1
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Lu J, Yu Y, Wang B, Zhang Y, Ji H, Chen X, Sun M, Daun Y, Pan Y, Chen Y, Yi Y, Dou X, Zhou L. The mediating role of self-efficacy between workplace violence and PTSD among nurses in Liaoning Province, China: A cross-sectional study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1090451. [PMID: 36910753 PMCID: PMC9995771 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1090451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nurses are at high risk for workplace violence, which can lead to psychological problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between workplace violence, self-efficacy, and PTSD, and to further explore whether self-efficacy mediates the relationship between workplace violence and PTSD among Chinese nurses. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in Liaoning Province, China in 2020. A total of 1,017 valid questionnaires were returned. Each questionnaire included the Workplace Violence Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale (PTSS-10), and demographics information. A hierarchical multiple regression approach was used to explore the mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between workplace violence and PTSD. The mediation model was then tested by the PROCESS macro in SPSS. Results A total of 1,017 nurses were included in this study, and the average score of PTSD among Chinese nurses was 26.85 ± 13.13 (mean ± SD). After further adjustment for control variables, workplace violence was positively associated with PTSD, explaining 13% of the variance. High self-efficacy was associated with low PTSD, explaining 18% of the variance. Self-efficacy partially mediated the role of workplace violence and PTSD. Conclusion The high scores of PTSD among Chinese nurses demand widespread attention. Workplace violence is an important predictor of PTSD in nurses. Self-efficacy is a significant factor in improving PTSD in nurses and mediates the relationship between workplace violence and PTSD. Measures and strategies to improve self-efficacy may mitigate the effects of workplace violence on PTSD in nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Lu
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yingying Yu
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yanni Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Haoqiang Ji
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Meng Sun
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuxin Daun
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuanping Pan
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yunting Chen
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yaohui Yi
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaofeng Dou
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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2
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Seah R, Berle D. Negative Attributions as a Source of Vulnerability for trauma-related Shame and PTSD Symptoms. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-022-00481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractShame is a common trauma response that is associated with the development and maintenance of PTSD. Phenomenological descriptions of shame indicate that shame arises from internal, stable and global causal attributions (negative attributions) for the precipitating event. The current study investigated whether negative attributions would be associated with higher levels of shame and PTSD, and whether shame would mediate the relationship between causal attributions and PTSD. As negative attributions may reflect a common transdiagnostic process in both depression and PTSD, it also examined whether depression would moderate this relationship. Eighty-seven participants meeting criteria for a Criterion A stressor were administered a structured PTSD diagnostic interview and a series of self-report measures. Findings indicate that shame mediated the relationship between internal, stable and global trauma-related causal attributions and PTSD symptoms. Further, depression did not moderate this relationship, indicating that negative causal attributions are associated with shame and PTSD independent of depression. Results provide empirical support for the cognitive concomitants of trauma-related shame, which raise the possibility that addressing negative attributions through cognitive therapeutic methods may be pertinent in reducing trauma-related shame. Future prospective data is needed to establish cognitive antecedents to shame.
