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Cole A, Webster P, Van Liew D, Salas M, Aimer O, Malikova MA. Safety surveillance and challenges in accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2022; 13:20420986221116452. [PMID: 36072284 PMCID: PMC9444812 DOI: 10.1177/20420986221116452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by a novel type of coronavirus, continues to infect people, increasing morbidity and mortality across the globe. Measures to slow the transmission of the virus have had limited impact, and people, businesses, and economies have suffered. The disease has disproportionally impacted elderly and individuals with certain pre-existing conditions and has highlighted health and social inequities in some racial and ethnic minority groups. The majority of those who contract the disease recover completely, but some experience long-lasting complications. Vaccines have the potential to end the pandemic, and through the intense collaboration of scientists in government and private sectors, more than 200 COVID-19 candidate vaccines have been or are being developed, using known platforms and previous experiences with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), at unprecedented speed. The expectations for vaccine safety and quality in the setting of accelerated development are the same as during non-emergency times; however, challenges inherent with the circumstances of the pandemic situation provide opportunities to improve clinical trial conduct and strengthen pharmacovigilance systems. We have reviewed and analyzed existing PV guidelines and recommendations throughout the lifecycle of vaccine development with a focus on developing a global/worldwide effort for post-marketing vaccine safety surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimbola Cole
- GSK plc, Brentford UK. MCPHS University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Maribel Salas
- Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey USA; CCEB/CPeRT, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Marina A Malikova
- Surgical Translational Research: Operations and Compliance, Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Oliva-Hernández R, Fariñas-Medina M, Hernández-Salazar T, Oyarzabal-Vera A, Infante-Bourzac JF, Rodríguez-Salgueiro S, Rodríguez-Noda LM, Arranguren-Masorra Y, Climent-Ruíz Y, Fernández-Castillo S, G-Rivera D, Santana-Mederos D, Sánchez-Ramírez B, García-Rivera D, Valdés-Barbín Y, Vérez-Bencomo V. Repeat-dose and local tolerance toxicity of SARS-CoV-2 FINLAY-FR-02 vaccine candidate in Sprague Dawley rats. Toxicology 2022; 471:153161. [PMID: 35364223 PMCID: PMC8961942 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates safety of FINLAY-FR-02, a vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 based on the recombinant receptor binding domain conjugated to tetanus toxoid, in a preclinical, repeat-dose toxicity and local tolerance study. Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated to three experimental groups: control (receiving physiological saline solution); placebo (receiving all vaccine components except antigens) and vaccine group (receiving three doses of the vaccine candidate, 37.5 µg of RBD) administered intramuscularly in hind limbs at 24 h intervals during three days. We evaluated physiological condition, pain, food and water consumption, body temperature, dermal irritability, injection site temperature and inflammation, immunological response, blood chemistry, relative organ weight, histopathology and immunotoxicology. The product was well tolerated; no clinically relevant changes, pain, local effects or adverse systemic toxicological changes or deaths were observed. These preliminary results permitted the Cuban regulatory authorities to authorize clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel G-Rivera
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Zapata & G, Havana 10400, Cuba.
