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Romero K, Daniels CW, Gipson CD, Sanabria F. Suppressive and enhancing effects of nicotine on food-seeking behavior. Behav Brain Res 2018; 339:130-139. [PMID: 29175447 PMCID: PMC5736011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined how systemic low doses of nicotine affect the microstructure of reinforced food-seeking behavior in rats. Rats were first given an acute saline or nicotine treatment (0.1-0.6mg/kg, with an inter-injection interval of at least 48h), and then a chronic saline or nicotine treatment (0.3mg/kg/day for 10 consecutive days). Immediately after each injection, rats were required to press a lever five times to obtain food that was available at unpredictable times (on average every 80s) with constant probability. Acute nicotine dose-dependently suppressed behavior prior to the delivery of the first reinforcer, but enhanced food-reinforced behavior afterwards. These effects were primarily observed in the time it took rats to initiate food-seeking behavior. Enhancing effects were also observed in the microstructure of food-seeking behavior, with lower nicotine doses (0.1-0.3mg/kg) increasing the rate at which response bouts were initiated, and higher doses (0.3-0.6mg/kg) increasing within-bout response rates. A pre-feeding control suggests that changes in appetite alone cannot explain these effects. Over the course of chronic nicotine exposure, tolerance developed to the suppressive, but not to the enhancing effects of nicotine on food-seeking behavior. These results suggest that (a) lower doses of nicotine enhance the reward value of food and/or food-associated stimuli, (b) higher doses of nicotine enhance motoric activity, and (c) ostensive sensitization effects of nicotine on behavior partially reflect a tolerance to its transient suppressive motoric effects.
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Zhu P, Sun W, Zhang C, Song Z, Lin S. The role of neuropeptide Y in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Int J Cardiol 2016; 220:235-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Fan J, Ping J, Xiang J, Rao YS, Zhang WX, Chen T, Zhang L, Yan YE. Effects of prenatal and lactation nicotine exposure on glucose homeostasis, lipogenesis and lipid metabolic profiles in mothers and offspring. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1318-1328. [PMID: 30090436 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00237d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence suggesting that maternal nicotine (NIC) exposure alone can lead to many deleterious consequences in the fetus. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of prenatal and lactation NIC exposure on glucose homeostasis, lipogenesis and lipid metabolism in mothers and pups. After maternal NIC exposure (from gestational day 9 to weaning), NIC mothers showed lower body weight, decreased parametrial white adipose tissue (pWAT) and inguinal WAT weights, lower homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function, higher serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, higher Castelli index values, lower hepatic mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP1c), lipoprotein lipase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase (FAS) and glucose transporters 4 (GLUT4), as well as lower SREBP1c, FAS, leptin and GLUT4 mRNA levels in pWAT. However, female NIC pups presented higher body weights and serum TC levels, and increased trends for high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and Castelli index I. Male NIC pups had higher body weight, serum TC levels and Castelli index I values, and lower glycemia levels. Additionally, hepatic and adipose FAS gene expression from the female NIC pups presented a decreasing trend, while the male NIC pups had lower hepatic FAS expression and higher adipose FAS expression. In conclusion, prenatal and lactation NIC exposure induced deleterious effects on the glucose homeostasis, lipogenesis and lipid metabolism in both mothers and pups, which may promote several important metabolic disorders in the progeny. Additionally, there are gender-specific effects on pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- Department of Pharmacology , Basic Medical School of Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430071 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 68759222
| | - Jie Ping
- Department of Pharmacology , Basic Medical School of Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430071 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 68759222
| | - Jie Xiang
- Wuhan Medical treatment center , Wuhan , 430032 , China
| | - Yi-Song Rao
- Department of Pharmacology , Basic Medical School of Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430071 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 68759222
| | - Wan-Xia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology , Basic Medical School of Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430071 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 68759222
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Pharmacology , Basic Medical School of Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430071 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 68759222
