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Arias HR, Rudin D, Hines DJ, Contreras A, Gulsevin A, Manetti D, Anouar Y, De Deurwaerdere P, Meiler J, Romanelli MN, Liechti ME, Chagraoui A. The novel non-hallucinogenic compound DM506 (3-methyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydroazepino[4,5-b]indole) induces sedative- and anxiolytic-like activity in mice by a mechanism involving 5-HT 2A receptor activation. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 966:176329. [PMID: 38253116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The anxiolytic and sedative-like effects of 3-methyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydroazepino[4,5-b]indole (DM506), a non-hallucinogenic compound derived from ibogamine, were studied in mice. The behavioral effects were examined using Elevated O-maze and novelty suppressed feeding (NSFT) tests, open field test, and loss of righting reflex (LORR) test. The results showed that 15 mg/kg DM506 induced acute and long-lasting anxiolytic-like activity in naive and stressed/anxious mice, respectively. Repeated administration of 5 mg/kg DM506 did not cause cumulative anxiolytic activity or any side effects. Higher doses of DM506 (40 mg/kg) induced sedative-like activity, which was inhibited by a selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, volinanserin. Electroencephalography results showed that 15 mg/kg DM506 fumarate increased the transition from a highly alert state (fast γ wavelength) to a more synchronized deep-sleeping activity (δ wavelength), which is reflected in the sedative/anxiolytic activity in mice but without the head-twitch response observed in hallucinogens. The functional, radioligand binding, and molecular docking results showed that DM506 binds to the agonist sites of human 5-HT2A (Ki = 24 nM) and 5-HT2B (Ki = 16 nM) receptors and activates them with a potency (EC50) of 9 nM and 3 nM, respectively. DM506 was relatively less potent and behaved as a partial agonist (efficacy <80%) for both receptor subtypes compared to the full agonist DOI (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine). Our study showed for the first time that the non-hallucinogenic compound DM506 induces anxiolytic- and sedative-like activities in naïve and stressed/anxious mice in a dose-, time-, and volinanserin-sensitive manner, likely through mechanisms involving 5-HT2A receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R Arias
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tahlequah, OK, USA
| | - Deborah Rudin
- Divison of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dustin J Hines
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - April Contreras
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Alican Gulsevin
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dina Manetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Youssef Anouar
- UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication (NorDiC), Rouen Normandie University, 76000, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdere
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Neurosciences Integratives et Cognitives d'Aquitaine, UMR, 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jens Meiler
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Novella Romanelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Divison of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, CHU de Rouen, France; UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication (NorDiC), Rouen Normandie University, 76000, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
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Santos GX, Dos SantosTeodoro JE, Fonseca MG, Acunha RM, da Silva Júnior PI, Reis LMD, de Freitas RL, Medeiros P. Mygalin, an Acanthoscurria gomesiana spider-derived synthetic, modulates haloperidol-induced cataleptic state in mice. Neurosci Lett 2024; 820:137572. [PMID: 38072029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haloperidol (HAL) is an antipsychotic used in the treatment of schizophrenia. However, adverse effects are observed in the extrapyramidal tracts due to its systemic action. Natural compounds are among the treatment alternatives widely available in Brazilian biodiversity. Mygalin (MY), a polyamine that was synthesized from a natural molecule present in the hemolymph of the Acanthoscurria gomesian spider, may present an interesting approach. AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the effect of MY in mice subjected to HAL-induced catalepsy. METHODS Male Swiss mice were used. Catalepsy was induced by intraperitoneal administration of HAL (0.5 mg/kg - 1 mL/Kg) diluted in physiological saline. To assess the MY effects on catalepsy, mice were assigned to 4 groups: (1) physiological saline (NaCl 0.9 %); (2) MY at 0.002 mg/Kg; (3) MY at 0.02 mg/Kg; (4) MY at 0.2 mg/Kg. MY or saline was administered intraperitoneally (IP) 10 min b HAL before saline. Catalepsy was evaluated using the bar test at 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the IP administration of HAL. RESULTS The latency time in the bar test 15, 30, 60, and 90 min increased (p < 0.05) after IP administration of HAL compared to the control group. Catalepsy was attenuated 15, 30, 90, and 120 min (p < 0.05) after the IP-administration of MY at 0.2 mg/Kg; while MY at 0.02 mg/Kg attenuated catalepsy 15 min after the HAL treatment. Our findings showed that MY attenuates the HAL-induced cataleptic state in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Renata Moreira Acunha
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotions and Multi-User Center of Neuroelectrophysiology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renato Leonardo de Freitas
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Pain & Emotions and Multi-User Center of Neuroelectrophysiology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Center for Pain Care, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, Caixa Postal 676, CEP 13565-905, SP, Brazil; Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Av. do Café 2450 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14050-220, Brazil
| | - Priscila Medeiros
- Interdisciplinary Center for Pain Care, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, Caixa Postal 676, CEP 13565-905, SP, Brazil; Department of General and Specialized Nursing - EERP/USP Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing - USP, Brazil; Behavioural Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Av. do Café 2450 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14050-220, Brazil.
