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Shen M, Cai C, Song L, Qiu J, Ma C, Wang D, Gu X, Yang X, Wei W, Tao Y, Zhang J, Liu G, Zhu C. Elevated CO 2 and temperature under future climate change increase severity of rice sheath blight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1115614. [PMID: 36778685 PMCID: PMC9909553 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1115614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sheath blight (ShB), caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is one of the major threats to rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. However, it is not clear how the risk of rice ShB will respond to elevated CO2 and temperature under future climate change. Here, we conducted, field experiments of inoculated R. solani under combinations of two CO2 levels (ambient and enriched up to 590 μmol mol-1) and two temperature levels (ambient and increased by 2.0°C) in temperature by free-air CO2 enrichment (T-FACE) system for two cultivars (a susceptible cultivar, Lemont and a resistant cultivar, YSBR1). Results indicate that for the inoculation of plants with R. solani, the vertical length of ShB lesions for cv. Lemont was significantly longer than that for cv. YSBR1 under four CO2 and temperature treatments. The vertical length of ShB lesions was significantly increased by elevated temperature, but not by elevated CO2, for both cultivars. The vertical length of ShB lesions under the combination of elevated CO2 and elevated temperature was increased by 21-38% for cv. Lemont and by -1-6% for cv. YSBR1. A significant increase in MDA level was related to a significant increase in the vertical length of ShB lesions under the combination of elevated CO2 and elevated temperature. Elevated CO2 could not compensate for the negative effect of elevated temperature on yield of both cultivars under future climate change. Rice yield and biomass were further decreased by 2.0-2.5% and 2.9-4.2% by an increase in the severity of ShB under the combination of elevated CO2 and elevated temperature. Thus, reasonable agronomic management practices are required to improve both resistance to ShB disease and grain yield for rice under future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangbo Qiu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chuanqi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jishuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunwu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Senapati M, Tiwari A, Sharma N, Chandra P, Bashyal BM, Ellur RK, Bhowmick PK, Bollinedi H, Vinod KK, Singh AK, Krishnan SG. Rhizoctonia solani Kühn Pathophysiology: Status and Prospects of Sheath Blight Disease Management in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:881116. [PMID: 35592572 PMCID: PMC9111526 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.881116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sheath blight caused by necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kühn is one of the most serious diseases of rice. Use of high yielding semi dwarf cultivars with dense planting and high dose of nitrogenous fertilizers accentuates the incidence of sheath blight in rice. Its diverse host range and ability to remain dormant under unfavorable conditions make the pathogen more difficult to manage. As there are no sources of complete resistance, management through chemical control has been the most adopted method for sheath blight management. In this review, we provide an up-to-date comprehensive description of host-pathogen interactions, various control measures such as cultural, chemical, and biological as well as utilizing host plant resistance. The section on utilizing host plant resistance includes identification of resistant sources, mapping QTLs and their validation, identification of candidate gene(s) and their introgression through marker-assisted selection. Advances and prospects of sheath blight management through biotechnological approaches such as overexpression of genes and gene silencing for transgenic development against R. solani are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan Senapati
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajit Tiwari
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Priya Chandra
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Bishnu Maya Bashyal
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjith Kumar Ellur
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Haritha Bollinedi
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - K. K. Vinod
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Singh
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - S. Gopala Krishnan
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Understanding the Relationship between Water Availability and Biosilica Accumulation in Selected C4 Crop Leaves: An Experimental Approach. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081019. [PMID: 35448747 PMCID: PMC9031050 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biosilica accumulation in plant tissues is related to the transpiration stream, which in turn depends on water availability. Nevertheless, the debate on whether genetically and environmentally controlled mechanisms of biosilica deposition are directly connected to water availability is still open. We aim at clarifying the system which leads to the deposition of biosilica in Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum glaucum, and Eleusine coracana, expanding our understanding of the physiological role of silicon in crops well-adapted to arid environments, and simultaneously advancing the research in archaeological and paleoenvironmental studies. We cultivated ten traditional landraces for each crop in lysimeters, simulating irrigated and rain-fed scenarios in arid contexts. The percentage of biosilica accumulated in leaves indicates that both well-watered millet species deposited more biosilica than the water-stressed ones. By contrast, sorghum accumulated more biosilica with respect to the other two species, and biosilica accumulation was independent of the water regime. The water treatment alone did not explain either the variability of the assemblage or the differences in the biosilica accumulation. Hence, we hypothesize that genetics influence the variability substantially. These results demonstrate that biosilica accumulation differs among and within C4 species and that water availability is not the only driver in this process.
