1
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Liu G, Zhang CP, Lu YY, Niu DF, Hu FL. Biotransformation and metabolite activity analysis of flavonoids from propolis in vivo. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38794953 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2024.2355142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Propolis is a natural resinous compound produced by bees, mixed with their saliva and wax, and has a range of biological benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This article reviews the in vivo transformation of propolis flavonoids and their potential influence on drug efficacy. Despite propolis is widely used, there is little research on how the active ingredients of propolis change in the body and how they interact with drugs. Future research will focus on these interactions and the metabolic fate of propolis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cui-Ping Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - De-Fang Niu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Fu-Liang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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2
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Ruparelia KC, Zeka K, Beresford KJM, Wilsher NE, Potter GA, Androutsopoulos VP, Brucoli F, Arroo RRJ. CYP1-Activation and Anticancer Properties of Synthetic Methoxylated Resveratrol Analogues. Molecules 2024; 29:423. [PMID: 38257336 PMCID: PMC10818546 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring stilbenoids, such as the (E)-stilbenoid resveratrol and the (Z)-stilbenoid combretastatin A4, have been considered as promising lead compounds for the development of anticancer drugs. The antitumour properties of stilbenoids are known to be modulated by cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, which contribute to extrahepatic phase I xenobiotic and drug metabolism. Thirty-four methyl ether analogues of resveratrol were synthesised, and their anticancer properties were assessed, using the MTT cell proliferation assay on a panel of human breast cell lines. Breast tumour cell lines that express CYP1 were significantly more strongly affected by the resveratrol analogues than the cell lines that did not have CYP1 activity. Metabolism studies using isolated CYP1 enzymes provided further evidence that (E)-stilbenoids can be substrates for these enzymes. Structures of metabolic products were confirmed by comparison with synthetic standards and LC-MS co-elution studies. The most promising stilbenoid was (E)-4,3',4',5'-tetramethoxystilbene (DMU212). The compound itself showed low to moderate cytotoxicity, but upon CYP1-catalysed dealkylation, some highly cytotoxic metabolites were formed. Thus, DMU212 selectively affects proliferation of cells that express CYP1 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketan C. Ruparelia
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (K.C.R.); (K.J.M.B.); (N.E.W.); (R.R.J.A.)
| | - Keti Zeka
- Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kenneth J. M. Beresford
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (K.C.R.); (K.J.M.B.); (N.E.W.); (R.R.J.A.)
| | - Nicola E. Wilsher
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (K.C.R.); (K.J.M.B.); (N.E.W.); (R.R.J.A.)
| | - Gerry A. Potter
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (K.C.R.); (K.J.M.B.); (N.E.W.); (R.R.J.A.)
| | - Vasilis P. Androutsopoulos
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (K.C.R.); (K.J.M.B.); (N.E.W.); (R.R.J.A.)
| | - Federico Brucoli
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (K.C.R.); (K.J.M.B.); (N.E.W.); (R.R.J.A.)
| | - Randolph R. J. Arroo
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (K.C.R.); (K.J.M.B.); (N.E.W.); (R.R.J.A.)
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3
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Williamson G, Clifford MN. A critical examination of human data for the biological activity of quercetin and its phase-2 conjugates. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-37. [PMID: 38189312 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2299329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
This critical review examines evidence for beneficial effects of quercetin phase-2 conjugates from clinical intervention studies, volunteer feeding trials, and in vitro work. Plasma concentrations of quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (Q3G) and 3'-methylquercetin-3-O-glucuronide (3'MQ3G) after supplementation may produce beneficial effects in macrophages and endothelial cells, respectively, especially if endogenous deglucuronidation occurs, and lower blood uric acid concentration via quercetin-3'-O-sulfate (Q3'S). Unsupplemented diets produce much lower concentrations (<50 nmol/l) rarely investigated in vitro. At 10 nmol/l, Q3'S and Q3G stimulate or suppress, respectively, angiogenesis in endothelial cells. Statistically significant effects have been reported at 100 nmol/l in breast cancer cells (Q3G), primary neuron cultures (Q3G), lymphocytes (Q3G and3'MQ3G) and HUVECs (QG/QS mixture), but it is unclear whether these translate to a health benefit in vivo. More sensitive and more precise methods to measure clinically significant endpoints are required before a conclusion can be drawn regarding effects at normal dietary concentrations. Future requirements include better understanding of inter-individual and temporal variation in plasma quercetin phase-2 conjugates, their mechanisms of action including deglucuronidation and desulfation both in vitro and in vivo, tissue accumulation and washout, as well as potential for synergy or antagonism with other quercetin metabolites and metabolites of other dietary phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael N Clifford
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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4
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Maciuk A, Mazier D, Duval R. Future antimalarials from Artemisia? A rationale for natural product mining against drug-refractory Plasmodium stages. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1130-1144. [PMID: 37021639 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00001j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2023Infusions of the plants Artemisia annua and A. afra are gaining broad popularity to prevent or treat malaria. There is an urgent need to address this controversial public health question by providing solid scientific evidence in relation to these uses. Infusions of either species were shown to inhibit the asexual blood stages, the liver stages including the hypnozoites, but also the sexual stages, the gametocytes, of Plasmodium parasites. Elimination of hypnozoites and sterilization of mature gametocytes remain pivotal elements of the radical cure of P. vivax, and the blockage of P. vivax and P. falciparum transmission, respectively. Drugs active against these stages are restricted to the 8-aminoquinolines primaquine and tafenoquine, a paucity worsened by their double dependence on the host genetic to elicit clinical activity without severe toxicity. Besides artemisinin, these Artemisia spp. contain many natural products effective against Plasmodium asexual blood stages, but their activity against hypnozoites and gametocytes was never investigated. In the context of important therapeutic issues, we provide a review addressing (i) the role of artemisinin in the bioactivity of these Artemisia infusions against specific parasite stages, i.e., alone or in association with other phytochemicals; (ii) the mechanisms of action and biological targets in Plasmodium of ca. 60 infusion-specific Artemisia phytochemicals, with an emphasis on drug-refractory parasite stages (i.e., hypnozoites and gametocytes). Our objective is to guide the strategic prospecting of antiplasmodial natural products from these Artemisia spp., paving the way toward novel antimalarial "hit" compounds either naturally occurring or Artemisia-inspired.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominique Mazier
- CIMI, CNRS, Inserm, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Romain Duval
- MERIT, IRD, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.