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3
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Nomura Y, Noda K, Oohashi Y, Okuda S, Maki K, Ogawa T, Nakano T, Tsuchida N, Ishii KJ, Hayashi K, Iiyama T, Onodera H, Ishii K, Shikano M, Okabe N. Proposal for the revision of the guidelines for Non-clinical studies of vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases in Japan. Vaccine 2022; 40:2810-2818. [PMID: 35341649 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy and safety of vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases are mostly evaluated based on the induction of an immune response against antigens, and do not necessarily depend on the dose administered. Therefore, there are some specific aspects that need to be considered in the development of vaccines and have been described in "The Guidelines for the non-clinical studies of vaccines for the prevention of infectious disease" in Japan. Recent changes in the vaccine development field, such as the introduction of vaccines developed overseas in Japan and vaccine development on a global scale have increased the need for revision of these guidelines. In this study, we identified the current challenges in the development of vaccines through comparison of Japanese and international guidelines. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey of pharmaceutical industries in Japan, and found issues related to non-clinical studies, such as the necessity of safety pharmacology studies and repeated-dose toxicity studies for each route of administration. We examined international guidelines on these issues as well as review reports by regulatory authorities, and determined that the results of repeated-dose toxicity studies can be used to decide whether safety pharmacology studies are required, and that studies to evaluate toxicity due to systemic effects may not be necessary for both intramuscular and subcutaneous administration. We propose revision of the guidelines for the non-clinical studies of vaccines in Japan taking international harmonizaion into account. We expected that the revised guidelines will promote smooth and rational vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Nomura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601 Tokyo, Japan; Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, 100-8916 Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kiyohito Noda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuusuke Oohashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Okuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Maki
- Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, 100-0013 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogawa
- Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, 100-0013 Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Nao Tsuchida
- National Hospital Organization, 152-8621 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- The Institute of Medica Science, The University of Tokyo, 108-8639 Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuo Iiyama
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 162-8655 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onodera
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 210-9501 Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Ishii
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 162-8640 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Shikano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601 Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okabe
- Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, 210-0821 Kanagawa, Japan
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4
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Daian e Silva DSDO, da Fonseca FG. The Rise of Vectored Vaccines: A Legacy of the COVID-19 Global Crisis. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101101. [PMID: 34696209 PMCID: PMC8538930 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a milestone in vaccine research and development in a global context. A worldwide effort, as never seen before, involved scientists from all over the world in favor of the fast, accurate and precise construction and testing of immunogens against the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. Among all the vaccine strategies put into play for study and validation, those based on recombinant viral vectors gained special attention due to their effectiveness, ease of production and the amplitude of the triggered immune responses. Some of these new vaccines have already been approved for emergency/full use, while others are still in pre- and clinical trials. In this article we will highlight what is behind adeno-associated vectors, such as those presented by the immunogens ChaAdOx1, Sputnik, Convidecia (CanSino, Tianjin, China), and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson, New Jersey, EUA), in addition to other promising platforms such as Vaccinia virus MVA, influenza virus, and measles virus, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Soares de Oliveira Daian e Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(31)-3409-2745
| | - Flávio Guimarães da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
- CT Vacinas, BH-TEC Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31310-260, Brazil
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5
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Wang Z, Zhou C, Gao F, Zhu Q, Jiang Y, Ma X, Hu Y, Shi L, Wang X, Zhang C, Liu B, Shen L, Mao Q, Liu G. Preclinical evaluation of recombinant HFMD vaccine based on enterovirus 71 (EV71) virus-like particles (VLP): Immunogenicity, efficacy and toxicology. Vaccine 2021; 39:4296-4305. [PMID: 34167837 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major causative agents for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. Currently, three inactivated EV71 vaccines have been approved by Chinese government. We previously demonstrated that recombinant EV71 virus-like particles (VLP) produced in Pichia pastoris can be produced at a high yield with a simple manufacturing process, and the candidate vaccine elicited protective humoral immune responses in mice. In present study, the nonclinical immunogenicity, efficacy and toxicity of the EV71 vaccine was comprehensively evaluated in rodents and non-human primates. The immunogenicity assessment showed that EV71 VLPs vaccine elicited high and persistent neutralizing antibody responses, which could be comparable with a licensed inactivated vaccine in animals. The immune sera of vaccinated mice also exhibited cross-neutralization activities to the heterologous subtypes of EV71. Both passive and maternal antigen specific antibodies protected the neonatal mice against the lethal EV71 challenge. Furthermore, nonclinical safety assessment of EV71 VLP vaccine showed no signs of systemic toxicity in animals. Therefore, the excellent immunogenicity, efficacy and toxicology data supported further evaluation of the VLP-based EV71 vaccine in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Wang
- Shanghai Zerun Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.
| | | | - Fan Gao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China.
| | - Qianjun Zhu
- Shanghai Zerun Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.
| | | | - Xinxing Ma
- Shanghai Zerun Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.
| | - Yalin Hu
- Shanghai Zerun Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.
| | - Likang Shi
- Shanghai Zerun Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.
| | | | - Chao Zhang
- Shanghai Zerun Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.
| | - Baofeng Liu
- Shandong Xinbo Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., Dezhou, Shandong, China.
| | - Lianzhong Shen
- Shandong Xinbo Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., Dezhou, Shandong, China.
| | - Qunying Mao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China.
| | - Ge Liu
- Shanghai Zerun Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.
