1
|
Liang Y, Xu ML, Gao X, Wang Y, Zhang LN, Li YC, Guo Q. Resveratrol improves ovarian state by inhibiting apoptosis of granulosa cells. Gynecol Endocrinol 2023; 39:2181652. [PMID: 36824010 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2023.2181652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Among the natural polyphenolic compounds, resveratrol (RES) is known for reducing the effects of declining reproductive power through resisting senility, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory, while the molecular mechanism of RES in human ovaries is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the most likely mechanisms of RES against apoptosis induced by H2O2 in human ovary granulosa cells. METHODS Ovarian granulosa cells from infertile women (≤35 years old) were collected. Those patients defined as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), poor ovarian responder (POR) and Endometriosis were excluded. Then they were randomly divided into control group, model group and the treatment group. Cellular apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometer method. The related protein and mRNA expressions were detected by western blot and RT-PCR. RESULTS Apoptosis rates of the treatment group containing RES with concentrations of 1 μM and 10 μM were significantly decreased (p < 0.001). Western blot results demonstrated that the proteins levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), Bax and Caspase 9 were decreased, and Bcl-2 was increased under RES treatment, while the protein levels of Caspase 8, Caspase 3, growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) expressed no significant difference. The results by RT-PCR of follicle and ovarian development related mRNA factors were consistent with that of western blot assay. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the present study provides the evidence that RES may affects apoptotic factors to protect human ovarian state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, (Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Hebei Medical University), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Mei-Ling Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, (Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Hebei Medical University), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, (Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Hebei Medical University), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yan Wang
- North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Li-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hebei Medicine University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ya-Cong Li
- Hebei Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qing Guo
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, (Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Hebei Medical University), Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jasuja H, Jaswandkar SV, Katti DR, Katti KS. Interstitial fluid flow contributes to prostate cancer invasion and migration to bone; study conducted using a novel horizontal flow bioreactor. Biofabrication 2023; 15:025017. [PMID: 36863017 PMCID: PMC10020972 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/acc09a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer bone metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men in the United States, causing severe damage to skeletal tissue. The treatment of advanced-stage prostate cancer is always challenging due to limited drug treatment options, resulting in low survival rates. There is a scarcity of knowledge regarding the mechanisms associated with the effects of biomechanical cues by the interstitial fluid flow on prostate cancer cell growth and migration. We have designed a novel bioreactor system to demonstrate the impact of interstitial fluid flow on the migration of prostate cancer cells to the bone during extravasation. First, we demonstrated that a high flow rate induces apoptosis in PC3 cells via TGF-β1 mediated signaling; thus, physiological flow rate conditions are optimum for cell growth. Next, to understand the role of interstitial fluid flow in prostate cancer migration, we evaluated the migration rate of cells under static and dynamic conditions in the presence or absence of bone. We report that CXCR4 levels were not significantly changed under static and dynamic conditions, indicating that CXCR4 activation in PC3 cells is not influenced by flow conditions but by the bone, where CXCR4 levels were upregulated. The bone-upregulated CXCR4 levels led to increased MMP-9 levels resulting in a high migration rate in the presence of bone. In addition, upregulated levels ofαvβ3integrins under fluid flow conditions contributed to an overall increase in the migration rate of PC3 cells. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential role of interstitial fluid flow in prostate cancer invasion. Understanding the critical role of interstitial fluid flow in promoting prostate cancer cell progression will enhance current therapies for advanced-stage prostate cancer and provide improved treatment options for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haneesh Jasuja
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States of America
| | - Sharad V Jaswandkar
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States of America
| | - Dinesh R Katti
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States of America
| | - Kalpana S Katti
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, United States of America
- Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee C, Lee S, Park E, Hong J, Shin DY, Byun JM, Yun H, Koh Y, Yoon SS. Transcriptional signatures of the BCL2 family for individualized acute myeloid leukaemia treatment. Genome Med 2022; 14:111. [PMID: 36171613 PMCID: PMC9520894 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although anti-apoptotic proteins of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2) family have been utilized as therapeutic targets in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), their complicated regulatory networks make individualized therapy difficult. This study aimed to discover the transcriptional signatures of BCL2 family genes that reflect regulatory dynamics, which can guide individualized therapeutic strategies. METHODS From three AML RNA-seq cohorts (BeatAML, LeuceGene, and TCGA; n = 451, 437, and 179, respectively), we constructed the BCL2 family signatures (BFSigs) by applying an innovative gene-set selection method reflecting biological knowledge followed by non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). To demonstrate the significance of the BFSigs, we conducted modelling to predict response to BCL2 family inhibitors, clustering, and functional enrichment analysis. Cross-platform validity of BFSigs was also confirmed using NanoString technology in a separate cohort of 47 patients. RESULTS We established BFSigs labeled as the BCL2, MCL1/BCL2, and BFL1/MCL1 signatures that identify key anti-apoptotic proteins. Unsupervised clustering based on BFSig information consistently classified AML patients into three robust subtypes across different AML cohorts, implying the existence of biological entities revealed by the BFSig approach. Interestingly, each subtype has distinct enrichment patterns of major cancer pathways, including MAPK and mTORC1, which propose subtype-specific combination treatment with apoptosis modulating drugs. The BFSig-based classifier also predicted response to venetoclax with remarkable performance (area under the ROC curve, AUROC = 0.874), which was well-validated in an independent cohort (AUROC = 0.950). Lastly, we successfully confirmed the validity of BFSigs using NanoString technology. CONCLUSIONS This study proposes BFSigs as a biomarker for the effective selection of apoptosis targeting treatments and cancer pathways to co-target in AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chansub Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyoung Lee
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Precision Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunchae Park
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junshik Hong
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeop Shin
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Min Byun
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongseok Yun
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Precision Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngil Koh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Soo Yoon
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pozzolini M, Gallus L, Ghignone S, Ferrando S, Candiani S, Bozzo M, Bertolino M, Costa G, Bavestrello G, Scarfì S. Insights into the evolution of metazoan regenerative mechanisms: roles of TGF superfamily members in tissue regeneration of the marine sponge Chondrosia reniformis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.207894. [PMID: 31371401 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.207894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tissue repair is an adaptive and widespread metazoan response. It is characterised by different cellular mechanisms and complex signalling networks that involve numerous growth factors and cytokines. In higher animals, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling plays a fundamental role in wound healing. In order to evaluate the involvement of TGF superfamily members in lower invertebrate tissue regeneration, sequences for putative TGF ligands and receptors were isolated from the transcriptome of the marine sponge Chondrosia reniformis We identified seven transcripts that coded for TGF superfamily ligands and three for TGF superfamily receptors. Phylogenetically, C. reniformis TGF ligands were not grouped into any TGF superfamily clades and thus presumably evolved independently, whereas the TGF receptors clustered in the Type I receptor group. We performed gene expression profiling of these transcripts in sponge regenerating tissue explants. Data showed that three ligands (TGF1, TGF3 and TGF6) were mainly expressed during early regeneration and seemed to be involved in stem cell maintenance, whereas two others (TGF4 and TGF5) were strongly upregulated during late regeneration and thus were considered pro-differentiating factors. The presence of a strong TGF inhibitor, SB431542, blocked the restoration of the exopinacoderm layer in the sponge explants, confirming the functional involvement of the TGF pathway in tissue regeneration in these early evolved animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pozzolini
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gallus
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Ghignone
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection-Turin Unit (CNR), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Simona Candiani
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Matteo Bozzo
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Bertolino
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Gabriele Costa
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bavestrello
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Sonia Scarfì
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Estrogen deprivation aggravates cardiac hypertrophy in nonobese Type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170886. [PMID: 28923829 PMCID: PMC5643740 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and estrogen deprivation have been shown to be associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and adverse cardiac remodeling. However, the role of estrogen deprivation on adverse cardiac remodeling in nonobese T2DM rats has not been clearly elucidated. We hypothesized that estrogen-deprivation aggravates adverse cardiac remodeling in Goto–Kakizaki (GK) rats. Wild-type (WT) and GK rats at the age of 9 months old were divided into two subgroups to have either a sham operation (WTS, GKS) or a bilateral ovariectomy (WTO, GKO) (n = 6/subgroup). Four months after the operation, the rats were killed, and the heart was excised rapidly. Metabolic parameters, cardiomyocytes hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis, and biochemical parameters were determined. GK rats had hyperglycemia with hypoinsulinemia, and estrogen deprivation did not increase the severity of T2DM. Cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac oxidative stress, and phosphor-antinuclear factor κB were higher in WTO and GKS rats than WTS rats, and they markedly increased in GKO rats compared with GKS rats. Furthermore, cardiac fibrosis, transforming growth factor-β, Bax, phosphor-p38, and peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor γ coactivator-1α expression were increased in GKS and GKO rats compared with the lean rats. However, mitochondrial dynamics proteins including dynamin-related protein 1 and mitofusin-2 were not altered by T2DM and estrogen deprivation. Although estrogen deprivation did not aggravate T2DM in GK rats, it increased the severity of cardiac hypertrophy by provoking cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress in nonobese GK rats.
