1
|
Tsiouris JA, Flory M. Downregulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in leukocytes of hibernating captive black bears is similar to reported cyclic adenosine monophosphate findings in major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1123279. [PMID: 37009099 PMCID: PMC10061222 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1123279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionCyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in the lymphoblasts and leukocytes of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have been reported to be downregulated compared to in controls. cAMP is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and low ATP turnover has been reported in the state of hypometabolism associated with human MDD and with mammalian hibernation due to suppression of mitochondrial metabolism. Similarities have been noted between many state-dependent neurobiological changes associated with MDD in humans and with mammalian hibernation.MethodsTo compare cAMP levels between human MDD and mammalian hibernation and to investigate whether cAMP downregulation is another state-dependent neurobiological finding, we measured cAMP concentrations in lysed leukocytes, plasma, and serum in serial blood specimens from nine female captive black bears (Ursus americanus; CBBs), and cortisol levels in serum from 10 CBBs.ResultsCortisol levels were significantly higher during hibernation in CBBs, confirming previous findings in hibernating black bears and similar to findings in humans with MDD. cAMP levels were significantly lower during hibernation versus active states (pre-hibernation and exit from hibernation) and were similar to the cAMP downregulation reported in MDD patients versus euthymic patients or controls. cAMP level changes during the different states (hibernation, pre-hibernation, active) confirm their state-dependent status.DiscussionThese findings are similar to the neurobiological findings associated with the hypometabolism (metabolic depression) observed during mammalian hibernation and reported during MDD. A sudden increase in cAMP levels was observed before entrance into pre-hibernation and during exit from hibernation. Further investigation is suggested into the possible role of elevated cAMP levels in initiation of the chain reaction of changes in gene expression, proteins, and enzymes leading to the suppression of mitochondrial metabolism and to low ATP turnover. This process leads to hypometabolism, the old adaptive mechanism that is used by organisms for energy preservation and is associated with both mammalian hibernation and human MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Tsiouris
- George A. Jervis Clinic, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: John A. Tsiouris,
| | - Michael Flory
- Research Design and Analysis Service, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wilson AE, Michaud SA, Jackson AM, Stenhouse G, Coops NC, Janz DM. Development and validation of protein biomarkers of health in grizzly bears. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa056. [PMID: 32607241 PMCID: PMC7311831 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Large carnivores play critical roles in the maintenance and function of natural ecosystems; however, the populations of many of these species are in decline across the globe. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel techniques that can be used as sensitive conservation tools to detect new threats to the health of individual animals well in advance of population-level effects. Our study aimed to determine the expression of proteins related to energetics, reproduction and stress in the skin of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) using a liquid chromatography and multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry assay. We hypothesized that a suite of target proteins could be measured using this technique and that the expression of these proteins would be associated with biological (sex, age, sample location on body) and environmental (geographic area, season, sample year) variables. Small skin biopsies were collected from free-ranging grizzly bears in Alberta, Canada, from 2013 to 2019 (n = 136 samples from 111 individuals). Over 700 proteins were detected in the skin of grizzly bears, 19 of which were chosen as targets because of their established roles in physiological function. Generalized linear mixed model analysis was used for each target protein. Results indicate that sample year influenced the majority of proteins, suggesting that physiological changes may be driven in part by responses to changes in the environment. Season influenced the expression of proteins related to energetics, reproduction and stress, all of which were lower during fall compared to early spring. The expression of proteins related to energetics and stress varied by geographic area, while the majority of proteins that were affected by biological attributes (age class, sex and age class by sex interaction) were related to reproduction and stress. This study provides a novel method by which scientists and managers can further assess and monitor physiological function in wildlife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbey E Wilson
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Sarah A Michaud
- The University of Victoria Genome BC Proteomics Centre, 4464 Markham St #3101, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Angela M Jackson
- The University of Victoria Genome BC Proteomics Centre, 4464 Markham St #3101, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Gordon Stenhouse
- Foothills Research Institute, Grizzly Bear Program, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, Alberta T7V 1V3, Canada
| | - Nicholas C Coops
- Department of Forest Resource Management, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David M Janz
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Siddiqui T, Zia MK, Ali SS, Ahsan H, Khan FH. Investigating hydrogen peroxide induced damage to alpha-2-macroglobulin: Biophysical and thermodynamic study. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
