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Cady-McCrea CI, Lawlor MC, Rodenhouse TF, Puvanesarajah V, Mesfin A. The Rowing Spine: A Review of Biomechanics, Injury, and Treatment. World Neurosurg 2024; 187:156-161. [PMID: 38608819 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to describe spinal biomechanics and injury patterns in rowing. METHODS In this systematic literature review, a Google and PubMed literature search was undertaken using keywords "rowing," "biomechanics," and "spine." RESULTS Relevant articles were reviewed and synthesized to describe biomechanics, injury patterns, treatment options, and techniques for injury prevention. CONCLUSIONS Rowing has increased in popularity throughout the United States. Up-to-date knowledge of rowing biomechanics and spinal injury patterns is necessary for prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the injured rowing athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarke I Cady-McCrea
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mark C Lawlor
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Thomas F Rodenhouse
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Varun Puvanesarajah
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Addisu Mesfin
- Medstar Orthopaedic Institute, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
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Wator J, Battis A, Vellucci C, Beaudette SM. The acute effects of kinesio-taping on movement kinematics and muscle co-activation in rowing athletes. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2024; 37:751-760. [PMID: 38250754 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-230216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rowing-related low back disorders may occur from inconsistent technique, high trunk flexion and training volumes, overactivation of paraspinal muscles, and fatigue. OBJECTIVE To examine if kinesiology tape (KT) affixed to the trunk dorsum affects muscular co-activation and neuromuscular control to limit dangerous rowing movements and associated injuries. METHODS Participants (n= 18) completed two 2000 m rowing trials under BASELINE and KT conditions. KT was applied to the skin superficial to the paraspinals bilaterally with 60% pre-strain. Participants were instructed to minimize any sensation of tension. Whole body kinematics were obtained using inertial measurement units (IMUs), and surface electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from trunk and lower extremity. Changes in joint range-of-motion (ROM) and co-activation indices (CAIs) were analyzed for shoulder, lumbar, hip, and knee. RESULTS Responding participants (n= 5) were identified by reduced maximum lumbar flexion during the KT condition. As expected, significant differences occurred in maximum and minimum lumbar flexion/extension between responders and non-responders to KT. Additionally, there was significant reduction in mean trunk muscle co-activation in both those who did and did not respond to KT through reductions in maximum lumbar flexion. CONCLUSION KT can be an effective at reducing mean trunk co-activation during a rowing trial in the flexed catch position. Variable responses suggest that further work is necessary to optimize the efficacy of sensory cues derived from KT during rowing movements.
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Pakravan F, Abbasi A, Noorinezhad Z, Svoboda Z, Tazji MK, Dastmanesh S. Effects of rowing stroke rates on lower extremity intra-joint coordination variability in experienced young rowers. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286999. [PMID: 38127884 PMCID: PMC10734951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of rowing stroke rates on lower extremity intra-joint coordination variability in professional rowers. Fifteen experienced young rowers volunteered to participate in this study. Kinematic data were recorded at different rowing speeds with seven Vicon cameras. The continuous relative phase (CRP) and CRP variability (CRPV) were used to calculate joint coordination and coordination variability, respectively, for the hip, knee, and ankle in the sagittal and horizontal planes, and a comparison was made among different rowing stroke rates. A vector analysis repeated measure ANOVA using statistical parametric mapping revealed that there were statistically significant differences in the hip-ankle, hip-knee, and knee-ankle CRPs for rowing at different stroke rates. Moreover, there was higher CRPV in the mid-drive and mid-recovery phases and less variability in the transition from the drive phase to the recovery phase. The results demonstrate the importance of knee joint in rowing tasks in experienced rowers during submaximal rowing stroke rate and the shift of movement to the hip at higher rowing stroke rate. Moreover, there was a smaller variability during drive-to-recovery transition, which may suggests an increased risk for overuse injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Pakravan
- Department of Biomechanics and Sports Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Abbasi
- Department of Biomechanics and Sports Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Noorinezhad
- Department of Sport Science, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zdenek Svoboda
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mehdi Khaleghi Tazji
- Department of Biomechanics and Sports Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Dastmanesh
- Department of Sport Sciences, Abadeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abadeh, Iran
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Marth AA, Auer TA, Bertalan G, Gebert P, Kirchenberger T, Geisel D, Hamm B, Keller S. Advanced muscle imaging in adolescent elite rowers utilizing diffusion tensor imaging: Association of imaging findings with stroke typology. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294693. [PMID: 38019893 PMCID: PMC10686450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Muscular overuse injuries are a common health issue in elite athletes. Changes in the muscular microenvironment can be depicted by Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). We hypothesize that the biomechanics of different stroke typologies plays a role in muscle injury and tested our hypothesis by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination of the lumbar spine muscles of adolescent rowers utilizing DTI. METHODS AND MATERIALS Twenty-two male elite rowers (12 sweep, 10 scull rowers) with a mean age of 15.8 ± 1.2 years underwent 3-Tesla MRI of the lumbar spine 6 hours after cessation of training. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were calculated for the erector spinae and multifidus muscle. Student's t-test was used to test differences of DTI parameters between sweep and scull rowers and a Pearson correlation was utilized to correlate the parameters to training volume. RESULTS ADC values in the erector spinae and multifidus muscle were significantly higher (p = 0.039) and FA values significantly lower (p < 0.001) in sweep rowers compared to scull rowers. There was no significant association between DTI parameters and training volume (r ≤ -0.459, p ≥ 0.074). CONCLUSIONS Our DTI results show that lumbar spine muscle diffusivity is higher in sweep rowers than in scull rowers. Altered muscle diffusivity is suggestive of microscopic tissue disruption and might be attributable to biomechanical differences between stroke typologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Alexander Marth
- Department of Radiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Alexander Auer
- Department of Radiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gergely Bertalan
- Department of Radiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pimrapat Gebert
- Institute for Biometry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Kirchenberger
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Geisel
- Department of Radiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Hamm
- Department of Radiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Keller
- Department of Radiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Marth AA, Auer TA, Bertalan G, Gebert P, Kirchenberger T, Geisel D, Hamm B, Keller S. Low back pain in adolescent rowers: Association to muscle changes detected by magnetic resonance imaging. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1558-1563. [PMID: 37979193 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2283289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Adult elite rowers are at risk of developing low back pain (LBP). However, LBP data on adolescent elite rowers is currently insufficient. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess LBP prevalence, LBP intensity and training characteristics in male adolescent elite rowers and a healthy control group. Twenty rowers (mean age 15.8 ± 1.2 years) and a non-athletic control group matched by age and gender (n = 13) were prospectively enrolled and underwent LBP assessment with a validated questionnaire and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine muscles, which included a T2-mapping sequence. From the quantitative image data, T2 relaxation times were calculated. The prevalence of LBP in the last 24 hours and 3 months in the rowing group was 55.0% and 85.0%, respectively, compared to 23.1% and 30.8% in the control group (p < 0.001). Rowers had significantly longer T2 relaxation times of the paraspinal muscles compared to controls (p ≤ 0.041). LBP intensity was associated with longer T2 relaxation times (p < 0.001). Adolescent rowers had a higher prevalence of LBP compared to an age-matched control group. The observed increase in T2 relaxation might be explained by muscle soreness due to strenuous exercise, which is correlated with short-term pain intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A Marth
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo A Auer
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gergely Bertalan
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pimrapat Gebert
