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Fiume MM, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Gill LJ, Heldreth B. Safety Assessment of Trialkyl Trimellitates as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:96S-120S. [PMID: 38158838 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231224248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of 5 trialkyl trimellitates. These ingredients, which are all structurally related as alkyl esters of trimellitic acid, are reported to function in cosmetics as skin conditioning agents; 2 of the ingredients are also reported to function in cosmetics as plasticizers. The Panel reviewed the available data to determine the safety of these ingredients, and concluded that the trialkyl trimellitates are safe in the current practices of use and concentration when formulated to be non-irritating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ronald A Hill
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | | | | | - James G Marks
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | - Ronald C Shank
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
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The crucial role of thioredoxin interacting protein in the liver insulin resistance induced by di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalates. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 164:113045. [PMID: 35460826 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The widespread usage of plastic products in human life has led to extensive exposure to plasticizers and resulted in serious health problems for humans, which has become a focus of toxicology research in the world. We aimed to explore the potential mechanism of liver insulin resistance induced by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and working on a novel treatment to alleviate insulin resistance caused by excessive exposure to DEHP. For this purpose, in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted, and the pivotal factors in the insulin signaling pathway were analyzed. In vivo study showed DEHP could lead to liver injury and insulin resistance. DEHP could break the balance of oxidative stress and cause accumulation of inflammatory factors. Genomics and proteomics experiment results revealed that DEHP could inhibit the mRNA and protein expression of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and glucose transporter 4. Nevertheless, the liver insulin resistance induced by DEHP could be reversed by Verapamil (thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) inhibitor). Thus, we confirmed that DEHP caused insulin resistance by affecting the TXNIP in liver, further damaging the conduction of insulin signaling pathway. Therefore, adding Verapamil to the treatment of patients with insulin resistance due to plasticizers might be more effective.
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Qadeer A, Kirsten KL, Ajmal Z, Xingru Z. Rebuttal to Comment on "Alternative Plasticizers As Emerging Global Environmental and Health Threat: Another Regrettable Substitution?" Focus on DINCH as an Example. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5294-5297. [PMID: 35377621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qadeer
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Kelly L Kirsten
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa
| | - Zeeshan Ajmal
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Xingru
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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James T, Collins S, Marczylo T. Identification of Novel Simulants for Toxic Industrial Chemicals and Chemical Warfare Agents for Human Decontamination Studies: A Systematic Review and Categorisation of Physicochemical Characteristics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8681. [PMID: 34444429 PMCID: PMC8391658 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemical simulants have long been used in human trials of mass decontamination to determine the efficacy of decontamination interventions against more toxic agents. Until now, reliance has mostly been on individual chemicals as surrogates to specific agents (e.g., methyl salicylate for sulphur mustard). A literature review was conducted to identify chemicals that had been previously tested on human volunteers and that represent diverse physicochemical characteristics in order to create a repository for chemical simulants. Of the 171 unique chemicals identified, 78 were discounted for the risk they could pose to human volunteers, 39 were deemed suitable for use, and a further 54 were considered to be possible simulants but would require further research. Suitable simulants included both solid and liquid chemicals spanning a wide range of physicochemical properties including molecular weight, octanol/water partition coefficient, vapour pressure, and solubility. This review identifies an array of potential simulants suitable for use in human volunteer decontamination studies and is of relevance to future studies on systemic absorption and surface decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas James
- Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton OX11 0RQ, UK; (S.C.); (T.M.)