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6
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Weitz L, Bellach L, Faltum A, Berger A, Maurer W. Vaccine hesitancy. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2020; 132:243-252. [PMID: 32322962 PMCID: PMC7223449 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-020-01655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryIn summer 2019 an extracurricular activity was started at the Medical University of Vienna (MUW) with the title: “Esoterism in Medicine”, where different chapters were evaluated by students. Here we present the subheading “Vaccine Hesitancy”. Three students formulated arguments from sceptic, hesitant or anti-vaccine groups and discussed the scientific literature to rebut it. Frequent objections were partly taken from the homepage of the German Robert-Koch-Institute, the home of the “Ständige Impfkommission”. Other objections were taken from blogs and social media. The students’ rebuttal was based on current scientific literature (preferentially pubmed), but also from other scientific sources like authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Weitz
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Angelika Berger
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care, and Neuropediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, 1090 Austria
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7
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Oliva R, Fraleigh NL, Lewicky JD, Fariñas M, Hernández T, Martel AL, Navarro I, Dagmar GR, Acevedo R, Le HT. Repeat-Dose Toxicity Study Using the AFPL1-Conjugate Nicotine Vaccine in Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11120626. [PMID: 31771151 PMCID: PMC6955701 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the cause of 20% of Canadian deaths per year. Nicotine vaccines present a promising alternative to traditional smoking cessation products, but to date, no vaccine has been able to move through all phases of clinical trials. We have previously demonstrated that the AFPL1-conjugate nicotine vaccine does not induce systemic or immunotoxicity in a mouse model and that a heterologous vaccination approach is more advantageous than the homologous routes to inducing mucosal and systemic anti-nicotine antibodies. The purpose of this study was to confirm the safety profile of the vaccine in a repeat-dose toxicity study. The heterologous vaccination strategy was again used, and Sprague Dawley rats were administered a dose five times greater than in our previous studies. Physiological conditions, food and water consumption, body temperature, injection site inflammation, relative weights of organs, histopathology, and blood chemistry and hematology were evaluated during the course of the vaccination period to determine the safety of the vaccine. The AFPL1-conjugate nicotine vaccine did not induce clinically relevant changes or induce symptoms that would be associated with toxicity, making it a promising candidate for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reynaldo Oliva
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - Nya L. Fraleigh
- Health Sciences North Research Institute (HSNRI), Sudbury, ON P3E 2H3, Canada; (N.L.F.); (J.D.L.); (A.L.M.)
| | - Jordan D. Lewicky
- Health Sciences North Research Institute (HSNRI), Sudbury, ON P3E 2H3, Canada; (N.L.F.); (J.D.L.); (A.L.M.)
| | - Mildrey Fariñas
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - Tamara Hernández
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - Alexandrine L. Martel
- Health Sciences North Research Institute (HSNRI), Sudbury, ON P3E 2H3, Canada; (N.L.F.); (J.D.L.); (A.L.M.)
| | - Ingrid Navarro
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - García-Rivera Dagmar
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - Reinaldo Acevedo
- Finlay Institute of Vaccine, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.O.); (M.F.); (T.H.); (I.N.); (G.-R.D.); (R.A.)
| | - Hoang-Thanh Le
- Health Sciences North Research Institute (HSNRI), Sudbury, ON P3E 2H3, Canada; (N.L.F.); (J.D.L.); (A.L.M.)