- Institute for Biometry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Kirchenberger
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Geisel
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Hamm
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Keller
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Yamashita M, Ishida T, Osuka S, Watanabe K, Samukawa M, Kasahara S, Kondo E, Tohyama H. Trunk Muscle Activities during Ergometer Rowing in Rowers with and without Low Back Pain. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:338-344. [PMID: 37293422 PMCID: PMC10245001 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the differences in trunk muscle activity during rowing at maximal effort between rowers with and without low back pain (LBP). Ten rowers with LBP and 12 rowers without LBP were enrolled in this study. All rowers performed a 500-m trial using a rowing ergometer at maximal effort. The amplitudes of the activities of the thoracic erector spinae (TES), lumbar erector spinae (LES), latissimus dorsi (LD), rectus abdominis (RA), and external oblique (EO) muscles were analyzed using a wireless surface electromyography (EMG) system. EMG data at each stroke were converted into 10-time series data by recording averages at every 10% in the 100% stroke cycle and normalized by maximum voluntary isometric contraction in each muscle. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was performed. Significant interactions were found in the activities of the TES and LES (P < 0.001 and P = 0.047, respectively). In the post hoc test, the TES activity in the LBP group was significantly higher than that in the control group at the 10% to 20% and 20% to 30% stroke cycles (P = 0.013 and P = 0.007, respectively). The LES activity in the LBP group was significantly higher than that in the control group at the 0% to 10% stroke cycle (P < 0.001). There was a main group effect on the LD activity, with significantly higher activity in the LBP group than in the control group (P = 0.023). There were no significant interactions or main effects in the EO and RA activities between the groups. The present study showed that rowers with LBP compared with those without LBP exhibited significantly higher TES, LES, and LD muscle activities. This indicates that rowers with LBP exhibit excessive back muscle activity during rowing under maximal effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Yamashita
- Department of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishida
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Osuka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kentaro Watanabe
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mina Samukawa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kasahara
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Eiji Kondo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Harukazu Tohyama
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Muyor JM, Antequera-Vique JA, Oliva-Lozano JM, Arrabal-Campos FM. Effect of incremental intensities on the spinal morphology and core muscle activation in competitive cyclists. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:597-620. [PMID: 35837675 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2097945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cycling is a sport where cyclists predominantly adopt a sitting posture, with the trunk tilted forward. This posture requires a high volume of training and duration in several intensities of effort. This study aims to: 1) evaluate the behaviour of the thoracic and lumbar spine flexion and sacral inclination in the sagittal plane, the thoracic and lumbar spine flexion in the frontal plane, and the trunk torsion in the transverse plane; 2) compare the activation of the core muscles as the intensity of effort increases during an incremental test in cycling, and 3) identify which core muscle has a greater activation in each intensity zone. The spinal posture and the activation of the eight core muscles were evaluated in twelve competitive cyclists during incremental cycling intensities. Thoracic and lumbar spine flexion and sacral inclination statistically increased as the intensity of effort increased (Start < VT1 < VT2 < VO2max). A significant increase in muscle activation was observed in all core muscles evaluated as the intensity increased. The rectus abdominis showed statistically significant greater muscle activation than the other core muscles evaluated. In conclusion, as the intensity of effort in cycling increases, cyclists significantly increase the thoracic and lumbar spine flexion, the sacral inclination in the sagittal plane, the thoracic and lumbar spine flexion in the frontal plane, trunk rotation in the transverse plane, as well as the activation of the core muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Muyor
- Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER Lab), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Athy V, Hach S, Anderson H, Mason J. Examining the Peer-Reviewed Published Literature Regarding Low Back Pain in Rowing: A Scoping Review. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2023; 18:55-69. [PMID: 36793564 PMCID: PMC9897042 DOI: 10.26603/001c.67836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low back pain (LBP) is highly prevalent in the rowing population. The body of existing research variously investigates risk factors, prevention, and treatment methods. Purpose The purpose of this scoping review was to explore the breadth and depth of the LBP literature in rowing and to identify areas for future research. Study Design Scoping review. Methods PubMed, Ebsco and ScienceDirect were searched from inception to November 1, 2020. Only published, peer-reviewed, primary, and secondary data pertaining to LBP in rowing were included for this study. Arksey and O'Malley's framework for guided data synthesis was used. Reporting quality of a subsection of the data was assessed using the STROBE tool. Results Following the removal of duplicates and abstract screening, a set of 78 studies were included and divided into the following categories: epidemiology, biomechanics, biopsychosocial, and miscellaneous. The incidence and prevalence of LBP in rowers were well mapped. The biomechanical literature covered a wide range of investigations with limited cohesion. Significant risk factors for LBP in rowers included back pain history and prolonged ergometer use. Conclusion A lack of consistent definitions within the studies caused fragmentation of the literature. There was good evidence for prolonged ergometer use and history of LBP to constitute risk factors and this may assist future LBP preventative action. Methodological issues such as small sample size and barriers to injury reporting increased heterogeneity and decreased data quality. Further exploration is required to determine the mechanism of LBP in rowers through research with larger samples.
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Muyor JM, Antequera-Vique JA, Oliva-Lozano JM, Arrabal-Campos FM. Evaluation of Dynamic Spinal Morphology and Core Muscle Activation in Cyclists-A Comparison between Standing Posture and on the Bicycle. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9346. [PMID: 36502048 PMCID: PMC9738255 DOI: 10.3390/s22239346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Cycling is characterized by a sustained sitting posture on the bicycle, where physiologic spinal curvatures are modified from standing to cycling. Therefore, the main objective was to evaluate and compare the morphology of the spine and the core muscle activity in standing posture and cycling at low intensity. (2) Methods: Twelve competitive cyclists participated in the study. Spinal morphology was evaluated using an infrared-camera system. Muscle activation was recorded using a surface electromyography device. (3) Conclusions: The lumbar spine changes its morphology from lordosis in standing to kyphosis (lumbar flexion) when pedaling on the bicycle. The sacral tilt significantly increases its anterior tilt when cycling compared to when standing. The spinal morphology and sacral tilt are dynamic depending on the pedal's position during the pedal stroke quadrants. The infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, external oblique, and pectoralis major showed significantly higher activation pedaling than when standing, although with very low values.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Muyor
- Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER Lab.), Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
- Health Research Centre, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - José A. Antequera-Vique
- Health Research Centre, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - José M. Oliva-Lozano
- Health Research Centre, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
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Saraceni N, Campbell A, Kent P, Ng L, Straker L, O'Sullivan P. Does intra-lumbar flexion during lifting differ in manual workers with and without a history of low back pain? A cross-sectional laboratory study. ERGONOMICS 2022; 65:1380-1396. [PMID: 35098885 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2036819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advice to limit or avoid a flexed lumbar curvature during lifting is widely promoted to reduce the risk of low back pain (LBP), yet there is very limited evidence to support this relationship. To provide higher quality evidence this study compared intra-lumbar flexion in manual workers with (n = 21) and without a history of LBP (n = 21) during a repeated lifting task. In contrast to common expectations, the LBP group demonstrated less peak absolute intra-lumbar flexion during lifting than the noLBP group [adjusted difference -3.7° (95%CI -6.9 to -0.6)]. The LBP group was also further from the end of range intra-lumbar flexion and did not use more intra-lumbar range of motion during any lift condition (both symmetrical and asymmetrical lifts and different box loads). Peak absolute intra-lumbar flexion was more variable in the LBP group during lifting and both groups increased their peak absolute intra-lumbar flexion over the lift repetitions. This high-quality capture of intra-lumbar spine flexion during repeated lifting in a clinically relevant cohort questions dominant safe lifting advice.Practitioner summary: Lifting remains a common trigger for low back pain (LBP). This study demonstrated that people with LBP, lift with less intra-lumbar flexion than those without LBP. Providing the best quality in-vivo laboratory evidence, that greater intra-lumbar flexion is not associated with LBP in manual workers, raising questions about lifting advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nic Saraceni