Collapse
|
6
|
Li J, Chen C, Bi X, Zhou C, Huang T, Ni C, Yang P, Chen S, Ye M, Duan S. DNA methylation of CMTM3, SSTR2, and MDFI genes in colorectal cancer. Gene 2017; 630:1-7. [PMID: 28782576 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasingly common worldwide, including in China. Therefore, there is an increasing need to detect CRC at an early stage and to discover and evaluate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. DNA methylation of genes in CRC is a potential epigenetic biomarker for the early detection of CRC. This study was performed to analyze the methylation frequency of six candidate genes, CMTM3, SSTR2, MDFI, NDRG4, TGFB2, and BCL2L11, in fresh-frozen CRC tissues and adjacent normal colorectal tissues, from 42 patients with CRC. DNA isolation, bisulphite modification, and pyrosequencing were performed. The sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) were evaluated to determine whether these genes showed any associations with tumor grade, stage, or diagnostic features. Among the tested genes, three genes, CMTM3, SSTR2, and MDFI were significantly methylated in CRC tissues when compared with adjacent normal colorectal tissues. The ROC analysis showed that a multigene model, including CMTM3, SSTR2, and MDFI, had a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 91% with an AUC value of 0.92. The findings of this study have shown that DNA methylation of the genes, CMTM3, SSTR2, and MDFI should be studied further with a view to determining their potential role as biomarkers for CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Li
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; The Affiliated Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xuer Bi
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chongchang Zhou
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chao Ni
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Si Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Meng Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China.
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Medical Genetics Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ramanan M, Sinha S, Sudarshan K, Aidhen IS, Doble M. Inhibition of the enzymes in the leukotriene and prostaglandin pathways in inflammation by 3-aryl isocoumarins. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:428-434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
8
|
Li M, Song M, Ren LM, Xiu CY, Liu JY, Zhu YZ, Li YF. AlCl3 induces lymphocyte apoptosis in rats through the mitochondria-caspase dependent pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:385-394. [PMID: 25263842 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate apoptosis mechanisms in lymphocytes induced by aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) through the mitochondria-caspase dependent pathway, the spleen lymphocytes of rats were cultured with RPMI-1640 medium and exposed to AlCl3·6H2O in the final concentrations of 0 (control group, CG), 0.3 (low-dose group, LG), 0.6 (mid-dose group, MG), and 1.2 (high-dose group, HG) mmol·L(-1) for 24 h, respectively. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), cytochrome C (Cyt C) protein expression in cytoplasm, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 activity, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 mRNA expressions, DNA ladder and lymphocytes apoptosis index were detected. The results showed that Cyt C protein expression in cytoplasm, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 activity, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 mRNA expressions, the ratio of Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA expression, lymphocytes apoptosis index increased, while ΔΨm decreased in the AlCl3-treated groups compared with those in CG. The results indicate that AlCl3 induces lymphocyte apoptosis in rats through the mitochondria-caspase dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Li-Min Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Chun-Yu Xiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jian-Yu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Police Dog Technical School of the Ministry of Public Security, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Yan-zhu Zhu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130112, China
| | - Yan-Fei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao HW, Li YW, Feng R, Yu JB, Li J, Zhang Y, Li JC, Wang YX. TGF-β/Smad2/3 signal pathway involves in U251 cell proliferation and apoptosis. Gene 2015; 562:76-82. [PMID: 25701598 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β/Smad2/3 signal pathway is regarded as a central regulator in various tumors, but its roles in brain cancer therapy remain unknown. In this study, we identify that the TGF-β/Smad2/3 signal pathway is activated in human brain glioma cells; inhibitor (SB203580) and siRNA against Smad2/3 quickly inhibited the phosphorylation of Smad2 and 3, expression of its major downstream gene, Ki-67, arrested cells in the G2/M phase and induced apoptosis of cells. The findings suggest that TGF-β/Smad2/3 pathway plays a key role in U251 cell growth and metastasis, which suggests its potential role in the molecular therapy of brain cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-wei Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Tianjin City, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yan-Wei Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Ren Feng
- Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Jian-Bo Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Nan Kai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Jin-Cheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Tianjin City, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Ya-Xin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang H, He Y, Cui XX, Goodin S, Wang H, Du ZY, Li D, Zhang K, Tony Kong AN, DiPaola RS, Yang CS, Conney A, Zheng X. Potent inhibitory effect of δ-tocopherol on prostate cancer cells cultured in vitro and grown as xenograft tumors in vivo. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10752-8. [PMID: 25322450 PMCID: PMC4334301 DOI: 10.1021/jf504058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of δ-tocopherol (δ-T) on growth and apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells were determined and compared with that of α-tocopherol (α-T), a commonly used form of vitamin E. Treatment of human prostate cancer cells with δ-T resulted in strong growth inhibition and apoptosis stimulation, while the effects of α-T were modest. The strong effects of δ-T on the cells were associated with suppression of androgen receptor (AR) activity and decreased level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) that is a downstream target of the AR signaling. In the in vivo study, we found that δ-T had a more potent inhibitory effect on the formation and growth of prostate xenograft tumors than that of α-T. Moreover, δ-T inhibited proliferation and stimulated apoptosis in the tumors. The present study identified δ-T as a better form of vitamin E than α-T for future clinical studies of prostate cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huarong Huang
- Allan
H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yan He
- Allan
H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xing Cui
- Susan
Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical
Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Susan Goodin
- Rutgers
Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Susan
Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical
Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Zhi Yun Du
- Allan
H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Dongli Li
- Allan
H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Allan
H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Ah-Ng Tony Kong
- Rutgers
Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Robert S. DiPaola
- Rutgers
Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Chung S. Yang
- Susan
Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical
Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Rutgers
Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Allan
H. Conney
- Susan
Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical
Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Rutgers
Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Xi Zheng
- Allan
H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People’s
Republic of China
- Susan
Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical
Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Phone: 848-445-8069; fax: 732-445-0687; e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Korrodi-Gregório L, Silva JV, Santos-Sousa L, Freitas MJ, Felgueiras J, Fardilha M. TGF-β cascade regulation by PPP1 and its interactors -impact on prostate cancer development and therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:555-67. [PMID: 24629090 PMCID: PMC4000109 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a key mechanism by which normal and cancer cells regulate their main transduction pathways. Protein kinases and phosphatases are precisely orchestrated to achieve the (de)phosphorylation of candidate proteins. Indeed, cellular health is dependent on the fine-tune of phosphorylation systems, which when deregulated lead to cancer. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway involvement in the genesis of prostate cancer has long been established. Many of its members were shown to be hypo- or hyperphosphorylated during the process of malignancy. A major phosphatase that is responsible for the vast majority of the serine/threonine dephosphorylation is the phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (PPP1). PPP1 has been associated with the dephosphorylation of several proteins involved in the TGF-β cascade. This review will discuss the role of PPP1 in the regulation of several TGF-β signalling members and how the subversion of this pathway is related to prostate cancer development. Furthermore, current challenges on the protein phosphatases field as new targets to cancer therapy will be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Korrodi-Gregório
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centre for Cell Biology, Biology Department, Health Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nandakumar V, Vettriselvi V, Doble M. Toxicity of high glycolic poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) stabilized ruthenium nanoparticles against human promyelocytic leukemia cells. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47142j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
13
|
Wei H, Kamat AM, Aldousari S, Ye Y, Huang M, Dinney CP, Wu X. Genetic variations in the transforming growth factor beta pathway as predictors of bladder cancer risk. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51758. [PMID: 23251617 PMCID: PMC3520916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the fifth most common cancer in the United States, and identifying genetic markers that may predict susceptibility in high-risk population is always needed. The purpose of our study is to determine whether genetic variations in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway are associated with bladder cancer risk. We identified 356 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 37 key genes from this pathway and evaluated their association with cancer risk in 801 cases and 801 controls. Forty-one SNPs were significantly associated with cancer risk, and after adjusting for multiple comparisons, 9 remained significant (Q-value ≤0.1). Haplotype analysis further revealed three haplotypes within VEGFC and two haplotypes in EGFR were significantly associated with increased bladder cancer risk compared to the most common haplotype. Classification and regression tree analysis further revealed potential high-order gene-gene interactions, with VEGFC: rs3775194 being the initial split, which suggests that this variant is responsible for the most variation in risk. Individuals carrying the common genotype for VEGFC: rs3775194 and EGFR: rs7799627 and the variant genotype for VEGFR: rs4557213 had a 4.22-fold increase in risk, a much larger effect magnitude than that conferred by common genotype for VEGFR: rs4557213. Our study provides the first epidemiological evidence supporting a connection between TGF-β pathway variants and bladder cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wei