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5
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Liu Q, Pei Y, Wan H, Wang M, Liu L, Li W, Jin J, Liu X. Chemical profiling and identification of Radix Cudramiae and their metabolites in rats using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200767. [PMID: 36538732 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Radix Cudramiae, known as "Chuan-Po-Shi" in China, is a herbal medicine widely used in the southwest of the country, especially applied by the Miao and Zhuang nationalities for the treatment of liver diseases, such as acute liver injury and liver fibrosis. As a kind of ethnomedicine, the report on its chemical analysis was still blank, which restricted its clinical application. Therefore, this paper aimed to illustrate the chemical characteristics of Radix Cudramiae. A rapid analytical strategy based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was developed to profile the natural small-molecular compounds in Radix Cudramiae, as well as the related prototypes and their metabolites in rats after drug administration. As a result, a total of 74 compounds were detected in the aqueous exact of Radix Cudramiae. In vivo, 45 chemicals including 16 prototypes and 29 metabolites in rat serum, along with 35 chemicals including 17 prototypes and 18 metabolites in rat liver, were screened out and identified. For the first time, the chemical constituents of Radix Cudramiae and their metabolic characteristics were discovered. It was hoped that this work would be beneficial for the safe and effective application of Radix Cudramiae in a clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yuqiong Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Haoting Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Mengqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Luyao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Department of TCM Quality, Nanjing Haichang Chinese Medicine Group Corporation, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
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6
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Guo B, Chou F, Huang L, Yin F, Fang J, Wang JB, Jia Z. Recent insights into oxidative metabolism of quercetin: catabolic profiles, degradation pathways, catalyzing metalloenzymes and molecular mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1312-1339. [PMID: 36037033 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2115456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is the most abundant polyphenolic flavonoid (flavonol subclass) in vegetal foods and medicinal plants. This dietary chemopreventive agent has drawn significant interest for its multiple beneficial health effects ("polypharmacology") largely associated with the well-documented antioxidant properties. However, controversies exist in the literature due to its dual anti-/pro-oxidant character, poor stability/bioavailability but multifaceted bioactivities, leaving much confusion as to its exact roles in vivo. Increasing evidence indicates that a prior oxidation of quercetin to generate an array of chemical diverse products with redox-active/electrophilic moieties is emerging as a new linkage to its versatile actions. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the oxidative conversion of quercetin by systematically analyzing the current quercetin-related knowledge, with a particular focus on the complete spectrum of metabolite products, the enzymes involved in the catabolism and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Herein we review and compare the oxidation pathways, protein structures and catalytic patterns of the related metalloenzymes (phenol oxidases, heme enzymes and specially quercetinases), aiming for a deeper mechanistic understanding of the unusual biotransformation behaviors of quercetin and its seemingly controversial biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Chou
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Libin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Feifan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zongchao Jia
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Liu H, Chang G, Wang W, Ji Z, Cui J, Peng Y. Pharmacokinetics, Prostate Distribution and Metabolic Characteristics of Four Representative Flavones after Oral Administration of the Aerial Part of Glycyrrhiza uralensis in Rats. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103245. [PMID: 35630722 PMCID: PMC9144537 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The aerial part of G. uralensis had pharmacological effects against chronic non-bacterial prostatitis (CNP), and flavonoids are the main efficacy components. The purpose of this study was to obtain the pharmacokinetics, prostate distribution and metabolic characteristics of some flavonoids in rats. (2) Methods: The prototype flavones and the metabolites of four representative flavonoids, namely puerarin, luteolin, kaempferol and pinocembrin in plasma, prostate, urine and feces of rats were analyzed by UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS. In addition, the pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma and distribution of prostate of four components were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. (3) Results: In total, 22, 17, 22 and 11 prototype flavones were detected in the prostate, plasma, urine and feces, respectively. The metabolites of puerarin in the prostate are hydrolysis and glucose-conjugated products, the metabolites of kaempferol and luteolin in the prostate are methylation and glucuronidation, and the metabolites of pinocembrin in the prostate are naringenin, oxidation, sulfation, methylation and glucuronidation products. The t1/2 of puerarin, luteolin, kaempferol and pinocembrin was 6.43 ± 0.20, 31.08 ± 1.17, 18.98 ± 1.46 and 13.18 ± 0.72 h, respectively. The concentrations of the four flavonoids in prostate were ranked as kaempferol > pinocembrin > luteolin > puerarin. (4) Conclusions: Methylation and glucuronidation metabolites were the main metabolites detected in the prostate. A sensitive and validated HPLC−MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of puerarin, luteolin, kaempferol and pinocembrin in rat plasma and prostate was described, and it was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic and prostate distribution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifan Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Guanhua Chang
- Beijing Wehand-Bio Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing 102629, China;
| | - Wenquan Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (J.C.)
- Engineering Research Center of Good Agricultural Practice for Chinese Crude Drugs, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100102, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (Z.J.); Tel.: +86-15811588577 (W.W.); +86-13999841009 (Z.J.)
| | - Zuen Ji
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Reserch of Licorice and Products, Korla 841011, China;
- Xinjiang Quanan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Korla 841011, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (Z.J.); Tel.: +86-15811588577 (W.W.); +86-13999841009 (Z.J.)
| | - Jie Cui
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Yifeng Peng
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Reserch of Licorice and Products, Korla 841011, China;
- Xinjiang Quanan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Korla 841011, China
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8
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Li J, Wu Y, Ma Y, Bai L, Li Q, Zhou X, Xu P, Li X, Xue M. A UPLC-MS/MS method reveals the pharmacokinetics and metabolism characteristics of kaempferol in rats under hypoxia. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 43:100440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Speisky H, Shahidi F, Costa de Camargo A, Fuentes J. Revisiting the Oxidation of Flavonoids: Loss, Conservation or Enhancement of Their Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010133. [PMID: 35052636 PMCID: PMC8772813 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids display a broad range of health-promoting bioactivities. Among these, their capacity to act as antioxidants has remained most prominent. The canonical reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging mode of the antioxidant action of flavonoids relies on the high susceptibility of their phenolic moieties to undergo oxidation. As a consequence, upon reaction with ROS, the antioxidant capacity of flavonoids is severely compromised. Other phenol-compromising reactions, such as those involved in the biotransformation of flavonoids, can also markedly affect their antioxidant properties. In recent years, however, increasing evidence has indicated that, at least for some flavonoids, the oxidation of such residues can in fact markedly enhance their original antioxidant properties. In such apparent paradoxical cases, the antioxidant activity arises from the pro-oxidant and/or electrophilic character of some of their oxidation-derived metabolites and is exerted by activating the Nrf2–Keap1 pathway, which upregulates the cell’s endogenous antioxidant capacity, and/or, by preventing the activation of the pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathway. This review focuses on the effects that the oxidative and/or non-oxidative modification of the phenolic groups of flavonoids may have on the ability of the resulting metabolites to promote direct and/or indirect antioxidant actions. Considering the case of a metabolite resulting from the oxidation of quercetin, we offer a comprehensive description of the evidence that increasingly supports the concept that, in the case of certain flavonoids, the oxidation of phenolics emerges as a mechanism that markedly amplifies their original antioxidant properties. An overlooked topic of great phytomedicine potential is thus unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Speisky
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile;
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (J.F.); Tel.: +56-(2)-2978-1519 (H.S.)
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada;
| | - Adriano Costa de Camargo
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile;
| | - Jocelyn Fuentes
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile;
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501015, Chile
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (J.F.); Tel.: +56-(2)-2978-1519 (H.S.)