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Amity Campbell
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter Kent
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Leo Ng
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Leon Straker
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter O'Sullivan
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Body Logic Physiotherapy Clinic, Perth, Australia
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Treloar J, Bolia IK, Anvari A, Collon K, Lan R, Bell JA, Romano R, Petrigliano FA, Gamradt SC, Weber AE. Update on injury epidemiology in rowing: our experience with female NCAA Division I athletes and a systematic review of the literature. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2022; 50:189-196. [PMID: 34000208 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2021.1931526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) To report the distribution of injuries per body site and time lost from participation in female NCAA Division I rowers and (2) to present an updated summary of the existing evidence regarding the analysis of injuries per body site in rowers. METHODS Case series: The distribution of injuries per body site in female NCAA Division I rowers and the time lost from participation were retrieved from an institutional registry. Injuries per body site were reported as number of athletes with site-specific injury per total number of injured athletes. Systematic review: Based on the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, three electronic databases were searched for studies reporting the epidemiology of injuries per body site in rowers and analyzed. RESULTS Case series: One-hundred and thirty-seven injuries were recorded in 92 female rowers over 5 years. The risk of injury (number of injured athletes over total number of athletes on roaster) was 52% (92/176). Among the 92 injured athletes, 38% sustained injury to the lower back, while 23% and 16% of these athletes sustained injury to the ribs and hip-groin area, respectively. Systematic review: Ten studies were included. The level of evidence was IV and the mean MINORS score was 13.2(9-15) (fair quality). Most studies reported injuries to the lower spine (8/10,80%) whereas injuries to the ribs or other anatomic sites were reported in ≤4 (40%) studies. Significant heterogeneity of the injury reporting methodologies (injury definition; measures of injury occurrence; description of the injury site) was detected and precluded meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Most injuries recorded in a single team of female NCAA Division I athletes occurred in the lower back followed by injuries to the ribs and the hip. The existing injury epidemiology literature in mostly focuses on injuries to the lower back, while injuries to other anatomic sites were less frequently analyzed. No conclusions can be made regarding the most common injuries in rowers based on the current evidence due to substantial heterogeneity of injury reported methodologies which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Treloar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ioanna K Bolia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andre Anvari
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevin Collon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rae Lan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer A Bell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Russ Romano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Frank A Petrigliano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Seth C Gamradt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexander E Weber
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, USC Epstein Family Center for Sports Medicine at Keck Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Schäfer R, Schäfer H, Platen P. Perturbation-based trunk stabilization training in elite rowers: A pilot study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268699. [PMID: 35587490 PMCID: PMC9119454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Low back pain is a major health issue in elite rowers. High training volume, frequent flexion movements of the lower spine and rotational movement in sweep rowing contribute to increased spinal strain and neuropathological patterns. Perturbation-based trunk stabilization training (PTT) may be effective to treat neuromuscular deficits and low back pain.
Methods
All boat classes (8+, 4+/-, 2-) of the male German national sweep rowing team participated in this non-randomized parallel group study. We included 26 athletes (PTT: n = 12, control group: n = 14) in our analysis. Physical and Sports therapists conducted 16 individualized PTT sessions á 30–40 minutes in 10 weeks, while the control group kept the usual routines. We collected data before and after intervention on back pain intensity and disability, maximum isometric trunk extension and flexion, jump height and postural sway of single-leg stance.
Results
We found less disability (5.3 points, 95% CI [0.4, 10.1], g = 0.42) for PTT compared to control. Pain intensity decreased similar in both groups (-14.4 and -15.4 points), yielding an inconclusive between-group effect (95% CI [-16.3, 14.3]). Postural sway, strength and jump height tend to have no between- and within-group effects.
Conclusion
Perturbation-based trunk stabilization training is possibly effective to improve the physical function of the lower back in elite rowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schäfer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Hendrik Schäfer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Platen
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Oshikawa T, Takaki N, Nakamura K, Kubota R, Adachi G, Akuzawa H, Sekine C, Kaneoka K. Change in the activity of trunk and lower limb muscles during 2000-m rowing. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2022; 69:45-50. [PMID: 35466145 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.69.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the changes in the activity of the trunk and lower limb muscles during 2000-m rowing. Ten male rowers performed a 2000-m race simulation on a rowing ergometer. Electromyography results of the abdominal muscles, back muscles, gluteus maximus (GMax), biceps femoris (BF), and rectus femoris (RF) were recorded. The electromyographic activity during the three strokes after the start (initial stage), at 1000m (middle stage), and before the end (final stage) were analyzed. From the handle position, the rowing motion was divided into five phases (early-drive, middle-drive, late-drive, early-recovery, and late-recovery). The peak activities of the abdominal muscles, back muscles, GMax, and BF in each stroke of the rowing motion were delayed at the middle and final stages compared to the initial stage (P<0.05). The peak activity of the RF was observed in the late-drive phase at the initial stage, whereas a high RF activity was observed in the middle-drive phase at the middle and final stages (P<0.05). Considering the results of the activity of the back muscles and RF, RF muscular endurance enhancement may lead to a decrease in the load on the back muscles and help prevent muscular low back pain in rowers. J. Med. Invest. 69 : 45-50, February, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Oshikawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Norifumi Takaki
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Nakamura
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ren Kubota
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Gen Adachi
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.,Baseball & Sports Clinic, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akuzawa
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chie Sekine
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koji Kaneoka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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Benedikter C, Abrar DB, Konieczny M, Schleich C, Bittersohl B. Patterns of Intervertebral Disk Alteration in Asymptomatic Elite Rowers: A T2* MRI Mapping Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221088572. [PMID: 35464905 PMCID: PMC9019338 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221088572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Repetitive loading of the back puts elite rowers at risk for acute and chronic back injuries. Hypothesis: That asymptomatic elite rowers would demonstrate characteristic intervertebral disk (IVD) alterations on T2* magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) mapping compared with asymptomatic nonrowers. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: This study included 20 asymptomatic elite rowers (mean age, 23.4 ± 3.03 years; 9 women, 11 men) studied at 2 different times, once before (t1) and once after (t2) the competition phase. MRI including T2* mapping was performed on a 3-T scanner. The authors derived normative T2* data from a previous study on 40 asymptomatic volunteers (20 men, 20 women) who were not competitive rowers; based on complete T2* data sets, 37 controls were included. T2* values were compared between groups in 4 lumbar IVDs, and midsagittal T2* values were compared in 5 zones: anterior annulus fibrosus (AF), anterior nucleus pulposus (NP), central NP, posterior NP, and posterior AF. The Pfirrmann grade was used for morphological assessment of disk degeneration. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon matched-pairs test, and Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Results: Lower T2* values were noted in the rower group compared with the controls (37.08 ± 33.63 vs 45.59 ± 35.73 ms, respectively; P < .001). The intersegmental comparison revealed lower mean T2* values among rowers (P ≤ .027 for all). The interzonal comparison indicated significantly lower mean T2* values for the rowers in all zones except for the anterior NP (P ≤ .008 for all). Lower mean T2* values were observed for the rowers at t1 versus t2 (39.25 ± 36.19 vs 43.97 ± 38.67 ms, respectively; P = .008). The authors noted a higher level of IVD damage according to Pfirrmann assessment in the rower cohort (P < .001); the Pfirrmann grade distributions of rowers versus controls, respectively, were as follows: 51.3% versus 73.7% (grade 1), 20.5% versus 19.5% (grade 2), 21.8% versus 6.8% (grade 3), 5.1% versus 0% (grade 4), and 1.3% versus 0% (grade 5). The authors also noted a correlation between low T2* and high Pfirrmann grade at t1 (r =–0.48; P < .001) and t2 (r =–0.71; P < .001). Conclusion: The cohort of elite rowers revealed more degenerative IVD changes compared with controls. The T2* values suggest that repetitive loading of the spine has demonstrable short-term and possibly permanent effects on the lumbar IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Benedikter