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM), Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Chemistry & Biochemistry and Biology Departments, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-705-523-7300 (ext. 2613)
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9
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Adjuvants: Classification, Modus Operandi, and Licensing. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:1459394. [PMID: 27274998 PMCID: PMC4870346 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1459394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most efficient strategies for the prevention of infectious diseases. Although safer, subunit vaccines are poorly immunogenic and for this reason the use of adjuvants is strongly recommended. Since their discovery in the beginning of the 20th century, adjuvants have been used to improve immune responses that ultimately lead to protection against disease. The choice of the adjuvant is of utmost importance as it can stimulate protective immunity. Their mechanisms of action have now been revealed. Our increasing understanding of the immune system, and of correlates of protection, is helping in the development of new vaccine formulations for global infections. Nevertheless, few adjuvants are licensed for human vaccines and several formulations are now being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review, we briefly describe the most well known adjuvants used in experimental and clinical settings based on their main mechanisms of action and also highlight the requirements for licensing new vaccine formulations.
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Nakagami H, Morishita R. Development of DNA vaccines as an anti-hypertensive therapy or for anti-angiogenesis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:431-6. [PMID: 25673364 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1014791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccines are used as preventive medicine for infectious diseases worldwide; however, several recent studies have indicated the potential of therapeutic vaccines for managing Alzheimer's disease or hypertension. AREAS COVERED The concept and history of therapeutic vaccines for hypertension are introduced. The improvement of drug compliance associated with vaccines in hypertensive patients may assist in better control of blood pressure, leading to reduced complications. Recently, groups have attempted to develop a therapeutic vaccine against hypertension. The vaccine-induced anti-angiotensin II antibodies can efficiently ameliorate high blood pressure. DNA vaccines have also been designed via a similar strategy using a plasmid vector encoding a hepatitis B core (HBc)-angiotensin II fusion protein. The immunogenic molecule (i.e., HBc) is used to provide an antigen that supports the activation of T cells in this DNA vaccine system. The platform technology can also be applied to generate a VEGF vaccine for cancer. EXPERT OPINION To date, several clinical studies of DNA vaccines have been conducted, but their effectiveness has not been determined. We hope that the novel concept of DNA vaccines will contribute to promoting health and medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nakagami
- Osaka University, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Kanazawa University and Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Epigenetics , 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 , Japan +81 6 6879 4142 ; +81 6 6879 4142 ;
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11
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Sesardic D, Rijpkema S, Patel BP. New adjuvants: EU regulatory developments. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 6:849-61. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.5.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Hwa SH, Lee YA, Brewoo JN, Partidos CD, Osorio JE, Santangelo JD. Preclinical evaluation of the immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated enterovirus 71 candidate vaccine. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2538. [PMID: 24244774 PMCID: PMC3820736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality from Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) and neurological complications, particularly in young children in the Asia-Pacific region. There are no vaccines or antiviral therapies currently available for prevention or treatment of HFMD caused by EV71. Therefore, the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies against HFMD is of growing importance. We report the immunogenic and safety profile of inactivated, purified EV71 preparations formulated with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant in preclinical studies in mice and rabbits. In mice, the candidate vaccine formulations elicited high neutralizing antibody responses. A toxicology study of the vaccine formulations planned for human use performed in rabbits showed no vaccine-related pathological changes and all animals remained healthy. Based on these preclinical studies, Phase 1 clinical testing of the EV71 inactivated vaccine was initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hsia Hwa
- Inviragen (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yock Ann Lee
- Inviragen (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Jorge E. Osorio
- Inviragen Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Sanders H, Kaaijk P, van den Dobbelsteen GP. Preclinical evaluation of MenB vaccines: prerequisites for clinical development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:31-42. [PMID: 23256737 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines against disease caused by several serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis, vaccines targeting meningococci expressing the serogroup B capsule (MenB) have focused on subcapsular antigens, due to crossreactivity of the polysaccharide with human glycoproteins. Protein vaccines composed of outer membrane vesicles have been used successfully to control epidemics of MenB disease in several countries; however, these are specific for epidemic strains. Currently, a single serogroup B vaccine, aiming to provide comprehensive coverage, has been approved for use, and several others are undergoing clinical trials. Data on potential new vaccine candidates, from discovery to initial preclinical evaluation, are regularly published. In this review, the data required to progress from preclinical to clinical development of MenB vaccines are outlined, with reference to relevant regulatory guidelines. The issues caused by a lack of reliable animal models, particularly with respect to determination of protective efficacy, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Sanders
