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Scott LN, Fiume M, Zhu J, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Heldreth B. Safety Assessment of Zinc Salts as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:5S-69S. [PMID: 38279815 DOI: 10.1177/10915818241227124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of 27 inorganic and organometallic zinc salts as used in cosmetic formulations; these salts are specifically of the 2+ (II) oxidation state cation of zinc. These ingredients included in this report have various reported functions in cosmetics, including hair conditioning agents, skin conditioning agents, cosmetic astringents, cosmetic biocides, preservatives, oral care agents, buffering agents, bulking agents, chelating agents, and viscosity increasing agents. The Panel reviewed the relevant data for these ingredients, and concluded that these 27 ingredients are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment when formulated to be non-irritating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Scott
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Scientific Analyst/Writer
| | - Monice Fiume
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Scientific Analyst/Writer
| | - Jinqiu Zhu
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Scientific Analyst/Writer
| | | | | | - Ronald A Hill
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | | | | | - James G Marks
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | - Ronald C Shank
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
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2
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Stanojević IM, Glišić BĐ, Radanović DD, Djuran MI. Copper(II) complexes of aminopolycarboxylate ligands with N2O2, N2O3 and N2O4 donor sets. The relationship between the ligand structure and molecular geometry of the complex. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang Y, Li X, Li J, Khan MZH, Ma F, Liu X. A novel zinc complex with antibacterial and antioxidant activity. BMC Chem 2021; 15:17. [PMID: 33722300 PMCID: PMC7962405 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-021-00745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to enhance the antibacterial activity and reduce the toxicity of Zn2+, novel complexes of Zn(II) were synthesized. Results A water-soluble zinc-glucose-citrate complex (ZnGC) with antibacterial activity was synthesized at pH 6.5. The structure, morphology, characterization, acute toxicity, antibacterial and antioxidant activities, and in situ intestinal absorption were investigated. The results showed that zinc ion was linked with citrate by coordinate bond while the glucose was linked with it through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The higher the molecular weight of sugar is, the more favorable it is to inhibit the formation of zinc citrate precipitation. Compared with ZnCl2, ZnGC complex presented better antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (E. coli, Gram-negative). Conclusions The results of acute toxicity showed no obvious toxicity in this test and in situ intestinal absorption study, suggesting that ZnGC complex could be used as a potential zinc supplement for zinc deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, School of Pharmacy, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, School of Pharmacy, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, School of Pharmacy, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Md Zaved Hossain Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jahsore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Fanyi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, School of Pharmacy, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Xiuhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, School of Pharmacy, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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Lonergan ZR, Skaar EP. Nutrient Zinc at the Host-Pathogen Interface. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:1041-1056. [PMID: 31326221 PMCID: PMC6864270 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential cofactor required for life and, as such, mechanisms exist for its homeostatic maintenance in biological systems. Despite the evolutionary distance between vertebrates and microbial life, there are parallel mechanisms to balance the essentiality of zinc with its inherent toxicity. Vertebrates regulate zinc homeostasis through a complex network of metal transporters and buffering systems that respond to changes in nutritional zinc availability or inflammation. Fine-tuning of this network becomes crucial during infections, where host nutritional immunity attempts to limit zinc availability to pathogens. However, accumulating evidence demonstrates that pathogens have evolved mechanisms to subvert host-mediated zinc withholding, and these metal homeostasis systems are important for survival within the host. We discuss here the mechanisms of vertebrate and bacterial zinc homeostasis and mobilization, as well as recent developments in our understanding of microbial zinc acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery R Lonergan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Microbe-Host Interactions Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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5
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An autopsy case of zinc chloride poisoning. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2016; 21:11-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dhawan SS, Ryder KM, Pritchard E. Massive Penny Ingestion: The Loot with Local and Systemic Effects. J Emerg Med 2008; 35:33-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 10/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Longitudinal changes in zinc transport kinetics, metallothionein and zinc transporter expression in a blood-brain barrier model in response to a moderately excessive zinc environment. J Nutr Biochem 2007; 19:129-37. [PMID: 18061429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A blood-brain barrier (BBB) model composed of porcine brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC) was exposed to a moderately excessive zinc environment (50 micromol/L Zn) in cell culture, and longitudinal measurements were made of zinc transport kinetics, ZnT-1 (SLC30A1) expression and changes in the protein concentration of metallothionein (MT), ZnT-1, ZnT-2 (SLC30A2) and Zip1 (SLC39A1). Zinc release by cells of the BBB model significantly increased after 12-24 h of exposure, but decreased back to control levels after 48-96 h, as indicated by transport across the BBB from both the ablumenal (brain) and the lumenal (blood) directions. Expression of ZnT-1, the zinc export protein, increased by 169% within 12 h, but was no longer different from controls after 24 h. Likewise, ZnT-1 protein content increased transiently after 12 h of exposure, but returned to control levels by 24 h. Capacity for zinc uptake and retention increased from both the lumenal and the ablumenal directions within 12-24 h of exposure and remained elevated. MT and ZnT-2 were elevated within 12 h and remained elevated throughout the study. Zip1 was unchanged by the treatment. The BBB's response to a moderately high zinc environment was dynamic and involved multiple mechanisms. The initial response was to increase the cells' capacity to sequester zinc with additional MT and to increase zinc export with the ZnT-1 protein. But the longer-term strategy involved increasing ZnT-2 transporters, presumably to sequester zinc into intracellular vesicles as a mechanism to protect the brain and to maintain brain zinc homeostasis.
