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Manara C, Brazzoli M, Piccioli D, Taccone M, D'Oro U, Maione D, Frigimelica E. Co-administration of GM-CSF expressing RNA is a powerful tool to enhance potency of SAM-based vaccines. Vaccine 2019; 37:4204-4213. [PMID: 31227353 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-amplifying mRNAs (SAM)-based vaccines have been shown to induce a robust immune response in various animal species against both viral and bacterial pathogens. Due to their synthetic nature and to the versatility of the manufacturing process, SAM technology may represent an attractive solution for rapidly producing novel vaccines, which is particularly critical in case of pandemic infections or diseases mediated by newly emerging pathogens. Recent published data support the hypothesis that Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) are responsible for CD8+ T-cell priming after SAM vaccination, suggesting cross-priming as the key mechanism for antigen presentation by SAM vaccines. In our study we investigated the possibility to enhance the immune response induced in mice by a single immunization with SAM by increasing the recruitment of APCs at the site of injection. To enhance SAM immunogenicity, we selected murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as a model chemoattractant for APCs, and developed a SAM-GM-CSF vector. We evaluated whether the use of SAM-GM-CSF in combination with a SAM construct encoding the Influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP) would lead to an increase of APC recruitment and NP-specific immune response. We indeed observed that the administration of SAM-GM-CSF enhances the recruitment of APCs at the injection site. Consistently with our hypothesis, co-administration of SAM-GM-CSF with SAM-NP significantly improved the magnitude of NP-specific CD8+ T-cell response both in terms of frequency of cytotoxic antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells and their functional activity in vivo. Furthermore, co-immunization with SAM-GM-CSF and SAM-NP provided an increase in protection against a lethal challenge with influenza virus. In conclusion, we demonstrated that increased recruitment of APCs at the site of injection is associated with an enhanced effectiveness of SAM vaccination and might be a powerful tool to potentiate the efficacy of RNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diego Piccioli
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Ugo D'Oro
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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2
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Gorzin Z, Gorzin AA, Tabarraei A, Behnampour N, Irani S, Ghaemi A. Immunogenicity evaluation of a DNA vaccine expressing the hepatitis C virus non-structural protein 2 gene in C57BL/6 mice. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 18:1-7. [PMID: 24375156 DOI: 10.6091/ibj.1231.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Most of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections elicit poor immune responses and 75% to 85% of cases become chronic; therefore, the development of an effective vaccine against HCV is of paramount importance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate co-administration of HCV non-Structural Protein 2 and IL-12 DNA vaccines in C57BL/6 mice. METHODS A plasmid encoding full-length HCV NS2 protein (non-structural protein 2) was generated and used to vaccinate mice. Negative control (an empty expression vector) was also employed to evaluate the background response. To investigate immune responses against vaccine, C57BL/6 mice received three doses of the vaccine with a two-week interval. Cellular immunity was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay for lymphocyte proliferation, lactate dehydrogenase release for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity and cytokine assay. RESULTS The findings demonstrated that immunization of mice with plasmid expressing HCV NS2 induced CTL response, interferon gamma production, and lymphocyte proliferation compared to negative control. The results also demonstrated that co-administration of IL-12 with the HCV NS2 plasmid induced significantly better immune response in C57BL/6 mice. CONCLUSION DNA vaccine encoding HCV NS2 is an effective candidate that can trigger CTL-based immune response against HCV. In addition, the results suggested that combining the DNA vaccine approach with immune stimulatory cytokines may significantly enhance antigen-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Gorzin
- Dept. of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Gorzin
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Naser Behnampour
- Dept. of Statistics, Gorgan Para-Medical School, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Shiva Irani
- Dept. of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology-GRCGH, Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Al Anbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Hepatitis C vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Further analysis of protection induced by the MIC3 DNA vaccine against T. gondii: CD4 and CD8 T cells are the major effectors of the MIC3 DNA vaccine-induced protection, both Lectin-like and EGF-like domains of MIC3 conferred protection. Vaccine 2009; 27:2959-66. [PMID: 19428907 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted mainly to evaluate the contribution of the cellular and the humoral responses in protection conferred by the MIC3 DNA vaccine (pMIC3i) that was proved as a potent vaccine against toxoplasmosis. We performed the adoptive transfer of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes from pMIC3i immunized mice to naive ones and the role of humoral immunity was evaluated by in vitro invasion assays. We also constructed plasmids encoding the EGF-like domains and the Lectin-like domain of MIC3, to define which domains of MIC3 are involved in the protection. Furthermore, the adjuvant effect of the GM-CSF-expressing vector (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) required the precise temporal and spatial codelivery of GM-CSF with antigen, thus, we constructed a bicistronic plasmid expressing MIC3 and GM-CSF. In conclusion, the protection induced by pMIC3i was mainly mediated by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes and both EGF and Lectin domains of MIC3 conferred protection. Furthermore, the codelivery of GM-CSF by a bicistronic plasmid appeared to be a most effective way for enhancing the adjuvant properties of GM-CSF.