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Ismail LM, Soliman MI, Abd El-Aziz MH, Abdel-Aziz HMM. Impact of Silica Ions and Nano Silica on Growth and Productivity of Pea Plants under Salinity Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11040494. [PMID: 35214827 PMCID: PMC8876481 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of silicon (Si) and nano-silicon (NSi) on growth, yield, ions content, and antioxidant defense systems, including transcript levels of enzyme-encoding genes in Pisum sativum plants grown under salinity stress. Both Si and NSi were applied at the 3 mM level and NaCl was applied at 4 concentrations (100, 150, 200 and 250 mM). Vegetative growth, including plant height, leaf area, fresh and dry weights, and yield attributes were determined. Gene expression of antioxidant enzymes was analyzed, and their activities were determined. The results showed that salinity had deleterious effects on plant growth and yield. Salt-stressed plant leaves exhibited a greater activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), but a lower activity of catalase (CAT) when compared to the control. Na+ ions accumulated in roots and shoots of salinized plants. The application of Si and NSi significantly enhanced vegetative growth and relative water content (RWC), and caused significant increases in plant height, fresh and dry weight, total yield, and antioxidant defense systems. Si and NSi enhanced K+ content in roots and shoots under salinity treatment and decreased Na+ content in the studied tissues. It was concluded that the application of NSi was beneficial in improving the salt tolerance of Pisum sativum plants more than Si alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa M. Ismail
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (L.M.I.); (M.I.S.)
| | - Magda I. Soliman
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (L.M.I.); (M.I.S.)
| | | | - Heba M. M. Abdel-Aziz
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (L.M.I.); (M.I.S.)
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Sathe AP, Kumar A, Mandlik R, Raturi G, Yadav H, Kumar N, Shivaraj SM, Jaswal R, Kapoor R, Gupta SK, Sharma TR, Sonah H. Role of silicon in elevating resistance against sheath blight and blast diseases in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:128-139. [PMID: 34102436 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae and sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani, are the two major diseases of rice that cause enormous losses in rice production worldwide. Identification and utilization of broad-spectrum resistance resources have been considered sustainable and effective strategies. However, the majority of the resistance genes and QTLs identified have often been found to be race-specific, and their resistance is frequently broken down due to continuous exposure to the pathogen. Therefore, integrated approaches to improve plant resistance against such devastating pathogen have great importance. Silicon (Si), a beneficial element for plant growth, has shown to provide a prophylactic effect against many pathogens. The application of Si helps the plants to combat the disease-causing pathogens, either through its deposition in different parts of the plant or through modulation/induction of specific defense genes by yet an unknown mechanism. Some reports have shown that Si imparts resistance to rice blast and sheath blight. The present review summarizes the mechanism of Si transport and deposition and its effect on rice growth and development. A special emphasis has been given to explore the existing evidence showing Si mediated blast and sheath blight resistance and the mechanism involved in resistance. This review will help to understand the prophylactic effects of Si against sheath blight and blast disease at the mechanical, physiological, and genetic levels. The information provided here will help develop a strategy to explore Si derived benefits for sustainable rice production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Rushil Mandlik
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gaurav Raturi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Himanshu Yadav
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Nirbhay Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - S M Shivaraj
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Rajdeep Jaswal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Ritu Kapoor
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | | | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- Department of Crop Science, Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India.