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology , Basic Medical School of Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430071 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 68759222
| | - You-E Yan
- Department of Pharmacology , Basic Medical School of Wuhan University , Wuhan , 430071 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 68759222
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Jensen K, Afroze S, Ueno Y, Rahal K, Frenzel A, Sterling M, Guerrier M, Nizamutdinov D, Dostal DE, Meng F, Glaser SS. Chronic nicotine exposure stimulates biliary growth and fibrosis in normal rats. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:754-61. [PMID: 23587498 PMCID: PMC3800482 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have indicated smoking to be a risk factor for the progression of liver diseases. Nicotine is the chief addictive substance in cigarette smoke and has powerful biological properties throughout the body. Nicotine has been implicated in a number of disease processes, including increased cell proliferation and fibrosis in several organ systems. AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic administration of nicotine on biliary proliferation and fibrosis in normal rats. METHODS In vivo, rats were treated with nicotine by osmotic minipumps for two weeks. Proliferation, α7-nicotinic receptor and profibrotic expression were evaluated in liver tissue, cholangiocytes and a polarized cholangiocyte cell line (normal rat intrahepatic cholangiocyte). Nicotine-dependent activation of the Ca(2+)/IP3/ERK 1/2 intracellular signalling pathway was also evaluated in normal rat intrahepatic cholangiocyte. RESULTS Cholangiocytes express α7-nicotinic receptor. Chronic administration of nicotine to normal rats stimulated biliary proliferation and profibrotic gene and protein expression such as alpha-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin 1. Activation of α7-nicotinic receptor stimulated Ca(2+)/ERK1/2-dependent cholangiocyte proliferation. CONCLUSION Chronic exposure to nicotine contributes to biliary fibrosis by activation of cholangiocyte proliferation and expression of profibrotic genes. Modulation of α7-nicotinic receptor signalling axis may be useful for the management of biliary proliferation and fibrosis during cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendal Jensen
- Scott & White Healthcare - Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Syeda Afroze
- Scott & White Healthcare - Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kinan Rahal
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott and White Healthcare Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Amber Frenzel
- Undergraduate Research Program, Texas Bioscience Institute-Temple College, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Melanie Sterling
- Undergraduate Research Program, Texas Bioscience Institute-Temple College, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Micheleine Guerrier
- Scott & White Healthcare - Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Damir Nizamutdinov
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas USA
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott and White Healthcare Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Cardiology, Temple, Texas USA
| | - David E. Dostal
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas USA
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott and White Healthcare Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Cardiology, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas USA
- Scott & White Healthcare - Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas USA
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott and White Healthcare Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Shannon S. Glaser
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas USA
- Scott & White Healthcare - Digestive Disease Research Center, Temple, Texas USA
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott and White Healthcare Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Temple, Texas USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ability of nicotine, the primary psychoactive substance in tobacco smoke, to regulate appetite and body weight is one of the factors cited by smokers that prevents them from quitting and is the primary reason for smoking initiation in teenage girls. The regulation of feeding and metabolism by nicotine is complex, and recent studies have begun to identify nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes and circuits or cell types involved in this regulation. DISCUSSION We will briefly describe the primary anatomical and functional features of the input, output, and central integration structures of the neuroendocrine systems that regulate energy homeostasis. Then, we will describe the nAChR subtypes expressed in these structures in mammals to identify the possible molecular targets for nicotine. Finally, we will review the effects of nicotine and its withdrawal on feeding and energy metabolism and attribute them to potential central and peripheral cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Zoli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy.