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Tian Y, Zhang HH, Wei L, Du SC, Chen HS, Fei R, Liu F. The functional evaluation of dendritic cell vaccines based on different hepatitis C virus nonstructural genes. Viral Immunol 2008; 20:553-61. [PMID: 18158729 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2007.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural (NS) genes are relatively conserved and play critical roles in cellular immune responses against HCV. The aim of the study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of the different HCV NS genes through transduction of DCs and presentation to T cells. Monocyte-derived DCs from healthy donors were infected with the recombinant adenovirus (Ad) harboring HCV NS3 (AdNS3), NS4 (NS4A and NS4B; AdNS4), NS5 (NS5A and NS5B; AdNS5), NS3/NS4 (AdNS3/NS4), and NS4/NS5 (AdNS4/NS5) genes, and then used to stimulate autologous lymphocytes in vitro. Antigen-specific cellular immune responses were detected by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and Granzyme B (GrB) enzyme-linked immunospot assays (ELISPOT). DCs expressing different HCV NS genes all induced positive immune responses. Furthermore, DCs transfected with AdNS3/NS4 were superior to DCs infected with AdNS3 or AdNS4 in inducing HCV-specific immunity. The same results were obtained when we compared DCs infected with AdNS4/NS5 to AdNS4 or AdNS5. DCs transduced with NS3/NS4 or NS4/NS5 had similar ability to elicit specific immune responses to HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Hepatology Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Milling SWF, Yrlid U, Jenkins C, Richards CM, Williams NA, MacPherson G. Regulation of intestinal immunity: effects of the oral adjuvant Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin on migrating dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:87-99. [PMID: 17163449 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (Etx) is an oral adjuvant in mice. We show that this is also true for rats. To understand this adjuvant activity we examined lymph dendritic cells (DC) migrating from the intestine to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) in animals fed Etx. These DC can prime antigen-specific antibody responses. We show that in rats the small intestine contains 7-24 million DC and 8 x 10(5 )of these migrate to MLN each day. Surprisingly, Etx does not stimulate increased migration of lymph DC. However, oral Etx affects the activation, antigen transport and localization of migratory DC. Specifically, expression of CD25 increases on the CD172a(high) subset of lymph DC. Oral Etx also increases the number of CD172a(high) lymph DC containing co-administered ovalbumin. CD172a(high) lymph DC treated with Etx in vitro, or purified from the lymph of animals fed Etx, stimulate stronger proliferative responses from primed T cells. Etx also directs more of the CD172a(high) lymph DC into the central region of the MLN T cell areas. This change in DC localization is associated with an increase in the expression of CCR7. These data help advance our understanding of the role of DC in initiating mucosal immune responses in vivo.
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Qiu JT, Chang TC, Lin CT, Chen YM, Li FQ, Soong YK, Lai CH. Novel codon-optimized GM-CSF gene as an adjuvant to enhance the immunity of a DNA vaccine against HIV-1 Gag. Vaccine 2007; 25:253-63. [PMID: 16971027 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a potent immunomodulatory cytokine. Here we generated a novel codon-optimized murine GM-CSF gene as an adjuvant. The codon-optimized GM-CSF gene significantly increased protein expression levels in all cells tested. Although injection of the wild-type GM-CSF plasmids adjuvanted HIV-1 Gag DNA vaccine induced detectable immune responses, co-administration of plasmids encoding the codon-optimized GM-CSF sequence with the DNA vaccine resulted in a strong antibody and CTL responses and a protective immune response against infection with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HIV-1 Gag. This novel codon-optimized GM-CSF gene offers a practical molecular strategy for potentiating immune responses to vaccines as well as other immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Tai Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Department of Life Science, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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9
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Wang J, Gujar SA, Cova L, Michalak TI. Bicistronic woodchuck hepatitis virus core and gamma interferon DNA vaccine can protect from hepatitis but does not elicit sterilizing antiviral immunity. J Virol 2006; 81:903-16. [PMID: 17079319 PMCID: PMC1797430 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01537-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunity elicited against nucleocapsid of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and closely related woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) has been shown to be important in resolution of hepatitis and protection from infection. Further, activity of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), which may directly inhibit hepadnavirus replication, promotes antiviral defense and favors T helper cell type 1 (Th1) response, which is seemingly a prerequisite of HBV clearance. In this study, to enhance induction of protective immunity against hepadnavirus, healthy woodchucks were immunized with a bicistronic DNA vaccine carrying WHV core (WHc) and woodchuck IFN-gamma (wIFN-gamma) gene