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3
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Spaaij J, Schick M, Bryant RA, Schnyder U, Znoj H, Nickerson A, Morina N. An exploratory study of embitterment in traumatized refugees. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:96. [PMID: 34112232 PMCID: PMC8193876 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refugees and asylum seekers are frequently exposed to violence, human rights violations and unstable living conditions before, during, and after their displacement. Elevated prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders in forcibly displaced persons are well documented. However, less is known about other problems related to common refugee experiences, such as embitterment, moral injury, and diminished self-efficacy, and how they are related to trauma exposure and post-migration living difficulties. METHODS A cross-sectional sample of 71 refugees and asylum seekers in treatment were examined regarding exposure to potentially traumatic events, post-migration living difficulties, moral injury appraisals, self-efficacy, and embitterment. RESULTS Elevated levels of embitterment were reported by 68% of participants. The regression analysis revealed that greater moral injury appraisals and low levels of self-efficacy were significantly associated with higher levels of embitterment. CONCLUSION The results provide first insights into embitterment and associated factors in refugee populations. Furthermore, they highlight the significance of moral transgressions and low levels of self-efficacy emerging from displacement and traumatic experiences for the development of mental health problems in a clinical sample of refugees. The findings have implications for future research, policy development and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Spaaij
- Department of Consultation-Liaison-Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), University of Zurich (UZH), Culmannstrasse 8, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthis Schick
- Department of Consultation-Liaison-Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), University of Zurich (UZH), Culmannstrasse 8, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Hansjörg Znoj
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Naser Morina
- Department of Consultation-Liaison-Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), University of Zurich (UZH), Culmannstrasse 8, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Sakamoto MS, Merritt VC, Jurick SM, Crocker LD, Hoffman SN, Jak AJ. Self-efficacy and coping style in Iraq and Afghanistan-era veterans with and without mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychol 2021; 77:2306-2322. [PMID: 33991109 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine self-efficacy and coping style in combat-exposed Veterans with and without mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) history and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS Veterans (N = 81) were categorized into four groups: comorbid mTBI and PTSD (n = 23), PTSD-only (n = 16), mTBI-only (n = 25), and combat-exposed controls (n = 17). Outcomes included the Self-Efficacy for Symptom Management Scale and the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced. RESULTS Significant group effects were found on self-efficacy and coping style, even when adjusting for total mTBIs and psychiatric comorbidities. Post-hoc analyses revealed that the comorbid and PTSD-only groups generally had lower self-efficacy than the mTBI-only and control groups and that the PTSD-only group used less action-focused coping than the mTBI-only and control groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that self-efficacy and coping style vary as a function of mTBI history and PTSD status and that it may be important to integrate these malleable factors into interventions for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenna S Sakamoto
- Research & Psychology Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, California, USA
| | - Victoria C Merritt
- Research & Psychology Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VASDHS, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sarah M Jurick
- Research & Psychology Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VASDHS, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Laura D Crocker
- Research & Psychology Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, California, USA.,Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VASDHS, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Samantha N Hoffman
- Joint Doctoral Program (JDP) in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego (SDSU/UC San Diego), San Diego, California, USA
| | - Amy J Jak
- Research & Psychology Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VASDHS, San Diego, California, USA
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5
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Zhou T, Guan R, Sun L. Perceived organizational support and PTSD symptoms of frontline healthcare workers in the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan: The mediating effects of self-efficacy and coping strategies. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2021; 13:745-760. [PMID: 33742781 PMCID: PMC8250830 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the effect of perceived organizational support on the PTSD symptoms of frontline healthcare workers, and to examine the mediating effects of coping self-efficacy and coping strategies in this relationship. A short-term longitudinal study design was used to conduct two waves of online surveys in March and April 2020. Participants comprised 107 medical staff in both waves of investigation. Self-efficacy, coping strategies, and perceived organizational support were reported at Wave 1, and PTSD symptoms were reported at Wave 2. Results indicated that (1) The prevalence of probable PTSD was 9.3% and 4.7% on the Chinese version of the Impact of Events Scale-Revised of 33 and 35, respectively. Local healthcare workers had greater risks of PTSD than the members of medical rescue teams. Doctors reported higher PTSD symptoms than nurses. (2) Perceived organizational support had a significant indirect effect on PTSD symptoms through the mediation of problem-focused coping strategies and the sequential mediating effect of coping self-efficacy and problem-focused coping strategies. The findings highlight the importance of providing adequate organizational support to reduce PTSD symptoms in frontline medical staff during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Department of Medical Psychology, School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiyuan Guan
- Department of Medical Psychology, School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Sun
- Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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6