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Benjamin Abrar
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Konieczny
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Schleich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd Bittersohl
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Alvero-Cruz JR, Santonja-Medina F, Sanz-Mengibar JM, Sainz de Baranda P. The Sagittal Integral Morphotype in Male and Female Rowers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12930. [PMID: 34948541 PMCID: PMC8700818 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182412930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to describe the integrated spinal assessment of the sagittal morphotype in rowers to determine whether the intense practice of rowing causes a modification of the sagittal curvatures of the spine, its relationship with the rowing technique, and training background. The second goal was to analyse how the dorsal and lumbar curves behave in the three phases of the rowing gesture, and to determine which phases can be detrimental to the correct development of the spine during growth. We analysed the spine curvatures in the sagittal plane of 29 females and 82 males, which were measured with an inclinometer in standing, slump sitting, maximal trunk flexion and during rowing performance. The average value of thoracic kyphosis in the rowers was 30° (mean, 30 + 8.27°). Thoracic hyperkyphosis was found in only two rowers (1.8%). Lumbar lordosis was within normal range in 84.1% of the males (mean, 27 + 9.57°) and 75.9% of female rowers (mean, 33°). Functional thoracic hyperkyphosis was observed in 57.4% of the males and 17.1% of the females. Functional lumbar hyperkyphosis was observed in 28 of the 69 males (40.5%) and five of 22 females (17.2%). Rowing seems to provide adequate spine alignment in the sagittal plane on standing. The integrated spinal assessment of the sagittal morphotype showed that half or our rowers presented with functional thoracic hyperkyphosis, and 43.2% presented with functional lumbar hyperkyphosis. Spine behaviour during the rowing technique shows that the thoracic kyphosis (98.2%) and lumbar spine (91%) perform within normative ranges and could explain the adequate positioning of the spine in the sagittal plane on standing. Years of rowing training tend to reduce thoracic kyphosis in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ramón Alvero-Cruz
- Andalucía Tech, Faculty of Medicine, Campus de Teatinos, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Fernando Santonja-Medina
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.S.-M.); (P.S.d.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, “Virgen de la Arrixaca” University Clinical Hospital, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Sanz-Mengibar
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.S.-M.); (P.S.d.B.)
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Pilar Sainz de Baranda
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.S.-M.); (P.S.d.B.)
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Ergometer rowing to mitigate spinal pain in neurosurgeons. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2021.101294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Trompeter K, Weerts J, Fett D, Firouzabadi A, Heinrich K, Schmidt H, Brüggemann GP, Platen P. Spinal and Pelvic Kinematics During Prolonged Rowing on an Ergometer vs. Indoor Tank Rowing. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2622-2628. [PMID: 31373977 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Trompeter, K, Weerts, J, Fett, D, Firouzabadi, A, Heinrich, K, Schmidt, H, Brüggemann, GP, and Platen, P. Spinal and pelvic kinematics during prolonged rowing on an ergometer vs. indoor tank rowing. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2622-2628, 2021-This investigation aimed to compare spinopelvic kinematics during rowing on an ergometer vs. in a rowing tank and to evaluate changes with progressing fatigue. Spinal and pelvic kinematics of 8 competitive scull rowers (19.0 ± 2.1 years, 179.9 ± 7.6 cm, and 74.8 ± 8.1 kg) were collected during 1 hour of rowing on an ergometer and in a rowing tank using a routine training protocol. Kinematics of the upper thoracic spine, lower thoracic spine, lumbar spine, and pelvis were determined using an infrared camera system (Vicon, Oxford, United Kingdom). There was a greater lumbar range of motion (ROM) and less posterior pelvic tilt at the catch during rowing on the ergometer compared with in the rowing tank (p = 0.001-0.048), but no differences in pelvic ROM. In the rowing tank, the pelvic ROM increased over time (p = 0.002) and the ROM of the lower thoracic spine decreased (p = 0.002). In addition, there was an extended drive phase (when the rower applies pressure to the oar levering the boat forward) and an abbreviated recovery phase (setting up the rower's body for the next stroke) in the rowing tank (p = 0.032). Different rowing training methods lead to differences in spinopelvic kinematics, which may lead to substantially different spinal loading situations. Greater pelvic rotation and lesser lumbar ROM are considered ideal; therefore, the present results indicate that rowing in the rowing tank might facilitate the maintenance of this targeted spinopelvic posture, which might help protect the lower back. Rowers, coaches, and researchers should consider the differences between rowing training methods, especially when giving training recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Trompeter
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jeronimo Weerts
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-University of Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany ; and
| | - Daniela Fett
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ali Firouzabadi
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-University of Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany ; and
| | - Kai Heinrich
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schmidt
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-University of Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany ; and
| | - Gert-Peter Brüggemann
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Petra Platen
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Does Not Affect Muscle Synergy for Rowing Activities. Appl Bionics Biomech 2021; 2021:6651671. [PMID: 33628330 PMCID: PMC7899783 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6651671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rowers with disc degeneration may have motor control dysfunction during rowing. This study is aimed at clarifying the trunk and lower extremity muscle synergy during rowing and at comparing the muscle synergy between elite rowers with and without lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. Twelve elite collegiate rowers (with disc degeneration, n = 6; without disc degeneration, n = 6) were included in this study. Midline sagittal images obtained by lumbar T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging were used to evaluate disc degeneration. Participants with one or more degenerated discs were classified into the disc degeneration group. A 2000 m race trial using a rowing ergometer was conducted. Surface electrodes were attached to the right rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, latissimus dorsi, multifidus, erector spinae, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris. The activity of the muscles was measured during one stroke immediately after 20% and 80% of the rowing trial. Nonnegative matrix factorization was used to extract the muscle synergies from the electromyographic data. To compare the muscle synergies, a scalar product (SP) evaluating synergy coincidence was calculated, and the muscle synergies were considered identical at SP > 75%. Both groups had only one module in the 20% and 80% time points of the trial. At the 20% time point of the 2000 m rowing trial, the SP of the module was 99.8%. At the 80% time point, the SP of the module was 99.9%. The SP results indicate that, at 20% and 80% time points, both groups had the same module. The module showed a high contribution in all muscles. The activation coefficients indicated that the module was always highly activated throughout the rowing stroke in both groups. The trunk and lower extremity muscles are mobilized through the rowing stroke and maintain coordination during rowing. There was no difference in the muscle synergy between the rowers with and without lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration.