sequences. Three groups, each group containing three animals, were injected once or twice with 0.5 mg, 0.9 mg, or 1.5 mg per dose of this vaccine. In addition, four animals received two injections of 0.6 mg or 1 mg WHc DNA alone. All animals were challenged with WHV. The results showed that four of nine animals injected with the bicistronic vaccine and one of four immunized with WHc DNA became protected from serologically evident infection and hepatitis. This protection was not linked to induction of WHc antigen-specific antibodies or T-cell proliferative response and was not associated with enhanced transcription of Th1 cytokines or 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase. Strikingly, all animals protected from hepatitis became reactive for WHV DNA and carried low levels of replicating virus in hepatic and lymphoid tissues after challenge with WHV. This study shows that the bicistronic DNA vaccine encoding both hepadnavirus core antigen and IFN-gamma was more effective in preventing hepatitis than that encoding virus core alone, but neither of them could mount sterile immunity against the virus or prevent establishment of occult infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinguo Wang
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research, Division of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Leroux-Roels G. Development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against hepatitis C virus. Expert Rev Vaccines 2006; 4:351-71. [PMID: 16026249 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.4.3.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus was discovered 15 years ago as the agent responsible for most cases of transfusion-associated hepatitis non-A, non-B. At present, 180 million people worldwide are estimated to be infected with the virus, producing severe and progressive liver disease in millions and representing the most common reason for liver transplantation in adults. Although the spread of the virus can be halted by the application of primary prevention strategies, such as routine testing of blood donations, inactivation of blood products and systematic use of disposable needles and syringes, the development of a prophylactic vaccine could facilitate the control of this infection and protect those at high risk of being infected with hepatitis C virus. As the present therapy of chronic hepatitis C virus infections, consisting of a combined administration of pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin, is only successful in 50% of patients infected with genotype 1, and is costly and associated with serious side effects, there is an urgent need for better tolerated and more effective treatment modalities, and a therapeutic vaccine may be the solution. This review first provides an overview of the present knowledge regarding the interaction between the virus and immune system of the infected host, with special attention given to the possible mechanisms responsible for chronic evolution of the infection. The numerous candidate vaccines that have been developed in the past 10 years are discussed, including the studies in which their immunogenicity has been examined in rodents and chimpanzees. Finally, the only studies of therapeutic vaccines performed in humans to date are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Leroux-Roels
- Centre for Vaccinology, Ghent University and Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-900 Ghent, Belgium.
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Henke A, Rohland N, Zell R, Wutzler P. Co-Expression of Interleukin-2 by a Bicistronic Plasmid Increases the Efficacy of DNA Immunization to Prevent Influenza Virus Infections. Intervirology 2006; 49:249-52. [PMID: 16601357 DOI: 10.1159/000092487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising approach to protect susceptible individuals against severe diseases is the inoculation of plasmids. Such DNA vaccines against influenza virus infections were quite efficient in different animal models; but still this procedure is not in clinical use until today. The present study reports the generation and characterization of bicistronic plasmids which enables the expression of influenza A virus gene sequences together with immunostimulatory cytokines demonstrating that among these cytokines especially interleukin-2 (IL-2) was efficient to prevent a lethal influenza virus infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Henke
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Medical Center, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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12
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Youn JW, Park SH, Lavillette D, Cosset FL, Yang SH, Lee CG, Jin HT, Kim CM, Shata MTM, Lee DH, Pfahler W, Prince AM, Sung YC. Sustained E2 antibody response correlates with reduced peak viremia after hepatitis C virus infection in the chimpanzee. Hepatology 2005; 42:1429-36. [PMID: 16317673 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immune correlates of protection against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are not well understood. Here we investigated 2 naive and 6 immunized chimpanzees before and after intravenous challenge, 12 weeks after the last immunization, with 100 50% chimpanzee infectious doses (CID(50)) of heterologous genotype 1b HCV. Vaccination with recombinant DNA and adenovirus vaccines expressing HCV core, E1E2, and NS3-5 genes induced long-term HCV-specific antibody and T-cell responses and reduced peak viral load about 100 times compared