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Zuo B, Wang Q, Qiao Y, Ding Y, Wen F. Impact of Divergent Thinking Training on Teenagers' Emotion and Self-Efficacy During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:600533. [PMID: 33815199 PMCID: PMC8017284 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.600533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently due to the COVID-19 pandemic, young people are experiencing a decrease in self-efficacy and an increase in mental illness. Though previous studies have shown that self-efficacy and divergent thinking training are positively related, little is known about the impact of divergent thinking training on self-efficacy and emotions. Therefore, our study seeks this answer to support teenagers injured psychologically during disastrous periods. We randomly assigned 70 students to a 2 (time: pretest, post-test) × 2 (groups: divergent thinking training, controlled) mixed design. Participants in the experimental group were given a 9-day divergent thinking training with the theme of "writing down 10 novel functions of the mask," while those in the control group spent 10 min each day recording what they ate. The self-efficacy, anxiety, depression, and stress of two groups were measured before and after training. Results showed that, compared to the control group, self-efficacy ceased decreasing while anxiety decreased for the experimental group. These findings confirm the positive effect of divergent thinking on teenagers. Implications and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fangfang Wen
- Department of Psychology, Center for Studies of Social Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Hobfoll SE, Watson P, Bell CC, Bryant RA, Brymer MJ, Friedman MJ, Friedman M, Gersons BPR, de Jong J, Layne CM, Maguen S, Neria Y, Norwood AE, Pynoos RS, Reissman D, Ruzek JI, Shalev AY, Solomon Z, Steinberg AM, Ursano RJ. Five Essential Elements of Immediate and Mid-Term Mass Trauma Intervention: Empirical Evidence. Psychiatry 2021; 84:311-346. [PMID: 35061969 DOI: 10.1080/00332747.2021.2005387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Given the devastation caused by disasters and mass violence, it is critical that intervention policy be based on the most updated research findings. However, to date, no evidence-based consensus has been reached supporting a clear set of recommendations for intervention during the immediate and the mid-term post mass trauma phases. Because it is unlikely that there will be evidence in the near or mid-term future from clinical trials that cover the diversity of disaster and mass violence circumstances, we assembled a worldwide panel of experts on the study and treatment of those exposed to disaster and mass violence to extrapolate from related fields of research, and to gain consensus on intervention principles. We identified five empirically supported intervention principles that should be used to guide and inform intervention and prevention efforts at the early to mid-term stages. These are promoting: 1) a sense of safety, 2) calming, 3) a sense of self- and community efficacy, 4) connectedness, and 5) hope.
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8
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The role of mPFC and MTL neurons in human choice under goal-conflict. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3192. [PMID: 32581214 PMCID: PMC7314808 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolving approach-avoidance conflicts relies on encoding motivation outcomes and learning from past experiences. Accumulating evidence points to the role of the Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) and Medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC) in these processes, but their differential contributions have not been convincingly deciphered in humans. We detect 310 neurons from mPFC and MTL from patients with epilepsy undergoing intracranial recordings and participating in a goal-conflict task where rewards and punishments could be controlled or not. mPFC neurons are more selective to punishments than rewards when controlled. However, only MTL firing following punishment is linked to a lower probability for subsequent approach behavior. mPFC response to punishment precedes a similar MTL response and affects subsequent behavior via an interaction with MTL firing. We thus propose a model where approach-avoidance conflict resolution in humans depends on outcome value tagging in mPFC neurons influencing encoding of such value in MTL to affect subsequent choice.
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9
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Stein JY, Levin Y, Aloni R, Solomon Z. Psychiatric distress among aging decorated and non-decorated veterans: The role of impostorism and loneliness. Aging Ment Health 2020; 24:582-590. [PMID: 30938176 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2019.1594164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The aging process may be affected by negative life events as well as social factors. Though psychological aspects of the aging process in veterans have been the focus of considerable research, decorated veterans have been scarcely investigated in this domain. The current study sought to assess psychiatric distress (PD) levels among aging decorated and non-decorated veterans' (DVs and n-DVs, respectively) and examine its association with the maladaptive perception that others will identify a high-achieving person as an impostor (i.e. impostorism) and perceived social isolation (i.e. loneliness).Methods: Two groups of Israeli veterans of the 1973 Yom Kippur War, DVs (n = 75) and n-DVs (n = 73), were assessed for PD and combat exposure in middle adulthood (1991; T1); in later life (2018; T2) they were assessed for negative life events, impostorism, loneliness and PD.Results: Impostorism, loneliness and PD were all inter-correlated. DVs evinced less PD at T1 and T2 than n-DVs but similar levels of impostorism and loneliness at T2. Nevertheless, negative life events, impostorism and loneliness explained PD at T2, with loneliness being more significant, especially among the n-DVs. Combat exposure did not explain variances in late-life PD.Conclusion: Aging DVs seem to be less vulnerable to late-life PD than n-DVs, and impostorism and loneliness may be important factors in this respect. Being the first study to investigate aging DVs' mental health and impostorism among aging veterans, the findings further underscore the clinical imperative of psychosocial factors in understanding aging veterans' mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Y Stein
- I-CORE Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yafit Levin
- I-CORE Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roy Aloni
- I-CORE Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zahava Solomon
- I-CORE Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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10