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Nishioka K, Koizumi A, Takita Y, Sasaki K, Numata M. Contact dermatitis due to 2,2,4‐trimethyl 1,3‐pentanediol diisobutyrate contained in latex‐free, accelerator‐free nitrile rubber gloves. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 82:255-257. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akiko Koizumi
- Joy Dermatological ClinicSanyo‐Onoda Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Yuko Takita
- Joy Dermatological ClinicSanyo‐Onoda Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Kazumi Sasaki
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation Shibuya‐ku Japan
| | - Mitsuru Numata
- National Institute of Technology and Evaluation Shibuya‐ku Japan
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Exposure to di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate in a convenience sample of U.S. adults from 2000 to 2016. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3287-3291. [PMID: 28314884 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP), a structural isomer of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), is a plasticizer used in a variety of commercial applications, but data on Americans' exposure to DEHTP do not exist. We investigated the exposure to DEHTP in a convenience group of U.S. adults by analyzing urine collected anonymously in 2000 (N = 44), 2009 (N = 61), 2011 (N = 81), 2013 (N = 92), and 2016 (N = 149) for two major DEHTP oxidative metabolites: mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl terephthalate (MECPTP) and mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl terephthalate (MEHHTP). For comparison, we also quantified the analogous DEHP metabolites mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP) and mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate (MECPP). We detected MECPTP, MEHHP, and MECPP in all samples collected in 2016 with geometric means of 13.1, 4.1, and 6.7 ng/mL, respectively; we detected MEHHTP in 91% of the samples (geometric mean = 3.1 ng/mL). Concentrations of MECPTP correlated well with those of MEHHTP (R 2 = 0.8, p < 0.001), but did not significantly correlate with those of MEHHP (p > 0.05) suggesting different sources of exposure to DEHP and DEHTP. We also evaluated the fraction of the metabolites eliminated in their free (i.e., unconjugated) form. The median percent of unconjugated species was lower for the DEHP metabolites (MECPP [45.5%], MEHHP [1.9%]) compared to the DEHTP metabolites (MECPTP [98.8%], MEHHTP [21.2%]). Contrary to the downward trend from 2000 to 2016 in urinary concentrations of MEHHP and MECPP, we observed an upward trend for MEHHTP and MECPTP. These preliminary data suggest that exposure to DEHTP may be on the rise. Nevertheless, general population exposure data using MEHHTP and MECPTP as exposure biomarkers would increase our understanding of exposure to DEHTP, one of the known DEHP alternatives.
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Sheikh IA, Yasir M, Abu-Elmagd M, Dar TA, Abuzenadah AM, Damanhouri GA, Al-Qahtani M, Beg MA. Human sex hormone-binding globulin as a potential target of alternate plasticizers: an in silico study. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:15. [PMID: 27719672 PMCID: PMC5056528 DOI: 10.1186/s12900-016-0067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, alternate plasticizers are used to replace phthalate plasticizers in children's toys, medical equipments and food packaging, due to the adverse effects of phthalate compounds on human health and laws prohibiting their use. Current information regarding the safety and potential adverse effects of alternate plasticizers is limited and recent studies have found alternate plasticizers to display similar characteristics to those observed in phthalate plasticizers. This study was undertaken to evaluate and predict the potential endocrine disrupting activity of the three most commonly used alternate plasticizers: di(2-ethylhexyl)terephthalate (DEHT), tris(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate (TOTM), and diisononyl hexahydrophthalate (DINCH) against human sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) using in silico approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS The crystal structure of human SHBG (Id: 1D2S) was retrieved from Protein Data Bank. PubChem database was searched for the structures of alternate plasticizers, DEHT, TOTM, and DINCH. Docking was performed using Glide (Schrodinger) Induced Fit Docking module. RESULTS Induced Fit Docking of three alternate plasticizer compounds indicated that each of the three compounds fitted well into the steroid binding pocket of SHBG. Docking displays showed interactions of alternate plasticizers with 25-30 amino-acid residues of SHBG; 18-20 amino residues overlapped between the natural ligand, DHT, and the three compounds (commonality of 82-91 %). The hydrogen-bonding interaction of the amino-acid residue, Asn-82, of SHBG was also present in displays of DHT and all the three alternate phthalates. The binding affinity of all the three alternate phthalates was higher than DHT; maximum in DINCH followed by TOTM and DEHT. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that the three alternate plasticizers have potential to engage the important interacting residues of SHBG and thus interfere in its steroid homeostatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq A. Sheikh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80216, 21589 Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80216, 21589 Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Abu-Elmagd
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer A. Dar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Adel M. Abuzenadah