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10
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Potential interactions among myricetin and dietary flavonols through the inhibition of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in Vitro. Toxicol Lett 2022; 358:40-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Xiao X, Hu Q, Deng X, Shi K, Zhang W, Jiang Y, Ma X, Zeng J, Wang X. Old wine in new bottles: Kaempferol is a promising agent for treating the trilogy of liver diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:106005. [PMID: 34843960 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a source of various compounds, natural products have long been important and valuable for drug development. Kaempferol (KP) is the most common flavonol with bioactive activity and has been extracted from many edible plants and traditional Chinese medicines. It has a wide range of pharmacological effects on inflammation, oxidation, and tumour and virus regulation. The liver is an important organ and is involved in metabolism and activity. Because the pathological process of liver diseases is extremely complicated, liver diseases involving ALD, NASH, liver fibrosis, and HCC are often complicated and difficult to treat. Fortunately, there have been many reports that KP has a good pharmacological effect on a series of complex liver diseases. To fully understand the mechanism of KP and provide new ideas for its clinical application in the treatment of liver diseases, this article reviews the pharmacological mechanism and potential value of KP in different studies involving various liver diseases. In the trilogy of liver disease, high concentrations of ROS stimulate peroxidation and activate the inflammatory signal cascade, which involves signalling pathways such as MAPK/JAK-STAT/PERK/Wnt/Hipp, leading to varying degrees of cell degradation and liver damage. The development of liver disease is promoted in an inflammatory environment, which is conducive to the activation of TGF-β1, leading to increased expression of pro-fibrosis and pro-inflammatory genes. Inflammation and oxidative stress promote the formation of tumour microenvironments, and uncontrolled autophagy of cancer cells further leads to the development of liver cancer. The main pathway in this process is AMPK/PTEN/PI3K-Akt/TOR. KP can not only protect liver parenchymal cells through a variety of antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms but also reduces the immune inflammatory response in the liver microenvironment, thereby preventing cell apoptosis; it can also inhibit the ER stress response, prevent inflammation and inhibit tumour growth. KP exerts multiple therapeutic effects on liver disease by regulating precise signalling targets and is expected to become an emerging therapeutic opportunity to treat liver disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Xiao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qichao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xinyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Kaiyun Shi
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yinxiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Xiaoyin Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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12
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Xia H. Extensive metabolism of flavonoids relevant to their potential efficacy on Alzheimer's disease. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:563-591. [PMID: 34491868 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1977316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, the incidence of which is climbing with ever-growing aged population, but no cure is hitherto available. The epidemiological studies unveiled that chronic intake of flavonoids was negatively associated with AD risk. Flavonoids, a family of natural polyphenols widely distributed in human daily diets, were readily conjugated by phase II drug metabolizing enzymes after absorption in vivo, and glucuronidation could occur in 1 min following intravenous administration. Recently, as many as 191 metabolites were obtained after intragastric administration of a single flavonoid, indicating that other bioactive metabolites, besides conjugates, might be formed and account for the contradiction between efficacy of flavonoids in human or animal models and low systematic exposure of flavonoid glycosides or aglycones. In this review, metabolism of complete 68 flavonoid monomers potential for AD treatment, grouped in flavonoid O-glycosides, flavonoid aglycones, flavonoid C-glycosides, flavonoid dimers, flavonolignans and prenylated flavonoids according to their common structural elements, respectively, has been systematically retrospected, summarized and discussed, including their unequivocally identified metabolites, metabolic interconversions, metabolic locations, metabolic sites (regio- or stereo-selectivity), primarily involved metabolic enzymes or intestinal bacteria, and interspecies correlations or differences in metabolism, and their bioactive metabolites and the underlying mechanism to reverse AD pathology were also reviewed, providing whole perspective about advances on extensive metabolism of diverse potent flavonoids in vivo and in vitro up to date and aiming at elucidation of mechanism of actions of flavonoids on AD or other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Xia
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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13
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Boronat A, Rodriguez-Morató J, Serreli G, Fitó M, Tyndale RF, Deiana M, de la Torre R. Contribution of Biotransformations Carried Out by the Microbiota, Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes, and Transport Proteins to the Biological Activities of Phytochemicals Found in the Diet. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2172-2189. [PMID: 34388248 PMCID: PMC8634308 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of dietary phytochemicals has been associated with several health benefits and relevant biological activities. It is postulated that biotransformations of these compounds regulated by the microbiota, Phase I/II reactions, transport proteins, and deconjugating enzymes contribute not only to their metabolic clearance but also, in some cases, to their bioactivation. A number of factors (age, genetics, sex, physiopathological conditions, and the interplay with other dietary phytochemicals) modulating metabolic activities are important sources and contributors to the interindividual variability observed in clinical studies evaluating the biological activities of phytochemicals. In this review, we discuss all the processes that can affect the bioaccessibility and beneficial effects of these bioactive compounds. Herein, we argue that the role of these factors must be further studied to correctly understand and predict the effects observed following the intake of phytochemicals. This is, in particular, with regard to in vitro investigations, which have shown great inconsistency with preclinical and clinical studies. The complexity of in vivo metabolic activity and biotransformation should therefore be considered in the interpretation of results in vitro and their translation to human physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Boronat
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Rodriguez-Morató
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain,Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (UPF-CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriele Serreli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Pathology Section, Experimental Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Montserrato, Italy
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain,Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (CAMH), Toronto, Canada,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Monica Deiana
- Department of Biomedical Science, Pathology Section, Experimental Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Montserrato, Italy
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14
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Nagayoshi H, Murayama N, Takenaka S, Kim V, Kim D, Komori M, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Roles of cytochrome P450 2A6 in the oxidation of flavone, 4'-hydroxyflavone, and 4'-, 3'-, and 2'-methoxyflavones by human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:995-1009. [PMID: 34224301 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1950866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nine forms of recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes were used to study roles of individual P450 enzymes in the oxidation of flavone and some other flavonoids, 4'-hydroxyflavone and 4'-, 3'-, and 2'-methoxyflavones, by human liver microsomes using LC-MS/MS analysis.As has been reported previously , 4'-, 3'-, and 2'-methoxyflavones were preferentially O-demethylated by human liver P450 enzymes to form 4'-, 3'-, and 2'-hydroxylated flavones and also 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone from the former two substrates.In comparisons of product formation by oxidation of these methoxylated flavones, CYP2A6 was found to be a major enzyme catalysing flavone 4'- and 3'-hydroxylations by human liver microsomes but did not play significant roles in 2'-hydroxylation of flavone, O-demethylations of three methoxylated flavones, and the oxidation of 4'-hydroxyflavone to 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone.The effects of anti-CYP2A6 IgG and chemical P450 inhibitors suggested that different P450 enzymes, as well as CYP2A6, catalysed oxidation of these flavonoids at different positions by liver microsomes.These studies suggest that CYP2A6 catalyses flavone 4'- and 3'-hydroxylations in human liver microsomes and that other P450 enzymes have different roles in oxidizing these flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Nagayoshi
- Laboratory of Food Sanitation, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan
| | - Vitchan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
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15
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The Application of Citrus folium in Breast Cancer and the Mechanism of Its Main Component Nobiletin: A Systematic Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2847466. [PMID: 34257674 PMCID: PMC8260297 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2847466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Citrus folium and its main ingredient nobiletin (NOB) have received widespread attention in recent years due to their antitumor effects. The antitumor effect of Citrus folium is related to the traditional use, mainly in its Chinese medicinal properties of soothing the liver and promoting qi, resolving phlegm, and dispelling stagnation. Some studies have proved that Citrus folium and NOB are more effective for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is related to the syndrome of stagnation of liver qi. From the perspective of modern biomedical research, NOB has anticancer effects. Its potential molecular mechanisms include inhibition of the cell cycle, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of angiogenesis, invasion, and migration. Citrus folium and NOB can also reduce the side effects of chemotherapy drugs and reverse multidrug resistance (MDR). However, more research studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms. The modern evidence of Citrus folium and NOB in breast cancer treatment has a strong connection with the traditional concepts and laws of applying Citrus folium in Chinese medicine (CM). As a low-toxic anticancer drug candidate, NOB and its structural changes, Citrus folium, and compound prescriptions will attract scientists to use advanced technologies such as genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to study its potential anticancer effects and mechanisms. On the contrary, there are relatively few studies on the anticancer effects of Citrus folium and NOB in vivo. The clinical application of Citrus folium and NOB as new cancer treatment drugs requires in vivo verification and further anticancer mechanism research. This review aims to provide reference for the treatment of breast cancer by Chinese medicine.
