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Quatannens D, Verhoeven Y, Van Dam P, Lardon F, Prenen H, Roeyen G, Peeters M, Smits ELJ, Van Audenaerde J. Targeting hedgehog signaling in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 236:108107. [PMID: 34999181 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a leading cause of cancer related death. The urgent need for effective therapies is highlighted by the lack of adequate targeting. In PDAC, hedgehog (Hh) signaling is known to be aberrantly activated, which prompted the pathway as a possible target for effective treatment for PDAC patients. Unfortunately, specific targeting of upstream molecules within the Hh signaling pathway failed to bring clinical benefit. This led to the ongoing debate on Hh targeting as a therapeutic treatment for PDAC patients. Additionally, concurrent non-canonical activation routes also result in translocation of Gli transcription factors into the nucleus. Therefore, different downstream targets of the Hh signaling pathway were identified and evaluated in preclinical and clinical research. In this review we summarize the variety of Hh signaling antagonists in different preclinical models of PDAC. Furthermore, we discuss published and ongoing clinical trials that evaluated Hh antagonists and point out the current hurdles and future perspectives in the light of redesigning Hh-targeting therapies for the treatment of PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Quatannens
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Yannick Verhoeven
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Peter Van Dam
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Unit of Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA), Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Hans Prenen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Oncology, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA), Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Geert Roeyen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Hepatobiliary Transplantation and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA), Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Oncology, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA), Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Evelien L J Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jonas Van Audenaerde
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Morales E, Olson M, Iglesias F, Luetkens T, Atanackovic D. Targeting the tumor microenvironment of Ewing sarcoma. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:1439-1451. [PMID: 34670399 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive tumor type with an age peak in adolescence. Despite the use of dose-intensified chemotherapy as well as radiation and surgery for local control, patients with upfront metastatic disease or relapsed disease have a dismal prognosis, highlighting the need for additional therapeutic options. Different types of immunotherapies have been investigated with only very limited clinical success, which may be due to the presence of immunosuppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment. Here we provide an overview on different factors contributing to Ewing sarcoma immune escape. We demonstrate ways to target these factors in order to make current and future immunotherapies more effective and achieve deeper and more durable responses in patients with Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Morales
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Michael Olson
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.,Hematology & Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Fiorella Iglesias
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tim Luetkens
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine & Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Djordje Atanackovic
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine & Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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3
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Morales E, Olson M, Iglesias F, Dahiya S, Luetkens T, Atanackovic D. Role of immunotherapy in Ewing sarcoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-000653. [PMID: 33293354 PMCID: PMC7725096 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is thought to arise from mesenchymal stem cells and is the second most common bone sarcoma in pediatric patients and young adults. Given the dismal overall outcomes and very intensive therapies used, there is an urgent need to explore and develop alternative treatment modalities including immunotherapies. In this article, we provide an overview of ES biology, features of ES tumor microenvironment (TME) and review various tumor-associated antigens that can be targeted with immune-based approaches including cancer vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, T cell receptor-transduced T cells, and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. We highlight key reasons for the limited efficacy of various immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of ES to date. These factors include absence of human leukocyte antigen class I molecules from the tumor tissue, lack of an ideal surface antigen, and immunosuppressive TME due to the presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, F2 fibrocytes, and M2-like macrophages. Lastly, we offer insights into strategies for novel therapeutics development in ES. These strategies include the development of gene-modified T cell receptor T cells against cancer–testis antigen such as XAGE-1, surface target discovery through detailed profiling of ES surface proteome, and combinatorial approaches. In summary, we provide state-of-the-art science in ES tumor immunology and immunotherapy, with rationale and recommendations for future therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Morales