- Bacterial Vaccines, Crucell Holland, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Perry R, Farris G, Bienvenu JG, Dean C, Foley G, Mahrt C, Short B. Society of Toxicologic Pathology position paper on best practices on recovery studies: the role of the anatomic pathologist. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:1159-69. [PMID: 23531793 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313481513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the regulatory guidelines that provide for the inclusion of recovery groups in toxicology studies, presents the challenges in the design and interpretation of nonclinical recovery studies, and summarizes the best practices for the role of an anatomic pathologist regarding toxicology studies with recovery groups. Evaluating the potential recovery of histopathologic findings induced by a biopharmaceutical requires the active participation of one or more anatomic pathologists. Their expertise is critical in risk assessment regarding the potential for recovery as well as providing scientific guidance in the design and evaluation of studies with recovery groups.
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16
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Kaaijk P, van der Ark AAJ, van Amerongen G, van den Dobbelsteen GPJM. Nonclinical vaccine safety evaluation: advantages of continuous temperature monitoring using abdominally implanted data loggers. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:521-6. [PMID: 22407801 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fever has been reported as the most common adverse event after vaccination in infants and children. For this reason it is important that, prior to clinical testing of a new vaccine, change in body temperature following vaccination is tested carefully in nonclinical animal studies. Since both the timing and the height of the temperature peak after vaccination may differ from vaccine to vaccine, it is important that the time point for body temperature measurement should be chosen on a case-by-case basis with sufficient knowledge of the specific vaccine. In order to determine the best time point for rectal body temperature measurement after vaccination with a new vaccine candidate against N. meningitidis serogroup B, to be applied in a formal Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) toxicology study, miniature temperature data loggers were implanted into the peritoneal cavity of rabbits. The continuous body temperature monitoring appeared to give a complete picture of the entire body temperature kinetics after vaccination. The body temperature peaked at 4 h after vaccination, and this time point was subsequently applied in the toxicology study. Measured body temperature values at the selected time point of 4 h after vaccination were comparable in the continuous temperature setting and in the formal toxicology study, i.e. rectal temperature measurement at one time point. In the present study implanted temperature loggers were successfully used to define an adequate time point to be applied in determining rectal body temperature in a formal GLP toxicology study with a new vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kaaijk
- Unit Vaccinology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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17
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Do TH, Chen Y, Nguyen VT, Phisitkul S. Vaccines in the management of hypertension. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1077-87. [PMID: 20455790 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.487060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD In the USA only 35% of patients with hypertension achieve adequate blood pressure control. Non-compliance is one of the main barriers to treatment. Vaccine against hypertension is an innovative treatment, injected every 4 - 6 months, to combat non-compliance. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Pathogenesis of hypertension and progress towards developing a hypertension vaccine, including the virus-like-particle-based approach, new adjuvant molecules and the potential toxicity of hypertension vaccine. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The pathogenesis of hypertension is multifactorial. The most common cause is disruption of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and the first vaccine study was carried out against renin. While the vaccine reduced blood pressure in animal models, it also caused autoimmune disease. In the last decade, vaccines against angiotensin I, angiotensin II, and angiotensin II-type 1 receptors have demonstrated acceptable safety profiles in animal and human studies. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Reduction in blood pressure can be achieved by inducing immunity against targets in the RAAS. The target antigen and selection of adjuvant are crucial factors determining effectiveness and safety of the vaccine. CYT006-AngQb (angiotensin II vaccine) reduced blood pressure in humans but the results were not reproducible with more frequent dosing. Vaccines for hypertension are still in the early phase. We hope for an effective vaccine for hypertension in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thong Huy Do