4
|
Interaction of anti-cancer drug-cisplatin with major proteinase inhibitor-alpha-2-macroglobulin: Biophysical and thermodynamic analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:721-727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
5
|
Iles TL, Laske TG, Garshelis DL, Iaizzo PA. Blood clotting behavior is innately modulated in Ursus americanus during early and late denning relative to summer months. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 220:455-459. [PMID: 27885044 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.141549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Remarkably, American black bears (Ursus americanus) are capable of varying their heart rates to coincide with their breathing, creating pauses of 30 s or more, yet they do not appear to suffer from embolic events. We evaluated some features of the clotting cascade of black bears, providing novel insights into the underlying mechanisms they evoke for embolic protection during hibernation. We measured activated clotting time, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time during early denning (December), late denning (March) and summer (August). Activated clotting time during early hibernation was ∼3 times longer than that observed among non-hibernating animals. Clotting time was reduced later in hibernation, when bears were within ∼1 month of emerging from dens. Prothrombin time was similar for each seasonal time point, whereas activated partial thromboplastin time was highest during early denning and decreased during late denning and summer. We also examined D-dimer concentration to assess whether the bears were likely to have experienced embolic events. None of the non-parturient bears exceeded a D-dimer concentration of 250 ng ml-1 (considered the clinical threshold for embolism in mammals). Our findings suggest there is unique expression of the clotting cascade in American black bears during hibernation, in which extrinsic pathways are maintained but intrinsic pathways are suppressed. This was evaluated by a significant difference between the activated clotting time and activated partial thromboplastin time during the denning and non-denning periods. These changes are likely adaptive, to avoid clotting events during states of immobilization and/or periods of asystole. However, an intact extrinsic pathway allows for healing of external injuries and/or foreign body responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tinen L Iles
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Timothy G Laske
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David L Garshelis
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Grand Rapids, MN 55744, USA
| | - Paul A Iaizzo
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA .,Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Welinder KG, Hansen R, Overgaard MT, Brohus M, Sønderkær M, von Bergen M, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Otto W, Lindahl TL, Arinell K, Evans AL, Swenson JE, Revsbech IG, Frøbert O. Biochemical Foundations of Health and Energy Conservation in Hibernating Free-ranging Subadult Brown Bear Ursus arctos. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22509-22523. [PMID: 27609515 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.742916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown bears (Ursus arctos) hibernate for 5-7 months without eating, drinking, urinating, and defecating at a metabolic rate of only 25% of the summer activity rate. Nonetheless, they emerge healthy and alert in spring. We quantified the biochemical adaptations for hibernation by comparing the proteome, metabolome, and hematological features of blood from hibernating and active free-ranging subadult brown bears with a focus on conservation of health and energy. We found that total plasma protein concentration increased during hibernation, even though the concentrations of most individual plasma proteins decreased, as did the white blood cell types. Strikingly, antimicrobial defense proteins increased in concentration. Central functions in hibernation involving the coagulation response and protease inhibition, as well as lipid transport and metabolism, were upheld by increased levels of very few key or broad specificity proteins. The changes in coagulation factor levels matched the changes in activity measurements. A dramatic 45-fold increase in sex hormone-binding globulin levels during hibernation draws, for the first time, attention to its significant but unknown role in maintaining hibernation physiology. We propose that energy for the costly protein synthesis is reduced by three mechanisms as follows: (i) dehydration, which increases protein concentration without de novo synthesis; (ii) reduced protein degradation rates due to a 6 °C reduction in body temperature and decreased protease activity; and (iii) a marked redistribution of energy resources only increasing de novo synthesis of a few key proteins. The comprehensive global data identified novel biochemical strategies for bear adaptations to the extreme condition of hibernation and have implications for our understanding of physiology in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Gjesing Welinder
- From the Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biotechnology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark,
| | - Rasmus Hansen
- From the Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biotechnology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Michael Toft Overgaard
- From the Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biotechnology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Malene Brohus
- From the Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biotechnology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Mads Sønderkær
- From the Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biotechnology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Martin von Bergen