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Hoelterhoff M, Chung MC. Self-Efficacy as an Agentic Protective Factor against Death Anxiety in PTSD and Psychiatric Co-Morbidity. Psychiatr Q 2020; 91:165-181. [PMID: 31802409 PMCID: PMC7033080 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-019-09694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
PTSD has profound personal, social and economic impact. Understanding factors that influence strong recovery is a priority for informing the use of limited treatment resources. This study follows up a preliminary finding from Hoelterhoff and Cheung Chung, Psychiatr Q, 88, 635-651, [30] which found that death anxiety is related to PTSD and suggested that self-efficacy may mediate this relationship. Specifically, this study examined self-efficacy as a protective factor in the context of people who have experienced a life-threatening event. 109 undergraduate university students completed self-report questionnaires on, self-efficacy, death anxiety, trauma and well-being as well as a number of demographic factors. Self-efficacy was found that to be significantly and inversely related to death anxiety and psychiatric co-morbidity, but not PTSD. Results were discussed in light of literature regarding death anxiety. It seems that self-efficacy is related to death anxiety and well-being; however, it interacts with these processes independently and not as a mediating factor. More research is needed to understand coping mechanisms that help develop resilience against the negative effects of death anxiety against PTSD and minimize its detrimental impact on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hoelterhoff
- School of Health in Social Science, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Doorway 6 Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK.
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11
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Slagel BA, Taylor SE, Borgonga NC, Currier JM. Proneness to Painful Self-Conscious Emotions, Meaning, and PTSD in Veterans. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2019.1682343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett A. Slagel
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Psychology Department, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Sarah E. Taylor
- Psychology Department, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | | | - Joseph M. Currier
- Psychology Department, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
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12
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Cange CW. Using illness narratives to identify community perceptions of trauma and cancer risks in Kuwait. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL HEALTH REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.29392/joghr.1.e2019005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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13
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Hobfoll SE, Gaffey AE, Wagner LM. PTSD and the influence of context: The self as a social mirror. J Pers 2018; 88:76-87. [PMID: 30298916 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The principal accepted models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are based on both memory processing and biological/brain changes occurring when one's life or well-being is threatened. It is our thesis that these models would be greatly informed by community studies indicating that PTSD is predicted to a greater extent by earlier life experience and experiences that occur distant from the threatening event. These findings suggest posttraumatic responding is best conceptualized through the lens of the self-in-context, as opposed to imprinting that results from a given event at a given time. Moreover, studies of non-Western populations often do not express trauma as PTSD, or at least not primarily as PTSD, which argues against specific neural or memory encoding processes, but rather for a more plastic neural process that is shaped by experience and how the self develops in its cultural context, as a product of a broad array of experiences. We posit that fear and emotional conditioning as well as the ways traumas are encoded in memory are only partial explanatory mechanisms for trauma responding, and that issues of safety and harm, which are long term and developmental, are the common and principal underpinnings of the occurrence of posttraumatic distress, including PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan E Hobfoll
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Allison E Gaffey
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Linzy M Wagner
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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14
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Smith AJ, Benight CC, Cieslak R. Social Support and Postdeployment Coping Self-Efficacy as Predictors of Distress Among Combat Veterans. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1037/mil0000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Smith
- Psychology Department, Virginia Tech, and Trauma, Health, and Hazards Center, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
| | - Charles C. Benight
- Psychology Department and Trauma, Health, and Hazards Center, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
| | - Roman Cieslak
- Trauma, Health, and Hazards Center, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, and Department of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Poulsen DV, Stigsdotter UK, Djernis D, Sidenius U. 'Everything just seems much more right in nature': How veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder experience nature-based activities in a forest therapy garden. Health Psychol Open 2016; 3:2055102916637090. [PMID: 28070397 PMCID: PMC5193293 DOI: 10.1177/2055102916637090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Available evidence shows that an increasing number of soldiers are seeking help for post-traumatic stress disorder. The post-traumatic stress disorder condition has big emotional and psychological consequences for the individual, his/her family and the society. Little research has been done to explore the impact of nature-based therapy for veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder although there is a growing amount of evidence pointing towards positive outcome. This qualitative study aims to achieve a deeper understanding of this relationship from the veteran’s perspective. Eight Danish veterans participated in a 10-week nature-based therapy. Qualitative interviews were conducted and analysed using the interpretative phenomenological method. The results indicated that the veterans have achieved tools to use in stressful situations and experienced an improvement in their post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorthe Varning Poulsen
- Dorthe Varning Poulsen, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark.