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Rial RV, Akaârir M, Canellas F, Barceló P, Rubiño JA, Martín-Reina A, Gamundí A, Nicolau MC. Mammalian NREM and REM sleep: Why, when and how. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 146:105041. [PMID: 36646258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This report proposes that fish use the spinal-rhombencephalic regions of their brain to support their activities while awake. Instead, the brainstem-diencephalic regions support the wakefulness in amphibians and reptiles. Lastly, mammals developed the telencephalic cortex to attain the highest degree of wakefulness, the cortical wakefulness. However, a paralyzed form of spinal-rhombencephalic wakefulness remains in mammals in the form of REMS, whose phasic signs are highly efficient in promoting maternal care to mammalian litter. Therefore, the phasic REMS is highly adaptive. However, their importance is low for singletons, in which it is a neutral trait, devoid of adaptive value for adults, and is mal-adaptive for marine mammals. Therefore, they lost it. The spinal-rhombencephalic and cortical wakeful states disregard the homeostasis: animals only attend their most immediate needs: foraging defense and reproduction. However, these activities generate allostatic loads that must be recovered during NREMS, that is a paralyzed form of the amphibian-reptilian subcortical wakefulness. Regarding the regulation of tonic REMS, it depends on a hypothalamic switch. Instead, the phasic REMS depends on an independent proportional pontine control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén V Rial
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
| | - Mourad Akaârir
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
| | - Francesca Canellas
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut; Hospital Son Espases, 07120, Palma de Mallorca (España).
| | - Pere Barceló
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
| | - José A Rubiño
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut; Hospital Son Espases, 07120, Palma de Mallorca (España).
| | - Aida Martín-Reina
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
| | - Antoni Gamundí
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
| | - M Cristina Nicolau
- Laboratori de Fisiologia del son i els ritmes biologics. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (España); IDISBA. Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria de les Illes Balears; IUNICS Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut.
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Bhandiwad AA, Chu NC, Semenova SA, Holmes GA, Burgess HA. A cerebellar-prepontine circuit for tonic immobility triggered by an inescapable threat. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo0549. [PMID: 36170356 PMCID: PMC9519051 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sudden changes in the environment are frequently perceived as threats and provoke defensive behavioral states. One such state is tonic immobility, a conserved defensive strategy characterized by powerful suppression of movement and motor reflexes. Tonic immobility has been associated with multiple brainstem regions, but the underlying circuit is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a strong vibratory stimulus evokes tonic immobility in larval zebrafish defined by suppressed locomotion and sensorimotor responses. Using a circuit-breaking screen and targeted neuron ablations, we show that cerebellar granule cells and a cluster of glutamatergic ventral prepontine neurons (vPPNs) that express key stress-associated neuropeptides are critical components of the circuit that suppresses movement. The complete sensorimotor circuit transmits information from sensory ganglia through the cerebellum to vPPNs to regulate reticulospinal premotor neurons. These results show that cerebellar regulation of a neuropeptide-rich prepontine structure governs a conserved and ancestral defensive behavior that is triggered by an inescapable threat.