- From the Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Biotechnology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark.,the Departments of Metabolomics and.,Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Otto
- Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tomas L Lindahl
- the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karin Arinell
- the Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Örebro University, 701 85 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Alina L Evans
- the Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Hedmark University College, Campus Evenstrand, 2411 Elverum, Norway
| | - Jon E Swenson
- the Department for Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 5014, 1432 Ås, Norway.,the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tungasletta 2, N-7485 Trondheim, Norway, and
| | - Inge G Revsbech
- the Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ole Frøbert
- the Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Örebro University, 701 85 Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rehman AA, Ahsan H, Khan FH. Identification of a new alpha-2-macroglobulin: Multi-spectroscopic and isothermal titration calorimetry study. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 83:366-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
8
|
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause damage to macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and DNA and alters their structure and function. When generated outside the cell, ROS can induce damage to anti-proteinases. Anti-proteinases are proteins that are involved in the control and regulation of proteolytic enzymes. The damage caused to anti-proteinase barrier disturbs the proteinase-anti-proteinases balance and uncontrolled proteolysis at the site of injury promotes tissue damage. Studies have shown that ROS damages anti-proteinase shield of the body by inactivating key members such as alpha-2-macroglobulin, alpha-1-antitrypsin. Hypochlorous acid inactivates α-1-antitrypsin by oxidizing a critical reactive methionine residue. Superoxide and hypochlorous acid are physiological inactivators of alpha-2-macroglobulin. The damage to anti-proteinase barrier induced by ROS is a hallmark of diseases such as atherosclerosis, emphysema and rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, understanding the behaviour of ROS-induced damage to anti-proteinases may helps us in development of strategies that could control these inflammatory reactions and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tooba Siddiqui
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Life Science, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India and
| | - Mohammad Khalid Zia
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Life Science, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India and
| | - Syed Saqib Ali
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Life Science, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India and
| | - Ahmed Abdur Rehman
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Life Science, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India and
| | - Haseeb Ahsan
- b Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi , India
| | - Fahim Halim Khan
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Life Science, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India and
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nelson OL, Robbins CT. Cardiovascular function in large to small hibernators: bears to ground squirrels. J Comp Physiol B 2014; 185:265-79. [PMID: 25542162 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-014-0881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian hibernation has intrigued scientists due to extreme variations in normal seasonal physiological homeostasis. Numerous species manifest a hibernation phenotype although the characteristics of the hypometabolic state can be quite different. Ground squirrels (e.g., Sciuridae) are often considered the prototypical hibernator as individuals in this genus transition from an active, euthermic state (37 °C) to a nonresponsive hibernating state where torpid body temperature commonly falls to 3-5 °C. However, the hibernating state is not continuous as periodic warming and arousals occur. In contrast, the larger hibernators of genus Ursus are less hypothermic (body temperatures decline from approximately 37°-33 °C), are more reactive, and cyclical arousals do not occur. Both species dramatically reduce cardiac output during hibernation from the active state (bears ~75 % reduction in bears and ~97 % reduction in ground squirrels), and both species demonstrate hypokinetic atrial chamber activity. However, there are several important differences in cardiac function between the two groups during hibernation. Left ventricular diastolic filling volumes and stroke volumes do not differ in bears between seasons, but increased diastolic and stroke volumes during hibernation are important contributors to cardiac output in ground squirrels. Decreased cardiac muscle mass and increased ventricular stiffness have been found in bears, whereas ground squirrels have increased cardiac muscle mass and decreased ventricular stiffness during hibernation. Molecular pathways of cardiac muscle plasticity reveal differences between the species in the modification of sarcomeric proteins such as titin and α myosin heavy chain during hibernation. The differences in hibernation character are likely to account for the alternative cardiac phenotypes and functional strategies manifested by the two species. Molecular investigation coupled with better knowledge of seasonal physiological alterations is dramatically advancing our understanding of small and large hibernators and their evolutionary differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Lynne Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, 100 Grimes Way, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Acuner-Ozbabacan ES, Engin BH, Guven-Maiorov E, Kuzu G, Muratcioglu S, Baspinar A, Chen Z, Van Waes C, Gursoy A, Keskin O, Nussinov R. The structural network of Interleukin-10 and its implications in inflammation and cancer. BMC Genomics 2014; 15 Suppl 4:S2. [PMID: 25056661 PMCID: PMC4083408 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-s4-s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation has significant roles in all phases of tumor development, including initiation, progression and metastasis. