific activation of these conjugates was evaluated with beta-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase. Evidently, glycosylation of C-17-position converted GA to an inactive prodrug before enzyme cleavage. Glucose-GA, as positive control, showed anticancer activity with IC(50) of 70.2-380.9 nM in various cancer cells by beta-glucosidase activation inside of the tumor cells, which was confirmed by 3-fold inhibition using beta-glucosidase specific inhibitor [2,5-dihydroxymethy-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP)]. Compared to glucose-GA, galactose- and lactose-GA conjugates exhibited much less activity with IC(50) greater than 8000-25 000 nM. However, when galactose- and lactose-GA were incubated with beta-galactosidase in the cells, their anticancer activity was enhanced by 3- to 40-fold. The results suggest that GA can be inactivated by glycosylation of C-17-position and reactivated for anticancer activity by beta-galactosidase. Therefore, galactose-GA can be exploited in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) with beta-galactosidase for enzyme-specific activation in tumors to increase tumor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Harada A, Kataoka K. Pronounced activity of enzymes through the incorporation into the core of polyion complex micelles made from charged block copolymers. J Control Release 2001; 72:85-91. [PMID: 11389987 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Compartmentalization of enzymes in the nanometric-scaled container, to improve their stability and availability, has recently attracted a strong interest in the field of pharmaceutics. In this study, the enzymatic activity of lysozyme in the core of polyion complex (PIC) micelles, which were formed from egg white lysozyme and poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(alpha,beta-aspartic acid) block copolymer (PEG-P(Asp)), was evaluated using a colorimetric method. Apparent enzymatic activity of lysozyme entrapped in the core of PIC micelles remarkably increased compared to that of free lysozyme, which is mainly attributed to a decrease in the observed Michaelis constant (K(m,obs)). The reciprocal of the K(m,obs) values nicely correlated to the corona thickness of PIC micelles, suggesting that the corona layer of PIC micelle may act as the reservoir of the substrate, p-nitrophenyl penta-N-acetyl-beta-chitopentaoside. This result indicates that the enzymatic activity can be controlled by changing the corona thickness of PIC micelles through a variation in the mixing ratio of PEG-P(Asp) to lysozyme. This type of PIC micelle system entrapping enzyme in the core might be useful for the design of diagnostic as well as targetable therapeutic systems of enzyme including antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Harada
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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19
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Queiroz EF, Roblot F, Duret P, Figadère B, Gouyette A, Laprévote O, Serani L, Hocquemiller R. Synthesis, spectroscopy, and cytotoxicity of glycosylated acetogenin derivatives as promising molecules for cancer therapy. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1604-10. [PMID: 10780917 DOI: 10.1021/jm990568m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several glycosyl derivatives of squamocin (1) have been synthesized by glycosylation under Lewis acid catalysis with two different 1-O-acetyl sugars. Separation of these compounds has been achieved by HPLC and centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). A detailed NMR, ESIMS, and LSIMS study allowed complete structural elucidations. The cytotoxic activity of the glycosyl derivatives was investigated and compared with that of squamocin and dihydrosquamocin against human epidermoid carcinoma cells (KB), African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) kidney epithelial cells (VERO), and mouse lymphocytic leukemia cells (L1210). The antiproliferative effects of some derivatives were studied on cell cycles in mouse lymphocytic leukemia cells (L1210).
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Queiroz
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UPRES-A 8076 CNRS (BioCIS), and Laboratoire de Cancérologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris-Sud, rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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20
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Hu L, Liu B, Hacking DR. 5'-[2-(2-Nitrophenyl)-2-methylpropionyl]-2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine as a potential bioreductively activated prodrug of FUDR: synthesis, stability and reductive activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:797-800. [PMID: 10782689 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
5'-[2-(2-Nitrophenyl)-2-methylpropionyl]-2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine was synthesized as a potential bioreductively activated prodrug of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUDR). The target compound was stable in both phosphate buffer and human serum and was found to release quickly the parent drug FUDR in quantitative yield upon mild chemical reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854, USA.