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Nugent FJ, Vinther A, McGregor A, Thornton JS, Wilkie K, Wilson F. The relationship between rowing-related low back pain and rowing biomechanics: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:bjsports-2020-102533. [PMID: 33397675 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low back pain (LBP) is common in rowers. Understanding rowing biomechanics may help facilitate prevention and improve rehabilitation. OBJECTIVES To define the kinematics and muscle activity of rowers and to compare with rowers with current or LBP history. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science and Scopus from inception to December 2019. Grey literature was searched. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Experimental and non-experimental designs. METHODS Primary outcomes were kinematics and muscle activity. Modified Quality Index (QI) checklist was used. RESULTS 22 studies were included (429 participants). Modified QI score had a mean of 16.7/28 points (range: 15-21). Thirteen studies investigated kinematics and nine investigated muscle activity. Rowers without LBP ('healthy') have distinct kinematics (neutral or anterior pelvic rotation at the catch, greater hip range of motion, flatter low back spinal position at the finish) and muscle activity (trunk extensor dominant with less flexor activity). Rowers with LBP had relatively greater posterior pelvic rotation at the catch, greater hip extension at the finish and less efficient trunk muscle activity. In both groups fatigue results in increased lumbar spine flexion at the catch, which is greater on the ergometer. There is insufficient evidence to recommend one ergometer type (fixed vs dynamic) over the other to avoid LBP. Trunk asymmetries are not associated with LBP in rowers. CONCLUSION Improving clinicians' and coaches' understanding of safe and effective rowing biomechanics, particularly of the spine, pelvis and hips may be an important strategy in reducing incidence and burden of LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank James Nugent
- Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Sport and Human Performance Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Anders Vinther
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alison McGregor
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jane S Thornton
- Western Centre for Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kellie Wilkie
- Bodysystem Physiotherapy, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Fiona Wilson
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Nugent FJ, Flanagan EP, Wilson F, Warrington GD. Strength and Conditioning for Competitive Rowers. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Willwacher S, Koopmann T, Dill S, Kurz M, Brüggemann GP. Dorsal muscle fatigue increases thoracic spine curvature in all-out recreational ergometer rowing. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:176-182. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1737242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Willwacher
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, Cologne, Germany
| | - Till Koopmann
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Dill
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Kurz
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gert-Peter Brüggemann
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, Cologne, Germany
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Martinez-Valdes E, Wilson F, Fleming N, McDonnell SJ, Horgan A, Falla D. Rowers with a recent history of low back pain engage different regions of the lumbar erector spinae during rowing. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1206-1212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mattes K, Wolff S. Asymmetry of the leg stretcher force high-performance female and male juniors in sweep rowing. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1651085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Mattes
- Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Wolff
- Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Gonzalez SL, Diaz AM, Plummer HA, Michener LA. Musculoskeletal Screening to Identify Female Collegiate Rowers at Risk for Low Back Pain. J Athl Train 2018; 53:1173-1180. [PMID: 30525938 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-50-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rowers are at risk for overuse injuries, including low back pain (LBP). Defining the utility of screening tests for identifying those at risk for LBP can aid in the development of guidelines for injury prevention. OBJECTIVE To determine if the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and impairments can identify rowers at risk for developing LBP. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Athletic training room. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 31 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, female, open-weight rowers (age = 19.9 ± 1.4 years, height = 163.6 ± 30.8 cm, mass = 84.1 ± 37.63 kg); coxswains were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We assessed the FMS and 5 impairment measures of the Star Excursion Balance Test, closed kinetic chain dorsiflexion range of motion, and the plank, Sorensen, and sit-and-reach tests before the fall season. Low back pain injuries were tracked by the sports medicine staff. Impairment measures were compared between the injured and uninjured athletes. The FMS cutoff score that discriminated injured from uninjured rowers was determined using a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Impairments were compared between those at a higher versus lower risk of LBP. RESULTS Eighteen rowers sustained an LBP injury. No differences in FMS or impairments between groups were demonstrated. The FMS receiver operating characteristic curve analysis cutoff score was 16 points (area under the curve = 0.60, specificity = 0.67, risk ratio = 1.4 [95% confidence interval = 0.91, 2.11]). Rowers with an FMS score ≤16 had a shorter plank-test time (109.5 ± 60.2 seconds) than those with less risk (175.3 ± 98.6 seconds, mean difference = 65.9 seconds, 95% confidence interval = -129.4, -2.3; P = .043). CONCLUSIONS Those with an FMS score ≤16 had a shorter plank-test hold time, indicating that a lack of core endurance may contribute to the increased risk of LBP in female rowers. An FMS score ≤16 indicated a small increased risk (1.4) of developing LBP compared with rowers who had scores >16; however, the FMS is not recommended for widespread screening of female rowers because the risk ratio was relatively small and had a wide 95% confidence interval.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aimee M Diaz
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Hillary A Plummer
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Lori A Michener
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Sorbie GG, Grace FM, Gu Y, Baker JS, Ugbolue UC. Electromyographic analyses of the erector spinae muscles during golf swings using four different clubs. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:717-723. [PMID: 28594287 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1334956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the electromyography (EMG) patterns of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the erector spinae (ES) muscle during the golf swing whilst using four different golf clubs. Fifteen right-handed male golfers performed a total of twenty swings in random order using the driver, 4-iron, 7-iron and pitching-wedge. Surface EMG was recorded from the lead and trail sides of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the ES muscle (T8, L1 and L5 lateral to the spinous-process). Three-dimensional high-speed video analysis was used to identify the backswing, forward swing, acceleration, early and late follow-through phases of the golf swing. No significant differences in muscle-activation levels from the lead and trail sides of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the ES muscle were displayed between the driver, 4-iron, 7-iron and pitching-wedge (P > 0.05). The highest mean thoracic and lumbar ES muscle-activation levels were displayed in the forward swing (67-99% MVC) and acceleration (83-106% MVC) phases of the swing for all clubs tested. The findings from this study show that there were no significant statistical differences between the driver, 4-iron, 7-iron and pitching-wedge when examining muscle activity from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the ES muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme G Sorbie
- a School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK.,b Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences , Abertay University , Dundee , UK
| | - Fergal M Grace
- a School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK.,c Faculty of Health, Human Movement & Sport Sciences , Federation University Australia , Ballarat , Victoria , Australia
| | - Yaodong Gu
- d Faculty of Sports Science , Ningbo University , Ningbo , China
| | - Julien S Baker
- a School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK.,d Faculty of Sports Science , Ningbo University , Ningbo , China
| | - Ukadike C Ugbolue
- a School of Science and Sport, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK.,e Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , UK
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McGregor AH. Injury prevention, performance and return to sport: How can science help? Chin J Traumatol 2017; 20:63-66. [PMID: 28336420 PMCID: PMC5392725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Comparison of Thoracic and Lumbar Erector Spinae Muscle Activation Before and After a Golf Practice Session. J Appl Biomech 2017; 33:288-293. [PMID: 28290751 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2016-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lower back pain is commonly associated with golfers. The study aimed: to determine whether thoracic- and lumbar-erector-spinae muscle display signs of muscular fatigue after completing a golf practice session, and to examine the effect of the completed practice session on club head speed, ball speed and absolute carry distance performance variables. Fourteen right-handed male golfers participated in the laboratory-based-study. Surface electromyography (EMG) data was collected from the lead and trail sides of the thoracic- and lumbar-erector-spinae muscle. Normalized root mean squared (RMS) EMG activation levels and performance variables for the golf swings were compared before and after the session. Fatigue was assessed using median frequency (MDF) and RMS during the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) performed before and after the session. No significant differences were observed in RMS thoracic- and lumbar-erector-spinae muscle activation levels during the five phases of the golf swing and performance variables before and after the session (p > .05). Significant changes were displayed in MDF and RMS when comparing the MVC performed before and after the session (p < .05). Fatigue was evident in the trail side of the erector-spinae muscle after the session.