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16
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Boričević Maršanić V, Margetić BA, Zečević I, Herceg M. The prevalence and psychosocial correlates of suicide attempts among inpatient adolescent offspring of Croatian PTSD male war veterans. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2014; 45:577-87. [PMID: 24338268 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-013-0426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence that children of male war veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at particularly high risk for behavior problems, very little is currently known about suicidal behaviors in this population of youth. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and psychosocial correlates of suicide attempts among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescent offspring of Croatian male PTSD veterans. Participants were psychiatric inpatients, ages 12-18 years. Self-report questionnaires assessed demographics, suicide attempts, psychopathology, parenting style, and family functioning. The prevalence of suicide attempts was 61.5% (65.2% for girls and 58.0% for boys). Internalizing symptoms, family dysfunction, lower levels of maternal and paternal care, and paternal overcontrol were significantly associated with suicide attempts. Our findings suggest that suicide attempts are common among inpatient adolescent offspring of male PTSD veterans and that interventions targeting both adolescent psychopathology and family relationships are needed for adolescents who have attempted suicide.
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18
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Gonzalo D, Kleim B, Donaldson C, Moorey S, Ehlers A. How Disorder-Specific are Depressive Attributions? A Comparison of Individuals with Depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Healthy Controls. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2012; 36:731-739. [PMID: 23144516 PMCID: PMC3490075 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-011-9429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Depressed individuals tend to assign internal, stable, and global causes to negative events. The present study investigated the specificity of this effect to depression and compared depressive attributional styles of individuals with major depression (MD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and healthy controls. We indexed attributional style using the depressive attributions questionnaire in 164 participants. Additionally, we assessed appraisals characteristic of PTSD using the post-traumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI), depressive rumination, trauma history, and depression and PTSD symptom severity. Individuals with MD endorsed a depressive attributional style to a greater extent than both individuals with PTSD, who were not depressed, and healthy controls. Depressive attributional style was associated with the severity of depressive and PTSD symptoms, number and distress of traumatic experiences, frequency of rumination, and post-traumatic cognitions. Depressive attributions and PTCI appraisals independently predicted MD and PTSD symptom severity. They may thus be useful in predicting MD and PTSD, and should be targeted in psychological treatments of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Gonzalo
- Department of Psychology, University of New York in Prague, Legerova 72, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Birgit Kleim
- Department of Psychology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Donaldson
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
- Affective Disorders Unit, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stirling Moorey
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London & Maudsley NHS Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
- CBT Psychotherapy Unit, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anke Ehlers
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London & Maudsley NHS Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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19
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Bomyea J, Risbrough V, Lang AJ. A consideration of select pre-trauma factors as key vulnerabilities in PTSD. Clin Psychol Rev 2012; 32:630-41. [PMID: 22917742 PMCID: PMC3444146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a pathological response to a traumatic event. A number of risk and vulnerability factors predicting PTSD development have been identified in the literature. Many of these variables are specific factors occurring during and after exposure to a traumatic event or are not measured prospectively to assess temporal sequence. Recent research, however, has begun to focus on pre-trauma individual differences that could contribute to risk for developing PTSD. The present review proposes that a number of biological and cognitive vulnerability factors place individuals at risk for PTSD development prior to the actual experience of trauma. Accordingly, this review provides a summary of evidence for a select number of these factors as pre-trauma vulnerabilities to PTSD. Included is a discussion of biological factors, including molecular genetic studies of systems regulating serotonin, catecholamines, and glucocorticoids as well as aspects of the neuroendocrine system. Specific cognitive factors are also considered, including intelligence, neuropsychological functioning and cognitive biases such as negative attributional style and appraisals. For each factor, the present review summarizes evidence to date regarding PTSD vulnerability and highlights directions for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bomyea
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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20