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a well-known immuno-modulatory cytokine with an anti-inflammatory activity. Lack of IL-10 allows induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and hinders anti-tumor immunity, thereby favoring tumor growth. The IL-10 network is among the most important paths linking cancer and inflammation. The simple node-and-edge network representation is useful, but limited, hampering the understanding of the mechanistic details of signaling pathways. Structural networks complete the missing parts, and provide details. The IL-10 structural network may shed light on the mechanisms through which disease-related mutations work and the pathogenesis of malignancies. Results Using PRISM (a PRotein Interactions by Structural Matching tool), we constructed the structural network of IL-10, which includes its first and second degree protein neighbor interactions. We predicted the structures of complexes involved in these interactions, thereby enriching the available structural data. In order to reveal the significance of the interactions, we exploited mutations identified in cancer patients, mapping them onto key proteins of this network. We analyzed the effect of these mutations on the interactions, and demonstrated a relation between these and inflammation and cancer. Our results suggest that mutations that disrupt the interactions of IL-10 with its receptors (IL-10RA and IL-10RB) and α2-macroglobulin (A2M) may enhance inflammation and modulate anti-tumor immunity. Likewise, mutations that weaken the A2M-APP (amyloid precursor protein) association may increase the proliferative effect of APP through preventing β-amyloid degradation by the A2M receptor, and mutations that abolish the A2M-Kallikrein-13 (KLK13) interaction may lead to cell proliferation and metastasis through the destructive effect of KLK13 on the extracellular matrix. Conclusions Prediction of protein-protein interactions through structural matching can enrich the available cellular pathways. In addition, the structural data of protein complexes suggest how oncogenic mutations influence the interactions and explain their potential impact on IL-10 signaling in cancer and inflammation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sieckmann DG, Jaffe H, Golech S, Cai D, Hallenbeck JM, McCarron RM. Anti-lymphoproliferative activity of alpha-2-macroglobulin in the plasma of hibernating 13-lined ground squirrels and woodchucks. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 161:1-11. [PMID: 25113962 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasma from hibernating (HIB) woodchucks (Marmota monax) or 13-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) suppressed (3)H-thymidine uptake in mouse spleen cell cultures stimulated with Concanavalin A (ConA); plasma from non-hibernating animals were only slightly inhibitory. Maximum inhibition occurred when HIB plasma was added to the cultures prior to ConA. After HPLC size exclusion chromatography of the HIB ground squirrel plasma, a single fraction (fraction-14) demonstrated inhibitory activity. Assay of fraction-14 from 8 HIB squirrels showed inhibition ranging from 13 to 95%; inhibition was correlated to the time the squirrels were exposed to cold prior to hibernation. Western blot analysis showed the factor to be a large molecular weight protein (>300 kDa), and mass spectrometry identified sequences that were 100% homologous with alpha-2-macroglobulin from humans and other species. These findings indicate a hibernation-related protein that may be responsible for immune system down regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna G Sieckmann
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States.
| | - Howard Jaffe
- LNC-NINDS Protein/Peptide Sequencing Facility, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Susanne Golech
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States
| | - DeCheng Cai
- Stroke Branch, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | | | - Richard M McCarron
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States; Department of Pathology, USUHS, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao Y, Yang H, Storey KB, Chen M. RNA-seq dependent transcriptional analysis unveils gene expression profile in the intestine of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus during aestivation. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2014; 10:30-43. [PMID: 24713300 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The seasonal marine, the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867), cycles annually between periods of torpor when water temperature is above about 25°C in summer and active life when temperature is below about 18°C. This species is a good candidate model organism for studies of environmentally-induced aestivation in marine invertebrates. Previous studies have examined various aspects of aestivation of A. japonicus, however, knowledge of the molecular regulation underpinning these events is still fragmentary. In the present study, we constructed a global gene expression profile of the intestine tissue of A. japonicus using RNA-seq to identify transcriptional responses associated with transitions between different states: non-aestivation (NA), deep-aestivation (DA), and arousal from aestivation (AA). The analysis identified 1245 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between DA vs. NA states, 1338 DEGs between AA vs. DA, and 1321 DEGs between AA vs. NA using the criteria |Log2Ratio|≥1 and FDR≤0.001. Of these, 25 of the most significant DEGs were verified by real-time PCR, showing