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Cobanoglu N, Dalkan C, Galip N, Tekguc H, Uncu M, Bahceciler NN. Is calprotectin a marker of tobacco smoke related inflammation?: a pilot study in children. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:486-91. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.693137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Dandekar MP, Nakhate KT, Kokare DM, Subhedar NK. Effect of nicotine on feeding and body weight in rats: Involvement of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide. Behav Brain Res 2011; 219:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bellinger LL, Wellman PJ, Harris RBS, Kelso EW, Kramer PR. The effects of chronic nicotine on meal patterns, food intake, metabolism and body weight of male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 95:92-9. [PMID: 20035781 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear what contribution food intake and metabolism have in causing weight loss after administering a dose of nicotine equivalent to smoking one to three packs of cigarettes per day because previous studies have been of a very short duration. To address this question, male Sprague Dawley rats were housed in computerized food intake modules and fed 45 mg pellets: Group 1 [nicotine injected with 1.4 mg/kg/day (free base), fed ad libitum]; and Group 2 [saline injected and pair-fed by computer with Group 2]; and Group 3 [saline injected (i.p.), fed ad libitum]. The rats received 4 equally spaced injections over the dark phase. Treatment consisted of: Phase 1 (nicotine or saline for 14 days), Phase 2 (all rats saline for 8 days and Phase 3 (pair-fed group "unyoked" for 6 days)). Nicotine inhibited food intake over the first 6 days. On termination of nicotine, there was no compensatory hyperphagia in either Groups 1 or 2; and their body weight was reduced starting on day 5 until day 28. In another study, rats were housed in an indirect calorimetry system. Saline or nicotine was injected for 14 days, as noted above; then all rats were injected with saline for 4 days and then no injections for 10 days to follow changes in body weight. Energy expenditure (Kcal/Kg(0.75)) was measured for 18 days. Nicotine significantly reduced food intake on 7 of 14 days of nicotine injections. The body weight of the nicotine injected rats was significantly reduced starting on day 3 until day 25. There were no differences in energy expenditures of the groups, which suggested that a decrease in food intake and not an increase in metabolism was the reason the rats lost weight after administering nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Bellinger
- Department of Biomedical Science, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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Kamdi SP, Nakhate KT, Dandekar MP, Kokare DM, Subhedar NK. Participation of corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptors in the acute, chronic and withdrawal actions of nicotine associated with feeding behavior in rats. Appetite 2009; 53:354-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Nakhate KT, Dandekar MP, Kokare DM, Subhedar NK. Involvement of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors in the acute, chronic and withdrawal effects of nicotine on feeding and body weight in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 609:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Leventhal AM, Witt CF, Zimmerman M. Associations between depression subtypes and substance use disorders. Psychiatry Res 2008; 161:43-50. [PMID: 18789540 PMCID: PMC2650805 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating whether certain subtypes of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) are more strongly associated with Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) may help clarify reasons for MDD-SUD relations. Therefore, this study compared DSM-IV-defined non-atypical/non-melancholic depression (undifferentiated depression; n=365), atypical depression (n=117), melancholic depression (n=245), and atypical-melancholic depression (n=68) in the prevalence of current SUDs, while controlling for relevant demographic and clinical variables. Psychiatric outpatients with a current diagnosis of unipolar MDD were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, supplemented by questions from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Results showed that compared with patients with undifferentiated depression, melancholic patients had higher rates of current nicotine dependence (34% vs. 26%) and drug abuse/dependence (8% vs. 3%), Ps<0.05. These differences were explained by the association between specific melancholic features (marked psychomotor agitation and weight loss/decreased appetite) and nicotine and drug use disorders. Atypical depression, atypical-melancholic depression, and other subtype symptoms were not significantly associated with any SUDs. Although this study is limited by low prevalence of alcohol and drug use disorders, the present findings suggest that different symptomatic expressions of MDD differentially associate with some SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Leventhal
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States,Corresponding author. Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, Providence, RI, 02912, United States. Tel.: +1 713 305 4280; fax: +1 832 553 7714. E-mail address: (A.M. Leventhal)
| | - Caren Francione Witt