- Departments of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ashish M. Kamat
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Saad Aldousari
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Departments of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maosheng Huang
- Departments of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Colin P. Dinney
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Departments of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Korah J, Falah N, Lacerte A, Lebrun JJ. A transcriptionally active pRb-E2F1-P/CAF signaling pathway is central to TGFβ-mediated apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e407. [PMID: 23059826 PMCID: PMC3481134 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) modulates the expression of multiple apoptotic target genes; however, a common and central signaling pathway, acting downstream of TGFβ and leading to cell death, has yet to be uncovered. Here, we show that TGFβ-induced apoptosis in cancer cells requires the transcription factor E2F1 (E2 promoter-binding factor 1). Using the E2F1 knockout mouse model, we also found E2F1 to be required for TGFβ-mediated apoptosis in normal cells. Moreover, we found TGFβ to increase E2F1 protein stability, acting at the post-translational level. We further investigated the molecular mechanisms by which E2F1 contributes to TGFβ-mediated apoptosis and found that TGFβ treatment led to the formation of a transcriptionally active E2F1–pRb–P/CAF complex on multiple TGFβ pro-apoptotic target gene promoters, thereby activating their transcription. Together, our findings define a novel process of gene activation by the TGFβ-E2F1 signaling axis and highlight E2F1 as a central mediator of the TGFβ apoptotic program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Korah
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Niknafs B. Induction of apoptosis and non-apoptosis in human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) by cisplatin and caffeine. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2012; 15:130-3. [PMID: 22395137 DOI: 10.6091/ibj.1000.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular targeted therapy by different cell death inducers are recently considered in cancer therapy. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of cisplatin and inositol trisphosphate kinase inhibitor (caffeine) on human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The pattern of cell death in MCF-7 cells following the exposure to cisplatin and caffeine in individual and combination forms was characterized. METHODS MCF-7 cells at late exponential phase were divided into two groups: control and experimental groups. Experimental group was exposed to cisplatin, caffeine and combination of them and control group was treated by vehicle. Forty-eight hours after incubation, floating and attached cells were collected separately. Flow cytometry analysis and electron microscopy were carried out on both attached and floating cells. RESULTS Two types of apoptotic and non-apoptotic cells were observed in the floating cells as well as in sub G1 cells of both experimental and control groups by electron microscopy. Both early and late stages of apoptosis were characterized and the attached cells remained unaffected. CONCLUSION Although two different forms of cell death (apoptosis and non-apoptosis) were appeared in MCF-7 following exposure to cisplatin and caffeine, apoptosis was the major mechanism of cell death. The combination form of anti-cancer drugs with different mechanisms could decrease the dosage of employed anti-cancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Niknafs
- Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran.,Cell Biology Lab., Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fujita T, Alotaibi M, Kitase Y, Kota Y, Ouhara K, Kurihara H, Shuler CF. Smad2 is involved in the apoptosis of murine gingival junctional epithelium associated with inhibition of Bcl-2. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1567-73. [PMID: 22964108 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gingival junctional epithelium (JE) actively contributes to the homeostasis of the periodontium. Altered activation of TGF-β signalling is implicated in the epithelium from chronic periodontitis. However, little is known about the effects of TGF-β signalling on the JE. In this study, we investigated the relationship between Smad2, which plays an important role in mediating TGF-β signal, and induction of apoptosis in the JE. METHODS K14-Smad2 transgenic mice were used to observe the effect of over-expression of Smad2 driven by CK14 promoter in the JE. We performed TUNEL technique to evaluate the epithelial apoptosis. Expression of apoptosis related genes was examined using real-time PCR and immunofluorescence. RESULTS K14-Smad2 mice showed an increased number of phospho-Smad2 positive JE cells associated with an increase in TGF-β1 expression. K14-Smad2 mice have a significantly higher percentage of TUNEL positive cells in the JE. Immunofluorescence double labelling revealed that TUNEL positive cells showed immunoreactivity to phospho-Smad2. Real-time PCR analysis of apoptosis related gene expression provided evidence of lower expression of Bcl-2 in the gingival tissue from K14-Smad2 mice. There was a strong positive reaction for Bcl-2 protein in the junctional epithelium of wild type mice, while the gingival tissue of K14-Smad2 transgenic mice had only a faint signal for Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS The present study provided evidence that Smad2 plays a crucial role in the induction of apoptosis in gingival JE through inhibition of Bcl-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bakhshayesh M, Zaker F, Hashemi M, Katebi M, Solaimani M. TGF- β1-mediated apoptosis associated with SMAD-dependent mitochondrial Bcl-2 expression. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2012; 12:138-43. [PMID: 22297256 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 can elicit various cellular responses, including inhibition of cell growth, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. In addition, TGF-β1 is able to induce apoptosis in certain lymphomas. METHODS In the present study, the role of SMADs, Bax, Bcl-xl, and Bcl2 was characterized in 2 B-lymphoma cell lines, Burkitt and pre-B cell. RESULTS Apoptosis was detected after exposure of TGF-β on Raji and Nalm 6 cell lines and was evaluated by flow cytometry by using annexin V, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis. Flow Cytometry With Cell Sorting analysis showed that apoptosis could be observed after 24 hours of TGF-β treatment and was continued after 48 hours. TGF-β downregulated the Bcl-xl and Bcl-2, whereas the Bax was upregulated. Furthermore, messenger RNA of SMAD6 and SMAD7 showed the significant upregulation. CONCLUSION The results indicated that alteration in gene expression and protein level may determine the induction of apoptosis pathway in these lymphoma cell lines exposed to TGF-β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Bakhshayesh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen XJ, Duan FD, Zhang HH, Xiong Y, Wang J. Sodium selenite-induced apoptosis mediated by ROS attack in human osteosarcoma U2OS cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 145:1-9. [PMID: 21826611 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Sodium selenite (Na(2)SeO(3), SSE) is an inorganic Se compound that is widely used in cancer chemoprevention studies. SSE has been shown to have anti-proliferative effects on several types of human cancer cells, but its effect on osteosarcoma cells has thus far not been reported. In this study, the cytotoxic effect of SSE on osteosarcoma cells U2OS was investigated in vitro and found to be higher than on comparable non-cancer cell lines 293 and L6. Treatment with SSE decreased cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner and altered cellular morphology. SSE also inhibited cell viability by inducing apoptosis, as evidenced by the formation of apoptotic bodies, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and accumulation of cells during the advanced phase of apoptosis. SSE-induced apoptosis correlated with the activation of CASP 3, downregulation of BCL-2, and upregulation of P53 and PTEN in U2OS cells. These results indicated that SSE induces apoptosis in U2OS cells mainly through an ROS-mediated caspase pathway. This is the first report to show a possible mechanism of the anti-proliferative effect of SSE for the prevention of osteosarcoma in cell culture models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jia Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Bioengineering Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Heger J, Warga B, Meyering B, Abdallah Y, Schlüter KD, Piper HM, Euler G. TGFβ receptor activation enhances cardiac apoptosis via SMAD activation and concomitant NO release. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2683-90. [PMID: 21792926 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) expression is induced in the myocardium during transition from compensated hypertrophy to heart failure. In cardiomyocytes, stimulation with TGFβ results in restricted contractile function and enhanced apoptosis. Nitric oxide (NO) also induces apoptosis and influences cardiac function. Therefore, we wanted to know whether NO is causally involved in TGFβ-induced apoptosis. In isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes of adult rat incubation with TGFβ(1) increased NO release which was inhibited by NOS inhibitor ETU but not with iNOS inhibitor (1400 W) or nNOS inhibitor (TFA). In addition, TGFβ-induced apoptosis was blocked with ETU and ODQ, but not with 1400 W or TFA. The consequent assumption that endothelial NOS is involved in TGFβ-induced NO formation and apoptosis was supported by increased phosphorylation of eNOS at serine 1177 and by the fact that TGFβ did not increase NO release in eNOS KO mice. Furthermore, TGFβ-induced apoptosis, NO formation, SMAD binding activity and SMAD2 phosphorylation were blocked by a TGFβ receptor antagonist, but only apoptosis and NO formation could be blocked with ETU. Expression of SMAD7 was increased after TGFβ stimulation and blocked with TGFβ receptor antagonist but not after blocking NO synthase with ETU. CONCLUSION In cardiomyocytes TGFβ-induced apoptosis is mediated via TGFβ receptor activation that concomitantly activates SMAD transcription factors and the eNOS/NO/sGC pathway. Both of these pathways are needed for apoptosis induction by TGFβ. This reveals a new pathway of cardiac NO release and identifies NO as a possible contributor to heart failure progression mediated by TGFβ.