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Streisfeld GM, Bartoszek C, Creran E, Inge B, McShane MD, Johnston T. Relationship Between Body Positioning, Muscle Activity, and Spinal Kinematics in Cyclists With and Without Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review. Sports Health 2016; 9:75-79. [PMID: 27784817 PMCID: PMC5315261 DOI: 10.1177/1941738116676260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Low back pain is reported by more than half of cyclists. The pathomechanics and association of risk factors of lumbar spine overuse injuries in cycling are not clearly understood. Objective: To determine whether relationships exist between body positioning, spinal kinematics, and muscle activity in active cyclists with nontraumatic low back pain. Data Sources: In August of 2015 and April of 2016, a comprehensive search of the PubMed, CINAHL, Ovid MEDLINE, and Scopus databases was performed independently by 5 reviewers. Study Selection: Included articles consisted of biomechanical studies examining factors relating to low back pain in cyclists as agreed upon by group consensus. Study Design: Systematic review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Data Extraction: Five reviewers appraised by consensus each article using the Downs and Black checklist. Results: Eight studies met criteria for this review. There is evidence that cyclists with lower handlebar heights displayed increased lumbosacral flexion angles during cycling. Core muscle activation imbalances, back extensor endurance deficits, and increased lumbar flexion while cycling were found to be present in cyclists with low back pain. Conclusion: Spinal and core muscle activation imbalances in a prolonged flexed posture associated with cycling may lead to maladaptive spinal kinematics and increased spinal stresses contributing to overuse low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M Streisfeld
- Department of Physical Therapy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Caitlin Bartoszek
- Department of Physical Therapy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily Creran
- Department of Physical Therapy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brianna Inge
- Department of Physical Therapy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marc D McShane
- Department of Physical Therapy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Therese Johnston
- Department of Physical Therapy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Thornton JS, Vinther A, Wilson F, Lebrun CM, Wilkinson M, Di Ciacca SR, Orlando K, Smoljanovic T. Rowing Injuries: An Updated Review. Sports Med 2016; 47:641-661. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Buckeridge EM, Weinert-Aplin RA, Bull AMJ, McGregor AH. Influence of foot-stretcher height on rowing technique and performance. Sports Biomech 2016; 15:513-26. [PMID: 27256844 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1185459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Strength, technique, and coordination are crucial to rowing performance, but external interventions such as foot-stretcher set-up can fine-tune technique and optimise power output. For the same resultant force, raising the height of foot-stretchers on a rowing ergometer theoretically alters the orientation of the resultant force vector in favour of the horizontal component. This study modified foot-stretcher heights and examined their instantaneous effect on foot forces and rowing technique. Ten male participants rowed at four foot-stretcher heights on an ergometer that measured handle force, stroke length, and vertical and horizontal foot forces. Rowers were instrumented with motion sensors to measure ankle, knee, hip, and lumbar-pelvic kinematics. Key resultant effects of increased foot-stretcher heights included progressive reductions in horizontal foot force, stroke length, and pelvis range of motion. Raising foot-stretcher height did not increase the horizontal component of foot force as previously speculated. The reduced ability to anteriorly rotate the pelvis at the front of the stroke may be a key obstacle in gaining benefits from raised foot-stretcher heights. This study shows that small changes in athlete set-up can influence ergometer rowing technique, and rowers must individually fine-tune their foot-stretcher height to optimise power transfer through the rowing stroke on an ergometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Buckeridge
- a Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Calgary , Calgary , Canada
| | - Robert A Weinert-Aplin
- b Centre for Health Sciences Research, School of Health Sciences , University of Salford , Manchester , UK
| | - Anthony M J Bull
- c Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering , Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Alison H McGregor
- d Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery & Cancer , Imperial College London , London , UK
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Cutler B, Eger T, Merritt T, Godwin A. Comparing para-rowing set-ups on an ergometer using kinematic movement patterns of able-bodied rowers. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:777-783. [PMID: 27250569 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1189587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
While numerous studies have investigated the biomechanics of able-bodied rowing, few studies have been completed with para-rowing set-ups. The purpose of this research was to provide benchmark data for handle kinetics and joint kinematics for able-bodied athletes rowing in para- rowing set-ups on an indoor ergometer. Able-bodied varsity rowers performed maximal trials in three para-rowing set-ups; Legs, Trunk and Arms (LTA), Trunk and Arms (TA) and Arms and Shoulders (AS) rowing. The handle force kinetics of the LTA stroke were comparable to the values for able-bodied literature. Lumbar flexion at the catch, extension at the finish and total range of motion were, however, greater than values in the literature for able-bodied athletes in the LTA set-up. Additionally, rowers in TA and AS set-ups utilised more extreme ranges of motion for lumbar flexion, elbow flexion and shoulder abduction than the LTA set-up. This study provides the first biomechanical values of the para-rowing strokes for researchers, coaches and athletes to use while promoting the safest training programmes possible for para-rowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cutler
- a School of Human Kinetics , Laurentian University , Sudbury , Canada
| | - T Eger
- a School of Human Kinetics , Laurentian University , Sudbury , Canada
| | - T Merritt
- b Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Laurentian University , Sudbury , Canada
| | - A Godwin
- a School of Human Kinetics , Laurentian University , Sudbury , Canada
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You YL, Su TK, Liaw LJ, Wu WL, Chu IH, Guo LY. The effect of six weeks of sling exercise training on trunk muscular strength and endurance for clients with low back pain. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:2591-6. [PMID: 26356255 PMCID: PMC4563321 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 6 weeks sling
exercise training for clients with low back pain on the levels of pain, disability,
muscular strength and endurance. [Subjects and Methods] Twelve chronic LBP subjects
participated in this study. Subjects were randomly divided into a control group and a
training group. Subjects in the training group performed sling exercise training for six
weeks, and participants in the control group did not perform any exercise. [Results] Pain,
disability levels and muscular strength significantly improved in the training group, but
not in the control group. The left multifidus showed a significant improvement in muscular
endurance, measured as the slope of the median frequency after training. [Conclusion] Six
weeks of sling exercise training was effective at reducing pain intensity, and improving
the disability level and trunk muscular strength of subjects with low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin You
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University: Kaohsiung City 701, Taiwan ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Kai Su
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ten-Chen General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Jiun Liaw
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lan Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University: Kaohsiung City 701, Taiwan
| | - I-Hua Chu
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University: Kaohsiung City 701, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Yuen Guo
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University: Kaohsiung City 701, Taiwan