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Nephrology, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Benchmarking B-cell epitope prediction for the design of peptide-based vaccines: problems and prospects. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:910524. [PMID: 20368996 PMCID: PMC2847767 DOI: 10.1155/2010/910524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To better support the design of peptide-based vaccines, refinement of methods to predict B-cell epitopes necessitates meaningful benchmarking against empirical data on the cross-reactivity of polyclonal antipeptide antibodies with proteins, such that the positive data reflect functionally relevant cross-reactivity (which is consistent with antibody-mediated change in protein function) and the negative data reflect genuine absence of cross-reactivity (rather than apparent absence of cross-reactivity due to artifactual masking of B-cell epitopes in immunoassays). These data are heterogeneous in view of multiple factors that complicate B-cell epitope prediction, notably physicochemical factors that define key structural differences between immunizing peptides and their cognate proteins (e.g., unmatched electrical charges along the peptide-protein sequence alignments). If the data are partitioned with respect to these factors, iterative parallel benchmarking against the resulting subsets of data provides a basis for systematically identifying and addressing the limitations of methods for B-cell epitope prediction as applied to vaccine design.
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19
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Barrett ADT, Beasley DWC. Development pathway for biodefense vaccines. Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 4:D2-7. [PMID: 19837280 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
At the present time it is estimated that the process of development of a vaccine from discovery to licensure takes approximately 18-20 years and costs in excess of US$500 million. For "routine" vaccines, the case for developing a vaccine is straightforward in terms of economics and large scale public health utilization each year. For vaccines used for biodefense and emerging diseases, the considerations are somewhat different as the vaccine may not be needed every year to control outbreaks and may be stockpiled only as a countermeasure that hopefully may never be needed. Furthermore, efficacy trials are often difficult as the natural disease may be rare or not present. Consequently, animal models will play a critical role in demonstrating efficacy. Nonetheless, the vaccine pathway still requires the same fundamental components of basic science/discovery, preclinical development, clinical trials, registration/licensure, and a plan for implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D T Barrett
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA.
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20
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Jennings GT, Bachmann MF. Immunodrugs: therapeutic VLP-based vaccines for chronic diseases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 49:303-26. [PMID: 18851703 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-061008-103129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, the prevalence of noncommunicable chronic diseases is increasing. The use of vaccines to induce autoantibodies that neutralize disease-related proteins offers a means to effectively and affordably treat such diseases. Twenty vaccines designed to induce therapeutic autoantibodies were clinically tested in the past 12 years. Immunodrugs are therapeutic vaccines comprising virus-like particles (VLPs) covalently conjugated with self-antigens that induce neutralizing autoantibody responses. Four such VLP-based vaccines have been clinically tested and one has achieved proof of principle: a reduction of blood pressure in hypertensive patients. To facilitate preliminary clinical testing, novel nonclinical study programs have been developed. Safety study designs have considered the underlying B and T cell immunology and have examined potential toxicities of vaccine components and primary and secondary pharmacodynamic action of the vaccines.
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21
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22
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Snodin DJ, Ryle PR. Understanding and applying regulatory guidance on the nonclinical development of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals. BioDrugs 2006; 20:25-52. [PMID: 16573349 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200620010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals are a well established and growing part of the therapeutic armamentarium. Beginning with recombinant versions of products such as insulin that were previously manufactured by extraction from animal and human sources, licensed biotechnology drugs and those in development now span an ever-increasing range of product types and therapeutic categories. As a consequence of this diversity, both general and product class-specific scientific guidelines have been developed on a regional (e.g. EU/US) or international (e.g. ICH - International Conference on Harmonization) basis. The current portfolio of nonclinical guidelines, particularly ICH S6, emphasizes flexibility and adaptability to the specific circumstances of the individual biotechnology product and its intended indication, taking into account factors not generally applicable to small-molecule drugs, such as pharmacodynamic responsiveness of safety and efficacy models, species specificity, and antibody formation. Guidelines developed principally with small-molecule drugs in mind may, nevertheless, have some applicability to biotechnology drugs on issues such as safety pharmacology, as well as on regulatory, procedural and dossier submission requirements. Scientific guidelines, such as those providing nonclinical guidance, are just one, albeit important, component of an increasingly complex legal/scientific environment in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Snodin
- PAREXEL Drug Development Consulting, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK.