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Mark Zimmerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
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Chen H, Hansen MJ, Jones JE, Vlahos R, Anderson GP, Morris MJ. Long-term cigarette smoke exposure increases uncoupling protein expression but reduces energy intake. Brain Res 2008; 1228:81-8. [PMID: 18619427 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The appetite suppressing effect of tobacco is a major driver of smoking behaviour; however few studies have addressed the effects of chronic cigarette smoke exposure (SE) on appetite, body weight and metabolic markers. We compared the effects of SE to equivalent food restriction (pair-fed, PF), against sham-exposure, on body weight, adiposity, cytokines, and levels of uncoupling proteins (UCP) and brain neuropeptide Y (NPY) in male Balb/C mice. SE rapidly induced anorexia, and after 12 weeks, SE and PF groups were lighter than control animals (23.9+/-0.2, 25.5+/-0.5, 26.8+/-0.4 g respectively, P<0.05). White fat (WAT) masses were reduced by both SE and PF. Plasma leptin and insulin were reduced in SE mice; insulin was further reduced by PF. Brown fat UCP1 and 3 mRNA were increased in SE animals relative to PF animals, possibly promoting thermogenesis. WAT mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokine, TNFalpha was doubled by SE, while IL-6 was reduced by both PF and SE. Hypothalamic NPY content was increased by SE (89.3+/-2.8 vs. 75.9+/-2.4 ng control, P<0.05), and more by PF (100.7+/-3.4 ng, P<0.05 compared to both groups), suggesting disinhibition due to reduced adipose derived leptin. In contrast to equivalent food restriction, cigarette smoke exposure reduced body weight and total hypothalamic NPY, and increased thermogenesis and markers of inflammation. The suppressed hypothalamic NPY and increased UCPs may contribute to the spontaneous hypophagia and extra weight loss in SE animals. These findings contribute to our understanding of weight loss in smoking-related lung disease, suggesting a greater impact than that due to anorexia alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
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Paradis S, Cabanac M, Marceau P, Frankham P. Body weight and satiation after duodenal switch: 2 years later. Obes Surg 2007; 17:631-6. [PMID: 17658022 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-007-9115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors investigated body weight, satiation, and gustative pleasure of obese patients 2 years after a bariatric operation: the biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (DS). METHODS 9 operated patients, 10 unoperated non-obese and 10 unoperated obese persons participated in the "alliesthesia (food distaste) test". This test is a psychometric assessment of satiation resulting from the pleasure or displeasure following the repeated ingestion of a sweet stimulus. Operated patients also participated in the test before the DS operation. RESULTS 2 years after DS, patients had lost 50% of their body weight and their BMI was rendered similar to that of the non-obese control group. Their satiation was faster than in control and unoperated obese patients. The responses of control and unoperated obese patients were identical to those of pre-surgery operated patients. CONCLUSION This indicates that at the time of the experiment, patients' actual body weight was higher than their body weight set-point and that they would be likely to continue to lose weight, at least beyond 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Paradis
- Centre de recherche sur le métabolisme énergétique (CREME), Anatomy and Physiology Department, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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Kokkinos A, Tentolouris N, Kyriakaki E, Argyrakopoulou G, Doupis J, Psallas M, Kyriaki D, Katsilambros N. Differentiation in the short- and long-term effects of smoking on plasma total ghrelin concentrations between male nonsmokers and habitual smokers. Metabolism 2007; 56:523-7. [PMID: 17379011 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To explore the association between the anorexigenic effects of nicotine and the orexigenic properties of ghrelin, plasma total ghrelin levels were measured in nonsmokers and habitual smokers before and after short-term exposure to cigarette smoke. Thirty-one male smokers and 23 nonsmoking volunteers were matched for age and body mass index. After an overnight fast and abstinence from smoking, they all smoked 2 cigarettes consecutively (same brand, rate of inhalation, and duration of smoking). Total ghrelin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay before smoking (baseline), immediately afterward, and 30, 60, and 90 minutes after the second cigarette. Baseline ghrelin levels were not different between smokers and nonsmokers. Smoking did not have an immediate influence on ghrelin concentrations in smokers (analysis of variance for repeated measurements, P=0.74), whereas there was a progressive decline in nonsmokers, reaching statistical significance at 30 minutes (P=.04) and a nadir at 60 minutes (P=.04) after smoking. Moreover, the area under the curve for the changes of ghrelin over time after smoking was lower in nonsmokers than in smokers (-287.2+/-167.1 vs 29.2+/-125.3 ng.min/L, P=.03). In conclusion, fasting plasma total ghrelin concentrations are not different between male smokers and nonsmokers. Smoking does not provoke any short-term