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Adam EM, Johns T, Sur M. Dynamic control of visually guided locomotion through corticosubthalamic projections. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111139. [PMID: 35905719 PMCID: PMC9395210 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed locomotion requires control signals that propagate from higher order areas to regulate spinal mechanisms. The corticosubthalamic hyperdirect pathway offers a short route for cortical information to reach locomotor centers in the brainstem. We developed a task in which head-fixed mice run to a visual landmark and then stop and wait to collect the reward and examined the role of secondary motor cortex (M2) projections to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in controlling locomotion. Our behavioral modeling, calcium imaging, and optogenetics manipulation results suggest that the M2-STN pathway can be recruited during visually guided locomotion to rapidly and precisely control the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) of the mesencephalic locomotor region through the basal ganglia. By capturing the physiological dynamics through a feedback control model and analyzing neuronal signals in M2, PPN, and STN, we find that the corticosubthalamic projections potentially control PPN activity by differentiating an M2 error signal to ensure fast input-output dynamics. Using a combination of optogenetics, 2-photon imaging, extracellular recordings, and control theoretic models in behaving mice, Adam et al. find that the M2-STN projection sends stop signals to halt visually guided locomotion and potentially controls the MLR/PPN through SNr by differentiating an M2 error signal for the rapid control of locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie M Adam
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Taylor Johns
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Carli G, Farabollini F. Neural circuits of fear and defensive behavior. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 271:51-69. [PMID: 35397895 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Innate fear-related behavioral responses have evolved as strategies for survival. The neural circuits responsible for defensive responses, studied mainly in rodents, have been substantially preserved across evolution. Amygdala collects sensory information (visual, auditory and olfactory) in the cortical division and conveys it to the striatal output division. Distinct amygdala nuclei/subnuclei are activated by different fearful stimuli, such as exposure to a predator or to an aggressive conspecific. The same stimuli segregation is observed in downstream structures, i.e., hypothalamus and PAG. In guinea pigs, the circuits underlying Tonic Immobility (TI) and freezing in response to a natural predator, have been mapped in different subnuclei of the same amygdala area. In the PAG circuits, defensive responses are differentially represented along the dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal axis. The coordination of behavioral, anti-nociceptive and autonomic responses is due to the overlapping of the involved neurons in longitudinal columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Carli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Lalonde R, Strazielle C. Neurochemical anatomy of dorsal and tonic immobility responses. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 213:173334. [PMID: 35026175 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal immobility response (DIR) and the tonic immobility response (TIR) are cutaneo-motor reflexes typically triggered when a prey is seized. The neurochemical basis of the DIR appears to pass through the basal ganglia via dopaminergic fibers, while the neurochemical basis of the TIR appears to include a circuit comprising the amygdala, the periaqueductal gray (PAG), the dorsal raphe, and the nucleus magnus raphe (NMR) via glutamatergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, GABAergic, and opioid fibers. For the DIR, the basal ganglia also seem to be involved in regard to estradiol, while for the TIR, the HPA axis appears involved at the level of the amygdala and the oral pontine reticular nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France; EA7475, Department of Psychology, University of Rouen-Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France; CHRU Nancy, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France.
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Tuet WY, Pierce SA, Racine MC, Stone S, Pueblo E, Dukes A, Tressler J, Jennings L, McCranor BJ, Wong B. Cardiopulmonary effects of phosphine poisoning: A preliminary evaluation of milrinone. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 427:115652. [PMID: 34298059 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to phosphine (PH3) presents with a host of diverse, non-specific symptoms that span multiple organ systems and is characterized by a high mortality rate. While a comprehensive mechanism for PH3 poisoning remains inconclusive, prior studies have implicated cardiac failure and circulatory compromise as potential pathways central to PH3-induced mortality. In this study, milrinone (MLR), a phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor used to treat cardiac failure, was investigated as a potential countermeasure for PH3 poisoning. Lethality, physiological responses, and behavioral changes were evaluated in telemetrized female rats pretreated with water (sham) or one of three doses of MLR (40, 200, or 600 μg/kg) and exposed to PH3 (660 ppm for 25-40 min; 16,500-26,400 ppm × min). Animals receiving prophylactic administration of 600 μg/kg of MLR had nominally improved survivability compared to sham animals, although median lethal concentration-time and time of death did not differ substantially between treatment groups. Changes in respiration and behavior induced by PH3 appeared largely unaffected by MLR pretreatment, regardless of dose. Conversely, MLR pretreatment alleviated some aspects of PH3-induced cardiac function impairment, with slight dose-dependent effects observed for cardiac contractility, mean arterial pressure, and QRS duration. Together, these results illustrate the importance of circulatory compromise in PH3 poisoning and highlight the potential viability of MLR as a potential countermeasure option or part of a countermeasure regimen when administered prophylactically at 600 μg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Y Tuet
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Samuel A Pierce
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Michelle C Racine
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Samuel Stone
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Erin Pueblo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Aliyah Dukes
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Justin Tressler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Laura Jennings
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Bryan J McCranor
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA
| | - Benjamin Wong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA.