with controls (5.91 +/- 0.38 vs. 3.81 +/- 0.71 logs, respectively). There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between peak viral loads and envelope glycoprotein 2 (E2)-specific antibody responses at the time of challenge. Interestingly, one vaccinee that had sterilizing immunity against slightly heterologous virus generated the highest level of E2-specific total and neutralizing antibody responses as well as strong NS3/NS5-specific T-cell proliferative responses. The other four vaccinees with low levels of E2-specific antibody had about 44-fold reduced peak viral loads but eventually developed persistent infections. In conclusion, vaccine-induced E2-specific antibody plays an important role in prevention from nonhomologous virus infection and may provide new insight into the development of an effective HCV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Won Youn
- National Research Laboratory of DNA Medicine, Division of Molecular and Life Science, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
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He Y, Sun SH, Chen RW, Guo YJ, He XW, Huang L, Chen ZH, Shi K, Zhu WJ. Effects of Epitopes Combination and Adjuvants on Immune Responses to Anti-Alzheimer Disease DNA Vaccines in Mice. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2005; 19:171-7. [PMID: 16327342 DOI: 10.1097/01.wad.0000189031.58450.5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuropathological hallmarks including deposits of the beta-amyloid peptide (AssP). Studies have shown that immunization with Abeta42 peptide reduces both the spatial memory impairments and Alzheimer disease-like neuropathologic changes in Alzheimer disease transgenic mice, but can cause side effect of a cell-mediated autoimmune meningoencephalitis. Recently, some studies showed that DNA vaccination could be used to generate an antibody response to Abeta without the adverse cell-mediated immune effect. In the current study, we generate four DNA vaccine plasmids (pV-GE1, pV-GE2, pV-GE3, and pV-GE4) against Alzheimer disease by separately fusing Abeta epitope sequences (coding for EFGH, DAEFGH, EFGH+EFGH, and EFGH+DAEFGH) with IgG heavy chain coding region of mouse. Meanwhile, the full-length gene Abeta encoding plasmid (pV-Abeta), empty vector (pVAX) and synthetic AssP were also included as control. The sera of BALB/c mice immunized via intramuscular with plasmids and peptide were tested by indirect ELISA for auto-AssP immunoreactivity. The results showed that all the DNA vaccine plasmids induced AssP-specific antibodies; moreover pV-GE2 and pV-Abeta constructs elicited higher antibody titers than other constructs (P < 0.05). To further enhance the immune response, GM-CSF encoding plasmid (pGM-CSF) and purified BCG-DNA were used as molecular adjuvants. BCG-DNA could enhance humoral and cellular immune responses simultaneously and did not alter the phenotype of the immune responses, whereas pGM-CSF showed no obvious effect on immune response. These results suggest that this immunization strategy of using Abeta epitope encoding plasmid plus BCG-DNA adjuvant may serve as the basis for developing anti-Alzheimer disease vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
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15
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Rainczuk A, Scorza T, Spithill TW, Smooker PM. A bicistronic DNA vaccine containing apical membrane antigen 1 and merozoite surface protein 4/5 can prime humoral and cellular immune responses and partially protect mice against virulent Plasmodium chabaudi adami DS malaria. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5565-73. [PMID: 15385453 PMCID: PMC517533 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.5565-5573.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ultimate malaria vaccine will require the delivery of multiple antigens from different stages of the complex malaria life cycle. In order to efficiently deliver multiple antigens with use of DNA vaccine technology, new antigen delivery systems must be assessed. This study utilized a bicistronic vector construct, containing an internal ribosome entry site, expressing a combination of malarial candidate antigens: merozoite surface protein 4/5 (MSP4/5) (fused to a monocyte chemotactic protein 3 chemoattractant sequence) and apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) (fused to a tissue plasminogen activator secretion signal). Transfection of COS 7 cells with bicistronic plasmids resulted in production and secretion of both AMA-1 and MSP4/5 in vitro. Vaccination of BALB/c mice via intraepidermal gene gun and intramuscular routes against AMA-1 and MSP4/5 resulted in antibody production and significant in vitro proliferation of splenocytes stimulated by both AMA-1 and MSP4/5. Survival of BALB/c mice vaccinated with bicistronic constructs after lethal Plasmodium chabaudi adami DS erythrocytic-stage challenge was variable, although significant increases in survival and reductions in peak parasitemia were observed in several challenge trials when the vaccine was delivered by the intramuscular route. This study using a murine model demonstrates that the delivery of malarial antigens via bicistronic vectors is feasible. Further experimentation with bicistronic delivery systems is required for the optimization and refinement of DNA vaccines to effectively prime protective immune responses against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rainczuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Wüest T, Both GW, Prince AM, Hofmann C, Löser