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Liu D, Jiang Z, Xiu C, Li Z, Song Q, Wang Z. Sexually transmitted infection prevalence and related risk factors among heterosexual male methamphetamine users in China. Int J STD AIDS 2017; 28:1208-1214. [PMID: 28178893 DOI: 10.1177/0956462417693165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the association between methamphetamine (MA) abuse and sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk among heterosexual male MA users in China. A total of 288 heterosexual male MA users who met our inclusion criteria were recruited from nightclubs, KTVs, bars, bath centres and an STI clinic. STIs were screened among the participants, and the risk factors related to STIs were analysed by multivariate logistic regression in SPSS 11.0. Among the 288 heterosexual male MA users, 51 (17.7%) had syphilis, 36 (12.5%) had genital warts, 2 (0.7%) had genital herpes, 3 (1.0%) had HIV infection and 41 (14.2%) had urethritis. STIs were associated with the following variates: 'MA has the function of anti-inebriation' (OR = 2.522, 95%CI = 1.337-4.756), 'I am addicted to MA' (OR = 4.030, 95%CI = 2.194-7.401), 'It occurred to me to abstain from MA' (OR = 2.939, 95%CI = 1.246-6.934), 'Years of MA abuse' (OR = 2.622, 95%CI = 1.318-5.215), 'Times of MA abuse per week' (OR = 5.275, 95%CI = 1.988-14.002), 'Number of persons using MA together' (OR = 2.579, 95%CI = 1.246-5.340) and 'Number of female sex workers as sex partners per MA abuse' (OR = 4.004, 95%CI = 1.526-10.508). Our findings show that MA users belong to the high-risk group for STI in China. STIs, except for HIV, have spread widely among heterosexual male MA users. Thus, specific interventions must be conducted to prevent the spread of STIs in this population in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianchang Liu
- 1 Department of STD and Leprosy Prevention and Control, Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenxia Jiang
- 2 Department of HIV/STD Prevention and Control, Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Cuizhen Xiu
- 2 Department of HIV/STD Prevention and Control, Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhizhi Li
- 3 Department of HIV/STD Prevention and Control, Chengyang Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing Song
- 3 Department of HIV/STD Prevention and Control, Chengyang Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenhong Wang
- 4 Department of Dermatology, The Third hospital of Chengyang, Qingdao, China
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[Party and designer drugs : From ecstasy and crystal meth to angel's trumpet]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2015; 111:630-637. [PMID: 26481013 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-015-0098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing abuse of party and designer drugs increases the number of emergency cases related to drug consumption. OBJECTIVES Presentation of the scenario as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic principles of emergency management and characterization of the most frequently abused drugs and its effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Evaluation of drug statistics, and work-up and discussion of expert publications and recommendations. RESULTS In 2014, there were 1032 drug-related deaths, which is 3 % more incidents than in 2013. However, there is a drastically and steadily increasing consumption of newer enhancing drugs such as crystal meth. Throughout Europe, there are about 1500 designer drugs that are disguised as so-called spice mixtures or bath salts. In addition to stimulating substances, hallucinogenic and sedative drugs are also consumed. Common nonspecific symptoms of emergency drug overdose are psychosis, impaired consciousness, seizures, and disorders of various internal organs. Based on the clinical presentation, different neurotransmitter syndromes can be distinguished and the drug etiology can be diagnosed and proven by laboratory assays. Therapy includes symptom-oriented measures. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of different party and designer drugs and their complications enables prompt emergency management.
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Karila L, Reynaud M. GHB and synthetic cathinones: clinical effects and potential consequences. Drug Test Anal 2010; 3:552-9. [PMID: 21960540 DOI: 10.1002/dta.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Designer drugs belong to a group of legally or illegally produced substances that are structurally and pharmacologically very similar to illicit drugs. In the past, designer drugs were often used during all-night dance parties, but they are now consumed in multiple settings from college bars to parks to private house parties. Most of these club drugs can be bought on legal websites and home-delivered for private parties. Recently, legal highs have once again become a burning media issue across the world. Our review will focus on GHB and synthetic cathinones. Literature searches were conducted for the period from 1975 to July 2010 using PubMed, EMBASE, PsycInfo, Internet underground and governmental websites using the following keywords alone or in combination: designer drugs, club drugs, party drugs, GHB, synthetic cathinones, mephedrone, methylone, flephedrone, MDAI, and MDVP. Available epidemiological, neurobiological, and clinical data for each compound are described. There is evidence that negative health and social consequences may occur in recreational and chronic users. The addictive potential of designer drugs is not weak. Non-fatal overdoses and deaths related to GHB/GBL or synthetic cathinones have been reported. Clinicians must be careful with GBL or synthetic cathinones, which are being sold and used as substitutes for GHB and MDMA, respectively. Interventions for drug prevention and harm reduction in response to the use of these drugs should be implemented on the Internet and in recreational settings. Prevention, Information, Action, and Treatment are the main goals that must be addressed for this new potentially addictive problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Karila
- Addiction Research and Treatment Centre, Paul Brousse Hospital, (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]) Villejuif, France.