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Lin YH, Shen SM, Wen CJ, Lin YJ, Chang TD, Chu SC. Molecular Detection Assays for Rapid Field-Detection of Rice Sheath Blight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:552916. [PMID: 33505407 PMCID: PMC7829186 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.552916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani (Rs), a soil-borne fungal pathogen, can result in rice sheath blight (ShB), which causes yield loss. To prevent outbreaks of ShB and enhance the sustainability of rice production, it is critical to develop a rapid ShB detection method for specific, fast, and on-site disease management. In this study, a reagent for the rapid extraction of this pathogen was developed for on-site detection. The specificity and sensitivity of a novel SMS RS1-F/SMS RS1-R primer set and a ITS1/GMRS-3 reference primer set were tested, while four different extraction protocols for ShB were developed. Moreover, intraday and interday assays were performed to evaluate the reproducibility of the detection methods developed. The results indicated that all of the developed protocols are suitable for use in detecting ShB. In addition, all the samples of infected rice yielded positive Rs detection results when subjected to TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR and SYBR green-based real-time PCR (SMS RS1-F/SMS RS1-R) tests in which automatic magnetic bead-based DNA extraction was performed. These results indicated that the two molecular detection protocols were suitable for the field diagnosis of ShB for all asymptomatic and symptomatic rice samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hong Lin
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Plant Medicine Teaching Hospital, General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Mao Shen
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jie Wen
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jia Lin
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-De Chang
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chi Chu
- Biological Control Branch Station, Miaoli District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Miaoli, Taiwan
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7
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Gomes RDSS, Nascimento LCD. Induction of resistance to Colletotrichum truncatum in lima bean. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000022018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Anthracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum) is one of the major diseases of the lima bean culture, found in production fields, causing decrease in productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of abiotic and biotic inducers applied in lima bean plants to reduce anthracnose severity. Lima bean accessions were used and treated with: the abiotic inducers calcium silicate (Agrosilício Plus) and silicate clay (Rocksil), using the 3 g dose.L-1; the biotic inducer citric biomass extract (Ecolife), at the dose of 3 mL.L-1; and distilled water as control. To evaluate the resistance induction, the results of severity and degree of resistance of fava bean at 7, 11, 15, 19 and 23 days after inoculation were considered according to the scale of grades and classes of reactions. The design was a randomized block in a factorial arrangement 4 × 15 (treatments × hits) with four blocks. Resistance inducers Agrosilicon Plus, Ecolife and Rocksil have potential to be used in the management of anthracnose in fava bean. The studied accesses showed degree of resistance, being able to be explored in relation to obtaining anthracnose resistant cultivars in future breeding programs of this crop.
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8
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El-Argawy E, Rahhal M, El-Korany A, Elshabrawy E, Eltahan R. Efficacy of Some Nanoparticles to Control Damping-off and Root
Rot of Sugar Beet in El-Behiera Governorate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ajppaj.2017.35.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Rahman A, Wallis CM, Uddin W. Silicon-Induced Systemic Defense Responses in Perennial Ryegrass Against Infection by Magnaporthe oryzae. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:748-57. [PMID: 25738553 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-14-0378-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable integrated disease management for gray leaf spot of perennial ryegrass may involve use of plant defense elicitors with compatible traditional fungicides to reduce disease incidence and severity. Silicon (Si) has previously been identified as a potential inducer or modulator of plant defenses against different fungal pathogens. To this end, perennial ryegrass was inoculated with the causal agent of gray leaf spot, Magnaporthe oryzae, when grown in soil that was nonamended or amended with three different levels of calcium silicate (1, 5, or 10 metric tons [t]/ha). When applied at a rate of 5 t/ha, calcium silicate was found to significantly suppress gray leaf spot in perennial ryegrass, including a significant reduction of disease incidence (39.5%) and disease severity (47.3%). Additional studies observed nonpenetrated papillae or cell-wall appositions harboring callose, phenolic autofluorogens, and lignin-associated polyphenolic compounds in grass grown in the Si-amended soil. Regarding defense-associated enzyme levels, only following infection did grass grown in Si-amended soil exhibit greater activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase than equivalent inoculated control plants. Also following infection with M. oryzae, grass levels of several phenolic acids, including chlorogenic acid and flavonoids, and relative expression levels of genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PALa and PALb) and lipoxygenase (LOXa) significantly increased in Si-amended plants compared with that of nonamended control plants. These results suggest that Si-mediated increase of host defense responses to fungal pathogens in perennial ryegrass has a great potential to be part of an effective integrated disease management strategy against gray leaf spot development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamgir Rahman