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16
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DeRango-Adem EF, Blay J. Does Oral Apigenin Have Real Potential for a Therapeutic Effect in the Context of Human Gastrointestinal and Other Cancers? Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:681477. [PMID: 34084146 PMCID: PMC8167032 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.681477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Apigenin (4′, 5, 7-trihydroxyflavone) is a plant flavone that has been found to have various actions against cancer cells. We evaluated available evidence to determine whether it is feasible for apigenin to have such effects in human patients. Apigenin taken orally is systemically absorbed and recirculated by enterohepatic and local intestinal pathways. Its bioavailability is in the region of 30%. Once absorbed from the oral route it reaches maximal circulating concentration (Cmax) after a time (Tmax) of 0.5–2.5h, with an elimination half-life (T1/2) averaging 2.52 ± 0.56h. Using a circulating concentration for efficacy of 1–5μmol/L as the target, we evaluated data from both human and rodent pharmacokinetic studies to determine if a therapeutic concentration would be feasible. We find that oral intake of dietary materials would require heroic ingestion amounts and is not feasible. However, use of supplements of semi-purified apigenin in capsule form could reach target blood levels using amounts that are within the range currently acceptable for other supplements and medications. Modified formulations or parenteral injection are suitable but may not be necessary. Further work with direct studies of pharmacokinetics and clinical outcomes are necessary to fully evaluate whether apigenin will contribute to a useful clinical strategy, but given emerging evidence that it may interact beneficially with chemotherapeutic drugs, this is worthy of emphasis. In addition, more effective access to intestinal tissues from the oral route raises the possibility that apigenin may be of particular relevance to gastrointestinal disorders including colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Blay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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17
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Li X, He X, Chen S, Le Y, Bryant MS, Guo L, Witt KL, Mei N. The genotoxicity potential of luteolin is enhanced by CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. Toxicol Lett 2021; 344:58-68. [PMID: 33727136 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Luteolin (5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone) belongs to the flavone subclass of flavonoids. Luteolin and its glycosides are present in many botanical families, including edible plants, fruits, and vegetables. While the beneficial properties of luteolin have been widely studied, fewer studies have investigated its toxicity. In the present study, using human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells and our newly developed TK6-derived cell lines that each stably express a single human cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C18, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5, and 3A7), we systematically evaluated luteolin-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, and the role of specific CYPs in the bioactivation of luteolin. Treatments with luteolin for 4-24 h induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, DNA damage, and chromosome damage in a concentration-dependent manner. Subsequently, we observed that luteolin-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, measured by the high-throughput micronucleus assay, were significantly increased in TK6 cells transduced with CYP1A1 and 1A2. In addition, key apoptosis and DNA damage biomarkers, including cleaved PARP-1, cleaved caspase-3, and phosphorylated histone 2AX (γH2A.X), were all significantly increased in the CYP1A1- and 1A2-expressing cells compared with the empty vector controls. Analysis by LC-MS/MS revealed that TK6 cells biotransformed the majority of luteolin into diosmetin, a less toxic O-methylated flavone, after 24 h; the presence of CYP1A1 and 1A2 partially reversed this process. Altogether, these results indicate that metabolism by CYP1A1 and 1A2 enhanced the toxicity of luteolin in vitro. Our results further support the utility of our TK6 cell system for identification of the specific CYPs responsible for chemical bioactivation and toxicity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Xiaobo He
- Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Yuan Le
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Matthew S Bryant
- Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Kristine L Witt
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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18
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Salehi B, Cruz-Martins N, Butnariu M, Sarac I, Bagiu IC, Ezzat SM, Wang J, Koay A, Sheridan H, Adetunji CO, Semwal P, Schoebitz M, Martorell M, Sharifi-Rad J. Hesperetin's health potential: moving from preclinical to clinical evidence and bioavailability issues, to upcoming strategies to overcome current limitations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4449-4464. [PMID: 33491467 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1875979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are common in the plant kingdom and many of them have shown a wide spectrum of bioactive properties. Hesperetin (Hst), the aglycone form of hesperidin, is a great example, and is the most abundant flavonoid found in Citrus plants. This review aims to provide an overview on the in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies reporting the Hst pharmacological effects and to discuss the bioavailability-related issues. Preclinical studies have shown promising effects on cancer, cardiovascular diseases, carbohydrate dysregulation, bone health, and other pathologies. Clinical studies have supported the Hst promissory effects as cardioprotective and neuroprotective agent. However, further well-designed clinical trials are needed to address the other Hst effects observed in preclinical trials, as well as to a more in-depth understanding of its safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica Butnariu
- Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Sarac
- Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" from Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iulia-Cristina Bagiu
- Timisoara, Discipline of Microbiology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Shahira M Ezzat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Jinfan Wang
- Trinity College Dublin. NatPro (Natural Products Research Centre), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aaron Koay
- Trinity College Dublin. NatPro (Natural Products Research Centre), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen Sheridan
- Trinity College Dublin. NatPro (Natural Products Research Centre), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji
- Applied Microbiology, Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Edo University Iyamho, Auchi, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.,Uttarakhand State Council for Science and Technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mauricio Schoebitz
- Departamento de Suelos y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepción UDT, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
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19
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Shimada T, Nagayoshi H, Murayama N, Takenaka S, Katahira J, Kim V, Kim D, Komori M, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of oxidation of 2'-, 3'-, 4'- and 6-hydroxyflavanones by human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:139-154. [PMID: 33047997 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1836433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
2'-Hydroxyflavanone (2'OHFva), 3'OHFva, 4'OHFva, and 6OHFva, the major oxidative products of flavanone by human cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes, were studied in regard to further oxidation by human CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1.1, 1B1.3, and 2A6. The products formed were analyzed with LC-MS/MS and characterized by their positive ion fragmentations on mass spectrometry. Several di-hydroxylated flavanone (diOHFva) and di-hydroxylated flavone (diOHFvo) products, detected by analyzing parent ions at m/z 257 and 255, respectively, were found following incubation of these four hydroxylated flavanones with P450s. The m/z 257 products were produced at higher levels than the latter with four substrates examined. The structures of the m/z 257 products were characterized by LC-MS/MS product ion spectra, and the results suggest that 3'OHFva and 4'OHFva are further oxidized mainly at B-ring by P450s while 6OHFva oxidation was at A-ring. Different diOHFvo products (m/z 255) were also characterized by LC-MS/MS, and the results suggested that most of these diOHFvo products were formed through oxidation or desaturation of the diOHFva products (m/z 257) by P450s. Only when 4'OHFva (m/z 241) was used as a substrate, formation of 4'OHFvo (m/z 239) was detected, indicating that diOHFvo might also be formed through oxidation of 4'OHFvo by P450s. Finally, our results indicated that CYP1 family enzymes were more active than CYP2A6 in catalyzing the oxidation of these four hydroxylated flavanones, and these findings were supported by molecular docking studies of these chemicals with active sites of P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruna Nagayoshi
- Division of Food Sanitation, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Katahira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Vitchan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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20
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Seyed Hameed AS, Rawat PS, Meng X, Liu W. Biotransformation of dietary phytoestrogens by gut microbes: A review on bidirectional interaction between phytoestrogen metabolism and gut microbiota. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107576. [PMID: 32531317 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are a class of plant produced polyphenolic compounds with diphenolic structure, which is similar to 17β-estradiol. These phytoestrogens preferentially bind to estrogen receptors, however, with weak affinity. Recently, many studies have found that these phytoestrogens can be transformed by gut microbiota through novel enzymatic reactions into metabolites with altered bioactivity. Recent studies have also implied that these metabolites could possibly modulate the host gut ecosystem, gene expression, metabolism and the immune system. Thus, isolating gut microbes capable of biotransforming phytoestrogens and characterizing the novel enzymatic reactions involved are principal to understand the mechanisms of beneficial effects brought by gut microbiota and their metabolism on phytoestrogens, and to provide the theoretical knowledge for the development of functional probiotics. In the present review, we summarized works on gut microbial biotransformation of phytoestrogens, including daidzin (isoflavone), phenylnaringenin (prenylflavonoid), lignans, resveratrol (stilbene) and ellagitannins. We mainly focus on gut bacterial isolation, metabolic pathway characterization, and the bidirectional interaction of phytoestrogens with gut microbes to illustrate the novel metabolic capability of gut microbiota and the methods used in these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahkam Saddam Seyed Hameed
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Parkash Singh Rawat
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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21
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Gebicka L. Redox reactions of heme proteins with flavonoids. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 208:111095. [PMID: 32442763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteins containing heme groups perform a variety of important functions in living organisms. The heme groups are involved in catalyzing oxidation/reduction reactions, in electron transfer, and in binding small molecules, like oxygen or nitric oxide. Flavonoids, low molecular weight plant polyphenols, are ubiquitous components of human diet. They are also components of many plant extracts used in herbal medicine as well as of food supplements. Due to their relatively low reduction potential, flavonoids are prone to oxidation. This paper provides a review of redox reactions of various heme proteins, including catalase, some peroxidases, cytochrome P450, cytochrome c, myoglobin, and hemoglobin with flavonoids. Potential biological significance of these reactions is discussed, in particular when flavonoids are delivered to the body at pharmacological doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Gebicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology (TUL), Lodz, Poland.