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Zepf FD, Holtmann M, Duketis E, Maier J, Radeloff D, Schirman S, Wagner A, Poustka F, Wöckel L. [Withdrawal syndrome after abuse of GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) and its physiological precursors - its relevance for child and adolescent psychiatrists]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2009; 37:413-20. [PMID: 19739059 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917.37.5.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chronic abuse of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) as a designer drug as well as it's physiological precursors Gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-Butandiole (1,4-BD) confronts child and adolescent psychiatrists with new challenges. The acute withdrawal of GHB with its cardiovascular and delirant symptoms is of particular importance for child and adolescent psychiatrists. METHODS In the present paper theoretical and biological aspects of acute GHB-/GBL-/1,4-BD-withdrawal syndrome are presented, and selected cases are discussed as regards potential treatment. RESULTS High dose treatment with benzodiazepines was successful in some cases of acute GHB-/GBL-/1,4-BD-withdrawal syndrome. Complications were severe dystonia under neuroleptic treatment, and also side-effects of treatment with benzodiazepines. Further problems were vegetative symptoms, electrocardiographic changes, rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, and death. CONCLUSION Acute GHB-withdrawal syndrome is a life-threatening condition which requires immediate intensive care treatment along with continuous monitoring of vital parameters. As acute GHB-withdrawal syndrome can present with symptoms close to psychotic episodes or acute alcohol withdrawal this condition is relevant for child and adolescent psychiatrists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian D Zepf
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie, RWTH Universität Aachen, Aachen.
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Performance Enhancement and Adverse Consequences of MDMA. J Addict Dis 2006. [DOI: 10.1300/j069v25s01_05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wu LT, Schlenger WE, Galvin DM. Concurrent use of methamphetamine, MDMA, LSD, ketamine, GHB, and flunitrazepam among American youths. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006; 84:102-13. [PMID: 16483730 PMCID: PMC1609189 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The magnitude and the characteristics of the use of methamphetamine, MDMA (Ecstasy), LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide), ketamine, GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate), and flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) were examined in a probability sample of the U.S. civilian population that included multiethnic urban, suburban, and rural youths aged 16-23 (N=19,084). METHODS Data were drawn from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the characteristics associated with the use of each of these drugs and of multiple drugs. RESULTS Approximately 20% of youths aged 16-23 reported having ever used one or more of these drugs. Less than 1% of club drug users used club drugs only, and 82% of them had ever used three or more drug classes. Females were more likely than males to report using multiple club drugs. Recent users of methamphetamine were most likely to be females and adolescents aged 16 or 17. Recent users of MDMA tended to be young adults aged 18-21 and residents of metropolitan areas. Most recent users of LSD were adolescents aged 16-19 and those in low-income families. Ketamine users were primarily employed youths. Staying in school and getting married were associated with decreased odds of club drug use. Club drug use was highly associated with the presence of criminal behaviors and recent alcohol abuse or dependence. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents are more likely than young adults to use multiple drugs. The clustering of multidrug use and alcohol use disorder is a cause of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tzy Wu
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, DUMC, P.O. Box 17969, Durham, NC 27715, USA.
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Sheridan J, Bennett S, Coggan C, Wheeler A, McMillan K. Injury associated with methamphetamine use: a review of the literature. Harm Reduct J 2006; 3:14. [PMID: 16571134 PMCID: PMC1448174 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7517-3-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the literature exploring issues around methamphetamine and injury. There was a paucity of peer reviewed quantitative research and a lack of large scale epidemiological studies. Further sources described cases and others described injury risk as part of an overall review of methamphetamine misuse. Thus, a number of limitations and potential biases exist within the literature. The main areas where associations were noted or extrapolated with methamphetamine use and injury were around driving and violence. Other associations with injury related to methamphetamine manufacture. There was also circumstantial evidence for third party injury (that is injury to those not specifically involved in drug use or drug manufacture); however, the available data are inadequate to confirm these associations/risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janie Sheridan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Tel: 0064 9 373 7599 ext 85247, New Zealand
| | - Sara Bennett
- Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand (ALAC), New Zealand
| | | | - Amanda Wheeler
- Clinical Resource and Research Centre, Waitemata District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the structure and function of alcohol and drug services to general hospitals in Australia, and to examine the role psychiatry plays in those services. METHOD A survey of 15 large metropolitan hospitals was conducted. RESULTS Services differed considerably between hospitals, and psychiatric involvement was not prominent in most. CONCLUSIONS One of the challenges is to structure the administration of services so that they have a profile within the general hospital as well as close connection with community services. Psychiatrists must become more proactive in the area to reinforce what they have to offer these patients and to provide mentorship and training to psychiatric trainees in the field.