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Tubek S. Role of zinc in regulation of arterial blood pressure and in the etiopathogenesis of arterial hypertension. Biol Trace Elem Res 2007; 117:39-51. [PMID: 17873391 DOI: 10.1007/bf02698082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased gastrointestinal absorption and urinary excretion of zinc has been confirmed in experimental and clinical studies on primary arterial hypertension as a result from changes of intracellular and extracellular zinc content. In arterial hypertension, the levels of zinc in serum, lymphocyte, and bone decrease while increasing in heart, erythrocytes, kidney, liver, suprarenal glands and spleen. These changes result in the loss of zinc homeostasis that leads to various degrees of deficiency, not entirely compensated by nutritional factors or increased absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Loss of zinc homeostasis can be both cause and effect of high blood pressure. In the present review, the role of zinc metabolism changes and its mechanisms in arterial hypertension are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Tubek
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Institute of Technology, Opole, and Clinic of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Wrocław, Prószkowska Str. 70, Opole, 45-758, Poland.
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Kohda Y, Matsunaga Y, Shiota R, Satoh T, Kishi Y, Kawai Y, Gemba M. Involvement of Raf-1/MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway in zinc-induced injury in rat renal cortical slices. J Toxicol Sci 2006; 31:207-17. [PMID: 16960431 DOI: 10.2131/jts.31.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient that can also be toxic. We have previously reported that zinc-related renal toxicity is due, in part, to free radical generation in the renal epithelial cell line, LLC-PK(1) cells. We have also shown that an MEK1/2 inhibitor, U0126, markedly inhibits zinc-induced renal cell injury. In this study, we investigated the role of an upstream MEK/ERK pathway, Raf-1 kinase pathway, and the transcription factor and ERK substrate Elk-1, in rat renal cortical slices exposed to zinc. Immediately after preparing slices from rat renal cortex, the slices were incubated in medium containing Raf-1 and MEK inhibitors. ERK1/2 and Elk-1 activation were determined by Western blot analysis for phosphorylated ERK (pERK) 1/2 and phosphorylated Elk-1 (pElk-1) in nuclear fractions prepared from slices exposed to zinc. Zinc caused not only increases in 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) modified protein and lipid peroxidation, as an index of oxidant stress, and decreases in PAH accumulation, as that of renal cell injury in the slices. Zinc also induced a rapid increase in ERK/Elk-1 activity accompanied by increased expressions of pERK and pElk-1 in the nuclear fraction. A Raf-1 kinase inhibitor and an MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 significantly attenuated zinc-induced decreases PAH accumulation in the slices. The Raf-1 kinase inhibitor and U0126 also suppressed ERK1/2 activation in nuclear fractions prepared from slices treated with zinc. The present results suggest that a Raf-1/MEK/ERK1/2 pathway and the ERK substrate Elk-1 are involved in free radical-induced injury in rat renal cortical slices exposed to zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kohda
- Division of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-21-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
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Puig S, Scharitzer M, Cengiz K, Jetzinger E, Rupprecht L. Effects of gastric acid on euro coins: chemical reaction and radiographic appearance after ingestion by infants and children. Emerg Med J 2005; 21:553-6. [PMID: 15333527 PMCID: PMC1726428 DOI: 10.1136/emj.2002.004879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated whether coins of the new European currency (euro) corrode when they are exposed to gastric acid, and whether this change can be detected radiographically. METHODS The eight different denominations of coins were immersed for seven days in 0.15 N hydrochloride acid (HCl), which corresponds to the level of post-prandial gastric acid. A Swedish crown coin and three different Austrian schilling coins were used as controls. The coins were weighed and radiographed daily to evaluate visible corrosions and HCl was analysed daily for possible dissolved substances. RESULTS All coins lost weight within 24 hours after exposure to HCl. The 1, 2, and 5 euro cent coins developed changes that were visible on radiographs. The weights of all coins decreased by 0.43% to 11.30% during one week. The dissolved substances measured in the HCl corresponded to the different metals and alloys of the coins, except for copper, which does not dissolve in HCl. The highest absolute weight loss was observed in the Swedish crown coin (0.67 g), and the highest relative weight loss in the 1 Austrian schilling coin (11.30%). The two coins that showed the highest absolute and relative weight losses were the 2 euro (0.54 g or 6.35%) and the 1 euro (0.48 g or 6.39%) coin. CONCLUSIONS A higher rate of toxicity for the new European coins compared with coins of other currencies is not expected, unless a massive coin ingestion occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Puig