P. Recombinant ovine atadenovirus induces a strong and sustained T cell response against the hepatitis C virus NS3 antigen in mice. Vaccine 2004; 22:2717-21. [PMID: 15246602 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2003] [Revised: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ovine atadenovirus (OAdV) is a novel gene transfer vector with excellent in vivo gene transfer characteristics. In the present study, we have investigated the ability of an OAdV vector to mediate a T cell response to an antigen of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in mice. Specifically, an expression cassette coding for non-structural protein 3 (NS3) of hepatitis C virus was inserted into the OAdV genome and the resulting recombinant virus (OAdV-ns3) was shown to propagate stably and to express the ns3 gene at a high level in vitro. A single injection of this non-replicating vector into BALB/c mice resulted in a strong induction of NS3-specific, IFN-gamma secreting T-lymphocytes as measured by direct ex vivo ELISpot assay. The number of IFN-gamma secreting lymphocytes remained nearly unaltered for a period of at least 10 weeks. The immune response was shown to depend on virus dose but a single intramuscular injection of less than 10(8) infectious particles of OAdV-ns3 was sufficient to induce a significant NS3-specific T cell response. Moreover, this response was not affected by prior immunisation of animals with human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-5). The results of our study provide proof for the concept that OAdV vectors may be valuable tools for vaccination and immunotherapy even in the face of natural immunity to human adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wüest
- DeveloGen AG, Rudolf-Wissell-Str. 28, 37092 Göttingen, Germany
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Jiao X, Wang RYH, Qiu Q, Alter HJ, Shih JWK. Enhanced hepatitis C virus NS3 specific Th1 immune responses induced by co-delivery of protein antigen and CpG with cationic liposomes. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:1545-1553. [PMID: 15166438 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice were immunized intramuscularly with free recombinant hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 (non-structural protein 3) protein, liposomes encapsulating rNS3 or rNS3 and CpG mixture, liposomes co-encapsulating rNS3 and CpG or liposomes co-encapsulating rNS3 and GpC. Liposomes co-encapsulating rNS3 and CpG induced a much higher titre of anti-HCV NS3 IgG and the dominant IgG subtype was IgG2a. Liposomes co-encapsulating rNS3 and GpC also induced high levels of anti-HCV NS3 IgG antibody, but the dominant IgG subtype was still IgG1, the same as in free HCV/NS3 immunized mice. Liposomes encapsulating rHCV NS3 and the mixture of rHCV NS3 and CpG did not increase the antibody response but switched the IgG subtype. A cytokine profile analysis revealed that the levels of Th1 cytokines in the mice immunized with liposomes co-encapsulating rHCV NS3 and CpG were significantly higher than in other mice while the levels of Th2 cytokine were significantly lower than in the mice immunized with naked rNS3. IL-12 in the mice immunized with liposome-NS3-CpG was significantly higher than in other mice. In conclusion, liposomes co-encapsulating HCV NS3 and CpG are a good candidate vaccine to induce strong Th1 immune responses against hepatitis C viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanmao Jiao
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, Building 10, Room 1C711, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1184, USA
| | - Richard Yan-Hui Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, Building 10, Room 1C711, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1184, USA
| | - Qi Qiu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, Building 10, Room 1C711, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1184, USA
| | - Harvey J Alter
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, Building 10, Room 1C711, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1184, USA
| | - J Wai-Kuo Shih
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, Building 10, Room 1C711, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1184, USA
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Jiao X, Wang RYH, Feng Z, Hu G, Alter HJ, W -K Shih J. DNA immunization encoding the secreted nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) of hepatitis C virus and enhancing the Th1 type immune response. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11:18-26. [PMID: 14738554 DOI: 10.1046/j.1352-0504.2003.00464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
To induce a sustained and specific cellular immune response to hepatitis C virus (HCV), DNA immunization of mice was performed using plasmids containing the HCV nonstructural gene 3 (HCV/NS3). Plasmids were constructed such that the NS3 gene was expressed in a secreted form, a nonsecreted form or as a membrane-bound antigen. The plasmid encoding the secreted antigen induced the strongest humoral and cellular immunity and favoured the T-helper type 1 (Th1) pathway as shown by cytokine profiles and switching of antibody subclasses. Our study indicates that DNA immunization with a secreted form of HCV/NS3 is an effective means of inducing primary Th1 immune responses in the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Jiao
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Karayiannis
- Department of Medicine A, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College, London W2 1NY, UK.