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Grasso DJ, Cohen LH, Moser JS, Hajcak G, Foa EB, Simons RF. Seeing the silver lining: potential benefits of trauma exposure in college students. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2012; 25:117-36. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2011.561922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Pietrzak RH, Johnson DC, Goldstein MB, Malley JC, Southwick SM. Psychological resilience and postdeployment social support protect against traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in soldiers returning from Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Depress Anxiety 2009; 26:745-51. [PMID: 19306303 DOI: 10.1002/da.20558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies have examined the prevalence and correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and related psychiatric conditions in soldiers returning from Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF), but none have examined whether factors such as psychological resilience and social support may protect against these conditions in this population. METHODS A total of 272 predominantly older reserve/National Guard OEF/OIF veterans completed a mail survey assessing traumatic stress and depressive symptoms, resilience, and social support. RESULTS Resilience scores in the full sample were comparable to those observed in civilian outpatient primary-care patients. Respondents with PTSD, however, scored significantly lower on this measure and on measures of unit support and postdeployment social support. A hierarchical regression analysis in the full sample suggested that resilience (specifically, increased personal control and positive acceptance of change) and postdeployment social support were negatively associated with traumatic stress and depressive symptoms, even after adjusting for demographic characteristics and combat exposure. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that interventions to bolster psychological resilience and postdeployment social support may help reduce the severity of traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in OEF/OIF veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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22
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Luszczynska A, Benight CC, Cieslak R. Self-Efficacy and Health-Related Outcomes of Collective Trauma. EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2009. [DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040.14.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to systematically review research evidence for relationships between self-efficacy beliefs and psychological as well as somatic outcomes of collective traumatic events. Twenty-seven studies enrolling adult and adolescent survivors of acute, escalating, and chronic collective trauma with a total of N = 8011 participants were reviewed. Cross-sectional studies suggest medium to large effects of self-efficacy on general distress, severity and frequency of PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder) symptoms (weighted r values range from –.36 to –.77), whereas longitudinal studies indicate large effects on general distress and PTSD symptom severity (weighted r values range: –.55 to –.62). Self-efficacy was also related to better somatic health (self-reported symptoms, i.e., less pain, fatigue, or disability). Studies addressing the relationship between self-efficacy and substance abuse after collective trauma revealed a more complex picture. Some types of pretreatment self-efficacy (e.g., self-efficacy for coping with urges) or changes in efficacy beliefs may predict less substance use or relapses. Studies testing the mediating role of cognitive or social variables in the relationship among efficacy beliefs and health outcomes indicated rather direct, unmediated effects of beliefs about ability to deal with adversities on posttraumatic adaptation. Men may benefit more from stronger efficacy beliefs. In terms of reciprocity between self-efficacy and health, evidence from longitudinal studies suggested that self-efficacy determines health-related outcomes, but changes in diagnosis do not predict changes in self-efficacy. Although a lack of experimental studies limits the conclusions, the results indicated that self-efficacy is a powerful predictor of posttraumatic recovery among collective trauma survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Luszczynska
- Trauma, Health, and Hazards Center, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- Warsaw School of Social Psychology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Charles C. Benight
- Trauma, Health, and Hazards Center, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Roman Cieslak
- Trauma, Health, and Hazards Center, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, CO, USA
- Warsaw School of Social Psychology, Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Disorders associated with burnout and causal attributions of stress among health care professionals in psychiatry. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Whealin JM, Ruzek JI, Southwick S. Cognitive-behavioral theory and preparation for professionals at risk for trauma exposure. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2008; 9:100-113. [PMID: 18367753 DOI: 10.1177/1524838008315869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel, emergency first responders, and others whose work environments include exposure to traumatic events are at risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To help prevent negative sequelae, there is a strong need to identify well-operationalized, empirically supported, theoretically framed models of healthy adaptation to potentially traumatic events. Cognitive-behavioral theories (CBTs) describe etiological factors in trauma, guide research that has identified risk for PTSD, and help develop interventions that can effectively reduce posttrauma symptomatology. In this article, the authors draw on CBT and empirical research on post-traumatic stress to propose possible cognitive-behavioral mechanisms in trauma adaptation. They then suggest directions for future research, including areas for prevention interventions for at-risk professionals.