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Michael Olson
- Cancer Immunotherapy, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Fiorella Iglesias
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Saurabh Dahiya
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tim Luetkens
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Cancer Immunotherapy, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Djordje Atanackovic
- Cancer Immunotherapy, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA .,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Ahn SB, Mohamedali A, Pascovici D, Adhikari S, Sharma S, Nice EC, Baker MS. Proteomics Reveals Cell‐Surface Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor Expression Impacts Most Hallmarks of Cancer. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1900026. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Beom Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Science Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Abidali Mohamedali
- Department of Molecular Sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Dana Pascovici
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility Macquarie University Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Subash Adhikari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Science Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Samridhi Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Science Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Monash University Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Mark S. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Science Sydney NSW 2109 Australia
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Fischbacher D, Merle M, Liepert A, Grabrucker C, Kroell T, Kremser A, Dreyßig J, Freudenreich M, Schuster F, Borkhardt A, Kraemer D, Koehne CH, Kolb HJ, Schmid C, Schmetzer HM. Cytokine Release Patterns in Mixed Lymphocyte Culture (MLC) of T-Cells with Dendritic Cells (DC) Generated from AML Blasts Contribute to Predict anti-Leukaemic T-Cell Reactions and Patients’ Response to Immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 22:49-65. [DOI: 10.1080/15419061.2016.1223634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Fischbacher
- Department for Haematopoietic Transplantations, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Merle
- Department for Haematopoietic Transplantations, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Liepert
- Department for Haematopoietic Transplantations, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Grabrucker
- Department for Haematopoietic Transplantations, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Kroell
- Department for Haematopoietic Transplantations, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Kremser
- Department for Haematopoietic Transplantations, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Dreyßig
- Department for Haematopoietic Transplantations, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Freudenreich
- Department for Haematopoietic Transplantations, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Friedhelm Schuster
- Department for pediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department for pediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Hans-Jochem Kolb
- Department for Haematopoietic Transplantations, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Center, Munich, Clinical cooperative group Human Cell Transplantation (CCG-HCT), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Helga Maria Schmetzer
- Department for Haematopoietic Transplantations, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Center, Munich, Clinical cooperative group Human Cell Transplantation (CCG-HCT), Munich, Germany
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Carretero R, Gil-Julio H, Vázquez-Alonso F, Garrido F, Castiñeiras J, Cózar J. Involvement of HLA class I molecules in the immune escape of urologic tumors. Actas Urol Esp 2014; 38:192-9. [PMID: 24315763 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE To analyze the influence of different alterations in human leukocyte antigen class I molecules (HLA I) in renal cell carcinoma, as well as in bladder and prostate cancer. We also study the correlation between HLA I expression and the progression of the disease and the response after immunotherapy protocols. EVIDENCES ACQUISITION It has been shown, experimentally, that the immune system can recognize and kill neoplastic cells. By analyzing the expression of HLA I molecules on the surface of cancer cells, we were able to study the tumor escape mechanisms against the immune system. EVIDENCES SYNTHESIS Alteration or irreversible damage in HLA I molecules is used by the neoplastic cells to escape the immune system. The function of these molecules is to recognize endogenous peptides and present them to T cells of the immune system. There is a clear relationship between HLA I reversible alterations and success of therapy. Irreversible lesions also imply a lack of response to treatment. The immune system activation can reverse HLA I molecules expression in tumors with reversible lesions, whereas tumors with irreversible ones do not respond to such activation. Determine the type of altered HLA I molecules in tumors is of paramount importance when choosing the type of treatment to keep looking for therapeutic success. Those tumors with reversible lesions can be treated with traditional immunotherapy; however, tumour with irreversible alterations should follow alternative protocols, such as the use of viral vectors carrying the HLA genes to achieve damaged re-expression of the protein. CONCLUSION From studies in urologic tumors, we can conclude that the HLA I molecules play a key role in these tumors escape to the immune system.