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Abstract
Until now, depression research has taken a surprisingly narrow approach to modelling the disease, mainly focusing on some form of psychomotor retardation within a mechanistic framework of depression etiology. However, depression has many symptoms and each is associated with a vast number of substrates. Thus, to deepen our insights, this SI ("Depression Symptoms") reviewed the behavioral and neurobiological sequelae of individual symptoms, specifically, psychomotor retardation, sadness, low motivation, fatigue, sleep/circadian disruption, weight/appetite changes, and cognitive affective biases. This manuscript aims to integrate the most central information provided by the individual reviews. As a result, a dynamic model of depression development is proposed, which views depression as a cumulative process, where different symptoms develop at different stages, referred to as early, intermediate, and advanced, that require treatment with different pharmaceutical agents, that is, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors early on and dopamine-based antidepressants at the advanced stage. Furthermore, the model views hypothalamic disruption as the source of early symptoms and site of early intervention. Longitudinal animal models that are capable of modelling the different stages of depression, including transitions between the stages, may be helpful to uncover novel biomarkers and treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schulz
- Boğaziçi University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Kandilli Campus, 34684 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Tuet WY, Racine MC, Jennings L, Pierce SA, Tressler J, McCranor BJ, Wong B. A sex‐balanced rodent model for evaluating phosphine inhalation toxicity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1479:168-179. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Y. Tuet
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland
| | - Michelle C. Racine
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland
| | - Laura Jennings
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland
| | - Samuel A. Pierce
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland
| | - Justin Tressler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland
| | - Bryan J. McCranor
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland
| | - Benjamin Wong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground Maryland
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Development of propagated discharge and behavioral arrest in hippocampal and amygdala-kindled animals. Epilepsy Res 2018; 148:78-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Vinogradova LV, Shatskova AB. Localizing and lateralizing values of postictal behavioral impairments in epileptic rats. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 87:195-199. [PMID: 30107985 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Transient postictal behavioral impairments in patients with epilepsy provide clues to seizure localization, but no attempt has been made previously to study the localization/lateralization value of postseizure motor disturbances in experimental models of epilepsy. The present study investigated relation of postictal motor deficit to seizure localization in the rat model of sound-induced reflex epilepsy. Sound-induced motor seizures started with a focal brainstem seizure (running) and progressed to a secondarily generalized seizure. Depending on innate or acquired seizure susceptibility of rats, focal brainstem seizures secondarily generalized within the brainstem (brainstem-generalized seizures) or spread to the forebrain (focal or generalized forebrain seizures). All sound-induced seizures were followed by catalepsy and abnormal limb posturing. The duration of the postictal catalepsy and the pattern of the posture abnormality depended on brainstem or forebrain localization of secondarily generalized seizures. Brainstem-driven seizures induced long-lasting whole-body catalepsy and cataleptic limb posture in the postictal period. Secondary seizure generalization to the forebrain led to shortening postictal catalepsy and development of rigid limb posturing. Asymmetric limb posturing was always observed after focal forebrain seizures, and the postictal asymmetry was closely linked to ictal asymmetry of the earliest running seizure phase, predicting lateralization of the seizure-onset side. This is the first demonstration of circuit-specific postictal behavioral impairments and their localization and lateralization values in epileptic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila V Vinogradova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alla B Shatskova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Spinieli RL, Leite-Panissi CRA. Similar effect of CRF 1 and CRF 2 receptor in the basolateral or central nuclei of the amygdala on tonic immobility behavior. Brain Res Bull 2017; 137:187-196. [PMID: 29246866 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies have used paradigms based on animal models to understand human emotional behavior because they appear to be correlated with fear- and anxiety-related defensive patterns in non-human mammals. In this context, tonic immobility (TI) behavior is an innate response associated with extreme threat situations, such as predator attack. Some reports have demonstrated the involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in regulation of the endocrine system, defensive behaviors and behavioral responses to stress. Particularly, a previous study showed that the activation of CRF receptors in the basolateral (BLA) or central (CeA) nuclei of the amygdala increased TI responses, whereas treatment with a non-selective CRF antagonist, alpha-helical-CRF9-41, decreased this innate fear response. However, while CRF1 receptors have pronounced effects in stress-induced anxiety, CRF2 receptors appear be involved in the expression of both stress-induced anxiety and spontaneous anxiety behavior. In this study, we investigated the effects of specific CRF receptors, CRF1 and CRF2, in the BLA and CeA on the duration of TI in guinea pigs. The results show that blockade of CRF1 and CRF2 receptors in the BLA and CeA produces a decrease in fear and/or anxiety, as suggested by a decrease in TI duration in the guinea pigs. Additionally, the specific antagonists for CRF1 and CRF2 receptors were able to prevent the increase in TI duration induced by CRF administration at the same sites. These results suggest that the modulation of fear and anxiety by the CRF system in the BLA and CeA occurs through concomitant effects on CRF1 and CRF2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Leandro Spinieli