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21
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Porter DJ. Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase: the kinetics and thermodynamics for binding of cytosine to the apoenzyme and the Zn(2+) holoenzyme are similar. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1476:239-52. [PMID: 10669789 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase is purified as a mixture of Zn(2+) and Fe(2+) forms of the enzyme. Fe(2+) is removed readily by o-phenanthroline to yield apoenzyme (apoCDase) that contains <0.2 mol of Zn(2+)per mol of subunit. ApoCDase was efficiently reconstituted to Zn(2+)CDase by treatment with ZnCl(2). The interaction of cytosine with apoCDase and Zn(2+)CDase was investigated at pH 7.5 and 25 degrees C by monitoring changes in intrinsic protein fluorescence. The values for the kinetic data K(1), k(2), and k(3) for Zn(2+)CDase were 0.25 mM, 80 s(-1), and 38 s(-1), respectively. The value for k(-2) was statistically indistinguishable from zero. The analogous values for K(1), k(2), and k(-2), (k(3)=0) for apoCDase were 0.157 mM, 186 s(-1) and approximately 0.8 s(-1), respectively. The overall dissociation constant of apoCDase for cytosine was 0.00069 mM, whereas the K(m) of Zn(2+)CDase for cytosine was 0.20 mM. The pre-steady state phase of the reaction was associated with an absorbance increase at 280 nm that was attributed to solvent perturbation of the spectrum of cytosine or enzyme. Formation of the Fe(2+)CDase-cytosine complex was too rapid to monitor by these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Porter
- Glaxo Wellcome, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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22
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Lu JY, Lowe DA, Kennedy MD, Low PS. Folate-targeted enzyme prodrug cancer therapy utilizing penicillin-V amidase and a doxorubicin prodrug. J Drug Target 1999; 7:43-53. [PMID: 10614814 DOI: 10.3109/10611869909085491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In antibody-targeted enzyme prodrug therapy, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) covalently linked to an enzyme is commonly exploited to concentrate the enzyme on the tumor cell surface prior to administration of a relatively nontoxic prodrug. The tumor-localized enzyme then converts the prodrug into a cytotoxic agent, which in turn diffuses into the tumor causing localized cell death. In this paper, we have substituted folic acid for the mAb as a mean of delivering an attached enzyme, penicillin-V amidase (PVA), to folate receptor (FR)-positive tumor cells. The enzyme PVA is capable of converting a doxorubicin-N-p-hydroxyphenoxyacetamide prodrug (DPO) into its potent parent drug, doxorubicin. For PVA targeting, each PVA molecule was covalently labeled with three molecules of folic acid via the formation of amide bonds. In vitro binding assays showed that folate-PVA-125I conjugates bind specifically to KB cells (FR-positive tumor cells) but not to A549 cells (FR-negative tumor cells). Moreover, in a series of in vitro cytotoxicity tests, folate-PVA conjugates were found to kill folate receptor positive but not receptor negative cells, and when bound to FR-positive cells, folate-PVA conjugates rendered the DPO prodrug as toxic as free doxorubicin (IC50, approximately 0.6 microM). Finally, preliminary in vivo plasma clearance studies in normal mice revealed that i.v. administered folate-PVA-125I and PVA-125I are both cleared from the blood within a 24 h time period, removing concern that nonspecifically trapped folate-PVA might activate prodrug in nontargeted tissues. In view of the fact that only a small number of folate-PVA molecules are required to mediate killing of target cells in vitro, these data argue that folate-targeted enzyme prodrug therapy should be considered for tumor eradication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1393, USA
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23
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Florent JC, Dong X, Gaudel G, Mitaku S, Monneret C, Gesson JP, Jacquesy JC, Mondon M, Renoux B, Andrianomenjanahary S, Michel S, Koch M, Tillequin F, Gerken M, Czech J, Straub R, Bosslet K. Prodrugs of anthracyclines for use in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. J Med Chem 1998; 41:3572-81. [PMID: 9733483 DOI: 10.1021/jm970589l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of new prodrugs of daunorubicin and doxorubicin which are candidates for antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) is reported. These compounds (25a,b,c and 32a,b,c) have been designed to generate cytotoxic drugs after activation with beta-glucuronidase. As expected, recovery of the active drug was observed after enzymatic cleavage by Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase as well as by a fusion protein which has been obtained from human beta-glucuronidase and humanized CEA-specific binding region. The six prodrugs are highly stable and are more than 100-fold less cytotoxic than doxorubicin against murine L1210 cell lines. The ortho-substituted phenyl carbamates 25a,b,c are better substrates for beta-glucuronidase than the corresponding para-substituted analogues. After taking into account additional factors such as stability in plasma and kinetics of enzymatic cleavage, we selected the o-nitro prodrug 25c for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Florent
- UMR 176 CNRS/Institut Curie, Section Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Svensson HP, Frank IS, Berry KK, Senter PD. Therapeutic effects of monoclonal antibody-beta-lactamase conjugates in combination with a nitrogen mustard anticancer prodrug in models of human renal cell carcinoma. J Med Chem 1998; 41:1507-12. [PMID: 9554883 DOI: 10.1021/jm970779w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A panel of 13 renal cell carcinoma cell lines was evaluated for the expression of antigens recognized by the L6 and L49 monoclonal antibodies. All of the cell lines were strongly positive for the L6 antigen, and 9/13 bound 96.5, which, like the L49 monoclonal antibody, recognizes the p97 melanotransferrin antigen. The L6 and L49 antibodies were chemically conjugated to Enterobacter cloacae beta-lactamase (bL), and their abilities to effect site-selective anticancer prodrug activation on two of the renal cell carcinoma cell lines (SN12P and 1934J) were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. L49-bL was 10-90-fold more potent in vitro than L6-bL for the activation of 7-(4-carboxybutanamido)cephalosporin mustard (CCM), a cephalosporin prodrug of phenylenediamine mustard (PDM). In addition, L49-bL showed higher degrees of specific SN12P and 1934J intratumoral uptake than L6-bL, even though the expression of L6 antigen was 2-fold higher than that of p97. These differences might be due to the high-affinity antigen binding of L49-bL relative to L6-bL. In vivo studies utilizing nude mice with established subcutaneous SN12P and 1934J tumor xenografts demonstrated that L49-bL/CCM combinations led to regressions and cures at well-tolerated doses, while L6-bL/CCM and the nonbinding control conjugate P1.17-bL in combination with CCM were ineffective. Conjugate localization in 1934J tumors was much lower than that observed in SN12P tumors, a finding that might acount for the higher activities of L49-bL/CCM in the latter model. These data show that the p97 antigen on renal cell carcinomas can be exploited for selective prodrug activation, even on tumors that localize very small amounts of the L49-bL conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Svensson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 3005 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98121, USA
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