trends in expression patterns that were almost in full concordance between the two techniques. GO analysis revealed that for DA vs. NA, 24 metabolic associated processes were highly enriched (corrected p value<0.05) whereas for AA vs. NA, 12 transport and metabolism associated processes were significantly enriched (corrected p value<0.05). Pathways associated with aestivation were also mined, and indicated that most DEGs were enriched in metabolic and signal transduction pathways in the deep aestivation stage. Two up pathways were significantly enriched at the arousal stage (ribosome and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 pathway). A set of key DEGs was identified that may play vital roles in aestivation; these involved metabolism, detoxification and tissue protection, and energy-expensive processes. Our work presents an overview of dynamic gene expression in torpor-arousal cycles during aestivation of A. japonicus and identifies a series of candidate genes and pathways for further research on the molecular mechanisms of aestivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Muyan Chen
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chow BA, Donahue SW, Vaughan MR, McConkey B, Vijayan MM. Serum immune-related proteins are differentially expressed during hibernation in the American black bear. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66119. [PMID: 23825529 PMCID: PMC3692520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernation is an adaptation to conserve energy in the face of extreme environmental conditions and low food availability that has risen in several animal phyla. This phenomenon is characterized by reduced metabolic rate (∼25% of the active basal metabolic rate in hibernating bears) and energy demand, while other physiological adjustments are far from clear. The profiling of the serum proteome of the American black bear (Ursus americanus) may reveal specific proteins that are differentially modulated by hibernation, and provide insight into the remarkable physiological adaptations that characterize ursid hibernation. In this study, we used differential gel electrophoresis (DIGE) analysis, liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, and subsequent MASCOT analysis of the mass spectra to identify candidate proteins that are differentially expressed during hibernation in captive black bears. Seventy serum proteins were identified as changing by ±1.5 fold or more, out of which 34 proteins increased expression during hibernation. The majority of identified proteins are involved in immune system processes. These included α2-macroglobulin, complement components C1s and C4, immunoglobulin μ and J chains, clusterin, haptoglobin, C4b binding protein, kininogen 1, α2-HS-glycoprotein, and apoplipoproteins A-I and A-IV. Differential expression of a subset of these proteins identified by proteomic analysis was also confirmed by immunodetection. We propose that the observed serum protein changes contribute to the maintenance of the hibernation phenotype and health, including increased capacities for bone maintenance and wound healing during hibernation in bears.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Chow
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seth W. Donahue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Vaughan
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brendan McConkey
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rehman AA, Ahsan H, Khan FH. α-2-Macroglobulin: a physiological guardian. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1665-75. [PMID: 23086799 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alpha macroglobulins are large glycoproteins which are present in the body fluids of both invertebrates and vertebrates. Alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2 M), a key member of alpha macroglobulin superfamily, is a high-molecular weight homotetrameric glycoprotein. α2 M has many diversified and complex functions, but it is primarily known by its ability to inhibit a broad spectrum of proteases without the direct blockage of the protease active site. α2 M is also known to be involved in the regulation, transport, and a host of other functions. For example, apart from inhibiting proteinases, it regulates binding of transferrin to its surface receptor, binds defensin and myelin basic protein, etc., binds several important cytokines, including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and modify their biological activity. α2 M also binds a number of hormones and regulates their activity. α2 M is said to protect the body against various infections, and hence, can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of a number of diseases. However, this multipurpose antiproteinse is not "fail safe" and could be damaged by reactive species generated endogenously or exogenously, leading to various pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Rehman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fröbert O, Christensen K, Fahlman A, Brunberg S, Josefsson J, Särndahl E, Swenson JE, Arnemo JM. Platelet function in brown bear (Ursus arctos) compared to man. Thromb J 2010; 8:11. [PMID: 20525167 PMCID: PMC2893130 DOI: 10.1186/1477-9560-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Information on hemostasis and platelet function in brown bear (Ursus arctos) is of importance for understanding the physiological, protective changes during hibernation. Objective The study objective was to document platelet activity values in brown bears shortly after leaving the den and compare them to platelet function in healthy humans. Methods Blood was drawn from immobilized wild brown bears 7-10 days after leaving the den in mid April. Blood samples from healthy human adults before and after clopidogrel and acetylsalicylic acid administration served as control. We analyzed blood samples by standard blood testing and platelet aggregation was quantified after stimulation with various agonists using multiple electrode aggregometry within 3 hours of sampling. Results Blood samples were collected from 6 bears (3 females) between 1 and 16 years old and from 10 healthy humans. Results of adenosine diphosphate, aspirin, and thrombin receptor activating peptide tests in bears were all half or less of those in humans. Platelet and white blood cell counts did not differ between species but brown bears had more and smaller red blood cells compared with humans. Conclusion Using three different tests, we conclude that platelet function is lower in brown bears compared to humans. Our findings represent the first descriptive study on platelet function in brown bears and may contribute to explain how bears can endure denning without obvious thrombus building. However, the possibility that our findings reflect test-dependent and not true biological variations in platelet reactivity needs further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole Fröbert