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee WR, Park JH, Kim KH, Park YY, Han SM, Park KK. Protective effects of melittin on transforming growth factor-β1 injury to hepatocytes via anti-apoptotic mechanism. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 256:209-15. [PMID: 21871910 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Melittin is a cationic, hemolytic peptide that is the main toxic component in the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Melittin has multiple effects, including anti-bacterial, anti-viral and anti-inflammatory, in various cell types. However, the anti-apoptotic mechanisms of melittin have not been fully elucidated in hepatocytes. Apoptosis contributes to liver inflammation and fibrosis. Knowledge of the apoptotic mechanisms is important to develop new and effective therapies for treatment of cirrhosis, portal hypertension, liver cancer, and other liver diseases. In the present study, we investigated the anti-apoptotic effect of melittin on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes. TGF-β1-treated hepatocytes were exposed to low doses (0.5 and 1 μg/mL) and high dose (2 μg/mL) of melittin. The low doses significantly protected these cells from DNA damage in TGF-β1-induced apoptosis compared to the high dose. Also, melittin suppressed TGF-β1-induced apoptotic activation of the Bcl-2 family and caspase family of proteins, which resulted in the inhibition of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. These results demonstrate that TGF-β1 induces hepatocyte apoptosis and that an optimal dose of melittin exerts anti-apoptotic effects against TGF-β1-induced injury to hepatocytes via the mitochondrial pathway. These results suggest that an optimal dose of melittin can serve to protect cells against TGF-β1-mediated injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Ram Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lange A, Gustke H, Glassmeier G, Heine M, Zangemeister-Wittke U, Schwarz JR, Schumacher U, Lange T. Neuronal differentiation by indomethacin and IBMX inhibits proliferation of small cell lung cancer cells in vitro. Lung Cancer 2011; 74:178-87. [PMID: 21511354 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies implying a very poor prognosis for patients even under therapy. Since it is known that SCLC cells exhibit neurone-like characteristics, we investigated whether a neuronal induction medium (NID) consisting of indomethacin (200 μM), 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX, 500 μM) and insulin (5 μg/ml) induces neuronal differentiation and by this reduces malignancy of SCLC in vitro. METHODS Anti-proliferative effects were tested by incubating five SCLC cell lines (OH1, OH3, SW2, H69 and H82) with NID for 72 h (XTT-assay). Afterwards, anti-proliferative as well as cytotoxic effects (lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] assay, electron microscopy) of a range of drug concentrations (indomethacin 6.25-800 μM, IBMX 15.625-2000 μM and combinations of both) regarding H82 and SW2 were analysed. We further investigated the presence of cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 1 and 2 (IHC, Western blot) as well as levels of COX-2 before and after treatment. Neuronal differentiation was evaluated by morphological analyses (electron microscopy), detection of CD 56 and CD 171 (FACS) and recording Na(+) and K(+) currents (patch clamp). RESULTS Proliferation of all cell lines was inhibited significantly in a dose dependent manner (linear regression), whereas SW2 and H82 were most sensitive. Treatment with insulin alone had no effect at all. Cytotoxic effects were only observed after incubation with high concentrations of indomethacin (H82) and combined treatment (SW2). COX-1 and 2 were detectable in H82 and SW2, whereas the level of COX-2 remained unaffected under treatment. By electron microscopy, we could not observe distinct neurone-like morphological changes after 72 h of treatment. However, the majority of H82 and SW2 cells expressed both CD 56 (NCAM) and CD 171 (L1), showing an increase of NCAM and L1 intensity at the cell surface after 7 and 14 days of treatment. We further demonstrated an up-regulation of neurone-specific Na(+) currents as well as a significant down-regulation of herg K(+) currents after NID treatment. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate significant anti-proliferative, non-toxic effects of indomethacin and IBMX on SCLC cells in vitro. Treated SCLC cells further possess increased neuronal characteristics in vitro, possibly leading to a reduced malignant potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Lange
- Institute of Anatomy II: Experimental Morphology and University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Size dependent induction of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxicity of particulate beta-tricalciumphosphate in vitro. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4067-75. [PMID: 21421269 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular responses to particulate calcium phosphate ceramics can lead to inflammatory reactions under certain conditions that depend on particle composition, size and morphology. In this context, the potential influence of varying sizes of particulate beta-tricalciumphosphate (beta-TCP) on the induction of inflammation and cytotoxicity remains to be determined. The present work investigates the effects of beta-TCP particles of five different sizes (1, 3, 13, 32 and 40 μm) on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro concerning the release of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-8 after six and 18 h of incubation (ELISA) as well as intracellular TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-8 levels within distinct PBMC subpopulations after 12 h (FACS). Potential cytotoxic effects were determined by assaying lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and morphological analyses (electron microscopy). Beta-TCP 1 μm did not induce any cytokine after 6 h but slightly increases TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-8 release after 18 h. Larger particles (32 and 40 μm) consistently caused higher levels of cytokine release by increasing the fraction of cytokine producing monocytes. They also caused higher levels of LDH release as did smaller, phagocytosable particles. These data suggest a less inflammatory and cytotoxic profile of beta-TCP devices with a smaller primary particle size when compared to larger particles.