- KACST Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazi A. Damanhouri
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80216, 21589 Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Qahtani
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd A. Beg
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80216, 21589 Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Bernard L, Décaudin B, Lecoeur M, Richard D, Bourdeaux D, Cueff R, Sautou V. Analytical methods for the determination of DEHP plasticizer alternatives present in medical devices: a review. Talanta 2014; 129:39-54. [PMID: 25127563 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Until 2010, diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) was the plasticizer most commonly used to soften PVC medical devices (MDs), because of a good efficiency/cost ratio. In flexible plasticized PVC, phthalates are not chemically bound to PVC and they are released into the environment and thus may come into contact with patients. The European Directive 2007/47/CE, classified DEHP as a product with a toxicity risk and restricted its use in MDs. MD manufacturers were therefore forced to quickly find alternatives to DEHP to maintain the elasticity of PVC nutrition tubings, infusion sets and hemodialysis lines. Several replacement plasticizers, so-called "alternative to DEHP plasticizers" were incorporated into the MDs. Nowadays, the risk of exposure to these compounds for hospitalized patients, particularly in situations classified "at risk", has not yet been evaluated, because migrations studies, providing sufficient exposure and human toxicity data have not been performed. To assess the risk to patients of DEHP plasticizer alternatives, reliable analytical methods must be first developed in order to generate data that supports clinical studies being conducted in this area. After a brief introduction of the characteristics and toxicity of the selected plasticizers used currently in MDs, this review outlines recently analytical methods available to determine and quantify these plasticizers in several matrices, allowing the evaluation of potential risk and so risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bernard
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, Rue Montalembert, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4676 C-BIOSENSS, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - B Décaudin
- Université Lille Nord de France, EA4481, GRIIOT, BP83, 59006 Lille, France; CHRU Lille, Pharmacie, Avenue Oscar Lambret, 59037 Lille, France
| | - M Lecoeur
- Université Lille Nord de France, EA4481, GRIIOT, BP83, 59006 Lille, France
| | - D Richard
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pharmacologie (CREPTA), Rue Montalembert, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - D Bourdeaux
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, Rue Montalembert, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4676 C-BIOSENSS, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - R Cueff
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4676 C-BIOSENSS, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - V Sautou
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, Rue Montalembert, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4676 C-BIOSENSS, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Perspectives on alternatives to phthalate plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) in medical devices applications. Prog Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Meteorology and ethnicity as critical factors in HRIPT: Comparing responses between Chinese and Indian ethnicities. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 66:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ball GL, McLellan CJ, Bhat VS. Toxicological review and oral risk assessment of terephthalic acid (TPA) and its esters: A category approach. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 42:28-67. [PMID: 22050403 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.623149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate, a copolymer of terephthalic acid (TPA) or dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) with ethylene glycol, has food, beverage, and drinking water contact applications. Di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHT) is a plasticizer in food and drinking water contact materials. Oral reference doses (RfDs) and total allowable concentrations (TACs) in drinking water were derived for TPA, DMT, and DEHT. Category RfD and TAC levels were also established for nine C(1)-C(8) terephthalate esters. The mode of action of TPA, and of DMT, which is metabolized to TPA, involves urinary acidosis, altered electrolyte elimination and hypercalciuria, urinary supersaturation with calcium terephthalate or calcium hydrogen terephthalate, and crystallization into bladder calculi. Weanling rats were more sensitive to calculus formation than dams. Calculi-induced irritation led to bladder hyperplasia and tumors in rats fed 1000 mg/kg-day TPA. The lack of effects at 142 mg/kg-day supports a threshold for urine saturation with calcium terephthalate, a key event for calculus formation. Chronic dietary DMT exposure in rodents caused kidney inflammation, but not calculi. Chronic dietary DEHT exposure caused general toxicity unrelated to calculi, although urine pH was reduced suggesting the TPA metabolite was biologically-active, but of insufficient concentration to induce calculi. Respective oral reference doses of 0.5, 0.5, and 0.2 mg/kg-day and total allowable drinking water concentrations of 3, 3, and 1 mg/L were derived for TPA, DMT, and DEHT. An oral RfD of 0.2 mg/kg-day for the terephthalate category chemicals corresponded to a drinking water TAC of 1 mg/L.