- Department of Radiology, University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Some toxicologic emergencies require immediate or urgent surgical intervention in addition to routine medical care. The EP must be familiar with the indications for operative care, even though many of these poisonings and exposures are relatively rare. The EP must also be knowledgeable regarding the various means of surgical decontamination that are available, including temporary cardiopulmonary bypass. Finally, a high level of vigilance must be maintained for patients who have delayed presentation and fulminant organ failure necessitating early involvement of the transplantation team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok L Jain
- Department of Emergency Medicine, LAC + USC Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine, 1200 N. State Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Abstract
Zinc-induced haemolytic anaemia is a common phenomenon in dogs in the USA following the ingestion of pennies minted after 1982. A case of acute pancreatitis secondary to zinc toxicosis in a dog is described. Acute pancreatitis has been reported in humans, following the ingestion of liquid zinc chloride, but zinc-associated pancreatitis has not been reported previously in the dog. The mechanism of toxicity is unknown, although the pathophysiology may relate to the role of the pancreas in zinc excretion. Acute pancreatitis as a sequela to zinc toxicosis in the dog represents a complication that may prolong hospitalisation and worsen the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Mikszewski
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6010, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn N Bothwell
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307, USA
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O'Hara SM, Donnelly LF, Chuang E, Briner WH, Bisset GS. Gastric retention of zinc-based pennies: radiographic appearance and hazards. Radiology 1999; 213:113-7. [PMID: 10540650 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.213.1.r99oc36113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the radiographic appearance and features of corrosion in U.S. coins exposed to gastric acid. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six U.S. copper-based pre-1982 pennies, 12 zinc-based post-1982 pennies, a quarter, a nickel, and a dime were exposed to postprandial concentrations of gastric acid (0.15N HCl) for 7 days, and radiographs were obtained daily. Half the zinc-based coins were scraped to disrupt their copper coating. Coins were weighed at the start and completion of the study. RESULTS Post-1982 zinc-based pennies developed radiolucent corrosive changes within 24 hours. Erosions on the coins became more apparent over time. Frank holes were present on day 2. The weights of these coins decreased 5%-8% during the study. Pre-1982 copper pennies and "silver-colored" coins showed no change on radiographs over 7 days. CONCLUSION Unexpected radiolucent corrosions may develop in post-1982 zinc alloy pennies when retained in the stomach. Coins have long been considered innocuous foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tracts of children. However, because of the potential for ulceration and zinc-related morbidity, closer clinical and radiographic observation is warranted. Coins with scalloped edges or holes should be endoscopically removed, as they have likely been retained longer than 1 or 2 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M O'Hara
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Andersen O. Principles and recent developments in chelation treatment of metal intoxication. Chem Rev 1999; 99:2683-710. [PMID: 11749497 DOI: 10.1021/cr980453a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Andersen
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, Postbox 260 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
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Abstract
The use of zinc in metal alloys and medicinal lotions dates back before the time of Christ. Currently, most of the commercial production of zinc involves the galvanizing of iron and the manufacture of brass. Some studies support the use of zinc gluconate lozenges to treat the common cold, but there are insufficient data at this time to recommend the routine use of these lozenges. Zinc is an essential co-factor in a variety of cellular processes including DNA synthesis, behavioral responses, reproduction, bone formation, growth, and wound healing. Zinc is a relatively common metal with an average concentration of 50 mg/kg soil and a range of 10-300 mg/kg soil. Meat, seafood, dairy products, nuts, legumes, and whole grains contain relatively high concentrations of zinc. The mobility of zinc in anaerobic environments is poor and therefore severe zinc contamination occurs primarily near points sources of zinc release. The recommended daily allowance for adults is 15 mg zinc. The ingestion of 1-2 g zinc sulfate produces emesis. Zinc compounds can produce irritation and corrosion of the gastrointestinal tract, along with acute renal tubular necrosis and interstitial nephritis. Inhalation of high concentrations of zinc chloride from smoke bombs detonated in closed spaces may cause chemical pneumonitis and adult respiratory distress syndrome. In the occupational setting inhalation of fumes from zinc oxide is the most common cause of metal fume fever (fatigue, chills, fever, myalgias, cough, dyspnea, leukocytosis, thirst, metallic taste, salivation). Zinc compounds are not suspected carcinogens. Treatment of zinc toxicity is supportive. Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (CaNa2EDTA) is the chelator of choice based on case reports that demonstrate normalization of zinc concentrations, but there are few clinical data to confirm the efficacy of this agent.