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22
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Nagayoshi H, Murayama N, Tsujino M, Takenaka S, Katahira J, Kim V, Kim D, Komori M, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Preference for O-demethylation reactions in the oxidation of 2'-, 3'-, and 4'-methoxyflavones by human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1158-1169. [PMID: 32312164 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1759157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
2'-, 3'-, and 4'-Methoxyflavones (MeFs) were incubated with nine forms of recombinant human cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes in the presence of an NADPH-generating system and the products formed were analyzed with LC-MS/MS methods.CYP1B1.1 and 1B1.3 were highly active in demethylating 4'MeF to form 4'-hydroxyflavone (rate of 5.0 nmol/min/nmol P450) and further to 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone (rates of 2.1 and 0.66 nmol/min/nmol P450, respectively). 3'MeF was found to be oxidized by P450s to m/z 239 (M-14) products (presumably 3'-hydroxyflavone) and then to 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone. P450s also catalyzed oxidation of 2'MeF to m/z 239 (M-14) and m/z 255 (M-14, M-14 + 16) products, presumably mono- and di-hydroxylated products, respectively.At least two types of ring oxidation products having m/z 269 fragments were formed, although at slower rates than the formation of mono- and di-hydroxylated products, on incubation of these MeFs with P450s; one type was products oxidized at the C-ring, having m/z 121 fragments, and the other one was the products oxidized at the A-ring (having m/z 137 fragments).Molecular docking analysis indicated the preference of interaction of O-methoxy moiety of methoxyflavones in the active site of CYP1A2.These results suggest that 2'-, 3'-, and 4'-methoxyflavones are principally demethylated by human P450s to form mono- and di-hydroxyflavones and that direct oxidation occurs in these MeFs to form mono-hydroxylated products, oxidized at the A- or B-ring of MeF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Katahira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Vitchan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea, and
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea, and
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
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23
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Shakour ZTA, Fayek NM, Farag MA. How do biocatalysis and biotransformation affect Citrus dietary flavonoids chemistry and bioactivity? A review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:689-714. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1753648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab T. Abdel Shakour
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nesrin M. Fayek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
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24
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Zeng X, Su W, Liu B, Chai L, Shi R, Yao H. A Review on the Pharmacokinetic Properties of Naringin and Its Therapeutic Efficacies in Respiratory Diseases. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:286-293. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666191009162641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are an important class of phytopharmaceuticals in plants. Naringin (naringenin-
7-O-rhamnoglucoside) is a flavanone glycoside isolated from folk herbal medicine Exocarpium Citri
grandis (called Huajuhong in Chinese). Massive experimental works have been performed on naringin
describing its phytochemical, pharmacokinetic, and bioactive properties. Naringin was found to possess
multiple pharmacological activities in relieving inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular
disorders, and metabolic syndrome. Recently, it has been approved as a potential antitussive
and expectorant for clinical trials. However, the pharmacokinetic aspects of naringin and its therapeutic
potentials in respiratory diseases have not been comprehensively reviewed. The present review provides
highlights of naringin with respect to its absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and its
therapeutic effects on cough, phlegm, and pulmonary inflammation. This review would be helpful for
the interpretation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of naringin in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zeng
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yatsen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Su
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yatsen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Buming Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Standards, Guangxi Institute of Traditional Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 530022 Nanning, China
| | - Ling Chai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Standards, Guangxi Institute of Traditional Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 530022 Nanning, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yatsen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Yao
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yatsen University, 510275 Guangzhou, China
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Kalita B, Patwary BN. Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Hesperidin-Phospholipid Complex and its Antioxidant Potential. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666190226155933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The recent trend of herbal drug delivery has been focused on developing
novel drug delivery carriers to address problems related to solubility, oral bioavailability, skin permeation
and stability. The phyto-phospholipid complex (phytosomes®) technology has been used to
overcome the problems associated with many conventional herbal extracts.
Aim:
The present work aimed to formulate phospholipid-complex of the flavanoid Hesperidin to
enhance its dissolution leading to enhanced oral bioavailability.
Method:
The complex was prepared by refluxing various molar ratios of hesperidin and PC followed
by solvent evaporation. The prepared complexes were evaluated for saturation solubility,
partition co-efficient and drug content. The free drug and phospholipid complexes were analyzed in
DSC. Surface morphology of the prepared complexes was viewed using SEM images. Selected
formulations were subjected to in vitro drug release study. Antioxidant effect was examined by free
radical scavenging method.
Results:
Solubility and partition coefficient of the prepared complexes were improved in comparison
to free drug. Based on the results of solubility, partition coefficient and drug content, formulation
F2 was selected as an optimized batch. DSC thermograms confirmed the formation of phospholipid
complex. Free Hesperidin and Hesperidin-phospholipid complex (F2) showed 46.9 % and
78.20 % of drug release, respectively, at seven hours phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The optimized
formulation showed concentration-dependent anti-oxidant property.
Conclusion:
Results of the present study suggested that the phospholipid complex of Hesperidin
possesses the antioxidant potential and may be of potential use for improving the dissolution of
hesperidin and hence oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupen Kalita
- Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Guwahati-781017, Assam, India
| | - Bhargab Nath Patwary
- Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Guwahati-781017, Assam, India
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Dietary Compounds Influencing the Sensorial, Volatile and Phytochemical Properties of Bovine Milk. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010026. [PMID: 31861730 PMCID: PMC6983252 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to evaluate the volatile profile, sensory perception, and phytochemical content of bovine milk produced from cows fed on three distinct feeding systems, namely grass (GRS), grass/clover (CLV), and total mixed ration (TMR). Previous studies have identified that feed type can influence the sensory perception of milk directly via the transfer of volatile aromatic compounds, or indirectly by the transfer of non-volatile substrates that act as precursors for volatile compounds. In the present study, significant differences were observed in the phytochemical profile of the different feed and milk samples. The isoflavone formonoetin was significantly higher in CLV feed samples, but higher in raw GRS milk, while other smaller isoflavones, such as daidzein, genistein, and apigenin were highly correlated to raw CLV milk. This suggests that changes in isoflavone content and concentration in milk relate to diet, but also to metabolism in the rumen. This study also found unique potential volatile biomarkers in milk (dimethyl sulfone) related to feeding systems, or significant differences in the concentration of others (toluene, p-cresol, ethyl and methyl esters) based on feeding systems. TMR milk scored significantly higher for hay-like flavor and white color, while GRS and CLV milk scored significantly higher for a creamy color. Milk samples were easily distinguishable by their volatile profile based on feeding system, storage time, and pasteurization.
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Screening of flavonoid aglycons' metabolism mediated by the human liver cytochromes P450. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2019; 69:541-562. [PMID: 31639084 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2019-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biological effects of flavonoids have been extensively studied in the last 80 years. As flavonoids represent a rather large group of compounds, data on metabolic biotransformations of these compounds is relatively limited to those well studied. The objective of this study was to screen the metabolism of 30 selected flavonoid aglycons mediated by the most relevant metabolic enzymes, human liver cytochromes P450. For this purpose, in vitro experiments with human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes were conducted. To evaluate flavonoid's metabolism and structure of the products, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry was used. Out of 30 flavonoids, 15 were susceptible to oxidative metabolism mediated by cytochromes P450. Dominant reactions were aromatic hydroxylation and O-demethylation, or a combination of these reactions. The dominant enzyme responsible for the observed metabolic reactions is CYP1A2, whereas other human liver cytochromes P450, namely, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4, contribute to flavonoid metabolism to a lesser degree. These results, to some extent, contribute to the understanding of the metabolism of constituents found in antioxidant dietary supplements and their possible interactions with other xenobiotics, i.e., medicinal products.
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28
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Effects of Propolis Extract and Propolis-Derived Compounds on Obesity and Diabetes: Knowledge from Cellular and Animal Models. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234394. [PMID: 31805752 PMCID: PMC6930477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis is a natural product resulting from the mixing of bee secretions with botanical exudates. Since propolis is rich in flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives, the application of propolis extracts has been tried in therapies against cancer, inflammation, and metabolic diseases. As metabolic diseases develop relatively slowly in patients, the therapeutic effects of propolis in humans should be evaluated over long periods of time. Moreover, several factors such as medical history, genetic inheritance, and living environment should be taken into consideration in human studies. Animal models, especially mice and rats, have some advantages, as genetic and microbiological variables can be controlled. On the other hand, cellular models allow the investigation of detailed molecular events evoked by propolis and derivative compounds. Taking advantage of animal and cellular models, accumulating evidence suggests that propolis extracts have therapeutic effects on obesity by controlling adipogenesis, adipokine secretion, food intake, and energy expenditure. Studies in animal and cellular models have also indicated that propolis modulates oxidative stress, the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and adipose tissue inflammation, all of which contribute to insulin resistance or defects in insulin secretion. Consequently, propolis treatment may mitigate diabetic complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, foot ulcers, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This review describes the beneficial effects of propolis on metabolic disorders.