- Department of Cardiology, Orebro University Hospital, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Mammalian hibernators such as ground squirrels store massive amounts of fat each autumn. These fat depots serve as the main source of metabolic fuel throughout the winter, gradually decreasing over a period of months until the animals emerge from hibernation each spring. Fat deposition occurs on an approximately annual, i.e. on a circannual, basis. Although this rhythm occurs in the absence of environmental temperature and light cues, it is entrained by the length of daylight, with peak fat deposition occurring as days shorten in the autumn. Here we examine the circ-annual cycle of hibernation, and then explore the similarities and differences between the obligatory, yet reversible, natural obesity and accompanying insulin resistance of natural hibernation, and the pandemic of human obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Martin
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Program in Molecular Biology, 12801 E. 17th Ave. Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ross AP, Drew KL. Potential for discovery of neuroprotective factors in serum and tissue from hibernating species. Mini Rev Med Chem 2006; 6:875-84. [PMID: 16918494 PMCID: PMC4454377 DOI: 10.2174/138955706777934964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hibernation is a unique phenotype displayed by a phylogenetically diverse group of organisms including several species of mammals and one species of primate. Here we review evidence for blood and tissue borne signaling molecules in hibernating animals, achievements in isolating and characterizing these molecules, and potential medicinal applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin P. Ross
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Kelly L. Drew
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mominoki K, Morimatsu M, Karjalainen M, Hohtola E, Hissa R, Saito M. Elevated plasma concentrations of haptoglobin in European brown bears during hibernation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 142:472-7. [PMID: 16289771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Haptoglobin (Hp), a hemoglobin-binding protein, is known as an acute phase protein and increases during the acute phase of inflammation in most mammals. We reported previously in brown bears that the mean Hp concentrations were higher in blood samples obtained in winter than those in spring. To examine a possible relation of the seasonal variations of Hp to hibernation, in the present study, we measured the plasma concentrations of Hp as well as some other acute phase proteins (alpha(2)-macroglobulin, alpha(1)-antitrypsin, C-reactive protein) in 6 European brown bears (Ursus arctos), from which blood samples were obtained at 5-6 different months of year including February, the time of hibernation. The Hp concentrations showed clear seasonal variations, being highest in February. The alpha(2)-macroglobulin concentrations also showed a similar but much smaller rise in February, but those of alpha(1)-antitrypsin and C-reactive protein did not show any seasonal variations. Our results suggest that the seasonal variation of plasma Hp concentration in brown bears is associated with a hibernation-specific mechanism more than that of acute phase response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Mominoki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tsiouris JA. Metabolic depression in hibernation and major depression: an explanatory theory and an animal model of depression. Med Hypotheses 2005; 65:829-40. [PMID: 16061329 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic depression, an adaptive biological process for energy preservation, is responsible for torpor, hibernation and estivation. We propose that a form of metabolic depression, and not mitochondrial dysfunction, is the process underlying the observed hypometabolism, state-dependent neurobiological changes and vegetative symptoms of major depression in humans. The process of metabolic depression is reactivated via differential gene expression in response to perceived adverse stimuli in predisposed persons. Behavior inhibition by temperament, anxiety disorders, genetic vulnerabilities, and early traumatic experiences predispose persons to depression. The proposed theory is supported by similarities in the presentation and neurobiology of hibernation in bears and major depression and explains the yet unexplained neurobiological changes of depression. Although, gene expression is suppressed in other hibernators by deep hypothermia, bears were chosen because they hibernate with mild hypothermia. Pre-hibernation in bears and major depression with atypical features are both characterized by fat storage through overeating, oversleeping, and decreased mobility. Hibernation in bears and major depression with melancholic features are characterized by withdrawal from the environment, lack of energy, loss of weight from not eating and burning stored fat, changes in sleep pattern, and the following similar neurobiological findings: reversible subclinical hypothyroidism; increased