change in ghrelin levels in smokers, but induces a decline in nonsmokers. If the anorectic effect of smoking is ghrelin induced, this effect may be present only in people not habituated to smoke exposure. In habitual smokers, ghrelin suppression by short-term smoking could be blunted as a result of desensitization due to prolonged nicotine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Athens University Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Ferrari MFR, Fior-Chadi DR. Chronic nicotine administration. Analysis of the development of hypertension and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Brain Res Bull 2006; 72:215-24. [PMID: 17452284 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Among numerous neurotransmitters involved in central cardiovascular control, glutamate is one of the most studied transmitters that are related to nicotine considering its release and its postsynaptic regulation. However, there are no conclusive studies about nicotine effects on glutamatergic system and its relevance on hypertension development, which can help to understand the role of these two systems in that pathology. In this context, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the effects of systemic chronic nicotine exposure on hypertension development as well as the interaction between nicotine and the glutamatergic system in normotensive and neurogenic hypertensive rats. By means of high performance liquid chromatograph, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and binding techniques, glutamatergic system was evaluated in SHR and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats treated with nicotine, delivered subcutaneously through nicotine pellets, for 8 weeks. The most important findings in this study were that (1) moderate doses of nicotine accelerated the onset and increased blood pressure in SHR but not in WKY rats, (2) the nicotine dosage and time of treatment employed did not affect body weight, (3) chronic nicotine treatment differentially affected glutamatergic system in normotensive and hypertensive rats, and (4) spontaneously hypertensive rats seem to be more sensitive to peripherally administered nicotine than Wistar Kyoto rats considering blood pressure and glutamatergic neurotransmission changes. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that a moderate dose of nicotine accelerates the onset and exacerbates hypertension in the SHR and that might be, at least in part, related to the modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merari F R Ferrari
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, n.321, Cidade Universitária-São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
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Chen H, Hansen MJ, Jones JE, Vlahos R, Bozinovski S, Anderson GP, Morris MJ. Cigarette Smoke Exposure Reprograms the Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y Axis to Promote Weight Loss. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173:1248-54. [PMID: 16531608 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200506-977oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite irrefutable epidemiologic evidence, cigarette smoking remains the major preventable cause of lung disease morbidity worldwide. The appetite-suppressing effect of tobacco is a major behavioral determinant of smoking, but the underlying molecular and neuronal mechanisms are not understood. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an orexigenic neuropeptide, whose activity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus governs appetite. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of smoke exposure and equivalent food restriction on body weight, organ mass, cytokines, and brain NPY in Balb/c mice. METHODS A pair-feeding study design compared smoke exposure (4 wk; 1 cigarette, 3 x /d, 5 d/wk) to equivalent food restriction (pair-fed) and sham-exposed control mice. RESULTS Smoke exposure rapidly induced mild anorexia. After 4 wk, smoke-exposed and pair-fed groups were lighter than control mice (22.0 +/- 0.2, 23.2 +/- 0.5, 24.9 +/- 0.4 g, respectively; p < 0.05). Brown and white fat masses were only reduced by smoke exposure, relative to control mice. NPY concentration in the paraventricular nucleus was significantly and paradoxically reduced by smoke exposure, despite lower plasma leptin concentrations; this was not observed in the pair-fed group experiencing 19% food restriction. Adipose mRNA expression of uncoupling proteins, inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and adipose triglyceride lipase was decreased by smoke exposure, and even lower in pair-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to food restriction, smoke exposure caused a reduction in hypothalamic NPY and fat mass, and regulated adipose cytokines. These findings may contribute to understanding weight loss in smoking-related lung disease and in the design of more effective smoking cessation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Physiology, CRC for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, The University of Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