- First and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; and second author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Christopher M Wallis
- First and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; and second author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Wakar Uddin
- First and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802; and second author: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
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Sahebi M, Hanafi MM, Siti Nor Akmar A, Rafii MY, Azizi P, Tengoua FF, Nurul Mayzaitul Azwa J, Shabanimofrad M. Importance of silicon and mechanisms of biosilica formation in plants. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:396010. [PMID: 25685787 PMCID: PMC4317640 DOI: 10.1155/2015/396010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is one of the most prevalent macroelements, performing an essential function in healing plants in response to environmental stresses. The purpose of using Si is to induce resistance to distinct stresses, diseases, and pathogens. Additionally, Si can improve the condition of soils, which contain toxic levels of heavy metals along with other chemical elements. Silicon minimizes toxicity of Fe, Al, and Mn, increases the availability of P, and enhances drought along with salt tolerance in plants through the formation of silicified tissues in plants. However, the concentration of Si depends on the plants genotype and organisms. Hence, the physiological mechanisms and metabolic activities of plants may be affected by Si application. Peptides as well as amino acids can effectively create polysilicic species through interactions with different species of silicate inside solution. The carboxylic acid and the alcohol groups of serine and asparagine tend not to engage in any significant role in polysilicates formation, but the hydroxyl group side chain can be involved in the formation of hydrogen bond with Si(OH)4. The mechanisms and trend of Si absorption are different between plant species. Furthermore, the transportation of Si requires an energy mechanism; thus, low temperatures and metabolic repressors inhibit Si transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbod Sahebi
- Laboratory of Plantation Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed M. Hanafi
- Laboratory of Plantation Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Siti Nor Akmar
- Laboratory of Plantation Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Y. Rafii
- Laboratory of Food Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Parisa Azizi
- Laboratory of Food Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - F. F. Tengoua
- Laboratory of Plantation Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamaludin Nurul Mayzaitul Azwa
- Laboratory of Plantation Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. Shabanimofrad
- Laboratory of Food Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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11
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Ning D, Song A, Fan F, Li Z, Liang Y. Effects of slag-based silicon fertilizer on rice growth and brown-spot resistance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102681. [PMID: 25036893 PMCID: PMC4103847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that slag-based silicon fertilizers have beneficial effects on the growth and disease resistance of rice. However, their effects vary greatly with sources of slag and are closely related to availability of silicon (Si) in these materials. To date, few researches have been done to compare the differences in plant performance and disease resistance between different slag-based silicon fertilizers applied at the same rate of plant-available Si. In the present study both steel and iron slags were chosen to investigate their effects on rice growth and disease resistance under greenhouse conditions. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine the effects of slags on ultrastructural changes in leaves of rice naturally infected by Bipolaris oryaze, the causal agent of brown spot. The results showed that both slag-based Si fertilizers tested significantly increased rice growth and yield, but decreased brown spot incidence, with steel slag showing a stronger effect than iron slag. The results of SEM analysis showed that application of slags led to more pronounced cell silicification in rice leaves, more silica cells, and more pronounced and larger papilla as well. The results of TEM analysis showed that mesophyll cells of slag-untreated rice leaf were disorganized, with colonization of the fungus (Bipolaris oryzae), including chloroplast degradation and cell wall alterations. The application of slag maintained mesophyll cells relatively intact and increased the thickness of silicon layer. It can be concluded that applying slag-based fertilizer to Si-deficient paddy soil is necessary for improving both rice productivity and brown spot resistance. The immobile silicon deposited in host cell walls and papillae sites is the first physical barrier for fungal penetration, while the soluble Si in the cytoplasm enhances physiological or induced resistance to fungal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Ning
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Nutrition and Fertilization, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Alin Song