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu AC, Gotlieb AI. Transforming growth factor-beta regulates in vitro heart valve repair by activated valve interstitial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1275-85. [PMID: 18832581 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of valve interstitial cell (VIC) function in response to tissue injury and valve disease is not well understood. Because transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has been implicated in tissue repair, we tested the hypothesis that TGF-beta is a regulator of VIC activation and associated cell responses that occur during early repair processes. We used a well-characterized wound model that was created by mechanical denudation of a confluent VIC monolayer to study activation and repair 24 hours after wounding. VIC activation was demonstrated by immunofluorescent localization of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), and alpha-SMA mRNA levels were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Proliferation and apoptosis were quantified by bromodeoxyuridine staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, respectively. Repair was quantified by measuring VIC extension into the wound, and TGF-beta expression was shown by immunofluorescent localization of intracellular TGF-beta. Compared with nonwounded monolayers, VICs at the wound edge showed alpha-SMA staining, increased alpha-SMA mRNA content, elongation into the wound with stress fibers, proliferation, and apoptosis. VICs at the wound edge also showed increased TGF-beta and pSmad2/3 staining with co-expression of alpha-SMA. Addition of TGF-beta neutralizing antibody to the wound decreased VIC activation, alpha-SMA mRNA content, proliferation, apoptosis, wound closure rate, and stress fibers. Conversely, exogenous addition of TGF-beta to the wound increased VIC activation, proliferation, wound closure rate, and stress fibers. Thus, wounding activates VICs, and TGF-beta signaling modulates VIC response to injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber C Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) regulates a wide variety of cellular processes including cell growth, apoptosis, differentiation, migration, and extracellular matrix production among others. The canonical signaling pathway induced by the TGF-beta receptor complex involves the phosphorylation of Smad proteins which upon activation accumulate in the nucleus and regulate transcription. Interestingly, the cellular response to TGF-beta can be extremely variable depending on the cell type and stimulation context. TGF-beta causes epithelial cells to undergo growth arrest and apoptosis, responses which are critical to suppressing carcinogenesis, whereas it can also induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition and mediate fibroblast activation, responses implicated in promoting carcinogenesis and fibrotic diseases. However, TGF-beta induces all these responses via the same receptor complex and Smad proteins. To address this apparent paradox, during the last few years a number of additional signaling pathways have been identified which potentially regulate the different cellular responses to TGF-beta. The identification of these signaling pathways has shed light onto the mechanisms whereby Smad and non-Smad pathways collaborate to induce a particular cellular phenotype. In this article, we review TGF-beta signaling in epithelial cells and fibroblasts with a focus on understanding the mechanisms of TGF-beta versatility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rod A Rahimi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zheng X, Cui XX, Avila GE, Huang MT, Liu Y, Patel J, Kong ANT, Paulino R, Shih WJ, Lin Y, Rabson AB, Reddy BS, Conney AH. Atorvastatin and celecoxib inhibit prostate PC-3 tumors in immunodeficient mice. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5480-7. [PMID: 17875778 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects and mechanisms of atorvastatin and celecoxib administered individually or in combination on human prostate cancer PC-3 cells cultured in vitro or grown as xenograft tumors in immunodeficient mice. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Human prostate cancer PC-3 cells in culture were treated with atorvastatin and celecoxib alone or in combination. Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were injected s.c. with PC-3 cells. The mice received daily i.p injections starting 2 days before tumor cell inoculation and continuing during the course of treatment with atorvastatin (10 microg/g body weight/d), celecoxib (10 microg/g/d), a combination of atorvastatin (10 microg/g/d) and celecoxib (10 microg/g/d), or a combination of atorvastatin (5 microg/g/d) and celecoxib (5 microg/g/d). RESULTS Atorvastatin in combination with celecoxib had stronger effects on growth inhibition and apoptosis of PC-3 cells than either agent used individually. Atorvastatin and celecoxib in combination also had a stronger inhibitory effect on activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in PC-3 cells than either agent alone. Treatment of SCID mice with combinations of atorvastatin and celecoxib more effectively inhibited the formation and growth of PC-3 tumors in the mice than either agent administered alone. CONCLUSIONS A combination of atorvastatin and celecoxib had a more potent inhibitory effect on the growth of PC-3 cells cultured in vitro or grown in SCID mice than either agent alone. A combination of atorvastatin and celecoxib may be an effective strategy for the prevention of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zheng
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Klopcic B, Maass T, Meyer E, Lehr HA, Metzger D, Chambon P, Mann A, Blessing M. TGF-β superfamily signaling is essential for tooth and hair morphogenesis and differentiation. Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86:781-99. [PMID: 17499880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of signaling molecules are involved in the regulation of many developmental processes that involve the interaction between mesenchymal and epithelial tissues. Smad7 is a potent inhibitor of many members of the TGF-beta family, notably TGF-beta and activin. In this study, we show that embryonic overexpression of Smad7 in stratified epithelia using a keratin 5 promoter, results in severe morphogenetic defects in skin and teeth and leads to embryonic and perinatal lethality. To further analyze the functions of Smad7 in epithelial tissues of adult mice, we used an expression system that allowed a controlled overexpression of Smad7 in terms of both space and time. Skin defects in adult mice overexpressing Smad7 were characterized by hyper-proliferation and missing expression of early markers of keratinocyte differentiation. Upon Smad7-mediated blockade of TGF-beta superfamily signaling, ameloblasts failed to produce an enamel layer in incisor teeth. In addition, TGF-beta blockade in adult mice altered the pattern of thymic T cell differentiation and the number of thymic T cells was significantly reduced. This study shows that TGF-beta superfamily signaling is essential for development of hair, tooth and T-cells as well as differentiation and proliferation control in adult tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borut Klopcic
- I. Medical Department, Section Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a ubiquitous and essential regulator of cellular and physiologic processes including proliferation, differentiation, migration, cell survival, angiogenesis, and immunosurveillance. Alterations in the TGF-beta signaling pathway, including mutation or deletion of members of the signaling pathway and resistance to TGF-beta-mediated inhibition of proliferation are frequently observed in human cancers. Although these alterations define a tumor suppressor role for the TGF-beta pathway in human cancer, TGF-beta also mediates tumor-promoting effects, either through differential effects on tumor and stromal cells or through a fundamental alteration in the TGF-beta responsiveness of the tumor cells themselves. TGF-beta and members of the TGF-beta signaling pathway are being evaluated as prognostic or predictive markers for cancer patients. Ongoing advances in understanding the TGF-beta signaling pathway will enable targeting of this pathway for the chemoprevention and treatment of human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Elliott
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, 221 BMSRB Research Drive, Box 2631 DUMC, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Martínez-Alvarez C, Blanco MJ, Pérez R, Rabadán MA, Aparicio M, Resel E, Martínez T, Nieto MA. Snail family members and cell survival in physiological and pathological cleft palates. Dev Biol 2004; 265:207-18. [PMID: 14697364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2003.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Palate fusion is a complex process that involves the coordination of a series of cellular changes including cell death and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Since members of the Snail family of zinc-finger regulators are involved in both triggering of the EMT and cell survival, we decided to study their putative role in palatal fusion. Furthermore, Snail genes are induced by transforming growth factor beta gene (TGF-beta) superfamily members, and TGF-beta(3) null mutant mice (TGF-beta(3)-/-) show a cleft palate phenotype. Here we show that in the wild-type mouse at the time of fusion, Snail is expressed in a few cells of the midline epithelial seam (MES), compatible with a role in triggering of the EMT in a small subpopulation of the MES. We also find an intriguing relationship between the expression of Snail family members and cell survival associated to the cleft palate condition. Indeed, Snail is expressed in the medial edge epithelial (MEE) cells in TGF-beta(3)-/-mouse embryo palates, where it is activated by the aberrant expression of its inducer, TGF-beta(1), in the underlying mesenchyme. In contrast to Snail-deficient wild-type pre-adhesion MEE cells, Snail-expressing TGF-beta(3) mutant MEE cells survive as they do their counterparts in the chick embryo. Interestingly, Slug is the Snail family member expressed in the chick MEE, providing another example of interchange of Snail and Slug expression between avian and mammalian embryos. We propose that in the absence of TGF-beta(3), TGF-beta(1) is upregulated in the mesenchyme, and that in both physiological (avian) and pathological (TGF-beta(3)-/-mammalian) cleft palates, it