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25
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Cavanagh SR, Shin LM, Karamouz N, Rauch SL. Psychiatric and emotional sequelae of surgical amputation. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2007; 47:459-64. [PMID: 17116945 DOI: 10.1176/appi.psy.47.6.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptoms after the experience of amputation is not well established. The current study gathered data on the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychiatric disorders after amputation. Participants were recruited from a large Northeastern rehabilitation hospital and were assessed with structured clinical interviews. The data suggest that planned surgical amputations resulting from chronic illness do not frequently lead to PTSD symptoms. In contrast, data suggest that amputation resulting from accidental injury may lead to a higher prevalence of PTSD, in part because of the emotional stress surrounding the accident.
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26
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Causal attributions in posttraumatic stress disorder: Implications for clinical research and practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 43:201-15. [DOI: 10.1037/0033-3204.43.2.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Clarke D, Singh R. THE INFLUENCE OF PESSIMISTIC EXPLANATORY STYLE ON THE RELATION BETWEEN STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS AND HOSPITAL DOCTORS' PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY 2005. [DOI: 10.2224/sbp.2005.33.3.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the influence of pessimistic explanatory style (PES) on the relation between stressful events and psychological distress, first as a moderator with an interaction term, and secondly as a mediator between stressful events and psychological distress. A demographic
questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12; Goldberg & Williams, 1991), the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS; Holmes & Masuda, 1974), and the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Peterson, 1995) were completed by 121 hospital doctors, 70 men and 51 women, aged
23–65 years (M = 37.2, SD = 1.2). There were no significant differences in mean GHQ psychological distress scores between groups for sex, domestic status, employment status or grade. Stressful events were positively associated with PES, and both were positively associated
with psychological distress. In the absence of a significant interaction component, multiple regression analyses did not support explanatory style as a moderator, but did support it as a mediator in the relationship between stressful events and psychological distress. Findings were discussed
in terms of helping doctors to alter their explanatory styles and possibly attenuate the influence of stressful events on their psychological distress.
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28
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Scher CD, Resick PA. Hopelessness as a risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among interpersonal violence survivors. Cogn Behav Ther 2005; 34:99-107. [PMID: 15986786 PMCID: PMC2976660 DOI: 10.1080/16506070510008434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder often co-occurs with depression, and they may share common risk factors. One possible common cognitive risk factor is hopelessness. Thus, we examined whether hopelessness was related to symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Participants were 202 female survivors of interpersonal violence. Relationships between self-reported and interviewer-rated measures of hopelessness gathered at 2 weeks post-trauma and self-reported and interviewer-rated symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder gathered at 2 weeks and 3 months post-trauma were examined. Hierarchical, simultaneous regression analyses that co-varied trauma type revealed that hopelessness was related to self-reported symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, both concurrently and prospectively. Follow-up analyses revealed that relationships between hopelessness and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder were due almost entirely to shared variance with depression. No relationships were found between hopelessness and interviewer-rated symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine D Scher
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA.
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29
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Feldman BJ, Conger RD, Burzette RG. Traumatic Events, Psychiatric Disorders, and Pathways of Risk and Resilience During the Transition to Adulthood. RESEARCH IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2004. [DOI: 10.1207/s15427617rhd0104_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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30
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Ginzburg K. PTSD and world assumptions following myocardial infarction: a longitudinal study. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2004; 74:286-292. [PMID: 15291705 DOI: 10.1037/0002-9432.74.3.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to examine the association between exposure to trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and world assumptions. The study included 3 groups of subjects: PTSD myocardial infarction (MI) patients, non-PTSD MI patients, and matched controls. World assumptions were examined twice: within a week of the patient's MI (Time 1) and 7 months later (Time 2). The findings indicate that world assumptions are not related to exposure to trauma but are associated with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karni Ginzburg
- School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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