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Shin KY, Choi EH, Lim JY, Cho AR, Lim YH. Effects of Indoor Rowing Exercise on the Body Composition and the Scoliosis of Visually Impaired People: A Preliminary Study. Ann Rehabil Med 2015; 39:592-8. [PMID: 26361596 PMCID: PMC4564707 DOI: 10.5535/arm.2015.39.4.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effects of rowing exercise on body composition, laboratory data, fitness and scoliosis in visually impaired people. The majority of visually impaired people do not participate in active sports due to efficiency and safety issues. Rowing is a safe whole-body exercise with aerobic and anaerobic components. Methods Twenty subjects were recruited from among those admitted to a facility for visually impaired people (16 men and 4 women). Laboratory data, body composition, physical fitness, Cobb's angle, and fall index were checked before and after 6 weeks (5 days a week) of indoor rowing using Concept2 Model E. Results After the training, fat mass and total body fat percent decreased significantly. In the fitness test, back strength and trunk flexion score increased significantly. Laboratory data showed significant increases in serum protein and albumin and decreases in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. There were 9 subjects with scoliosis and after the training Cobb's angle decreased by 1.11°±1.55°, though this was not statistically significant. Conclusion Visually impaired people frequently have abnormal body composition, low physical fitness, and scoliosis. A rowing exercise program can be helpful, with a positive effect on body composition and physical fitness; however, with respect to scoliosis, we need an earlier intervention program in visually impaired people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Young Shin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Eun-Hi Choi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jong-Youb Lim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Cho
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Young-Ho Lim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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Mawston GA, G. Boocock M. Lumbar posture biomechanics and its influence on the functional anatomy of the erector spinae and multifidus. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1179/1743288x15y.0000000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Newlands C, Reid D, Parmar P. The prevalence, incidence and severity of low back pain among international-level rowers. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49:951-6. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Ng L, Cañeiro JP, Campbell A, Smith A, Burnett A, O'Sullivan P. Cognitive functional approach to manage low back pain in male adolescent rowers: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49:1125-31. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Verrall G, Darcey A. Lower back injuries in rowing national level compared to international level rowers. Asian J Sports Med 2014; 5:e24293. [PMID: 25741422 PMCID: PMC4335483 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.24293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rowing injuries are common, with lower back injuries having the highest incidence. OBJECTIVES This study was to investigate the major rowing injuries seen at a single high performance rowing sports program over a 5 years training period and establish if any relationship exists between these injuries and the level of competition that the rower is partaking in. PATIENTS AND METHODS All rowers at the South Australian Sports Institute (SASI) programs were designated as being either international or national level rowers. Injuries that caused greater than 5 days training loss during any one training year were recorded. The number of lower back injuries and rib stress injuries causing training time loss were analysed to assess whether there was any association between the level of rower and the nature and type of injury causing training time loss. RESULTS Forty-five national rowers (97 training years) had 15 lower back injuries compared to 12 international rowers 35 training years) with 1 lower back injury. Thus a national level rower was more likely to have a lower back injury compared to an international rower P = 0.05. In contrast an international level was more likely to have a rib stress fracture compared to a national rower P = 0.04. 21% of all injuries in this study were a consequence of cycling injuries. CONCLUSIONS Lower back injuries are a significant cause of training time lost in rowers. These injuries are much more likely to occur in national level rowers when compared to international level rowers. In contrast rib stress injuries are associated with international compared to national level rowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Verrall
- Department of SPORTMED.SA Sports Medicine Clinic, South Australian Sports Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- Corresponding author: Geoffrey Verrall, Department of SPORTMED.SA Sports Medicine Clinic, South Australian Sports Institute, Adelaide, Australia. Tel: +61-883628111, Fax: +61-83626635, E-mail:
| | - Andrew Darcey
- Department of South Australian Sports Institute, Australia and Leading Edge Physical Therapy, Adelaide, Australia
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Readi NG, Rosso V, Rainoldi A, Vieira TMM. Do sweep rowers symmetrically activate their low back muscles during indoor rowing? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:e339-52. [PMID: 25264206 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates whether sweep rowers activate their low back muscles asymmetrically when exercising on a rowing ergometer. Given that indoor rowing imposes equal loading demands to left and right back muscles, any side differences in activation are expected to reflect asymmetric adaptations resulting from sweep rowing. In addition to trunk kinematics, surface electromyograms (EMGs) were sampled from multiple skin locations along the lumbar spine of six elite, sweep rowers. The distribution of EMG amplitude along the spine was averaged across strokes and compared between sides. Key results indicate a significant effect of trunk side on EMG amplitude and on the low back region where EMG amplitude was greatest. Such side differences were unlikely because of trunk lateral inclination and rotation, which were smaller than 5° for all rowers tested. Moreover, asymmetries manifested differently between participants; there was not a clear predominance of greater EMG amplitude toward the right/left side in portside/starboard rowers. These results suggest that (a) even during indoor rowing, sweep rowers activate asymmetrically their low back muscles; (b) factors other than rowing side might be associated with low back asymmetries; (c) spatial distribution of surface EMG amplitude is sensitive to bilateral changes in back muscles' activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Readi
- Scuola Universitaria Interfacoltà di Scienze Motorie, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Società Canottieri ARMIDA, Torino, Italy
| | - V Rosso
- Scuola Universitaria Interfacoltà di Scienze Motorie, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - A Rainoldi
- Scuola Universitaria Interfacoltà di Scienze Motorie, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - T M M Vieira
- Laboratorio di Ingegneria del Sistema Neuromuscolare (LISiN), Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Larivière C, Caron JM, Preuss R, Mecheri H. The effect of different lumbar belt designs on the lumbopelvic rhythm in healthy subjects. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:307. [PMID: 25234136 PMCID: PMC4190283 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research suggests that in some patients with low back pain, lumbar belts (LB) may derive secondary prophylactic benefits. It remains to be determined, however, which patients are most likely to benefit from prophylactic LB use, and which LB design is optimal for this purpose. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different lumbar belts designs on range of motion and lumbopelvic rhythm. Methods Healthy subjects (10 males; 10 females) performed five standing lumbar flexion/extension cycles, with knees straight, during a control (no belt) and four lumbar belt experimental conditions (extensible, with and without dorsal and ventral panels; non-extensible). Motion of the pelvis and lumbar spine was measured with 3D angular inertial sensors. Results The results suggest that adding dorsal and ventral panels to an extensible LB produces the largest lumbar spine restrictions among the four tested lumbar belt designs, which in turn also altered the lumbopelvic rhythm. On a more exploratory basis, some sex differences were seen and the sex × experimental condition interaction just failed to reach significance. Conclusions LB may provide some biomechanical benefit for patients with low back disorders, based on the protection that may be provided against soft tissue creep-based injury mechanisms. More comprehensive assessment of different LB designs, with additional psychological and neuromuscular measurement outcomes, however, must first be conducted in order to produce sound recommendations for LB use. Future research should also to take sex into account, with sufficient statistical power to clearly refute or confirm the observed trends. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-307) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Larivière
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute Robert-Sauvé (IRSST), 505, boul, De Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal, Quebec H3A 3C2, Canada.