- Psychobiology Graduation Program, School of Philosophy, Science and Literature of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Christie Ramos Andrade Leite-Panissi
- Psychobiology Graduation Program, School of Philosophy, Science and Literature of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Dentistry School of the University of São Paulo, 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Roseberry T, Kreitzer A. Neural circuitry for behavioural arrest. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0197. [PMID: 28242731 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to stop ongoing movement is fundamental to animal survival. Behavioural arrest involves the hierarchical integration of information throughout the forebrain, which ultimately leads to the coordinated inhibition and activation of specific brainstem motor centres. Recent advances have shed light on multiple regions and pathways involved in this critical behavioural process. Here, we synthesize these new findings together with previous work to build a more complete understanding of the circuit mechanisms underlying suppression of ongoing action. We focus on three specific conditions leading to behavioural arrest: goal completion, fear and startle. We outline the circuitry responsible for the production of these behaviours and discuss their dysfunction in neurological disease.This article is part of the themed issue 'Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Roseberry
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anatol Kreitzer
- The Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Departments of Physiology and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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16
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Kim LH, Sharma S, Sharples SA, Mayr KA, Kwok CHT, Whelan PJ. Integration of Descending Command Systems for the Generation of Context-Specific Locomotor Behaviors. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:581. [PMID: 29093660 PMCID: PMC5651258 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade there has been a renaissance in our understanding of spinal cord circuits; new technologies are beginning to provide key insights into descending circuits which project onto spinal cord central pattern generators. By integrating work from both the locomotor and animal behavioral fields, we can now examine context-specific control of locomotion, with an emphasis on descending modulation arising from various regions of the brainstem. Here we examine approach and avoidance behaviors and the circuits that lead to the production and arrest of locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda H Kim
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Simon A Sharples
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kyle A Mayr
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Charlie H T Kwok
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Patrick J Whelan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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17
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18
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Miranda-Páez A, Zamudio SR, Vázquez-León P, Sandoval-Herrera V, Villanueva-Becerril I, Carli G. Effect of melatonin injection into the periaqueductal gray on antinociception and tonic immobility in male rats. Horm Behav 2017; 89:23-29. [PMID: 27988316 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is a neurohormone with significant involvement in several biological functions, of which antinociception and tonic immobility (TI) may be the key neurobehavioral components to survive in adverse conditions such as a predator attack. TI-induced antinociception can be elicited, facilitated, or increased through opioid and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) among other chemical mediators at several levels of the central nervous system, mainly in the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the microinjection of MLT into the main PAG regions that are related to different integrated defensive responses, namely dorsal (D) and ventrolateral (VL), on both antinociception through the tail-flick (TF) test and TI duration as single behavioral response and on combined behavioral responses (TF/TI). We found that the microinjection of MLT into the main PAG areas produced antinociception but did not affect the TI duration. The microinjection of MLT into the D-PAG decreased TF latency during TI in the combined trial (TF/TI), which implies that TI-induced antinociception was blocked. The microinjection of MLT into the VL-PAG maintained the antinociceptive capability of the TI without addition or increase in the antinociceptive effects, implying a permissive effect by MLT on the TI-induced antinociception. MLT administration into the D-PAG decreased the TI duration on the TF/TI, whereas MLT administration into the VL-PAG had the opposite effect of significantly increasing TI duration with the TF/TI trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Miranda-Páez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Manuel Stampa s/n Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, CP 07738, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, México City, Mexico.