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Smahel M. Biolistic DNA vaccination against cervical cancer. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2012; 940:339-55. [PMID: 23104353 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-110-3_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of cervical cancer is associated with infection by oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs), of which type 16 (HPV16) is the most prevalent in HPV-induced malignant diseases. The viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 are convenient targets for anti-tumor immunization. To adapt the corresponding genes for DNA vaccination, their oncogenicity needs to be reduced and immunogenicity enhanced. The main modifications for achieving these aims include mutagenesis, rearrangement of gene parts, and fusion with supportive cellular or viral/bacterial genes or their functional parts. As HPVs are strictly human specific, an animal model of HPV infection does not exist. Therefore, immunization against HPV-induced tumors is most frequently tested in mouse models utilizing transplantable syngeneic tumor cells producing the HPV16 E6/E7 oncoproteins. In this chapter, one such cell line designated TC-1 is characterized and the effect of immunization with the modified E7 fusion gene against TC-1-induced subcutaneous tumors is described. As down-regulation of MHC class I molecules is one of the most important escape mechanisms of cervical carcinoma cells, the TC-1/A9 clone with reversibly reduced MHC class I expression has been developed and, herein, its response to DNA vaccination is also shown and compared with that of the TC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Smahel
- Department of Experimental Virology, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Berghuis D, de Hooge ASK, Santos SJ, Horst D, Wiertz EJ, van Eggermond MC, van den Elsen PJ, Taminiau AHM, Ottaviano L, Schaefer KL, Dirksen U, Hooijberg E, Mulder A, Melief CJM, Egeler RM, Schilham MW, Jordanova ES, Hogendoorn PCW, Lankester AC. Reduced human leukocyte antigen expression in advanced-stage Ewing sarcoma: implications for immune recognition. J Pathol 2009; 218:222-31. [PMID: 19274709 DOI: 10.1002/path.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is a tumour most commonly arising in bone, although on occasion in soft tissue, with a poor prognosis in patients with refractory or relapsed disease, despite multimodal therapy. Immunotherapeutic strategies based on tumour-reactive T and/or natural killer cells may improve the treatment of advanced-stage EWS. Since cellular immune recognition critically depends on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression, knowledge about HLA expression in EWS is crucial in the design of cellular immunotherapeutic strategies. Constitutive and IFNgamma-induced HLA class I expression was analysed in EWS cell lines (n = 6) by flow cytometry, using antibodies against both monomorphic and allele-specific antigens. Expression of antigen processing pathway components and beta-2 microglobulin (beta2m) was assessed by western blot. Expression of class II transactivator (CIITA), and its contribution to HLA class II expression, was evaluated by qRT-PCR, transduction assays, and flow cytometry. beta2m/HLA class I and class II expression was validated in EWS tumours (n = 67) by immunofluorescence. Complete or partial absence of HLA class I expression was observed in 79% of EWS tumours. Lung metastases consistently lacked HLA class I and sequential tumours demonstrated a tendency towards decreased expression upon disease progression. Together with absent or low constitutive expression levels of specific HLA class I loci and alleles, and differential induction of identical alleles by IFNgamma in different cell lines, these results may reflect the existence of an immune escape mechanism. Inducible expression of TAP-1/-2, tapasin, LMP-2/-7, and the beta2m/HLA class I complex by IFNgamma suggests that regulatory mechanisms are mainly responsible for heterogeneity in constitutive class I expression. EWSs lack IFNgamma-inducible HLA class II, due to lack of functional CIITA. The majority of EWS tumours, particularly if advanced-stage, exhibit complete or partial absence of both classes of HLA. This knowledge will be instrumental in the design of cellular immunotherapeutic strategies for advanced-stage EWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Berghuis
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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9
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Cabrera T, Lara E, Romero JM, Maleno I, Real LM, Ruiz-Cabello F, Valero P, Camacho FM, Garrido F. HLA class I expression in metastatic melanoma correlates with tumor development during autologous vaccination. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:709-17. [PMID: 16960691 PMCID: PMC11030676 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying tumor-specific immune response and tumor escape has considerably increased. HLA class I antigen defects remain an important tumor escape mechanism since they influence the interactions between tumor cells and specific T and NK cells in the course of malignant disease. We have studied here HLA class I expression in six subcutaneous metastases obtained from a melanoma patient immunized with an autologous melanoma cell vaccine (M-VAX). We report in this paper that HLA class I antigen expression on these metastatic lesions strongly correlated with the course of the disease. The three metastases that were partially regressing at the time of their excision showed a strong HLA class I expression, whereas the progressing ones showed a very weak or negative staining with most of the anti-HLA class I mAbs used. Real-time quantitative PCR of the samples obtained from microdissected tumor tissue revealed a significant difference in the mRNA levels of HLA-ABC heavy chain and beta2m between the two types of metastases, i.e., lower levels in progressing metastases and high levels in regressing ones, confirming the immunohistological findings. This is, to our knowledge, the first report where the clinical outcome of different HLA class I positive and negative melanoma metastases can be clearly correlated with the regression and progression of the disease, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cabrera