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Fernández MI, Perrino T, Collazo JB, Varga LM, Marsh D, Hernandez N, Rehbein A, Bowen GS. Surfing new territory: club-drug use and risky sex among Hispanic men who have sex with men recruited on the Internet. J Urban Health 2005; 82:i79-88. [PMID: 15738317 PMCID: PMC3456161 DOI: 10.1093/jurban/jti027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The Internet presents unique and growing opportunities for conducting HIV/ STD research. This article reports on the first 171 participants enrolled in an ongoing study examining use of the Internet to recruit Hispanic men who have sex with men (HMSM) living in an AIDS epicenter to participate in community-based studies. First, it describes initial success with chatroom recruitment. Second, it compares the demographic, psychosocial, and sexual risk practices among HMSM recruited through the Internet who had used club drugs in the last 6 months and those who had not. In 2 months, 211 hours were spent recruiting in chatrooms; 735 chatroom users were engaged. Researchers used a scripted dialogue to describe the study and to invite chatroom users to visit the study's community sites for screening and enrollment. One hundred and seventy-six men came to the community sites; 172 (98%) were eligible and completed an audio-computer assisted self-interview. In the last 6 months, 48.5% of the sample had used club drugs [defined as cocaine, crystal methamphetamines (crystal), amyl nitrites (poppers), Ecstasy, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), ketamine (Special K), and Viagra]. The proportion of men reporting use of each drug was: cocaine (15.8%), crystal (11.7%), poppers (31.6%), Ecstasy (14%), GHB (3.5%), Special K (3.5%), and Viagra (19.3%). In multivariate analyses, having higher number of sex partners, having higher social isolation scores, and having engaged in unprotected receptive anal intercourse were significantly associated with club-drug use. These initial findings suggest that high-risk HMSM can be successfully recruited through chatroom dialogues to participate in community-based HIV studies. The alarmingly high rates of club-drug use and risky sexual practices among HMSM underscore the need for effective HIV preventive interventions for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel Fernández
- Behavioral Health Promotion Program (D-93), Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami School of Medicine, PO Box 016069, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
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Abstract
Four different "club drugs" are reviewed: MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine, "Ecstasy"), GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate), ketamine, and Rohypnol (flunitrazepam). The neurobiology, clinical pharmacology, and treatment issues for each are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gena Covell Britt
- Division of Addiction Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA.
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Fernández MI, Bowen GS, Varga LM, Collazo JB, Hernandez N, Perrino T, Rehbein A. High rates of club drug use and risky sexual practices among Hispanic men who have sex with men in Miami, Florida. Subst Use Misuse 2005; 40:1347-62. [PMID: 16048821 DOI: 10.1081/ja-200066904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study measured use of club drugs among 262 Hispanic men who have sex with men (MSM) recruited at community venues in Miami-Dade County, Florida in 2001. More than 50% of men used club drugs, and 36% used them in the last 3 months. Lifetime and 3-month rates were: ecstasy (36% and 20%), cocaine (34% and 12%), amyl nitrates (28% and 9%), and crystal methamphetamine (20% and 15%). Thirty-six percent had used two or more drugs (polydrug use) in their lifetime and 20% reported polydrug use in the last 3 months. Club drug users had significantly more sex partners in the last 12 months than nonclub drug users. High rates (35%) of unprotected anal sex in the last 3 months were reported by both groups. Men who reported polydrug use in the last 3 months were significantly more likely than men who used a single club drug to have had sex under the influence of club drugs (83% vs. 57%; X2=7.4, p=0.006). At the multivariate level, a significant association between preference for use of English and lifetime club drug use emerged. Effective interventions to reduce club drug use and risky sex for Hispanic MSM are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel Fernández
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida 33328-2018, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the current literature describing drug-induced hyperthermia and its treatment. Specifically, five syndromes will be discussed: malignant hyperthermia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, anticholinergic poisoning, sympathomimetic poisoning, and serotonin syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS The most recent findings in the literature are the recognition of previously undescribed drugs or drug combinations that have lead to hyperthermia. Recent literature also attests to the potential morbidity and mortality of drug-induced hyperthermia. SUMMARY Although the recognition of causative agents is increasing, the treatment of drug-induced hyperthermia remains unchanged and continues to be primarily supportive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindara L Halloran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA.
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