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20
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Jiao X, Wang RYH, Feng Z, Alter HJ, Shih JWK. Modulation of cellular immune response against hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 3 by cationic liposome encapsulated DNA immunization. Hepatology 2003; 37:452-60. [PMID: 12540796 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A vaccine strategy directed to increase Th1 cellular immune responses, particularly to hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 3 (NS3), has considerable potential to overcome the infection with HCV. DNA vaccination can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, but it became apparent that the cellular uptake of naked DNA injected into muscle was not very efficient, as much of the DNA is degraded by interstitial nucleases before it reaches the nucleus for transcription. In this paper, cationic liposomes composed of different cationic lipids, such as dimethyl-dioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB), 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP), or 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-ethylphosphocholine (DOEPC), were used to improve DNA immunization in mice, and their efficiencies were compared. It was found that cationic liposome-mediated DNA immunization induced stronger HCV NS3-specific immune responses than immunization with naked DNA alone. Cationic liposomes composed of DDAB and equimolar of a neutral lipid, egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EPC), induced the strongest antigen-specific Th1 type immune responses among the cationic liposome investigated, whereas the liposomes composed of 2 cationic lipids, DDAB and DOEPC, induced an antigen-specific Th2 type immune response. All cationic liposomes used in this study triggered high-level, nonspecific IL-12 production in mice, a feature important for the development of maximum Th1 immune responses. In conclusion, the cationic liposome-mediated gene delivery is a viable HCV vaccine strategy that should be further tested in the chimpanzee model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanmao Jiao
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Abstract
Any program aimed at the development of a vaccine should consider several important issues because they may greatly influence the choice of immunogen used in the vaccine, the delivery system selected for its application, the population to be vaccinated, and the type of vaccine to be developed (ie, preventive or therapeutic). These issues concern the epidemiology of the infectious disease targeted, the actual routes of transmission, the antigenic diversity of the infectious agent, the existing therapies, and their rate of success. In the case of hepatitis C virus, a viral agent whose clinical existence was recognized in the 1970s but which was only identified by the use of molecular cloning technology in the late 1980s, some of these issues are particularly relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Inchauspé
- Unité Mixte CNRS-BioMérieux, UMR 2142, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 Allée d' Italie, Lyon 17-6934, France.
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22
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Lena P, Villinger F, Giavedoni L, Miller CJ, Rhodes G, Luciw P. Co-immunization of rhesus macaques with plasmid vectors expressing IFN-gamma, GM-CSF, and SIV antigens enhances anti-viral humoral immunity but does not affect viremia after challenge with highly pathogenic virus. Vaccine 2002; 20 Suppl 4:A69-79. [PMID: 12477432 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the adjuvant capacity of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interferon (IFN-gamma), we cloned these rhesus cytokines into a mammalian expression vector. Two groups of six rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) received intradermal immunizations of plasmid DNA coding for SIV Eng and Gag, and influenza virus nucleoprotein (Flu-NP), with or without the co-administration of plasmid DNA coding for these cytokines. Humoral immune responses to antigens of both of these viruses and SIV specific T cell proliferative responses were significantly enhanced by co-immunization with the cytokines. These twelve monkeys, and a group of six naive controls, were challenged by the oral mucosal route with the uncloned and highly pathogenic SIVmac251. All monkeys became infected. The early CD4 decline was reduced in the group co-immunized with cytokine and viral plasmids. Unexpectedly, plasma viremia set points were not different in this co-immunized group and the non-immunized control group. On the other hand, monkeys vaccinated with equivalent amounts of empty vector plasmid (i.e. no cytokine inserts) along with plasmids expressing viral antigens demonstrated a slight but significant decrease in acute viremia compared to non-immunized controls (P<0.02). However, viral loads at set points were not significantly different between both the immunized and the non-immunized control group. Thus, although the cytokine vectors demonstrated detectable enhancement of the immune response to different viral antigens, such enhanced response did not translate into better anti-viral control in our experiment. These results underscore the need for further testing of cytokines as vaccine adjuvants in relevant animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lena
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Forns
- Liver Unit, Institut de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clínic, Villaroel 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
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24
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Beckebaum S, Cicinnati VR, Gerken G. DNA-based immunotherapy: potential for treatment of chronic viral hepatitis? Rev Med Virol 2002; 12:297-319. [PMID: 12211043 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Persistent HBV and HCV infection represent major causes of chronic liver disease with a high risk of progression to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Conventional protein-based vaccines are highly efficacious in preventing HBV infection; whereas in therapeutic settings with chronically infected patients, results have been disappointing. Prophylactic vaccination against HCV infection has not yet been achieved due to many impediments including frequent spontaneous mutations of the virus with escape from immune system control. Using animal models it has been demonstrated that DNA-based immunisation strategies may overcome this problem because of their potential to induce immunity against multiple viral epitopes. DNA-based vaccines mimic the effect of live attenuated viral vaccines, eliciting cell mediated immunity in addition to inducing humoral responses. Efficacy may further be improved by addition of DNA encoding immunomodulatory cytokines and more recently, direct genetic modulation of antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells (DC), has been shown to increase antigen-specific immune responses. This review focuses on immunological aspects of chronic HBV and HCV infection and on the potential of DNA- and DC-based vaccines for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Beckebaum