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ester Lara
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José M. Romero
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Maleno
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis M. Real
- Departamento de Genómica Estructural, Neocodex, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Francisco M. Camacho
- Departamento de Dermatología Médico-Quirúrgica y Venereología, Hospital Universitario “Virgen Macarena”, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Federico Garrido
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avd. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular 3 e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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10
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Chew SF, Wood BR, Kanaan C, Browning J, MacGregor D, Davis ID, Cebon J, Tait BD, McNaughton D. Fourier transform infrared imaging as a method for detection of HLA class I expression in melanoma without the use of antibody. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 69 Suppl 1:252-8. [PMID: 17445214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression in melanoma is usually assessed using immunohistochemical staining. Here we report on the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) hyperspectral imaging, a method widely used in two-dimensional analysis of chemical components, to study HLA class I expression in tissue. Two-dimensional cluster colour images derived from unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis of FTIR hyperspectral data on melanoma sections were compared with consecutive sections that were immunohistochemically stained for class I expression. HLA-class-I-positive and -negative areas were differentiated by FTIR cluster images in all eight melanoma sections investigated without the need for antibody attachment. FTIR imaging enables the distinction of HLA-class-I-positive from class-I-negative areas in melanoma. This method is accurate, rapid and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Chew
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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11
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Hu W, Wang J, Wang B, Lu J, Li H, Zhang J, Cun Y, Tang W, Xiao C. Sequencing-based analysis of the HLA-DPB1 polymorphism in Nu ethnic group of south-west China. Int J Immunogenet 2007; 33:397-400. [PMID: 17117948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2006.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, DNA typing for HLA-DPB1 was performed using polymerase chain reaction-sequencing-based typing method in 72 randomly selected Nu ethnic individuals inhabiting the Yunnan province of south-west China. Among the 12 detected DPB1 alleles, the most frequent was DPB1*1301, with the percentage of 20.83%, followed by DPB1*0501 (19.44%), DPB1*040101 (16.67%) and DPB1*2801 (9.72%). The allele DPB1*1501 was found for the first time in the Chinese population. Neighbour-joining showed that the Nu ethnic minority belonged to East Asian cluster and was most closely related to Lisu, being consistent with the historical records. In addition, the results obtained in this study will also provide useful information on organ transplantation, forensic investigations and disease association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources Conservation and Utilization and Human Genetics Center, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
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12
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Li H, Ou X, Xiong J, Wang T. HPV16E7 mediates HADC chromatin repression and downregulation of MHC class I genes in HPV16 tumorigenic cells through interaction with an MHC class I promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:1315-21. [PMID: 16979588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Downregulation of the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I antigens on the surface of high-risk HPVs-transformed cells may contribute to their high tumorigenic potential, which enables them to escape immune recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In this study, we show that the viral E7 oncoprotein mediates transcriptional downregulation of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes by targeting the class I promoter in HPV16 containing CaSki tumor cells. Using the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we demonstrated that HPV16E7 and specific HADCs, including HADC1, HADC2, and HADC8, are physically associated with the class I promoter and the histone of the class I promoter was deacetylated. Knocking down of HPV16E7 expression with the E7-specific small interfering RNA induced the release of HPV17E7 as well as HDAC1 and HDAC2 from the class I promoter. Furthermore, HPV16E7 siRNA resulted in a dramatic increase in histone acetylation. Importantly, MHC class I antigen expression was up-regulated on the surface of cells transfected with the E7 siRNA, but not on that of untransfected cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the HPV16E7 protein is associated with the MHC class I promoter and mediates MHC class I downregulation by repressing chromatin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Center for Human Genome Research and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.