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Frankham P, Gosselin C, Cabanac M. Diet induced weight loss accelerates onset of negative alliesthesia in obese women. BMC Public Health 2005; 5:112. [PMID: 16232316 PMCID: PMC1266380 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-5-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological and behavioral responses to hypocaloric diet are to increase energy intake to defend a steady body weight. We utilized the method of "negative alliesthesia" for measuring the hedonic reponse to sweet stimulus before (Initial session) and 3 months after entering a weight loss program. The negative alliesthesia test is known by physiologists but few clinical data exist. It is based on the observation that repeated pleasant gustatory stimuli turn into unpleasantness in the process of alliesthesia. At first visit participants repeatedly ingested sweet stimuli until they found them unpleasant and rated quantitatively on a linear analogue scale their hedonic experience. This procedure was repeated every 3 min until participants felt displeasure to end the session. The same protocol was followed after three months of following a weight loss diet. Dieting energy intake was from 1400 - 2000 kcal/d for 8 wk. Energy composition was 50% carb:25% prot: 25% lipid. After 8 wk caloric intake increased by 50 kcal/wk, to reach daily intake of 1800 - 2400 kcal/d. Energy composition was 50% carb:22% prot: 27% lipid. We report results on the effect of slow weight loss on negative alliesthesia in ten obese female participants enrolled in a commercial diet program based on Canada's Food Guide (Mincavi). RESULTS Results showed that diet lowered the mean BMI (Initial session 36.8 +/- 1.8 vs. 3 mo 34.9 +/- 1.8 kg/m2). At 3 mo the onset of negative alliesthesia, time to abandon experimental session, was shortened (Initial session 33 vs. 3 mo 24 min). The same trend was observed in the time to reach indifference (Initial session 21.9 +/- 3.8 vs. 3 mo 16.2 +/-2.4 min). There was no observed difference in maximum (Initial session +79.5 +/- 11.7; 3 mo +94.5 +/- 9.9 mm) and minimum (Initial session -90.0 +/- 14.4; 3 mo -106 +/- 11.1 mm) hedonic rating. CONCLUSION Earlier onset of negative alliesthesia, as seen in our participants, is not consistent with previous hedonic studies that showed delayed or absent negative alliesthesia in participants when below their initial body weight. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the accelerated onset of negative alliesthesia observed in our obese participants after weight loss is suggestive of a lowered body weight set-point. Factors inherent to the weight loss diet studied here, such as mild energetic restriction, lowered palatability, and diet composition, may have played a role in this experimental outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Frankham
- Département d'Anatomie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, CA
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Obésité (GIRO), Université Laval, Québec, CA
| | | | - Michel Cabanac
- Département d'Anatomie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, CA
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Obésité (GIRO), Université Laval, Québec, CA
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Jessen A, Buemann B, Toubro S, Skovgaard IM, Astrup A. The appetite-suppressant effect of nicotine is enhanced by caffeine. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005; 7:327-33. [PMID: 15955118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test whether the anorectic effect of nicotine may be amplified by caffeine. METHODS Chewing gums with nicotine and caffeine were administered to 12 healthy young men of normal weight. Different combinations of 0, 1 or 2 mg of nicotine and 0, 50 or 100 mg of caffeine were applied during a 2-h period in a randomized, double blind, cross over design. Appetite sensations were measured using visual analogue scales. RESULTS Hunger and prospective food consumption were negatively associated with the increasing doses of nicotine, whereas satiety and fullness were positively associated with the increasing doses of nicotine (p < 0.05). Caffeine appeared to amplify the effects of nicotine on hunger and fullness as a caffeine x nicotine x time interaction was observed in these scores (p < 0.05). The 2-mg dose of nicotine in combination with the 100-mg dose of caffeine caused nausea in four of the non-smokers. However, the effects of nicotine and the caffeine x nicotine x time interaction persisted after the exclusion of these subjects. CONCLUSION Caffeine added to nicotine chewing gum appears to amplify its attenuating effects on appetite and the combinations of 1-mg of nicotine with caffeine seem to be well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jessen
- Research Department of Human Nutrition, Centre for Advanced Food Studies, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark
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Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the most important cause of preventable disease, disability, and premature death in the United States. In addition to adverse effects on respiratory, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and other systems, accumulating evidence indicates that cigarette smoking may also increase morbidity by adversely affecting sleep. This article focuses on the effects of cigarette smoking, nicotine, and pharmacologic agents used for smoking cessation on neuronal systems regulating sleep and clinically apparent sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htoo
- Sleep Disorders Center, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, 150 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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