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Nutrition and Fertilization, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fenliang Fan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Nutrition and Fertilization, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojun Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Nutrition and Fertilization, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongchao Liang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Nutrition and Fertilization, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Wu W, Wan X, Shah F, Fahad S, Huang J. The role of antioxidant enzymes in adaptive responses to sheath blight infestation under different fertilization rates and hill densities. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:502134. [PMID: 25136671 PMCID: PMC4127202 DOI: 10.1155/2014/502134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheath blight of rice, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is one of the most devastating rice diseases worldwide. No rice cultivar has been found to be completely resistant to this fungus. Identifying antioxidant enzymes activities (activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)) and malondialdehyde content (MDA) responding to sheath blight infestation is imperative to understand the defensive mechanism systems of rice. In the present study, two inoculation methods (toothpick and agar block method) were tested in double-season rice. Toothpick method had greater lesion length than agar block method in late season. A higher MDA content was found under toothpick method compared with agar block method, which led to greater POD and SOD activities. Dense planting caused higher lesion length resulting in a higher MDA content, which also subsequently stimulated higher POD and SOD activity. Sheath blight severity was significantly related to the activity of antioxidant enzyme during both seasons. The present study implies that rice plants possess a system of antioxidant protective enzymes which helps them in adaptation to sheath blight infection stresses. Several agronomic practices, such as rational use of fertilizers and optimum planting density, involved in regulating antioxidant protective enzyme systems can be regarded as promising strategy to suppress the sheath blight development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation (The Middle Reaches of Yangtze River), College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xuejie Wan
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Farooq Shah
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shah Fahad
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation (The Middle Reaches of Yangtze River), College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jianliang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation (The Middle Reaches of Yangtze River), College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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Van Bockhaven J, De Vleesschauwer D, Höfte M. Towards establishing broad-spectrum disease resistance in plants: silicon leads the way. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:1281-93. [PMID: 23255278 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly threatened by a wide array of microbial pathogens. Pathogen invasion can lead to vast yield losses and the demand for sustainable plant-protection strategies has never been greater. Chemical plant activators and selected strains of rhizobacteria can increase resistance against specific types of pathogens but these treatments are often ineffective or even cause susceptibility against others. Silicon application is one of the scarce examples of a treatment that effectively induces broad-spectrum disease resistance. The prophylactic effect of silicon is considered to be the result of both passive and active defences. Although the phenomenon has been known for decades, very little is known about the molecular basis of silicon-afforded disease control. By combining knowledge on how silicon interacts with cell metabolism in diatoms and plants, this review describes silicon-induced regulatory mechanisms that might account for broad-spectrum plant disease resistance. Priming of plant immune responses, alterations in phytohormone homeostasis, regulation of iron homeostasis, silicon-driven photorespiration and interaction with defence signalling components all are potential mechanisms involved in regulating silicon-triggered resistance responses. Further elucidating how silicon exerts its beneficial properties may create new avenues for developing plants that are better able to withstand multiple attackers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Van Bockhaven
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience-Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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Wattanapay W, Polthanee A, Siri B, Bhadalung NN, Promkhambu A. Effects of Silicon in Suppressing Blast Disease and Increasing Grain Yield of Organic Rice in Northeast Thailand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ajppaj.2011.134.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Rambo MK, Cardoso AL, Bevilaqua DB, Rizzetti, TM, Ramos LA, Korndorfer GH, Martins AF. Silica from Rice Husk Ash as an Additive for Rice Plant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ja.2011.99.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Botelho D, Pozza E, Alves E, Botelho C, Pozza A, Ribeiro Júnior P, Souza PD. EFEITO DO SILÍCIO NA INTENSIDADE DA CERCOSPORIOSE E NA NUTRIÇÃO MINERAL DE MUDAS DE CAFEEIRO. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v78p0232011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O presente trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito do silício na intensidade da cercosporiose e na nutrição mineral de mudas de cafeeiro. No experimento 1, testou-se seis doses de ácido silícico (0, 0,5; 1; 2; 4 e 6 g kg–1 de solo) em mudas da cultivar Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99 inoculadas com o fungo Cercospora coffeicola. No experimento 2, foram realizadas microanálises de raios-X para a avaliação de nutrientes presentes nas folhas das mudas de cafeeiro das cultivares Topázio MG1190 e Icatu Precoce IAC 3282, inoculadas e não inoculadas com C. coffeicola, com e sem silicato de cálcio (1 g kg-1 de solo). Com o aumento das doses de ácido silícico observou-se redução na área abaixo da curva de progresso do número de lesões por folha (AACPNLF), redução linear nos teores foliares de magnésio e fósforo e aumento nos teores de enxofre e cobre. Os teores foliares de boro apresentaram comportamento quadrático, diminuindo com o aumento das doses de ácido silícico e aumentando a partir da dose de 4 g kg-1 de solo. Em microanálise de raio X, mudas de cafeeiro com cercosporiose apresentam menores picos de potássio e cálcio, independente da cultivar utilizada.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.M.S. Botelho