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Abstract
The intake of flavanones, the predominant flavonoid in the Citrus genus in human diets is variable but considerable. It is thus unsurprising that they have attracted interest for their claimed positive effects on health. However, to substantiate any purported impact on health and decipher the underlying mechanism(s), knowledge of pharmacokinetics is crucial. The aim of this article is to review currently known aspects of the fate of flavanones in the organism including absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion as well as possible kinetic interactions with clinically used drugs. There are three principal keynotes: (1) The level of parent flavanones in plasma is negligible. The major reason for this is that although flavanones are absorbed into enterocytes after oral intake, they are rapidly metabolized, in particular, into conjugates, sulfates and glucuronides, which are the major forms circulating in plasma. (2) A large fraction reaches the colon where it is efficiently metabolized into small absorbable phenolics. (3) The form (aglycone vs. glycoside) and species (e.g. human vs. rat) have important impact. In conclusion, knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of flavanones, in particular of metabolites, their achievable plasma concentration and half-lives, should be borne in mind when their biological effects are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Najmanová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Vopršalová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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30
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Ahn-Jarvis JH, Parihar A, Doseff AI. Dietary Flavonoids for Immunoregulation and Cancer: Food Design for Targeting Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E202. [PMID: 31261915 PMCID: PMC6680729 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, one of the most abundant phytochemicals in a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, have been recognized as possessing anti-proliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and estrogenic activities. Numerous cellular and animal-based studies show that flavonoids can function as antioxidants by preventing DNA damage and scavenging reactive oxygen radicals, inhibiting formation of DNA adducts, enhancing DNA repair, interfering with chemical damage by induction of Phase II enzymes, and modifying signaling pathways. Recent evidence also shows their ability to regulate the immune system. However, findings from clinical trials have been mixed with no clear consensus on dose, frequency, or type of flavonoids best suited to elicit many of the beneficial effects. Delivery of these bioactive compounds to their biological targets through "targeted designed" food processing strategies is critical to reach effective concentration in vivo. Thus, the identification of novel approaches that optimize flavonoid bioavailability is essential for their successful clinical application. In this review, we discuss the relevance of increasing flavonoid bioavailability, by agricultural engineering and "targeted food design" in the context of the immune system and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arti Parihar
- Department of Science, Bellingham Technical College, WA, 98225, USA
| | - Andrea I Doseff
- Department of Physiology and Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, MI, 48864, USA.
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31
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Nagayoshi H, Murayama N, Kakimoto K, Takenaka S, Katahira J, Lim YR, Kim V, Kim D, Yamazaki H, Komori M, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Site-specific oxidation of flavanone and flavone by cytochrome P450 2A6 in human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:791-802. [PMID: 30048196 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1505064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The roles of human cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) 2A6 in the oxidation of flavanone [(2R)- and (2S)-enantiomers] and flavone were studied in human liver microsomes and recombinant human P450 enzymes. CYP2A6 was highly active in oxidizing flavanone to form flavone, 2'-hydroxy-, 4'-, and 6-hydroxyflavanones and in oxidizing flavone to form mono- and di-hydroxylated products, such as mono-hydroxy flavones M6, M7, and M11 and di-hydroxy flavones M3, M4, and M5. Liver microsomes prepared from human sample HH2, defective in coumarin 7-hydroxylation activity, were very inefficient in forming 2'-hydroxyflavanone from flavanone and a mono-hydroxylated product, M6, from flavone. Coumarin and anti-CYP2A6 antibodies strongly inhibited the formation of these metabolites in microsomes prepared from liver samples HH47 and 54, which were active in coumarin oxidation activities. Molecular docking analysis showed that the C2'-position of (2R)-flavanone (3.8 Å) was closer to the iron center of CYP2A6 than the C6-position (10 Å), while distances from C2' and C6 of (2S)-flavanone to the CYP2A6 were 6.91 Å and 5.42 Å, respectively. These results suggest that CYP2A6 catalyzes site-specific oxidation of (racemic) flavanone and also flavone in human liver microsomes. CYP1A2 and CYP2B6 were also found to play significant roles in some of the oxidations of these flavonoids by human liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norie Murayama
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | - Shigeo Takenaka
- c Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation , Osaka Prefecture University , Habikino Osaka , Japan
| | - Jun Katahira
- d Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan
| | - Young-Ran Lim
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Vitchan Kim
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masayuki Komori
- d Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- f Department of Biochemistry Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee , USA
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- d Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan
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32
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Jeong H, Lee J, Kim S, Yeo YY, So H, Wu H, Song YS, Jang CY, Kim HD, Kim MJ, Chang M. Hepatic Metabolism of Sakuranetin and Its Modulating Effects on Cytochrome P450s and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071542. [PMID: 29949932 PMCID: PMC6100415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sakuranetin (SKN), found in cherry trees and rice, is a flavanone with various pharmacological activities. It is biosynthesized from naringenin in rice or cherry trees, and the metabolism of SKN has been studied in non-human species. The present study aimed to investigate the metabolic pathways of SKN in human liver microsomes and identify the phase I and phase II metabolites, as well as evaluate the potential for drug–herb interactions through the modulation of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs). HPLC-DAD and HPLC-electrospray mass spectrometry were used to study the metabolic stability and identify the metabolites from human liver microsomes incubated with SKN. The potential of SKN to inhibit the DMEs was evaluated by monitoring the formation of a DME-specific product. The cytochrome P450 2B6 and 3A4-inductive effects were studied using promoter reporter assays in human hepatocarcinoma cells. The major pathways for SKN metabolism include B-ring hydroxylation, 5-O-demethylation, and conjugation with glutathione or glucuronic acid. The phase I metabolites were identified as naringenin and eriodictyol. SKN was found to be a UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) 1A9 inhibitor, whereas it induced transactivation of the human pregnane X receptor-mediated cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesoo Jeong
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Jimin Lee
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Soolin Kim
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Yoo Yeon Yeo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Hyunyoung So
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Honghua Wu
- Center for Research and Development of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Yun Seon Song
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Chang-Young Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Hee-Doo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Minsun Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.