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Hantson P, Lula F, Lievens M, Mahieu P. Extremely high plasma zinc following zinc chloride ingestion. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 1998; 36:375-7. [PMID: 9711206 DOI: 10.3109/15563659809028036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lewis MR, Kokan L. Zinc gluconate: acute ingestion. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 1998; 36:99-101. [PMID: 9541053 DOI: 10.3109/15563659809162595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CASE REPORT Despite the popularity of zinc gluconate for use in attenuation of common cold symptoms, there is little information on the effects of acute overdose. A 17-year-old male ingested approximately 85 tablets or 4 g zinc gluconate (570 mg elemental zinc). He experienced severe nausea and vomiting within 30 minutes of the ingestion but had no further sequelae such as diarrhea, gastric erosions, esophageal burns, shock, neurologic dysfunction, symptoms of anemia, or hepatic inflammation. Serum zinc level was 4.97 mg/dL at approximately 5 hours postingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Lewis
- St. Anthony Family Medicine Residency, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Abstract
Zinc chloride is a powerful corrosive agent. Reports of zinc chloride ingestion are uncommon, and there is little information about its toxicity and management. The authors report the clinical course of a 10-year-old girl who accidentally ingested an acid soldering flux solution (pH, 3.0; zinc chloride, 30% to < 60%). Systemic effects after the ingestion were unremarkable except for lethargy. Thus, chelation therapy was not considered. Severe gastric corrosion was caused by local caustic action. An antral stricture of the stomach approximately 3 weeks after the ingestion developed, and she underwent a modified Heineke-Mikulicz antropyloroplasty. Postoperatively, she made an uneventful recovery. On follow-up, although she was tolerating a normal diet, results of a barium meal showed her stomach to be totally aperistaltic. Results of a nuclear medicine study showed moderately delayed gastric emptying. Careful long-term follow-up is necessary, because there is potential risk for malignancy in the damaged stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yamataka
- Department of Surgery, Wellington School of Medicine, New Zealand
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Bennett DR, Baird CJ, Chan KM, Crookes PF, Bremner CG, Gottlieb MM, Naritoku WY. Zinc toxicity following massive coin ingestion. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1997; 18:148-53. [PMID: 9185931 DOI: 10.1097/00000433-199706000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This is the first reported case of human fatality associated with zinc intoxication following a massive ingestion of coins. Four hundred and sixty-one coins were removed form the gastrointestinal tract of a schizophrenic patient during the course of hospitalization. Many of the post-1981 pennies, which consist primarily of zinc, showed severe corrosion due to their prolonged contact with acidic gastric juice. The patient presented with clinical manifestations consistent with the local corrosive as well as systemic effects of zinc intoxication and died 40 days after admission with multi-system organ failure. Tissue samples of the kidneys, pancreas, and liver obtained at autopsy revealed acute tubular necrosis, mild fibrosis, and acute massive necrosis, respectively, and contained high levels of zinc. The overall effects of zinc intoxication on the various organ systems, possible hematological derangement, and the impairment of copper absorption as well as the outcome with treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Bennett
- Department of Pathology, Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center 90033, USA
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Hantson P, Lievens M, Mahieu P. Accidental ingestion of a zinc and copper sulfate preparation. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 1996; 34:725-30. [PMID: 8941204 DOI: 10.3109/15563659609013836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CASE REPORT An 86-year-old woman accidentally ingested a preparation containing zinc and copper sulfate. At ninety minutes after ingestion, the peak plasma concentration was 1979 micrograms/dL for zinc and 209 micrograms/dL for copper, suggesting preferential absorption of zinc. The major complications were gastric and bronchial inflammation due to the corrosive properties of these compounds. Systemic manifestations also developed with cardiovascular failure and renal insufficiency, but the patient made a complete recovery. In addition to symptomatic treatment, chelation therapy with dimercaprol and D-penicillamine was given for 48 h. CONCLUSION The available clinical and toxicokinetic data do not support the benefits of chelation in addition to supportive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hantson
- Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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