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13
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Linn YC, Wang SM, Hui KM. Comparative gene expression profiling of cytokine-induced killer cells in response to acute myloid leukemic and acute lymphoblastic leukemic stimulators using oligonucleotide arrays. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:671-81. [PMID: 15911091 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the molecular cytolytic mechanism of CD3+CD56+ cytokine-induced killer (CIK) effector cells, especially with reference to their ability to deliver potent cytolytic activities against acute myeloid leukemic (AML), but not acute lymphoblastic leukemic (ALL), blasts. METHODS We employed Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA, USA) oligonucleotide arrays to compare the gene expression profiles of CIK cells before and after stimulation by different leukemic cells. This includes the generation of six independent sets of CIK effectors against AML and ALL leukemic targets. RESULTS Majority of the highly expressed genes of the various CD3+CD56+ CIK effectors were regulated in concordance with, and were consistent with, a Th1 and Tc1 polarization. Genes related to protein synthesis were highly expressed in CIK cells, and upon stimulation by leukemic targets, genes related to signaling, immune responses, and transcription were further upregulated. More importantly, and corroborated with their cytolytic activities, the NK receptors genes, NKG2C and NKG2E, together with perforin, were upregulated exclusively in CIK cells that were cytolytic to susceptible AML targets. In comparison, transforming growth factorbeta1, a cytokine with immune inhibitory function, was exclusively upregulated in CIK cells that were exposed to resistant ALL targets. CONCLUSION In addition to demonstrating the presence of molecular regulatory pathways that are common to CIK effector cells, our present study also reveals molecular events that are unique to CIK effectors on stimulation with cytolytic-susceptible (AML) or cytolytic-resistant (ALL) targets. These observations could allow the design of strategies for future research on the application of CIK effector cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeh Ching Linn
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Zagzag D, Salnikow K, Chiriboga L, Yee H, Lan L, Ali MA, Garcia R, Demaria S, Newcomb EW. Downregulation of major histocompatibility complex antigens in invading glioma cells: stealth invasion of the brain. J Transl Med 2005; 85:328-41. [PMID: 15716863 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion into surrounding brain tissue is a fundamental feature of gliomas and the major reason for treatment failure. The process of brain invasion in gliomas is not well understood. Differences in gene expression and/or gene products between invading and noninvading glioma cells may identify potential targets for new therapies. To look for genes associated with glioma invasion, we first employed Affymetrix microarray Genechip technology to identify genes differentially expressed in migrating glioma cells in vitro and in invading glioma cells in vivo using laser capture microdissection. We observed upregulation of a variety of genes, previously reported to be linked to glioma cell migration and invasion. Remarkably, major histocompatiblity complex (MHC) class I and II genes were significantly downregulated in migrating cells in vitro and in invading cells in vivo. Decreased MHC expression was confirmed in migrating glioma cells in vitro using RT-PCR and in invading glioma cells in vivo by immunohistochemical staining of human and murine glioblastomas for beta2 microglobulin, a marker of MHC class I protein expression. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to describe the downregulation of MHC class I and II antigens in migrating and invading glioma cells, in vitro and in vivo, respectively. These results suggest that the very process of tumor invasion is associated with decreased expression of MHC antigens allowing glioma cells to invade the surrounding brain in a 'stealth'-like manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zagzag
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Koene GJPA, Arts-Hilkes YHA, van Dijk AJG, van der Ven KJW, Slootweg PJ, de Weger RA, Tilanus MGJ. High level of aneuploidy of chromosome 6 by FISH analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Limited applicability of LOH analysis to define HLA loss. Hum Immunol 2004; 65:1455-62. [PMID: 15603873 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I molecules are essential for tumor cell recognition by cytotoxic T cells of the adaptive immune system. Loss of HLA expression provides tumor cells with an escape mechanism to evade the immune system and thus immune therapy. Therefore, HLA loss, and in particular loss of heterozygosity (LOH), is frequently studied in tumors using microsatellite marker LOH analysis. Because LOH analysis detects any allelic imbalance and not just allelic loss, we evaluated the LOH