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LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of luteolin, wedelolactone and apigenin in mice plasma using hansen solubility parameters for liquid-liquid extraction: Application to pharmacokinetics of Eclipta alba chloroform fraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Hong J, Fristiohady A, Nguyen CH, Milovanovic D, Huttary N, Krieger S, Hong J, Geleff S, Birner P, Jäger W, Özmen A, Krenn L, Krupitza G. Apigenin and Luteolin Attenuate the Breaching of MDA-MB231 Breast Cancer Spheroids Through the Lymph Endothelial Barrier in Vitro. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:220. [PMID: 29593542 PMCID: PMC5861143 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, present in fruits, vegetables and traditional medicinal plants, show anticancer effects in experimental systems and are reportedly non-toxic. This is a favorable property for long term strategies for the attenuation of lymph node metastasis, which may effectively improve the prognostic states in breast cancer. Hence, we studied two flavonoids, apigenin and luteolin exhibiting strong bio-activity in various test systems in cancer research and are readily available on the market. This study has further advanced the mechanistic understanding of breast cancer intravasation through the lymphatic barrier. Apigenin and luteolin were tested in a three-dimensional (3-D) assay consisting of MDA-MB231 breast cancer spheroids and immortalized lymph endothelial cell (LEC) monolayers. The 3-D model faithfully resembles the intravasation of breast cancer emboli through the lymphatic vasculature. Western blot analysis, intracellular Ca2+ determination, EROD assay and siRNA transfection revealed insights into mechanisms of intravasation as well as the anti-intravasative outcome of flavonoid action. Both flavonoids suppressed pro-intravasative trigger factors in MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells, specifically MMP1 expression and CYP1A1 activity. A pro-intravasative contribution of FAK expression in LECs was established as FAK supported the retraction of the LEC monolayer upon contact with cancer cells thereby enabling them to cross the endothelial barrier. As mechanistic basis, MMP1 caused the phosphorylation (activation) of FAK at Tyr397 in LECs. Apigenin and luteolin prevented MMP1-induced FAK activation, but not constitutive FAK phosphorylation. Luteolin, unlike apigenin, inhibited MMP1-induced Ca2+ release. Free intracellular Ca2+ is a central signal amplifier triggering LEC retraction through activation of the mobility protein MLC2, thereby enhancing intravasation. FAK activity and Ca2+ levels did not correlate. This implicates that the pro-intravasative contribution of FAK and of Ca2+ release in LECs was independent of each other and explains the better anti-intravasative effects of luteolin in vitro. In specific formulations, flavonoid concentrations causing significant anti-intravasative effects, can certainly be achieved in vivo. As the therapeutic strategy has to be based on permanent flavonoid treatment both the beneficial and adverse effects have to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Hong
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adryan Fristiohady
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Chi H Nguyen
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Milovanovic
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Huttary
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigurd Krieger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Junqiang Hong
- Department of Medical Oncology, The 188th Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Chaozhou, China
| | - Silvana Geleff
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Birner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Jäger
- Department for Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ali Özmen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Liselotte Krenn
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Krupitza
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Kakimoto K, Murayama N, Takenaka S, Nagayoshi H, Lim YR, Kim V, Kim D, Yamazaki H, Komori M, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Cytochrome P450 2A6 and other human P450 enzymes in the oxidation of flavone and flavanone. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:131-142. [PMID: 29310511 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1426133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. We previously reported that flavone and flavanone interact spectrally with cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) 2A6 and 2A13 and other human P450s and inhibit catalytic activities of these P450 enzymes. In this study, we studied abilities of CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2A13, 2C9 and 3A4 to oxidize flavone and flavanone. 2. Human P450s oxidized flavone to 6- and 5-hydroxylated flavones, seven uncharacterized mono-hydroxylated flavones, and five di-hydroxylated flavones. CYP2A6 was most active in forming 6-hydroxy- and 5-hydroxyflavones and several mono- and di-hydroxylated products. 3. CYP2A6 was also very active in catalyzing flavanone to form 2'- and 6-hydroxyflavanones, the major products, at turnover rates of 4.8 min-1 and 1.3 min-1, respectively. Other flavanone metabolites were 4'-, 3'- and 7-hydroxyflavanone, three uncharacterized mono-hydroxylated flavanones and five mono-hydroxylated flavones, including 6-hydroxyflavone. CYP2A6 catalyzed flavanone to produce flavone at a turnover rate of 0.72 min-1 that was ∼3-fold higher than that catalyzed by CYP2A13 (0.29 min-1). 4. These results indicate that CYP2A6 and other human P450s have important roles in metabolizing flavone and flavanone, two unsubstituted flavonoids, present in dietary foods. Chemical mechanisms of P450-catalyzed desaturation of flavanone to form flavone are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Kakimoto
- a Osaka Institute of Public Health , Higashinari-ku , Osaka , Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- c Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University , Habikino , Osaka , Japan
| | - Haruna Nagayoshi
- a Osaka Institute of Public Health , Higashinari-ku , Osaka , Japan
| | - Young-Ran Lim
- d Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Vitchan Kim
- d Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- d Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masayuki Komori
- e Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan , and
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- f Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- e Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan , and
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37
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Cytochrome P450 CYP1 metabolism of hydroxylated flavones and flavonols: Selective bioactivation of luteolin in breast cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:383-394. [PMID: 29097115 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural flavonoids with methoxy substitutions are metabolized by CYP1 enzymes to yield the corresponding demethylated products. The present study aimed to characterize the metabolism and further antiproliferative activity of the hydroxylated flavonoids apigenin, luteolin, scutellarein, kaempferol and quercetin in CYP1 recombinant enzymes and in the CYP1 expressing cell lines MCF7 and MDA-MB-468, respectively. Apigenin was converted to luteolin and scutellarein, whereas kaempferol was metabolized only to quercetin by recombinant CYP1 enzymes. Luteolin metabolism yielded 6 hydroxyluteolin only by recombinant CYP1B1, whereas CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 were not capable of metabolizing this compound. Molecular modeling demonstrated that CYP1B1 favored the A ring orientation of apigenin and luteolin to the heme group compared with CYP1A1. The IC50 of the compounds luteolin, scutellarein and 6 hydroxyluteolin was significantly lower in MDA-MB-468, MCF7 and MCF10A cells compared with that of apigenin. Similarly, the IC50 of quercetin in MDA-MB-468 cells was significantly lower compared with that of kaempferol. The most potent compound was luteolin in MDA-MB-468 cells (IC50 = 2 ± 0.3 μM). In the presence of the CYP1-inhibitors α-napthoflavone and/or acacetin, luteolin activation was lessened. Taken collectively, the data demonstrate that the metabolism of hydroxylated flavonoids by cytochrome P450 CYP1 enzymes, notably CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, can enhance their antiproliferative activity in breast cancer cells. In addition, this antiproliferative activity is attributed to the combined action of the parent compound and the corresponding CYP1 metabolites.
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38
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Pouyfung P, Sarapusit S, Rongnoparut P. Effects of Vernonia cinerea Compounds on Drug-metabolizing Cytochrome P450s in Human Liver Microsomes. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1916-1925. [PMID: 28994497 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vernonia cinerea has been widely used in traditional medicines for various diseases and shown to aid in smoking abstinence and has anticancer properties. V. cinerea bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and hirsutinolide-type sesquiterpene lactones, have shown an inhibition effect on the nicotine-metabolizing cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) enzyme and hirsutinolides reported suppressing cancer growth. In this study, V. cinerea ethanol extract and its bioactive compounds, including four flavonoids and four hirsutinolides, were investigated for an inhibitory effect on human liver microsomal CYPs 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4 using cocktail inhibition assays combined with LC-MS/MS analysis. Among tested flavonoids, chrysoeriol was more potent in inhibition on CYP2A6 and CYP1A2 than other liver CYPs, with better binding efficiency toward CYP2A6 than CYP1A2 (Ki values in competitive mode of 1.93 ± 0.05 versus 3.39 ± 0.21 μM, respectively). Hirsutinolides were prominent inhibitors of CYP2A6 and CYP2D6, with IC50 values of 12-23 and 15-41 μM, respectively. These hirsutinolides demonstrated time-dependent inhibition, an indication of mechanism-based inactivation, toward CYP2A6. Quantitative prediction of microsomal metabolism of these flavonoids and hirsutinolides, including half-lives and hepatic clearance rate, was examined. These findings may have implications for further in vivo studies of V. cinerea. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phisit Pouyfung
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Songklod Sarapusit
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, 169 Long-Hard Bangsaen Rd, Muang, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Pornpimol Rongnoparut
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Rd, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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39
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Prediction of regioselectivity and preferred order of metabolisms on CYP1A2-mediated reactions. Part 2: Solving substrate interactions of CYP1A2 with non-PAH substrates on the template system. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 32:229-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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40
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Eren-Guzelgun B, Ince E, Gurer-Orhan H. In vitro antioxidant/prooxidant effects of combined use of flavonoids. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:1446-1450. [PMID: 28669231 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1346637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the individual and combined antioxidant or prooxidant effects of genistein, daidzein and quercetin in human erythrocytes and rat microsomes in vitro. Their reducing potential against oxidation of a redox sensitive fluorescent probe, their protective effect against H2O2-induced membrane lipid peroxidation and their inhibitory effect on AAPH-induced hemolysis were evaluated. Genistein and daidzein were prooxidant in erythrocytes but antioxidant in microsomes where their metabolites might have been formed which suggests the importance of metabolic capacity in in vitro models to predict the physiological situation. Quercetin showed antioxidant effects in all models and conditions. Prooxidant effect of 'genistein-daidzein mixture', at their concentrations reflecting the real life, was suppressed by addition of quercetin to the mixture. Our study shows that flavonoids can exert prooxidant effects depending on the conditions, but the mixture effect should be considered while assessing their effects and safety in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Eren-Guzelgun