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Essen, Germany
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25
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Moore AC, Kong WP, Chakrabarti BK, Nabel GJ. Effects of antigen and genetic adjuvants on immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccines in mice. J Virol 2002; 76:243-50. [PMID: 11739689 PMCID: PMC135692 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.1.243-250.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of genetic adjuvants on humoral and cell-mediated immunity to two human immunodeficiency virus antigens, Env and Nef, have been examined in mice. Despite similar levels of gene expression and the same gene delivery vector, the immune responses to these two gene products differed following DNA immunization. Intramuscular immunization with a Nef expression vector plasmid generated a humoral response and antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production but little cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) immunity. In contrast, immunization with an Env vector stimulated CTL activity but did not induce a high-titer antibody response. The ability to modify these antigen-specific immune responses was investigated by coinjection of DNA plasmids encoding cytokine and/or hematopoietic growth factors, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-12, IL-15, Flt3 ligand (FL), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Coadministration of these genes largely altered the immune responses quantitatively but not qualitatively. IL-12 induced the greatest increase in IFN-gamma and immunoglobulin G responses to Nef, and GM-CSF induced the strongest IFN-gamma and CTL responses to Env. A dual approach of expanding innate immunity by administering the FL gene, together with a cytokine that enhances adaptive immune responses, IL-2, IL-12, or IL-15, generated the most potent immune response at the lowest doses of Nef antigen. These findings suggest that intrinsic properties of the antigen determine the character of immune reactivity for this method of immunization and that specific combination of innate and adaptive immune cytokine genes can increase the magnitude of the response to DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Moore
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
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26
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Cho JH, Youn JW, Sung YC. Cross-priming as a predominant mechanism for inducing CD8(+) T cell responses in gene gun DNA immunization. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5549-57. [PMID: 11698425 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.5549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA immunization induces CD8(+) CTL responses by bone marrow-derived APCs, which are directly transfected with a plasmid DNA and/or acquire Ags from DNA-transfected non-APCs. To investigate the relative contribution of DNA-transfected APCs vs non-APCs to the initiation of CD8(+) T cell responses, we used tissue-specific promoter-directed gene expression and adoptive transfer systems in gene gun DNA immunization. In this study, we demonstrated that non-APC-specific gene expressions induced significant CD8(+) CTL and IFN-gamma-producing cells and Ab responses, whereas APC-specific gene expressions led to moderate CTL and IFN-gamma-producers, but no Ab responses. Interestingly, mice immunized with a non-APC-specific plasmid induced more rapid, vigorous, and prolonged proliferation of adoptively transferred Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells than APC-specific plasmid-immunized mice. In addition, the in vivo proliferative responses elicited by a non-APC-specific plasmid administration were dependent on TAP, but were independent of CD4(+) T cell help. Collectively, our results suggest that cross-priming, in which Ags expressed in non-APCs are taken up, processed, and presented by APCs, plays an important role in the initiation, magnitude, and maintenance of CD8(+) T cell responses in gene gun DNA immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Cho
- National Research Laboratory of DNA Medicine, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Hyojadong, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
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Wedemeyer H, Gagneten S, Davis A, Bartenschlager R, Feinstone S, Rehermann B. Oral immunization with HCV-NS3-transformed Salmonella: induction of HCV-specific CTL in a transgenic mouse model. Gastroenterology 2001; 121:1158-66. [PMID: 11677208 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.29311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The ability to induce cytotoxic T cells is considered an important feature of a candidate hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine. We used an oral immunization strategy with attenuated HCV-NS3-transformed Salmonella typhimurium to deliver DNA directly to the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. METHODS HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice were immunized once with transformed attenuated Salmonella. HCV-specific CD8+ T cells were analyzed in vitro as well as in vivo by challenge of mice with recombinant HCV-NS3 vaccinia virus. RESULTS Salmonella (10(8) colony-forming units; 20 microg plasmid DNA) induced cytotoxic and IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells specific for the immunodominant epitope NS3-1073 in 26 of 30 mice (86%) that persisted for at least 10 months. A second epitope (NS3-1169) was also recognized by cytotoxic and IFN-gamma-producing T cells, whereas a third one (NS3-1406) stimulated IFN-gamma production without cytotoxicity. The minimal amount of plasmid DNA required to induce CTLs was 2 ng. Upon challenge with recombinant HCV-NS3-expressing vaccinia virus, vaccinia titers were significantly lower in mice immunized with Salmonella-NS3 than in mice immunized with control Salmonella, demonstrating the in vivo function of CTLs. CONCLUSIONS Oral immunization with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium as a carrier for HCV DNA induces long-lasting T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wedemeyer