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Atanasovska T, Petersen AC, Rouffet DM, Billaut F, Ng I, McKenna MJ. Plasma K+ dynamics and implications during and following intense rowing exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:60-8. [PMID: 24812644 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01027.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether potassium (K(+)) disturbances during and following intense exercise may be pronounced when utilizing a large contracting muscle mass, examining maximal 2,000-m rowing exercise effects on radial arterial plasma K(+) concentration ([K(+)]a) in 11 healthy adults. Blood was sampled at baseline, preexercise, each 30 s during rowing, and for 30 min postexercise. Time to complete 2,000 m was 7.26 ± 0.59 min; power output at 30 s was 326 ± 81 W (mean ± SD). With exercise time expressed in deciles, power output fell 16.5% from the first to fourth decile (P < 0.05) and 19.9% at the ninth decile (P < 0.05); EMG median frequency declined 4.6% by the third decile and 5.5% by the eighth decile (P < 0.05). Plasma [K(+)]a increased from 3.89 ± 0.13 mM at rest to 6.13 ± 0.46 mM by 90 s rowing (P < 0.001) and was then sustained until end exercise (P < 0.001). In recovery, [K(+)]a decreased abruptly, reaching 3.33 ± 0.22 mM at 5 min postexercise (P < 0.001) and remaining below preexercise after 30 min (P < 0.005). At end exercise, blood [lactate]a (preexercise 0.64 ± 0.18 mM) reached 10.87 ± 1.33 mM, plasma volume decreased 9.7 ± 2.3% from preexercise, and pHa decreased to 7.10 ± 0.07 units (P < 0.001). In conclusion, arterial hyperkalemia was sustained during exhaustive rowing reflecting a balance between K(+) release and reuptake in contracting muscles and K(+) uptake by inactive muscles. While high, the [K(+)]a was lower than anticipated compared with maximal cycling or sprinting, possibly reflecting greater adrenergic response and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in contracting muscles; fatigue was evidenced by reduced power output and EMG median frequency. A prolonged hypokalemia after rowing likely reflected continuing muscular Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Atanasovska
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron C Petersen
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Rouffet
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - François Billaut
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Irene Ng
- Department of Anaesthesia, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J McKenna
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
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Ng L, Perich D, Burnett A, Campbell A, O'Sullivan P. Self-reported prevalence, pain intensity and risk factors of low back pain in adolescent rowers. J Sci Med Sport 2014; 17:266-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ceccato J, Geremia JM, Mayer A, Lupion RDO, Vaz MA. Evaluation of the lumbar multifidus in rowers during spinal stabilization exercise. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742014000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumbar stabilization is important in high performance rowing due to the high incidence of low back pain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the lumbar stabilizers muscles performance during an exercise of spinal segmental stabilization and in lumbar multifidus muscle thickness in rowing athletes trained and untrained for this exercise. Nine rowers trained with lumbar stabilization (TLS) and eight rowers without training (CON) participated in the study. Lumbar stabilization performance and multifidus muscle thickness were measured during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Lumbar stabilization performance was higher (p=0.015) in the TLS (mean 18.38 ± 8.00 mmHg) compared to the CON (9.31 ± 4.91 mmHg) group. Muscle thickness variation was higher (p=0.023) in the TLS (6.92% ± 3.98) compared to the CON (2.81% ± 1.40) group. Lumbar stabilization training is an efficient clinical tool to strengthen lumbar muscles and may help to prevent low back pain in rowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseani Ceccato
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Fleming N, Donne B, Mahony N. A comparison of electromyography and stroke kinematics during ergometer and on-water rowing. J Sports Sci 2014; 32:1127-38. [PMID: 24576175 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.886128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed muscle recruitment patterns and stroke kinematics during ergometer and on-water rowing to validate the accuracy of rowing ergometry. Male rowers (n = 10; age 21 ± 2 years, height 1.90 ± 0.05 m and body mass 83.3 ± 4.8 kg) performed 3 × 3 min exercise bouts, at heart and stroke rates equivalent to 75, 85 and 95% VO2peak, on both dynamic and stationary rowing ergometers, and on water. During exercise, synchronised data for surface electromyography (EMG) and 2D kinematics were recorded. Overall muscle activity was quantified by the integration of rmsEMG and averaged for each 10% interval of the stroke cycle. Muscle activity significantly increased in rectus femoris (RF) and vastus medialis (VM) (P <0.01), as exercise intensity increased. Comparing EMG data across conditions revealed significantly (P <0.05) greater RF and VM activity during on-water rowing at discrete 10% intervals of stroke cycle. In addition, the drive/recovery ratio was significantly lower during dynamic ergometry compared to on-water (40 ± 1 vs. 44 ± 1% at 95%, P <0.01). Results suggest that significant differences exist while comparing recruitment and kinematic patterns between on-water and ergometer rowing. These differences may be due to altered acceleration and deceleration of moving masses on-ergometer not perfectly simulating the on-water scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Fleming
- a Department of Kinesiology, Recreation and Sport , Indiana State University , Terre Haute , USA
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45
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Lawton TW, Cronin JB, McGuigan MR. Does On-Water Resisted Rowing Increase or Maintain Lower-Body Strength? J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:1958-63. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182736acb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wilson F, Gissane C, Gormley J, Simms C. Sagittal plane motion of the lumbar spine during ergometer and single scull rowing. Sports Biomech 2013; 12:132-42. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2012.726640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Context: Rowing is one of the original modern Olympic sports and was one of the most popular spectator sports in the United States. Its popularity has been increasing since the enactment of Title IX. The injury patterns in this sport are unique because of the stress applied during the rowing stroke. Evidence Acquisition: This review summarizes the existing literature describing the biomechanics of the rowing stroke and rowing-related injury patterns. Data were obtained from previously published peer-reviewed literature through a search of the entire PubMed database (up to December, 2011) as well as from textbook chapters and rowing coaching manuals. Results: Rowing injuries are primarily overuse related. The knee, lumbar spine, and ribs are most commonly affected. The injury incidence is directly related to the volume of training and technique. Conclusion: Familiarity of the injury patterns and the biomechanical forces affecting the rowing athlete will aid in prompt diagnosis and appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Hosea
- University Orthopaedic Associates, LLC, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Wilson F, Gormley J, Gissane C, Simms C. The effect of rowing to exhaustion on frontal plane angular changes in the lumbar spine of elite rowers. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:1481-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.711486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Donatelli R, Dimond D, Holland M. Sport-Specific Biomechanics of Spinal Injuries in the Athlete (Throwing Athletes, Rotational Sports, and Contact-Collision Sports). Clin Sports Med 2012; 31:381-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Comparing lower lumbar kinematics in cyclists with low back pain (flexion pattern) versus asymptomatic controls--field study using a wireless posture monitoring system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:312-7. [PMID: 22436688 DOI: 10.1016/j.math.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine lower lumbar kinematics in cyclists with and without non-specific chronic low back pain (NS-CLBP) during a cross-sectional cycling field study. Although LBP is a common problem among cyclists, studies investigating the causes of LBP during cycling are scarce and are mainly focussed on geometric bike-related variables. Until now no cycling field studies have investigated the relationship between maladaptive lumbar kinematics and LBP during cycling. Eight cyclists with NS-CLBP classified as having a 'Flexion Pattern' (FP) disorder and nine age- and gender-matched asymptomatic cyclists were tested. Subjects performed a 2 h outdoor cycling task on their personal race bike. Lower lumbar kinematics was measured with the BodyGuard™ monitoring system. Pain intensity during and after cycling was measured using a numerical pain rating scale. The NS-CLBP (FP) subjects were significantly more flexed at the lower lumbar spine during cycling compared to healthy controls (p = 0.018), and reported a significant increase in pain over the 2 h of cycling (p < 0.001). One-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect for group (p = 0.035, F = 5.546) which remained just significant when adding saddle angle as a covariate (p = 0.05, F = 4.747). The difference in posture between groups did not change over time. These findings suggest that a subgroup of cyclists with NS-CLBP (FP) demonstrate an underlying maladaptive motor control pattern resulting in greater lower lumbar flexion during cycling which is related to a significant increase in pain.
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