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology , Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - E Ince
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology , Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - H Gurer-Orhan
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology , Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
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41
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Hostetler GL, Ralston RA, Schwartz SJ. Flavones: Food Sources, Bioavailability, Metabolism, and Bioactivity. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:423-435. [PMID: 28507008 PMCID: PMC5421117 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.012948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavones are a class of flavonoids that are a subject of increasing interest because of their biological activities in vitro and in vivo. This article reviews the major sources of flavones and their concentrations in food and beverages, which vary widely between studies. It also covers the roles of flavones in plants, the influence of growing conditions on their concentrations, and their stability during food processing. The absorption and metabolism of flavones are also reviewed, in particular the intestinal absorption of both O- and C-glycosides. Pharmacokinetic studies in both animals and humans are described, comparing differences between species and the effects of glycosylation on bioavailability. Biological activity in animal models and human dietary intervention studies is also reviewed. A better understanding of flavone sources and bioavailability is needed to understand mechanisms of action and nutritional intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Hostetler
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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42
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Zhou Z, Wang M, Guo Z, Zhang X. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the interaction between oral kaempferol and ethanol in rats. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2016; 66:563-568. [PMID: 27749255 DOI: 10.1515/acph-2016-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the effect of ethanol on oral bioavailability of kaempferol in rats, namely, at disclosing their possible interaction. Kaempferol (100 or 250 mg kg-1 bm) was administered to the rats by oral gavage with or without ethanol (600 mg kg-1 bm) co-administration. Intravenous administration (10 and 25 mg kg-1 bm) of kaempferol was used to determine the bioavailability. The concentration of kaempferol in plasma was estimated by ultra high performance liquid chromatography. During coadministration, a significant increase of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve as well as the peak concentration were observed, along with a dramatic decrease in total body clearance. Consequently, the bioavailability of kaempferol in oral control groups was 3.1 % (100 mg kg-1 bm) and 2.1 % (250 mg kg-1 bm). The first was increased by 4.3 % and the other by 2.8 % during ethanol co-administration. Increased permeability of cell membrane and ethanolkaempferol interactions on CYP450 enzymes may enhance the oral bioavailability of kaempferol in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxiang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zengjun Guo
- School of Pharmacy Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China
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43
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Liu L, Yao Q, Ma Z, Ikeda H, Fushinobu S, Xu LH. Hydroxylation of flavanones by cytochrome P450 105D7 from Streptomyces avermitilis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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44
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Dong J, Zhang Q, Cui Q, Huang G, Pan X, Li S. Flavonoids and Naphthoflavonoids: Wider Roles in the Modulation of Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Enzymes. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2102-2118. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Dong
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Qijing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Qing Cui
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Guang Huang
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- School of Pharmacy; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province P.R. China
| | - Shaoshun Li
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P.R. China
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45
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Identification of 3',4'-Dimethoxy Flavonol-3-β-d-Glucopyranoside Metabolites in Rats by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2016; 21:470. [PMID: 27070571 PMCID: PMC6273979 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A method using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry was established for the identification of metabolites in feces, urine and bile in rats after oral administration of 3',4'-dimethoxy flavonol-3-β-d-glucopyranoside (abbreviated DF3G). Seven metabolites in rat feces, urine and bile were firstly identified on the basis of their MS fragmentation behaviors. Three metabolites were identified in the feces, 6 in the urine and 2 in the bile, which suggested that demethylation, deglycosylation and deglycosylation followed by glucuronide conjugation were the major metabolic pathways for DF3G in vivo. Hydrolyzation might be the first step in the absorption and metabolism of DF3G. The possible metabolic pathway was proposed for the first time. The established method was simple, reliable and sensitive, revealing that it could be used to rapidly screen and identify the structures of metabolites of DF3G to better understand its metabolism in vivo.
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46
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Lila MA, Burton-Freeman B, Grace M, Kalt W. Unraveling Anthocyanin Bioavailability for Human Health. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2016; 7:375-93. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081; ,
| | - Britt Burton-Freeman
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60501;
| | - Mary Grace
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081; ,
| | - Wilhelmina Kalt
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Kentville, Nova Scotia, B4N 1J5 Canada;
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47
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Doepker C, Lieberman HR, Smith AP, Peck JD, El-Sohemy A, Welsh BT. Caffeine: Friend or Foe? Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2016; 7:117-37. [PMID: 26735800 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The debate on the safety of and regulatory approaches for caffeine continues among various stakeholders and regulatory authorities. This decision-making process comes with significant challenges, particularly when considering the complexities of the available scientific data, making the formulation of clear science-based regulatory guidance more difficult. To allow for discussions of a number of key issues, the North American Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) convened a panel of subject matter experts for a caffeine-focused session entitled "Caffeine: Friend or Foe?," which was held during the 2015 ILSI Annual Meeting. The panelists' expertise covered topics ranging from the natural occurrence of caffeine in plants and interindividual metabolism of caffeine in humans to specific behavioral, reproductive, and cardiovascular effects related to caffeine consumption. Each presentation highlighted the potential risks, benefits, and challenges that inform whether caffeine exposure warrants concern. This paper aims to summarize the key topics discussed during the session.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts 01760;
| | - Andrew Paul Smith
- Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AS, United Kingdom;
| | - Jennifer D Peck
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104;
| | - Ahmed El-Sohemy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada;
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48
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Sousa C, Andrade PB, Valentão P. Relationships of Echium plantagineum L. bee pollen, dietary flavonoids and their colonic metabolites with cytochrome P450 enzymes and oxidative stress. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26736f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Echium plantagineumL. bee pollen is a dietary source of flavonoids, which can play a protective role in the gastrointestinal tract by modulating cytochrome P450 (CYP) biotransformation enzymes and by opposing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Sousa
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - P. B. Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
| | - P. Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade do Porto
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49
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Pingili R, Vemulapalli S, Mullapudi SS, Nuthakki S, Pendyala S, Kilaru N. Pharmacokinetic interaction study between flavanones (hesperetin, naringenin) and rasagiline mesylate in wistar rats. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:1110-7. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1115868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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50
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Capoferri L, Verkade-Vreeker MCA, Buitenhuis D, Commandeur JNM, Pastor M, Vermeulen NPE, Geerke DP. Linear Interaction Energy Based Prediction of Cytochrome P450 1A2 Binding Affinities with Reliability Estimation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142232. [PMID: 26551865 PMCID: PMC4638363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of human Cytochrome P450 (CYP) binding affinities of small ligands, i.e., substrates and inhibitors, represents an important task for predicting drug-drug interactions. A quantitative assessment of the ligand binding affinity towards different CYPs can provide an estimate of inhibitory activity or an indication of isoforms prone to interact with the substrate of inhibitors. However, the accuracy of global quantitative models for CYP substrate binding or inhibition based on traditional molecular descriptors can be limited, because of the lack of information on the structure and flexibility of the catalytic site of CYPs. Here we describe the application of a method that combines protein-ligand docking, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations and Linear Interaction Energy (LIE) theory, to allow for quantitative CYP affinity prediction. Using this combined approach, a LIE model for human CYP 1A2 was developed and evaluated, based on a structurally diverse dataset for which the estimated experimental uncertainty was 3.3 kJ mol-1. For the computed CYP 1A2 binding affinities, the model showed a root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.1 kJ mol-1 and a standard error in prediction (SDEP) in cross-validation of 4.3 kJ mol-1. A novel approach that includes information on both structural ligand description and protein-ligand interaction was developed for estimating the reliability of predictions, and was able to identify compounds from an external test set with a SDEP for the predicted affinities of 4.6 kJ mol-1 (corresponding to 0.8 pKi units).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Capoferri
- AIMMS Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies C. A. Verkade-Vreeker
- AIMMS Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Buitenhuis
- AIMMS Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N. M. Commandeur
- AIMMS Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel Pastor
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Dr. Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nico P. E. Vermeulen
- AIMMS Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daan P. Geerke
- AIMMS Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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