| | - Sergio R Zamudio
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Manuel Stampa s/n Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, CP 07738, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, México City, Mexico
| | - Priscila Vázquez-León
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Manuel Stampa s/n Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, CP 07738, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, México City, Mexico
| | - Vicente Sandoval-Herrera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Manuel Stampa s/n Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, CP 07738, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, México City, Mexico
| | - Ivan Villanueva-Becerril
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Manuel Stampa s/n Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, CP 07738, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, México City, Mexico
| | - Giancarlo Carli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, Room 10/127, 53100 Siena, Italy
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19
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the reactions of domestic guinea pigs to the presence of aerial and terrestrial predators in a laboratory setting. We measured the behavioural reactions of 27 adolescent guinea pigs to the presence of a dog, imitation of a bird of prey and an unknown human as control. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U Test were used to analyse the differences in duration and frequency of responses (freezing, fleeing, and vigilance) to predators. When confronted with the dog, guinea pigs reacted for the longest time and most frequently by freezing. In presence of the bird of prey, they responded for the longest time and most often by freezing and fleeing. In presence of a human, they showed mostly vigilance. When comparing reactions to the dog and human, there were differences in duration and frequency of freezing and fleeing. When comparing reactions to the bird of prey and control test, we observed differences between fleeing and vigilance. The durations and frequencies of freezing, fleeing and vigilance to the dog and bird of prey were different. The only differences in reactions of males and females occurred in duration and frequency of fleeing in presence of the bird of prey. No vocalization was observed except for two occurrences, of a “drrr” and a “chirrup”. Our results indicate that domestic guinea pigs tested under laboratory conditions can discriminate between a terrestrial and an aerial predator, when exposed to them individually. Their antipredator behaviours remained functional, although their vocalizations may have been affected by the absence of signal receivers.
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20
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de Paula BB, Leite-Panissi CRA. Distinct effect of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors in the medial nucleus of the amygdala on tonic immobility behavior. Brain Res 2016; 1643:152-8. [PMID: 27150816 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The tonic immobility (TI) response is an innate fear behavior associated with intensely dangerous situations, exhibited by many species of invertebrate and vertebrate animals. In humans, it is possible that TI predicts the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. This behavioral response is initiated and sustained by the stimulation of various groups of neurons distributed in the telencephalon, diencephalon and brainstem. Previous research has found the highest Fos-IR in the posteroventral part of the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MEA) during TI behavior; however, the neurotransmission of this amygdaloid region involved in the modulation of this innate fear behavior still needs to be clarified. Considering that a major drug class used for the treatment of psychopathology is based on serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission, we investigated the effects of serotonergic receptor activation in the MEA on the duration of TI. The results indicate that the activation of the 5HT1A receptors or the blocking of the 5HT2 receptors of the MEA can promote a reduction in fear and/or anxiety, consequently decreasing TI duration in guinea pigs. In contrast, blocking the 5HT1A receptors or activating the 5HT2 receptors in this amygdalar region increased the TI duration, suggesting an increase in fear and/or anxiety. These alterations do not appear to be due to a modification of spontaneous motor activity, which might non-specifically affect TI duration. Thus, these results suggest a distinct role of the 5HT receptors in the MEA in innate fear modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Balbino de Paula
- Psychobiology Graduate Program, University of São Paulo - Ribeirão Preto Dentistry School - Dept. Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Christie Ramos Andrade Leite-Panissi
- Psychobiology Graduate Program, University of São Paulo - Ribeirão Preto Dentistry School - Dept. Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology 14040-901, SP, Brazil; Departament of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology of Dentistry School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-904 SP, Brazil.