analysis in nine head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). These tumors were selected from 53 HNSCCs based upon the HLA class I immunohistochemical staining and LOH data. FISH analysis showed that only two tumors with LOH and one without LOH indeed had loss and a normal chromosome 6 copy number, respectively. Strikingly, for the remaining six tumors, LOH analysis did not reflect the genome HLA copy number. We demonstrated that LOH analysis cannot distinguish loss from gain and that the HLA region is not homogeneously affected within a tumor. Tumor heterogeneity and complex aneuploidy in tumors hinder a straightforward interpretation of microsatellite marker analysis. For immune therapy strategies in cancer patients, knowledge of the HLA expression on tumor cells is essential, to which LOH analysis has a limited contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert J P A Koene
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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16
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Parajuli P, Mathupala S, Sloan AE. Systematic Comparison of Dendritic Cell-based Immunotherapeutic Strategies for Malignant Gliomas: In Vitro Induction of Cytolytic and Natural Killer-like T Cells. Neurosurgery 2004; 55:1194-204. [PMID: 15509326 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000141082.20865.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of various immunotherapeutic strategies of loading dendritic cells (DCs) with whole-glioma cell antigens and characterize the effector responses induced. METHODS DCs were either fused with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched glioma cells (Fusion) or pulsed with apoptotic tumor cells (DC/Apo), total tumor ribonucleic acid (RNA) (DC/RNA), or tumor lysate (DC/Lys). These tumor-DC preparations were then assessed for their phenotype, cytokine profile, and capacity to stimulate autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro. Phenotype and tumor-specific cytolytic activities of various effector cell populations were characterized and compared. RESULTS The various tumor-DC preparations exhibited similar phenotype and cytokine profiles irrespective of the method of loading tumor-cell antigens. However, the fusion, DC/Apo, and DC/RNA induced superior tumor cytolytic activities in PBMCs compared with DC/Lys or DC and tumor controls. DC/Apo induced the greatest expansion of tumor-specific lymphocytes, as detected by trypan blue exclusion and thymidine incorporation assays. Flow cytometric analyses also revealed the highest relative percentages of T helper cells (CD3+CD4+), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) (CD3+CD8+), and natural killer (NK)-like T cells (CD3+CD56+) in the DC/Apo group among all the groups studied, indicating that DC/Apo induced expansion of PBMCs bearing multiple T and NK cell markers. Interestingly, isolated NK-like T cells demonstrated significantly higher tumor cytotoxicity compared with CTLs isolated from the same groups and was also non-MHC-restricted. CONCLUSION Apoptotic tumor cells may be an optimal source of whole-tumor-cell antigen for immunotherapy of gliomas. The study also demonstrates for the first time that both CTLs and NK-like T cells are expanded and stimulated by mature, tumor-pulsed DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prahlad Parajuli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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17
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Abstract
The failure of conventional treatment modalities for gliomas, in spite of tremendous progress in research in the past two decades, has led to increasing interest in alternative treatment strategies, including immunotherapy. It has become evident that vaccination with dendritic cells (DC), designed to express tumor antigens, is a potent strategy to elicit anti-tumor immune response in both pre-clinical and clinical settings. Various methods have been applied in order to induce DC to express tumor antigens including: pulsing with isolated tumor peptides or whole tumor lysate; fusion with tumor cells; and pulsing with apoptotic tumor cells. Herein, we review the recent progress in DC biology with regard to tumor immunity and discuss current DC-based strategies and future prospects in immunotherapy for malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prahlad Parajuli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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18
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Rapp UR, Fensterle J, Albert S, Götz R. Raf kinases in lung tumor development. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 2004; 43:183-95. [PMID: 12791391 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(03)00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf R Rapp
- Institut für Medizinische, Strahlenkunde und Zellforschung (MSZ), Bayerische Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Universität Würzburg, Versbacher-Strasse 5, D-97078, Würzburg, Germany.