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | - E. Alves
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brasil
| | - C.E. Botelho
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Dallagnol LJ, Rodrigues FA, Mielli MVB, Ma JF, Datnoff LE. Defective active silicon uptake affects some components of rice resistance to brown spot. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2009; 99:116-121. [PMID: 19055443 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-99-1-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rice is known to accumulate high amounts of silicon (Si) in plant tissue, which helps to decrease the intensity of many economically important rice diseases. Among these diseases, brown spot, caused by the fungus Bipolaris oryzae, is one of the most devastating because it negatively affects yield and grain quality. This study aimed to evaluate the importance of active root Si uptake in rice for controlling brown spot development. Some components of host resistance were evaluated in a rice mutant, low silicon 1 (lsi1), defective in active Si uptake, and its wild-type counterpart (cv. Oochikara). Plants were inoculated with B. oryzae after growing for 35 days in a hydroponic culture amended with 0 or 2 mMol Si. The components of host resistance evaluated were incubation period (IP), relative infection efficiency (RIE), area under brown spot progress curve (AUBSPC), final lesion size (FLS), rate of lesion expansion (r), and area under lesion expansion progress curve (AULEPC). Si content from both Oochikara and lsi1 in the +Si treatment increased in leaf tissue by 219 and 178%, respectively, over the nonamended controls. Plants from Oochikara had 112% more Si in leaf tissue than plants from lsi1. The IP of brown spot from Oochikara increased approximately 6 h in the presence of Si and the RIE, AUBSPC, FLS, r, and AULEPC were significantly reduced by 65, 75, 33, 36, and 35%, respectively. In the presence of Si, the IP increased 3 h for lsi1 but the RIE, AUBSPC, FLS, r, and AULEPC were reduced by only 40, 50, 12, 21, and 12%, respectively. The correlation between Si leaf content and IP was significantly positive but Si content was negatively correlated with RIE, AUBSPC, FLS, r, and AULEPC. Single degree-of-freedom contrasts showed that Oochikara and lsi1 supplied with Si were significantly different from those not supplied with Si for all components of resistance evaluated. This result showed that a reduced Si content in tissues of plants from lsi1 dramatically affected its basal level of resistance to brown spot, suggesting that a minimum Si concentration is needed. Consequently, the results of this study emphasized the importance of an active root Si uptake system for an increase in rice resistance to brown spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro J Dallagnol
- Viçosa Federal University, Department of Plant Pathology, Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
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Cai K, Gao D, Luo S, Zeng R, Yang J, Zhu X. Physiological and cytological mechanisms of silicon-induced resistance in rice against blast disease. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2008; 134:324-33. [PMID: 18513376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) blast disease caused by Magnaporthe grisea is one of the most destructive diseases in the rice-growing areas of the world. Silicon is an important nutritional element especially for rice. Two near-isogenic lines of rice with different resistance to blast disease, i.e. CO39 (susceptible) and C101LAC (Pi-1) (resistant), were selected to determine the effects of Si amendment on the severity and incidence of rice blast disease. The physiological and cytological mechanisms involved in the induced disease resistance by silicon were investigated. Exogenous Si application at a concentration of 2 mM reduced the disease index by 45% for CO39 and 56% for C101LAC (Pi-1). Si application alone did not change lignin content and the activities of defense-related enzymes including peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in rice leaves of both isogenic lines. However, after inoculation with M. grisea, Si-treated rice plants significantly increased the activities of POD, PPO and PAL in leaves of both isogenic lines. Si and lignin content were also significantly increased in Si-treated inoculated seedlings. Environmental scanning electron microscope observations revealed that Si amendment resulted in higher Si deposit on dumbbell bodies in the rice leaves and silicon papilla accumulation on the guard cell of stoma. These results suggest that silicon-induced defense response and cell silicification of rice leaves altogether contribute to the silicon-induced rice resistance to blast disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunzheng Cai
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Ecology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Gong HJ, Randall DP, Flowers TJ. Silicon deposition in the root reduces sodium uptake in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings by reducing bypass flow. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:1970-9. [PMID: 16930322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sodium chloride reduces the growth of rice seedlings, which accumulate excessive concentrations of sodium and chloride ions in their leaves. In this paper, we describe how silicon decreases transpirational bypass flow and ion concentrations in the xylem sap in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings growing under NaCl stress. Salt (50 mM NaCl) reduced the growth of shoots and roots: adding silicate (3 mM) to the saline culture solution improved the growth of the shoots, but not roots. The improvement of shoot growth in the presence of silicate was correlated with reduced sodium concentration in the shoot. The net transport rate of Na from the root to shoot (expressed per unit of root mass) was also decreased by added silicate. There was, however, no effect of silicate on the net transport of potassium. Furthermore, in salt-stressed plants, silicate did not decrease the transpiration, and even increased it in seedlings pre-treated with silicate for 7 d prior to salt treatment, indicating that the reduction of sodium uptake by silicate was not simply through a reduction in volume flow from root to shoot. Experiments using trisodium-8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulphonic acid (PTS), an apoplastic tracer, showed that silicate dramatically decreased transpirational bypass flow in rice (from about 4.2 to 0.8%), while the apparent sodium concentration in the xylem, which was estimated indirectly from the flux data, decreased from 6.2 to 2.8 mM. Direct measurements of the concentration of sodium in xylem sap sampled using Philaenus spumarius confirmed that the apparent reduction was not a consequence of sodium recycling. X-ray microanalysis showed that silicon was deposited in the outer part of the root and in the endodermis, being more obvious in the latter than in the former. The results suggest that silicon deposition in the exodermis and endodermis reduced sodium uptake in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings under NaCl stress through a reduction in apoplastic transport across the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Gong
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
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Botelho DMS, Pozza EA, Pozza AAA, Carvalho JGD, Botelho CE, Souza PED. Intensidade da cercosporiose em mudas de cafeeiro em função de fontes e doses de silício. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-41582005000600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito dos silicatos de cálcio e de sódio sobre a intensidade da cercosporiose (Cercospora coffeicola) em mudas de cafeeiro (Coffea arabica), cultivar Catuaí IAC 99, nas doses 0; 0,32; 0,64; 1,26 g de SiO2.kg-1 de substrato. Foram realizadas cinco avaliações quinzenais nas quais se quantificou o número de plantas doentes, o número de folhas lesionadas por planta, o número de lesões por folha e o número total de lesões por planta. Essas avaliações foram utilizadas para construir a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença. Ao término das avaliações, foram determinados os teores de macro, micronutrientes, silício e lignina na parte aérea das mudas de cafeeiro. A menor área abaixo da curva de progresso do total de lesões foi obtida com a dose de 0,84 g.kg-1 de silicato de sódio. Observou-se decréscimo linear para área abaixo da curva de progresso do número de plantas doentes e aumento na concentração de lignina nas folhas até a dose de 0,52 g.kg-1 de silicato de sódio, enquanto no caule houve acúmulo de SiO2 até 0,53 g.kg.-1.
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Abstract
The element silicon (Si) is not considered an essential nutrient for plant function. Nevertheless, Si is absorbed from soil in large amounts that are several fold higher than those of other essential macronutrients in certain plant species. Its beneficial effects have been reported in various situations, especially under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. The most significant effect of Si on plants, besides improving their fitness in nature and increasing agricultural productivity, is the restriction of parasitism. There has been a considerable amount of research showing the positive effect of Si in controlling diseases in important crops. Rice (Oryza sativa), in particular, is affected by the presence of Si, with diseases such as blast, brown spot and sheath blight becoming more severe on rice plants grown in Si-depleted soils. The hypothesis underlying the control of some diseases in both mono- and di-cots by Si has been confined to that of a mechanical barrier resulting from its polymerization in planta. However, some studies show that Si-mediated resistance against pathogens is associated with the accumulation of phenolics and phytoalexins as well as with the activation of some PR-genes. These findings strongly suggest that Si plays an active role in the resistance of some plants to diseases rather than forming a physical barrier that impedes penetration by fungal pathogens.
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Rodrigues FA, Benhamou N, Datnoff LE, Jones JB, Bélanger RR. Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of silicon-mediated rice blast resistance. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2003; 93:535-46. [PMID: 18942975 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2003.93.5.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Although exogenous application of silicon (Si) confers efficient control of rice blast, the probable hypothesis underlying this phenomenon has been confined to that of a mechanical barrier resulting from Si polymerization in planta. However, in this study, we provide the first cytological evidence that Si-mediated resistance to Magnaporthe grisea in rice correlates with specific leaf cell reaction that interfered with the development of the fungus. Accumulation of an amorphous material that stained densely with toluidine blue and reacted positively to osmium tetroxide was a typical feature of cell reaction to infection by M. grisea in samples from Si+ plants. As a result, the extent of fungal colonization was markedly reduced in samples from Si+ plants. In samples from Si- plants, M. grisea grew actively and colonized all leaf tissues. Cytochemi-cal labeling of chitin revealed no difference in the pattern of chitin localization over fungal cell walls of either Si+ or Si- plants at 96 h after inoculation, indicating limited production of chitinases by the rice plant as a mechanism of defense response. On the other hand, the occurrence of empty fungal hyphae, surrounded or trapped in amorphous material, in samples from Si+ plants suggests that phenolic-like compounds or phytoalexins played a primary role in rice defense response against infection by M. grisea. This finding brings new insights into the complex role played by Si in the nature of rice blast resistance.
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