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21
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Miranda-Páez A, Zamudio S, Vázquez-León P, Campos-Rodríguez C, Ramírez-San Juan E. Involvement of opioid and GABA systems in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray on analgesia associated with tonic immobility. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 142:72-8. [PMID: 26780595 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VL-PAG) contains key neuronal circuits related to the analgesic effect involved in integrated defensive behaviors such as immobility response (IR). The latter is characterized by a reversible state of motor inhibition that can be elicited in rats under several conditions including restriction of movements (tonic immobility: TI). It is known that IR-induced analgesia can be elicited by manipulations or drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS) at different levels. The aim of this study was to assess the role of the opioid and the GABA systems in TI-elicited analgesia. After inducing TI in naïve rats by neck clamping, the analgesic effect was evaluated by the tail-flick (TF) test. Compared to the control group, rats with TI had increased TF latency evidencing an analgesic effect. An opioid receptor agonist and antagonist were injected systemically, as well as microinjected locally in VL-PAG, as well as GABAA receptor agonist and antagonist were microinjected into VL-PAG. Under both injection schemes, morphine increased TF latency and TI duration, while naloxone blocked TI-induced analgesia. Muscimol reduced TF latency and TI duration while bicuculline increased TF latency but not TI duration. This suggests that TI-elicited analgesia was mediated by opioids at different levels of the CNS especially in the VL-PAG by inhibition of intrinsic tonic GABAergic activity. There were no additive analgesic effects of morphine or bicuculline with tonic immobility, which probably means reach a certain upper limit under such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Miranda-Páez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Manuel Stampa s/n Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo CP:07738; Del. Gustavo A. Madero, México City, México.
| | - Sergio Zamudio
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Manuel Stampa s/n Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo CP:07738; Del. Gustavo A. Madero, México City, México
| | - Priscila Vázquez-León
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Manuel Stampa s/n Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo CP:07738; Del. Gustavo A. Madero, México City, México
| | - Carolina Campos-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Manuel Stampa s/n Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo CP:07738; Del. Gustavo A. Madero, México City, México
| | - Eduardo Ramírez-San Juan
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Manuel Stampa s/n Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo CP:07738; Del. Gustavo A. Madero, México City, México
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22
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Giber K, Diana MA, Plattner V, Dugué GP, Bokor H, Rousseau CV, Maglóczky Z, Havas L, Hangya B, Wildner H, Zeilhofer HU, Dieudonné S, Acsády L. A subcortical inhibitory signal for behavioral arrest in the thalamus. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:562-568. [PMID: 25706472 PMCID: PMC4885661 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Organization of behavior requires rapid coordination of brainstem and forebrain activity. The exact mechanisms of effective communication between these regions are presently unclear. The intralaminar thalamus (IL) probably serves as a central hub in this circuit by connecting the critical brainstem and forebrain areas. Here we found that GABAergic/glycinergic fibers ascending from the pontine reticular formation (PRF) of the brainstem evoke fast and reliable inhibition in the IL thalamus via large, multisynaptic terminals. This inhibition was fine-tuned through heterogeneous GABAergic/glycinergic receptor ratios expressed at individual synapses. Optogenetic activation of PRF axons in the IL of freely moving mice led to behavioral arrest and transient interruption of awake cortical activity. An afferent system with comparable morphological features was also found in the human IL. These data reveal an evolutionarily conserved ascending system which gates forebrain activity through fast and powerful synaptic inhibition of the IL thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristóf Giber
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Marco A Diana
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, Paris, F-75005 France.,Inserm, U1024, Paris, F-75005 France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Viktor Plattner
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Guillaume P Dugué
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, Paris, F-75005 France.,Inserm, U1024, Paris, F-75005 France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Hajnalka Bokor
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Charly V Rousseau
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, Paris, F-75005 France.,Inserm, U1024, Paris, F-75005 France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - Zsófia Maglóczky
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - László Havas
- Department of Pathology/ Department of Psychiatry St. Borbála Hospital, Tatabánya, H-2800, Hungary
| | - Balázs Hangya
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary.,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724 USA
| | - Hendrik Wildner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, Paris, F-75005 France.,Inserm, U1024, Paris, F-75005 France.,CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, F-75005 France
| | - László Acsády
- Laboratory of Thalamus Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
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23