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23
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Carter KC, Ferro VA, Alexander J, Mullen AB. Translation of an experimental oral vaccine formulation into a commercial product. Methods 2006; 38:65-8. [PMID: 16406571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective experimental vaccine may fail to become a therapeutic reality for a number of scientific, regulatory or commercial reasons. In this review, we share some of our personal experiences as University-based researchers and provide an account of some of the problems that we have encountered during preliminary scale-up and assessment of an oral influenza vaccine formulation. Many of the problems we have faced have been non-scientific and related to identifying project-funding sources, finding suitable contract manufacturing companies that are GMP compliant, and protecting intellectual property generated from the scientific studies. The review is intended as a practical guide that will allow other researchers to adopt effective strategies to permit the translation of an effective experimental formulation to a viable commercial product.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Carter
- Department of Immunology, University of Strathclyde, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK
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24
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Brennan FR, Dougan G. Non-clinical safety evaluation of novel vaccines and adjuvants: new products, new strategies. Vaccine 2005; 23:3210-22. [PMID: 15837222 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology and biotechnology, coupled with an increased understanding of disease processes and mechanisms of protective immunity have facilitated the development of new rationally-designed vaccines utilising recombinant proteins, naked DNA, live vectors, genetically-modified toxins and whole dendritic and tumour cells for both prophylaxis and therapy of a wide range of indications. These new vaccine technologies coupled with novel adjuvants, delivery systems, formulations, dosing routes and regimes present many unique and difficult challenges in demonstrating product safety and efficacy to support clinical testing. This paper aims to review these novel vaccine and adjuvant technologies and to highlight the key safety issues potentially associated with them. Approaches taken to demonstrate vaccine safety by assessing systemic and local toxicity, biodistribution and persistence, immunogenicity and immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicology, safety pharmacology and genotoxicity within the current regulatory framework are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R Brennan
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Woolley Road, Alconbury, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE28 4HS, UK.
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Kuroda Y, Nacionales DC, Akaogi J, Reeves WH, Satoh M. Autoimmunity induced by adjuvant hydrocarbon oil components of vaccine. Biomed Pharmacother 2004; 58:325-37. [PMID: 15194169 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2004.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant oils such as Bayol F (Incomplete Freund's adjuvant: IFA) and squalene (MF59) have been used in human and veterinary vaccines despite poor understanding of their mechanisms of action. Several reports suggest an association of vaccination and various autoimmune diseases, however, few were confirmed epidemiologically and the risk of vaccination for autoimmune diseases has been considered minimal. Microbial components, not the adjuvant components, are considered to be of primary importance for adverse effects of vaccines. We have reported that a single intraperitoneal injection of the adjuvant oils pristane, IFA or squalene induces lupus-related autoantibodies to nRNP/Sm and -Su in non-autoimmune BALB/c mice. Induction of these autoantibodies appeared to be associated with the hydrocarbon's ability to induce IL-12, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, suggesting a relationship with hydrocarbon's adjuvanticity. Whether this is relevant in human vaccination is a difficult issue due to the complex effects of vaccines and the fact that immunotoxicological effects vary depending on species, route, dose, and duration of administration. Nevertheless, the potential of adjuvant hydrocarbon oils to induce autoimmunity has implications in the use of oil adjuvants in human and veterinary vaccines as well as basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kuroda
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, ARB-R2-156, 1600 SW Archer Road, P.O. Box 100221 Gainesville, FL 32610-0221, USA
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