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19
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Nelson EL, Prieto D, Alexander TG, Pushko P, Lofts LA, Rayner JO, Kamrud KI, Fralish B, Smith JF. Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Replicon Immunization Overcomes Intrinsic Tolerance and Elicits Effective Anti-tumor Immunity to the ‘Self’ tumor-associated antigen, neu in a Rat Mammary Tumor Model. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003; 82:169-83. [PMID: 14703064 DOI: 10.1023/b:brea.0000004373.09678.bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) represent 'self' antigens and as such, are subject to the constraints of immunologic tolerance. There are significant barriers to eliciting anti-tumor immune responses of sufficient magnitude. We have taken advantage of a Venezuelan equine encephalitis-derived alphavirus replicon vector system with documented in vivo tropism for immune system dendritic cells. We have overcome the intrinsic tolerance to the 'self' TAA rat neu and elicited an effective anti-tumor immune response using this alphavirus replicon vector system and a designed target antigen in a rigorous rat mammary tumor model. We have demonstrated the capacity to generate 50% protection in tumor challenge experiments (p = 0.004) and we have confirmed the establishment of immunologic memory by both second tumor challenge and Winn Assay (p = 0.009). Minor antibody responses were identified and supported the establishment of T helper type 1 (Th1) anti-tumor immune responses by isotype. Animals surviving in excess of 300 days with established effective anti-tumor immunity showed no signs of autoimmune phenomena. Together these experiments support the establishment of T lymphocyte dependent, Th1-biased anti-tumor immune responses to a non-mutated 'self' TAA in an aggressive tumor model. Importantly, this tumor model is subject to the constraints of immunologic tolerance present in animals with normal developmental, temporal, and anatomical expression of a non-mutated TAA. These data support the continued development and potential clinical application of this alphaviral replicon vector system and the use of appropriately designed target antigen sequences for anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Immunization
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Receptor, ErbB-2/chemistry
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Replicon/immunology
- Self Tolerance
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L Nelson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 97697-4060, USA.
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20
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Mempel M, Ronet C, Lemaitre F, Lim A, Kourilsky P, Gachelin G, Musette P. The intratumoral application of poly-G-oligodeoxynucleotides does not augment the naturally induced antitumoral CD8-T-cell response in P815 mastocytomas. Immunol Lett 2003; 89:47-57. [PMID: 12946864 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA sequences containing CpG have been described to induce a strong immune reaction by acting on a variety of immune cells including a strong and pronounced antitumoral response. Poly-G-oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) on the other hand have been attributed the preferential induction of CD8-T-cell proliferation when used in vitro. This activity led us to the investigation of the possible antitumoral properties of poly-G-ODNs in an established CD8-dependent tumor eradication model. We used the well described poly-G-ODN 1628 in its capacity to enhance antitumoral CD8 response in the cutaneous mastocytoma P815. When injecting 30 microg of the purified phosphothioate-modified oligo into the tumor bearing area of P815 challenged mice for up to 12 consecutive days we did not observe increased tumor rejection as compared to the group of mice injected with a control oligo. The 1628-injected mice did not produce higher numbers of P815-specific CD8 cells as measured by P1A-, and P1E-tetramer staining and Immunoscope analysis. Furthermore, tumor-specific CD8 cells in 1628 did not show enhanced antitumoral cytotoxicity when analyzing lymphocyte-tumor cell co-cultures or transcription of the cytotoxic CD8-cell associated molecules interferon gamma, FAS ligand, perforin, or granzyme B by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. These experiments show that there is no enhanced induction of an antitumoral CD8 response after in situ administration of poly-G-ODNs in the P815 mastocytoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mempel
- Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM U277, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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21