concentration of serum cortisol; acute phase protein response; low respiratory quotient; oxidative stress response; decreased neurotransmitter levels; and changes in cyclic-adenosine monophosphate-binding activity. Signaling systems associated with protein phosphorylation, transcription factors, and gene expression are responsible for the metabolic depression process during pre-hibernation and hibernation. Antidepressants and mood stabilizers interfere with the hibernation process and produce their therapeutic effects by normalizing the fluctuation of activities in the different signaling systems, which are down-regulated during hibernation and depression and up-regulated during exodus from hibernation and the hypomanic or manic phase of mood disorders. The ways individuals cognitively perceive, understand, communicate, and react to the vegetative symptoms of depression, from downregulation in energy production, and in the absence of known medical causes, produce the other characteristics of depression including guilt, helplessness, hopelessness, suicidal phenomena, agitation, panic attacks, psychotic symptoms, and sudden switch to hypomanic or manic episodes. The presence of one or more of these characteristics depends on the person's neuropsychological function, its social status between the others, and the other's response to the person. Neurobiological changes associated with metabolic depression during entrance, maintenance, and exodus from hibernation in bears is suggested as a natural animal model of human depression and mood disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Tsiouris
- George A. Jervis Clinic, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dobson GP. Organ arrest, protection and preservation: natural hibernation to cardiac surgery. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 139:469-85. [PMID: 15544969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac surgery continues to be limited by an inability to achieve complete myocardial protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury. This paper considers the following questions: (1) what lessons can be learned from mammalian hibernators to improve current methods of human myocardial arrest, protection and preservation? and (2) can the human heart be pharmacologically manipulated during acute global ischemia to act more like the heart of a hibernating mammal? After reviewing the major entropy-slowing strategies of hibernation, a major player identified in the armortarium is maintenance of the membrane potential. The resting membrane potential of the hibernator's heart appears to be maintained close to its pre-torpid state of around -85 mV. In open-heart surgery, 99% of all surgical heart arrest solutions (cardioplegia) employ high potassium (>16 mM) which depolarises the membrane voltage from -85 to around -50 mV. However, depolarising potassium cardioplegia has been increasingly linked to myocyte and microvascular damage leading to functional loss during reperfusion. Our recent work has been borrowed from hibernation biology and is focused on a very different arrest strategy which 'clamps' the membrane near its resting potential and depresses O2 consumption from baseline by about 90%. The new 'polarising' cardioplegia incorporates adenosine and lidocaine (AL) as the arresting combination, not high potassium. Studies in the isolated rat heart show that AL cardioplegia delivered at 37 degrees C can arrest the heart for up to 4 h with 70-80% recovery of the cardiac output, 85-100% recovery of heart rate, systolic pressure and rate-pressure product and 70-80% of baseline coronary flows. Only 14% of hearts arrested with crystalloid St. Thomas' solution No. 2 cardioplegia survived after 4 h. In conclusion, maintenance of the myocardial membrane potential near or close to its resting state appears to be an important feature of the hibernator's heart that may find great utility in surgical arrest and cellular preservation strategies. Identifying and safely turning 'off' and 'on' the entropy-slowing genes to down-regulate the hibernator's heart and applying this to human organs and tissues remains a major challenge for future genomics and proteomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey P Dobson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Molecular Science Building, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tsiouris JA, Chauhan VP, Sheikh AM, Chauhan A, Malik M, Vaughan MR. Similarities in acute phase protein response during hibernation in black bears and major depression in humans: a response to underlying metabolic depression? CAN J ZOOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1139/z04-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of hibernation with mild hypothermia and the stress of captivity on levels of six acute-phase proteins (APPs) in serial samples of serum from 11 wild and 6 captive black bears (Ursus ameri canus Pallas, 1780) during active and hibernating states. We hypothesize that during hibernation with mild hypothermia, bears would show an APP response similar to that observed in major depression. Enzyme-linked immuno absorbent assay was used to measure alpha2-macroglobulin and C-reactive protein, and a nephelometer to measure alpha1-antitrypsin, hapto globin, ceruloplasmin, and transferrin. Levels of all other proteins except ceruloplasmin were significantly elevated during hibernation in both wild and captive bears at the p < 0.05 to p < 0.001 level. Alpha2-macroglobulin and C-reactive-protein levels were increased in captive versus wild bears in both active and hibernating states at the p < 0.01 to p < 0.0001 level. During hibernation with mild hypothermia, black bears do not show immunosuppression, but show an increased APP response similar to that in patients with major depression. This APP response is explained as an adaptive response to the underlying metabolic depression in both conditions. Metabolic depression in hibernating bears is suggested as a natural model for research to explain the neurobiology of depression.
Collapse
|