- Liver Diseases Section, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1800, USA
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28
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Parker SE, Monteith D, Horton H, Hof R, Hernandez P, Vilalta A, Hartikka J, Hobart P, Bentley CE, Chang A, Hedstrom R, Rogers WO, Kumar S, Hoffman SL, Norman JA. Safety of a GM-CSF adjuvant-plasmid DNA malaria vaccine. Gene Ther 2001; 8:1011-23. [PMID: 11438836 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2000] [Accepted: 04/10/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
MuStDO 5 is a multivalent plasmid DNA vaccine for malaria comprised of five plasmid DNAs encoding five proteins from Plasmodium falciparum and one plasmid DNA encoding human GM-CSF. To evaluate the safety of MuStDO 5, a series of pre-clinical studies were conducted in mice and rabbits. In pharmacology studies in mice, GM-CSF could not be detected in the serum following either intramuscular or a combined intramuscular/intradermal administration of the vaccine, but was readily detected in the muscle following intramuscular administration. In a tissue distribution study in mice, MuStDO 5 plasmid DNA was detected by PCR initially in highly vascularized tissues, while at later time-points the plasmid DNA was detected primarily at the site(s) of injection. In GLP safety studies in mice and rabbits, repeated intramuscular/intradermal administration of the MuStDO 5 vaccine was found to be safe and well tolerated without any evidence of autoimmune pathology.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacokinetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/toxicity
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacokinetics
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/toxicity
- Injections, Intradermal
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria Vaccines/pharmacokinetics
- Malaria Vaccines/toxicity
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Plasmids
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Rabbits
- Tissue Distribution
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacokinetics
- Vaccines, DNA/toxicity
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29
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Haddad D, Ramprakash J, Sedegah M, Charoenvit Y, Baumgartner R, Kumar S, Hoffman SL, Weiss WR. Plasmid vaccine expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor attracts infiltrates including immature dendritic cells into injected muscles. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:3772-81. [PMID: 11034382 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.7.3772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid-encoded GM-CSF (pGM-CSF) is an adjuvant for genetic vaccines; however, little is known about how pGM-CSF enhances immunogenicity. We now report that pGM-CSF injected into mouse muscle leads to a local infiltration of potential APCs. Infiltrates reached maximal size on days 3 to 5 after injection and appeared in several large discrete clusters within the muscle. Immunohistological studies in muscle sections from mice injected with pGM-CSF showed staining of cells with the macrophage markers CD11b, Mac-3, IA(d)/E(d) and to the granulocyte marker GR-1 from day 1 through day 14. Cells staining with the dendritic cell marker CD11c were detected only on days 3 to 5. Muscles injected with control plasmids did not stain for CD11c but did stain for CD11b, Mac-3, IA(d)/E(d), and GR-1. No staining was observed with the APC activation markers, B7.1 or CD40, or with markers for T or B cells. These findings are consistent with the infiltrating cells in the pGM-CSF-injected muscles being a mixture of neutrophils, macrophages, and immature dendritic cells and suggest that the i.m. APCs may be enhancing immune responses to coinjected plasmid Ags. This hypothesis is supported by data showing that 1) separation of injections with pGM-CSF and Ag-expressing plasmid into different sites did not enhance immune responses and 2) immune enhancement was associated with the presence of CD11c+ cells in the infiltrates. Thus, pGM-CSF enhancement may depend on APC recruitment to the i.m. site of injection.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/chemistry
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/administration & dosage
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/biosynthesis
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular/genetics
- Immunohistochemistry
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Integrin alphaXbeta2/biosynthesis
- Kinetics
- Lymph Nodes/chemistry
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/immunology
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Plasmodium yoelii/genetics
- Plasmodium yoelii/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- D Haddad
- Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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30
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Warren TL, Weiner GJ. Uses of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in vaccine development. Curr Opin Hematol 2000; 7:168-73. [PMID: 10786654 DOI: 10.1097/00062752-200005000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a potent cytokine capable of inducing differentiation, proliferation, and activation of a variety of immunologically active cell populations. In addition to its effects on stimulating granulocytic hematopoiesis, it also facilitates development of both humoral and cellular mediated immunity. Accordingly, strategies involving the use of GM-CSF as a vaccine adjuvant have attracted considerable attention. These strategies include the systemic administration of soluble GM-CSF with an immunogen, and also its use as part of gene therapy approaches to immunization. Because of the potency of this cytokine as an immune adjuvant, particular interest has focused on its use to overcome poorly immunogenic antigens such as those associated with intracellular infections and cancer. This review focuses on recent advances in the use of GM-CSF as a vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Warren
- University of Iowa Cancer Center and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
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