induces the expression of Snail genes promoting the survival of the MEE cells and permitting their subsequent differentiation into keratinized stratified epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Martínez-Alvarez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kolek O, Gajkowska B, Godlewski MM, Tomasz M. Co-localization of apoptosis-regulating proteins in mouse mammary epithelial HC11 cells exposed to TGF-beta1. Eur J Cell Biol 2003; 82:303-12. [PMID: 12868598 DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-beta1 is an apoptogenic agent for mammary epithelial cells (MEC). The molecular mechanism of the TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis remains, however, obscure. In the present study we used laser scanning cytometry, confocal microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy to analyze the expression, aggregation and co-localization of caspase-8, Bid, Bax and VDAC-1. These proteins are regarded as the most important factors involved in the regulatory phase of TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis in HC11 mouse MEC manifested with a simultaneous increase in expression and subcellular aggregation of caspase-8, Bid, Bax and VDAC-1. Confocal microscopy revealed a strong pattern of co-localization of examined proteins during both early and late apoptosis. Experiments with double- and triple-staining immunoelectron microscopy showed a co-localization of Bax/Bid, caspase-8/Bax/Bid, and Bax/VDAC-1, on the membranes of mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, and within the nucleus. In conclusion, the observed pattern of changes in aggregation and subcellular localization of caspase-8, Bid, Bax and VDAC-1 during TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis in HC11 mouse MEC suggests an interaction between these proteins and formation of multimeric complexes on organellar membranes, thus controlling their permeability for intracellular mediators of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kolek
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kolek O, Gajkowska B, Godlewski MM, Motyl T. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effect of TGF-beta 1 in bovine mammary epithelial BME-UV1 cells. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 134:417-30. [PMID: 12727291 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(02)00249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta(1)) is regarded as an important auto/paracrine regulator of mammary gland involution, however, its apoptotic effect and inhibition of growth in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MEC) has not been documented. In the present study, laser scanning cytometry, confocal and immunoelectron microscopy techniques were used for quantitative and qualitative analyzes of apoptosis, cell cycle and expression, subcellular redistribution and interactions of apoptosis-related proteins in bovine BME-UV1 MEC exposed to TGF-beta(1). TGF-beta(1) exerted both antiproliferative and apoptotic action. The antiproliferative effect was manifested by increase of cell number in G1 phase with simultaneous decrease of cell number in S and G2/M phases. It resulted in significant increase of G1/S ratio in TGF-beta(1) treated cells, indicating partial cell cycle arrest at the G1-S transition. Apoptosis induced by TGF-beta(1) manifested by characteristic morphological changes. Among biochemical features of TGF-beta(1)-induced apoptosis in BME-UV1 cells we found: (1) an increase of cell number with lowered DNA content and condensed chromatin, (2) enhanced expression of caspase-3 and m-calpain, (3) elevated number of 89 kDa PARP degradation fragments, and (4) aggregation of Bax and its interactions with voltage dependant anion channel-1. In conclusion, antiproliferative and apoptotic action of TGF-beta(1), observed in the culture of BME-UV1 cells, suggests an essential role of this cytokine in the regulation of mammary gland involution in cow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Kolek
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Negulescu O, Bognar I, Lei J, Devarajan P, Silbiger S, Neugarten J. Estradiol reverses TGF-beta1-induced mesangial cell apoptosis by a casein kinase 2-dependent mechanism. Kidney Int 2002; 62:1989-98. [PMID: 12427123 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The slower rate of progression of chronic renal disease in women than in men is explained in part by the ability of estradiol to reverse the stimulatory effect of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) on collagen IV synthesis at the level of casein kinase 2 activation. Casein kinase 2 also phosphorylates and activates the pro-apoptotic protein, p53. We hypothesized that estradiol would reverse TGF-beta1-induced mesangial cell apoptosis by antagonizing the stimulatory effects of TGF-beta1 on casein kinase 2 activity, thereby preventing p53 activation. METHODS The effects of TGF-beta1 on mesangial cell apoptosis, p53 phosphorylation, Bax and Bcl-2 levels, caspase 9 activity, and cleavage of PARP were examined. The abilities of estradiol and a specific inhibitor of CK2 (5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole) (DRB) to modulate the effects of TGF-beta1 on these processes were also examined. RESULTS TGF-beta1 (2 ng/mL), which up-regulates CK2 activity, induces apoptosis in murine mesangial cells together with p53 serine389 phosphorylation, up-regulation of Bax, suppression of Bcl-2, destabilization of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, stimulation of caspase 9 activity and activation of PARP. TGF-beta1-induced p53 activation and all the intermediary steps leading to mesangial cell apoptosis were reversed by estradiol (10-9 mol/L) and by DRB, potent inhibitors of CK2 activity, but not by inhibitors of the p38 MAPK, ERK or JNK signaling cascades. In contrast, TGF-beta1 failed to induce apoptosis in p53 knockout mesangial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that CK2 mediates the stimulatory effects of TGF-beta1 on mesangial cell apoptosis via a p53-dependent mechanism. The ability of estradiol to reverse TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis may contribute to the protective effects of female gender on the course of chronic renal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Negulescu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Since discovery over a decade ago of a role for the cytokine TGF-beta as key mediator of glomerular and tubulointerstitial pathobiology in chronic kidney diseases, studies of TGF-beta signaling in the kidney have focused on the molecular biology of fibrogenesis. In recent years, glomerular and tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and cellular transdifferentiation have been proposed as putative primary pathomechanisms that may underlie progression of renal disease. This review describes evidence in support of nonlinear models and functional roles of TGF-beta signaling in mediating apoptosis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT) in chronic progressive renal disease. Emphasis is placed on cell context-dependent models of TGF-beta signaling providing a conceptual framework to consolidate seemingly distinct pathomechanisms of progression of glomerular and tubulointerstitial disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erwin P Böttinger
- Unified Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dennler S, Goumans M, ten Dijke P. Transforming growth factor β signal transduction. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.71.5.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylviane Dennler
- Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie‐José Goumans
- Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ten Dijke P, Goumans MJ, Itoh F, Itoh S. Regulation of cell proliferation by Smad proteins. J Cell Physiol 2002; 191:1-16. [PMID: 11920677 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family members which include TGF-betas, activins, and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate a broad spectrum of biological responses on a large variety of cell types. TGF-beta family members initiate their cellular responses by binding to distinct receptors with intrinsic serine/threonine kinase activity and activation of specific downstream intracellular effectors termed Smad proteins. Smads relay the signal from the cell membrane to the nucleus, where they affect the transcription of target genes. Smad activation, subcellular distribution, and stability have been found to be intricately regulated and a broad array of transcription factors have been identified as Smad partners. Important activities of TGF-beta are its potent anti-mitogenic and pro-apoptotic effects that, at least in part, are mediated via Smad proteins. Escape from TGF-beta/Smad-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis is frequently observed in tumors. Certain Smads have been found to be mutated in specific types of cancer and gene ablation of particular Smads in mice has revealed increased rate of tumorigenesis. In late stage tumors, TGF-beta has been shown to function as a tumor promoter. TGF-beta can stimulate the de-differentiation of epithelial cells to malignant invasive and metastatic fibroblastic cells. Interestingly, TGF-beta may mediate these effects directly on tumor cells via subverted Smad-dependent and/or Smad-independent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ten Dijke
- Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ahmed MM, Alcock RA, Chendil D, Dey S, Das A, Venkatasubbarao K, Mohiuddin M, Sun L, Strodel WE, Freeman JW. Restoration of transforming growth factor-beta signaling enhances radiosensitivity by altering the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the p53 mutant pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:2234-46. [PMID: 11694525 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110168200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether lack of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) type II receptor (RII) expression and loss of TGF-beta signaling played a role in radiation resistance of pancreatic cancer cells MIA PaCa-2 that possess a mutated p53 gene. Transfection of this cell line with a RII cDNA led to a stimulation of the transcriptional activity of p3TP-Lux, a TGF-beta-responsive reporter construct. The RII transfectants (MIA PaCa-2/RII) showed a significant increase in sensitivity to radiation when compared with MIA PaCa-2/vector cells. The increase in sensitivity to radiation was reversed by neutralizing antibodies to TGF-beta, indicating that these changes were dependent on TGF-beta signaling. Compared with MIA PaCa-2/vector cells, MIA PaCa-2/RII cells showed a greater than 3-fold increase in apoptosis after radiation. Enhanced radiation sensitivity of MIA PaCa-2/RII cells was associated with an induction of Bax mRNA and protein that was followed by a release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage after radiation exposure. Overexpression of Bcl-x(L) or treatment with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeted against Bax significantly inhibited radiation-induced apoptosis in MIA PaCa-2/RII but not in MIA PaCa-2/Vector cells, suggesting that Bax induction is necessary for radiation-induced TGF-beta signaling-mediated apoptosis. Thus, restoration of TGF-beta signaling sensitized these cells to ionizing radiation, although these cells possess a mutated p53 gene. In addition, disruption of RII function by dominant negative mutant of RII inhibited the radiation-induced TGF-beta signaling and apoptosis in primary cultures of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Together, these observations imply that RII is an important component of radiation-induced TGF-beta signaling, and loss of function of RII may enhance resistance to radiation-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor M Ahmed
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wach S, Schirmacher P, Protschka M, Blessing M. Overexpression of bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) in murine epidermis suppresses skin tumor formation by induction of apoptosis and downregulation of fos/jun family members. Oncogene 2001; 20:7761-9. [PMID: 11753654 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2001] [Revised: 09/01/2001] [Accepted: 09/13/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. In murine skin, BMP-6 is highly expressed in postmitotic keratinocytes from day 15.5 p.c. till day 6 p.p. Expression in adult skin remains at very low levels, but pathological conditions such as wounding induce the expression of BMP-6. We demonstrate that tumor promotion by TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) also induces expression of BMP-6 in suprabasal keratinocytes. This induction is due to post-transcriptional regulation since the level of BMP-6 mRNA remained unchanged. We performed two-stage skin carcinogenesis experiments with transgenic mice epidermally overexpressing BMP-6. These mice display augmented mitotic indices in normal and TPA-treated epidermis when compared to controls. Despite this hyperproliferation, BMP-6 transgenics showed a delayed development and strong suppression of benign and malignant skin tumor formation. In order to resolve this paradox we determined apoptotic frequencies as well as the expression of constituents of AP-1 (activator protein-1) which is essential for tumor promotion. A higher rate of apoptotic keratinocytes was detectable in transgenic mice versus controls and a downregulation of mRNA for jun/fos family members in transgenic skin after TPA-treatment. Thus expression of BMP-6 augments apoptosis and downregulates the transcription of AP-1 family members thereby establishing tumor resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Wach
- I. Medical Department, Section of Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Assaly R, Olson D, Hammersley J, Fan PS, Liu J, Shapiro JI, Kahaleh MB. Initial evidence of endothelial cell apoptosis as a mechanism of systemic capillary leak syndrome. Chest 2001; 120:1301-8. [PMID: 11591575 DOI: 10.1378/chest.120.4.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) is a rare disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized by acute recurrent attacks of hypovolemic shock commonly following an inflammatory stimulus such as a viral illness. Prophylactic therapy is generally ineffective, and the outcome is frequently fatal. METHODS In order to investigate the cellular mechanisms leading to SCLS, we examined the effects of sera from two patients with active SCLS on microvascular endothelial cell apoptosis in vitro. Apoptosis was determined by morphologic criteria, DNA fragmentation, annexin V stain, and by a quantitative photometric assay. The apoptotic pathway was investigated by Western blot of endothelial cells lysate after exposure to SCLS sera. RESULTS The sera from patients with active SCLS mediated profound apoptosis of microvascular endothelial cells shortly after exposure. The exposed microvascular endothelial cells underwent immediate apoptosis as evidenced by morphologic changes, plasma membrane phosphatidylserine exposure, and by DNA fragmentation. Increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in endothelial cells exposed to SCLS sera was observed and suggested an oxidation injury as the possible mechanism for endothelial apoptosis. This potential mechanism was further explored by measuring intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) following SCLS serum exposure. Sera from both patients caused marked increases in ROS, initially detectable at 1 h and persisted for at least 12 h, with control serum from healthy subjects showing no effect on basal endothelial cell ROS concentrations. CONCLUSION Components from the sera of patients with active systemic capillary leak syndrome in contrast to healthy subject sera mediate early and extensive endothelial apoptosis in vitro that is associated with oxidation injury. These data represent compelling initial evidence for oxidation-induced apoptosis as a likely mechanism for endothelial injury leading to SCLS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Assaly
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xiao M, Oppenlander BK, Dooley DC. Transforming growth factor-beta(1) induces apoptosis in CD34(+)CD38(-/low) cells that express Bcl-2 at a low level. Exp Hematol 2001; 29:1098-108. [PMID: 11532351 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) strongly inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of primitive CD34(+)CD38(-) hematopoietic cells. In contrast, Flt3 ligand (FL) is a positive effector of CD34(+)CD38(-/low) cell proliferation. Because apoptosis plays a critical role in hematopoietic development, TGF-beta(1) and FL were analyzed as possible modulators of apoptosis. Specifically, this report examined expression of apoptotic promoters Bax and Bad and apoptotic inhibitors Bcl-2 and Bcl-x (all members of the Bcl-2 protein family). Protein levels were determined in fresh and cultured CD34(+)CD38(+) cells and CD34(+)CD38(-/low) cells with and without treatment with TGF-beta(1) and FL. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells fractions were purified by sorting CD34(+)-enriched mononuclear cells from mobilized peripheral blood. Expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Bax, and Bad and the extent of apoptosis were determined by flow cytometric analysis of freshly isolated cells and cells cultured with TGF-beta(1) and FL effectors. RESULTS TGF-beta(1) reduced CD34(+)CD38(+) cell expansion and arrested cell division. Inhibition of growth was not accompanied by an increase in apoptosis. In CD34(+)CD38(-)(/low) cells, serum TGF-beta(1) and added TGF-beta(1) inhibited cell growth and significantly increased apoptotic cell death. Freshly isolated CD34(+)CD38(+) and CD34(+)CD38(-/low) cells expressed Bcl-2 at similar low levels. However, after 3 days, Bcl-2 expression was markedly higher in cultured CD34(+)CD38(+) cells. TGF-beta(1) significantly increased Bax expression in both fractions after 3 days cultivation (p = 0.0034). Thus, addition of TGF beta-1 further reduced the already low Bcl-2:Bax ratio in CD34(+)CD38(-/low) cells. CONCLUSIONS Compared to CD34(+)CD38(+) cells, CD34(+)CD38(-/low) cells were slow to up-regulate expression of Bcl-2 during ex vivo culture. TGF-beta(1) up-regulated Bax expression by both CD34(+)CD38(+) and CD34(+)CD38(-)(/low) cells and promoted apoptosis in the latter fraction. This suggests that the preferential induction of apoptosis in primitive cells by TGF-beta(1) may be due to its further reduction of the Bcl-2:Bax ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Xiao
- Pacific Northwest Regional Blood Services, American Red Cross, Portland, OR 97208, USA. xiaom@usa,redcross.org
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang W, Tzanidis A, Divjak M, Thomson NM, Stein-Oakley AN. Altered signaling and regulatory mechanisms of apoptosis in focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12:1422-1433. [PMID: 11423571 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v1271422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate signaling and regulatory mechanisms of apoptosis in a model of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Sprague-Dawley rats received two doses of puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) (day 0 and week 3) and a uninephrectomy (PAN model). Apoptosis was detected with the use of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling technique. Bax, Bcl-2, Fas, and Fas ligand expression was analyzed by competitive reverse transcription-PCR. Bax, Bcl-2, and Fas mRNA were localized by in situ hybridization. Renal function was transiently impaired after the first PAN dose. After the second PAN dose, further progressive renal impairment, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and glomerulosclerosis were evident. Eighteen percent of PAN samples demonstrated up to 4 apoptotic cells/50 glomeruli, compared with 7% of sham controls (not significant). No consistent significant change in glomerular Bax, Bcl-2, Fas, and Fas ligand mRNA was evident by reverse transcription-PCR, although focal increases in glomerular Bcl-2 mRNA were demonstrated by in situ hybridization. In the tubulointerstitium, apoptosis was increased from weeks 1 to 12 (P < 0.01 PAN versus sham), correlated to renal function and tubulointerstitial injury (P < 0.01). Total renal Bax, Fas, and Fas ligand mRNA were upregulated in the PAN model, peaking at week 17 (P < 0.01 versus sham), whereas Bcl-2 mRNA was not significantly different in PAN versus sham controls. In situ hybridization in the PAN model demonstrated prominent Bax mRNA in dilated tubules and infiltrating leukocytes. Fas mRNA signal was localized to tubular epithelial cells and leukocytes. The results suggest that altered apoptotic signaling and regulatory mechanisms contribute to the tubulointerstitial injury in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wansheng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Medical School, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Tzanidis