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Smahel M, Síma P, Ludvíková V, Marinov I, Pokorná D, Vonka V. Immunisation with modified HPV16 E7 genes against mouse oncogenic TC-1 cell sublines with downregulated expression of MHC class I molecules. Vaccine 2003; 21:1125-36. [PMID: 12559790 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16)-transformed mouse TC-1 cells are extensively used in the evaluation of efficacy of experimental vaccines against tumours induced by HPVs. As these cells strongly express MHC class I molecules and downregulation of MHC class I surface expression is one of the important mechanisms that enable tumour escape from the host immune system, we undertook to derive TC-1 clones with reduced expression of MHC class I antigens. TC-1 cells were inoculated into mice preimmunised with an E7 gene-based DNA vaccine and from tumours developing in a portion of the animals, cell clones with downregulated MHC class I surface expression were isolated. Treatment with IFN-gamma resulted in an upregulation of MHC class I molecules in these cells, but after IFN-gamma removal, their expression gradually dropped again. When the expression of some components of the antigen-processing machinery (APM; LMP-2, TAP-1, and TAP-2) was tested, a reduced TAP-1 production was detected in cell lines with downregulated MHC class I expression. An enhanced immunoresistance of TC-1-derived clones with reduced MHC class I expression was observed in animals immunised with plasmids carrying modified E7 genes. Apart from the previously described fusion gene Sig/E7/LAMP-1, a new construct, Sig/E7GGG/LAMP-1, with a mutated Rb-binding site, was also used for immunisation. No significant change of immunogenicity was recorded for Sig/E7GGG/LAMP-1. Cell lines with downregulated MHC class I expression derived from TC-1 cells may represent a useful model for testing therapeutic anti-HPV vaccines in settings more relevant to clinical requirements.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Biolistics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Transformed/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed/transplantation
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, MHC Class I
- Genes, Synthetic
- Genes, ras
- H-2 Antigens/biosynthesis
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Immunization
- Immunotherapy, Active
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Lung
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/immunology
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/physiology
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Papillomaviridae/immunology
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins
- Recombinant Proteins
- Repressor Proteins
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription, Genetic
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Smahel
- Department of Experimental Virology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stevanovic
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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23
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Zachary AA, Bias WB, Johnson A, Rose SM, Leffell MS. Antigen, allele, and haplotype frequencies report of the ASHI minority antigens workshops: part 1, African-Americans. Hum Immunol 2001; 62:1127-36. [PMID: 11600220 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HLA typing was performed on 977 African Americans residing throughout most of the United States. Class I and class II antigens and class II alleles were defined for all individuals and class I alleles were determined for a subset of individuals. The occurrence of 854 of the individuals in family groups permitted direct counting of allele and haplotype frequencies. The data were analyzed for antigen, allele, and haplotype frequencies; recombination frequencies; segregation distortion; distribution of haplotype frequencies; linkage disequilibria; and geographic distribution of DR antigens. Tables of the antigen, allele, the most common two and three point haplotypes, and 88 extended haplotypes that include class I and class II alleles are presented. Notable findings include a lower than expected frequency of recombination between the B and DR loci (theta= 0.0013), lower than expected frequency of inheritance (44.5% vs 54.5%) of the DRB1*1503; DQB1*0602 haplotype, lower than anticipated linkage disequilibrium values for DR; DQ haplotypes, and a skewed geographic distribution of DR antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Zachary
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States with little or no impact from conventional treatment options. Significant advances in understanding basic immunology have renewed interest in using immunotherapy to treat pancreatic cancer. Cancer immunotherapy, including humanized MAbs, cytokines, and potent vaccine strategies, has been successful in animal models and is being evaluated in clinical trials. Gene therapy is also being explored using methods to inactivate oncogenes, replace defective tumor suppressor genes, confer enhanced chemosensitivity to tumor cells, and increase immunogenicity of tumor cells. Angiogenesis, an essential step in the growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer, has been targeted by many antiangiogenic agents. Several clinical trials have been initiated to evaluate the role of these innovative strategies in patients with pancreatic cancer with increasingly sophisticated correlative studies to learn more about the mechanisms of tumor rejection with these agents. The rapid translation of basic science discoveries to clinical trials should result in the development of new effective treatments for patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Lieberman
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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