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Van Vliet EDS, Reitano EM, Chhabra JS, Bergen GP, Whyatt RM. A review of alternatives to di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-containing medical devices in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinatol 2011; 31:551-60. [PMID: 21311501 PMCID: PMC3377474 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2010.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct an extensive literature and toxicological database review on substitute compounds and available alternative medical products to replace polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and/or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and conduct a DEHP-medical inventory analysis at a large metropolitan neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). STUDY DESIGN A systematic search for DEHP-free alternative products was performed using online databases. An informal audit of a large metropolitan NICU was undertaken in 2005 and 2006; 21 products were identified that could potentially contain DEHP. Availability of DEHP-free alternatives was determined through company websites and phone interviews. RESULT Two alternative approaches are available for replacing DEHP in NICU medical products: (1) replacement by DEHP-free plasticizers; and (2) replacement of PVC entirely through the use of other polymers. Both approaches seem to provide less harmful substitutes to DEHP, but support PVC-free polymers as the preferred alternative. However, significant data gaps exist, particularly for the alternative polymers. In all, 10 out of 21 (48%) products in the NICU audit were DEHP-free; six consisted of alternative polymers and four of alternative plasticizers. Of the remaining 11 products, only three were available without DEHP at the time of the audit. CONCLUSION Because of significant data gaps, systematic toxicological testing of DEHP-free alternatives is imperative. Continued development of alternative products is also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D S Van Vliet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Imai Y, Kondo A, Iizuka H, Maruyama T, Kurohane K. Effects of phthalate esters on the sensitization phase of contact hypersensitivity induced by fluorescein isothiocyanate. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 36:1462-8. [PMID: 17083357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many different types of phthalate ester are used as plasticizers and are thus found in the air. There have been several studies that suggest an association between allergies and phthalate esters. We previously found that di-butyl phthalate (DBP) has an adjuvant effect in a mouse contact hypersensitivity model, in which fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) is involved as an immunogenic hapten. OBJECTIVE We examined whether other phthalate esters enhance the process of sensitization to FITC by facilitating the trafficking of FITC-presenting dendritic cells or macrophages from skin sites to draining lymph nodes. METHODS Mice were epicutaneously sensitized with FITC dissolved in acetone containing a phthalate ester. Sensitization was evaluated as ear swelling after a challenge with FITC. Draining lymph node cells obtained 24 h after skin sensitization were examined for FITC fluorescence by means of flow cytometry. FITC-positive cells were characterized with anti-CD11c and anti-CD11b by three-colour flow cytometry. RESULTS When mice were sensitized with FITC in acetone containing DBP or di-n-propyl phthalate (DPP), strong enhancement of the ear-swelling response was observed. Di-methyl phthalate (DMP) and di-ethyl phthalate (DEP) were less effective but produced some enhancement. Consistent enhancement was not observed with di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate or di-isononyl phthalate. Upon sensitization in the presence of DBP or DPP, the number of FITC-positive dendritic cells (total CD11c+ as well as CD11c+/CD11b+) was increased in draining lymph nodes. As to the other four phthalate esters, there was no significant increase in the FITC-positive cell number in the draining lymph nodes. CONCLUSION During the process of sensitization to FITC, DBP, and DPP exert strong adjuvant effects that are associated with enhancement of trafficking of antigen-presenting dendritic cells from the skin to draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Imai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Shizuoka School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shizuoka-Shi, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Nakashima H, Nakajima D, Takagi Y, Goto S. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Analysis and Anti-VOC Measures in Water-based Paints. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.53.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harunobu Nakashima
- Department of Environmental Health, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health
| | - Daisuke Nakajima
- Reserch Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies
| | | | - Sumio Goto
- College of Environmental Health, Azabu Univericity
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Mayer J, Szadkowska-Nicze M. Ionic reactions in pulse irradiated poly(vinyl chloride) film—the effect of plasticizers. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cain WS, de Wijk RA, Jalowayski AA, Pilla Caminha G, Schmidt R. Odor and chemesthesis from brief exposures to TXIB. INDOOR AIR 2005; 15:445-57. [PMID: 16268834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED An experiment explored ability of subjects to detect vapors of the plasticizer TXIB (2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate) and ethanol via olfaction and via ocular and nasal chemesthesis, i.e. chemically stimulated feel. Testing, tailored to the sensitivity of each subject, produced psychometric functions for individuals. Olfactory detection of TXIB began at concentrations below 1 ppb (v/v), with 50% correct detection at 1.2 ppb. (Comparable detection for ethanol occurred almost two orders of magnitude higher.) Chemesthetic detection of TXIB began at about 500 ppb, with 50% correct detection at 2.1 ppm for the eye and 4.6 ppm for the nose, both close to saturated vapor concentration. (Comparable detection for ethanol occurred essentially three orders of magnitude higher.) Suggestions that TXIB plays a role in generation of irritative symptoms at concentrations in the range of parts-per-billion need to reckon with a conservatively estimated 200-fold gap between the levels putatively 'responsible' for the symptoms and those even minimally detectable via chemesthesis. Neither the variable of exposure duration nor that of mixing offers a likely explanation. Inclusion of ethanol in the study allowed comparisons pertinent to issues of variability in human chemoreception. An interpretation of the psychometric functions for individuals across materials and perceptual continua led to the conclusion that use of concentration as the metric of detection in olfaction inflates individual differences. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS This study indicated that the plasticizer TXIB could contribute odor at concentrations in the range of parts-per-billion, but could hardly contribute sensory irritation per se, as alleged in reports of some field studies where TXIB has existed amongst many other organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Cain
- Chemosensory Perception Laboratory, Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0957, USA.
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