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Medical School, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maja Divjak
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Medical School, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Napier Maurice Thomson
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Medical School, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alicia Noemi Stein-Oakley
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Medical School, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Liao JH, Chen JS, Chai MQ, Zhao S, Song JG. The involvement of p38 MAPK in transforming growth factor beta1-induced apoptosis in murine hepatocytes. Cell Res 2001; 11:89-94. [PMID: 11453551 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported in this manuscript that TGF-beta1 induces apoptosis in AML12 murine hepatocytes, which is associated with the activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway. SB202190, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, strongly inhibited the TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis and PAI-1 promoter activity. Treatment of cells with TGF-beta1 activates p38. Furthermore, over-expression of dominant negative mutant p38 also reduced the TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis. The data indicate that the activation of p38 is involved in TGF-beta1-mediated gene expression and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wareski P, Motyl T, Ryniewicz Z, Orzechowski A, Gajkowska B, Wojewodzka U, Ploszaj T. Expression of apoptosis-related proteins in mammary gland of goat. Small Rumin Res 2001; 40:279-289. [PMID: 11323213 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(01)00178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The expression of apoptosis-related proteins: TGF-beta1 (auto/paracrine inducer) and its receptor (TGF-betaRIII), Bax (promoter), Bcl-2 (inhibitor) and CPP-32 (executor of apoptosis) as well as the apoptotic cell number in mammary glands of 11 Polish White Improved goats in the course of the lactation cycle (peak of lactation: days 40-70, late lactation: days 208-256, drying off: days 267-340) was investigated. The immunohistochemical study demonstrated a significant increase in TGF-beta1 and TGF-betaRIII expression in the lobuloalveolar tissue from the early lactation to the dry period. Our recent study on HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells [Cell. Mol. Biol. 46 (2000) 175] has revealed an inhibitory effect of prolactin on TGF-beta1 transcription, which may explain the low TGF-beta1 synthesis during lactogenesis and galactopoiesis and the increase in TGF-beta1 and TGF-betaIIIR expression in late lactation and dry period. Bax expression was the lowest in the peak of lactation, significantly increased in late lactation and remained elevated during drying off. Bcl-2 content was lower than Bax in all examined periods, but it increased significantly at the end of lactation, which suggests the survival of cells with the highest resistance to apoptogenic stimuli. The increase in Bcl-2 level in remnant lobuloalveolar tissue is probably the molecular mechanism that limits the rate of secretory tissue involution. The induction of CPP-32 (caspase 3) from the peak of lactation to dry period was accompanied by a progressive loss of mammary epithelial cells and the increase in apoptotic cell numbers but only in the dry period. The increase in the expression of examined proteins in the late lactation and the dry period indicates their involvement in the induction (TGF-beta1 and TGF-betaRIII), regulation (Bax and Bcl-2) and execution (CPP-32) of programmed cell death in the course of mammary gland involution. The lack of an increase in apoptotic cell number in late lactation, in spite of the evident decrease in total cell number, suggests milk as an alternative route (apart from phagocytosis) of apoptotic cells elimination from the mammary gland. The presented results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of mammary cell apoptosis in goat and for this reason may have practical implications for control and regulation of mammary gland remodelling, which is a prerequisite for subsequent successful lactation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Wareski
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Motyl T, Gajkowska B, Wojewódzka U, Wareski P, Rekiel A, Płoszaj T. Expression of apoptosis-related proteins in involuting mammary gland of sow. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 128:635-46. [PMID: 11290445 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(00)00334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The expression of apoptosis-related proteins: TGF-beta1 (local inductor), TGF-beta-receptor, Bax (promoter), Bcl-2 (inhibitor) and CPP-32 (executor of apoptosis); the subcellular distribution of Bax; as well as the number and morphology of apoptotic cells in low-, moderate-, and high-involuted mammary glands of sow (four to six days after weaning) were investigated. The immunohistochemical study demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the integrated optical density (IOD) of lobuloalveolar mammary tissue labelling with anti-Bax antibody from low- through moderate-, to high-involuted glands. The immunoelectron microscopy revealed that Bax was localised in the cytosol, on the membranes of mitochondrium and rough endoplasmic reticulum, in nuclear envelope pores, and over heterochromatin of mammary epithelial cells. The increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (2.3, 2.6 and 5.6 for low-, moderate-, and high-involuted glands, respectively) indicated the increasing susceptibility of mammary epithelial cells to apoptosis in the course of involution. The highest Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in high-involuted glands coincided with the highest expression of CPP-32 (caspase 3), TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta1 receptor. The number of apoptotic cells (simultaneous TUNEL and Hoechst 33342 staining) was 2.7, 3.4 and 3.8% for low-, moderate-, and high-involuted glands, respectively. The ultrastructural evaluation showed characteristic morphological features of apoptosis such as: margination and condensation of chromatin; pyknosis and fragmentation of the nucleus; and formation of apoptotic bodies. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages was also documented. The results of the present study suggest the involvement of Bax/Bcl-2 check-point in the regulation, CPP-32 in the execution, but TGF-beta1 in the induction of apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells in the involuting mammary gland of sow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Motyl
- Department of Animal Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, Warsaw Agricultural University, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Francis JM, Heyworth CM, Spooncer E, Pierce A, Dexter TM, Whetton AD. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 induces apoptosis independently of p53 and selectively reduces expression of Bcl-2 in multipotent hematopoietic cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:39137-45. [PMID: 10993901 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007212200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) can inhibit cell proliferation or induce apoptosis in multipotent hematopoietic cells. To study the mechanisms of TGF-beta1 action on primitive hematopoietic cells, we used the interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent, multipotent FDCP-Mix cell line. TGF-beta1-mediated growth inhibition was observed in high concentrations of IL-3, while at lower IL-3 concentrations TGF-beta1 induced apoptosis. The proapoptotic effects of TGF-beta1 occur via a p53-independent pathway, since p53(null) FDCP-Mix demonstrated the same responses to TGF-beta1. IL-3 has been suggested to enhance survival via an increase in (antiapoptotic) Bcl-x(L) expression. In FDCP-Mix cells, neither IL-3 nor TGF-beta1 induced any change in Bcl-x(L) protein levels or the proapoptotic proteins Bad or Bax. However, TGF-beta1 had a major effect on Bcl-2 levels, reducing them in the presence of high and low concentrations of IL-3. Overexpression of Bcl-2 in FDCP-Mix cells rescued them from TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis but was incapable of inhibiting TGF-beta1-mediated growth arrest. We conclude that TGF-beta1-induced cell death is independent of p53 and inhibited by Bcl-2, with no effect on Bcl-x(L). The significance of these results for stem cell survival in bone marrow are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Francis
- Leukaemia Research Fund Cellular Development Unit, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, UMIST, Sackville St., Manchester, M60 1QD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sonoda Y, Watanabe S, Matsumoto Y, Aizu-Yokota E, Kasahara T. FAK is the upstream signal protein of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt survival pathway in hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis of a human glioblastoma cell line. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:10566-70. [PMID: 10187851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.15.10566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation in a human glioblastoma cell line, T98G, was examined after exposure to oxidative stress in vitro. Hydrogen peroxide (1 mM) markedly induced tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and serine phosphorylation of Akt at 1 h after stimulation. Concommitantly, the association of FAK with phosphatidylinositide 3'-OH-kinase (PI 3-kinase) was also observed by the hydrogen peroxide stimulation. When T98G cells were incubated with wortmannin, a PI 3-kinase inhibitor, both PI 3-kinase activity and phosphorylation of Akt were inhibited, whereas apoptosis by oxidative stress was accelerated. Concomitant with apoptosis, elevated level of CPP32 protease activity (caspase-3) was observed, with decreases in Bcl-2 protein and increases in Bax protein. These results suggested that in the signal transduction pathway from FAK to PI 3-kinase, Akt promotes survival. Thus, it became apparent that FAK is the upstream signal protein of the PI 3-kinase-Akt survival pathway in hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in T98G cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Sonoda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Shibakoen 1-5-30, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan 105-8512
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|