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Yoshida S, Esposito G, Ohnishi R, Tsuneoka Y, Okabe S, Kikusui T, Kato T, Kuroda KO. Transport Response is a filial-specific behavioral response to maternal carrying in C57BL/6 mice. Front Zool 2013; 10:50. [PMID: 23945354 PMCID: PMC3751433 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-10-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A mother carries her young in many altricial mammals, such as cats, lions, rats and mice. During maternal carrying, the transported young assume a compact posture. We have recently shown that, in both humans and mice, the carried infants immediately calmed down and showed reductions in heart rate, distress vocalizations, and voluntary movement. The loss of the calming response in mouse pups hindered maternal retrieval efficacy. These findings suggested that the infant calming response functioned to reduce the maternal burden of carrying and was therefore conserved in a variety of mammalian species. However, it remains unclear how and when each component of this calming response develops and whether it is a filial-specific behavior. Results We dissected various components of the carrying-induced responses in mouse pups, collectively called the “Transport Response” herein. We showed that during the second postnatal week, pups exhibited characteristic compact posture with limb ventroflexion. The body trunk remained paradoxically pliable, suggesting complex neural regulation throughout the body. Pups also showed an increased pain tolerance to a tail pinch during the Transport Response. Analyses of the developmental courses of distinct components of the Transport Response revealed the independent regulation of each component: in the first postnatal week, the cessation of ultrasonic vocalizations was exhibited prominently; in the second postnatal week, immobilization reached its peak; and toward the third postnatal week, the postural component became fully matured. At the end of the third postnatal week, when the pups are able to transport by themselves, the pups no longer exhibited the Transport Response. Conclusions This study has revealed the mouse Transport Response as a complex set of behavioral and physiological components, each of which has a specific postnatal time window but is orchestrated in a well-matched manner with the maturation of ambulatory ability in the pups. These findings collectively indicate that the Transport Response is a filial-specific, innate behavioral reaction and is distinct from a simple reflex or defensive freezing response. The Transport Response could be a novel index of primitive filial attachment behaviors, acting to smooth mother-infant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachine Yoshida
- Unit for Affiliative Social Behavior, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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24
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Kravitz AV, Kreitzer AC. Striatal mechanisms underlying movement, reinforcement, and punishment. Physiology (Bethesda) 2012; 27:167-77. [PMID: 22689792 PMCID: PMC3880226 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00004.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons are known to exert opposing control over motor output. In this review, we discuss a hypothetical extension of this framework, in which direct pathway striatal neurons also mediate reinforcement and reward, and indirect pathway neurons mediate punishment and aversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexxai V. Kravitz
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Anatol C. Kreitzer
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Departments of Physiology and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California
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25
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Janać B, Selaković V, Rauš S, Radenović L, Zrnić M, Prolić Z. Temporal patterns of extremely low frequency magnetic field-induced motor behavior changes in Mongolian gerbils of different age. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:359-66. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.652725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Hypermorphic mutation of the voltage-gated sodium channel encoding gene Scn10a causes a dramatic stimulus-dependent neurobehavioral phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:19413-8. [PMID: 22087007 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated sodium channel Na(v)1.8 is known to function in the transmission of pain signals induced by cold, heat, and mechanical stimuli. Sequence variants of human Na(v)1.8 have been linked to altered cardiac conduction. We identified an allele of Scn10a encoding the α-subunit of Na(v)1.8 among mice homozygous for N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutations. The allele creates a dominant neurobehavioral phenotype termed Possum, characterized by transient whole-body tonic immobility induced by pinching the skin at the back of the neck ("scruffing"). The Possum mutation enhanced Na(v)1.8 sodium currents and neuronal excitability and heightened sensitivity of mutants to cold stimuli. Striking electroencephalographic changes were observed concomitant with the scruffing-induced behavioral change. In addition, electrocardiography demonstrated that Possum mice exhibited marked sinus bradycardia and R-R variability upon scruffing, abrogated by infusion of atropine. However, atropine failed to prevent or mitigate the tonic immobility response. Hyperactive sodium conduction via Na(v)1.8 thus leads to a complex neurobehavioral phenotype, which resembles catatonia in schizophrenic humans and tonic immobility in other mammals upon application of a discrete stimulus; no other form of mechanosensory stimulus could induce the immobility phenotype. Our data confirm the involvement of Na(v)1.8 in transducing pain initiated by cold and additionally implicate Na(v)1.8 in previously unknown functions in the central nervous system and heart.
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27
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Beach SR, Stern TA. “Playing Possum:” Differential Diagnosis, Work-Up, and Treatment of Profound Interpersonal Withdrawal. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2011; 52:560-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Sandoval-Herrera V, Trujillo-Ferrara JG, Miranda-Páez A, De La Cruz F, Zamudio SR. Corticosterone microinjected into nucleus pontis oralis increases tonic immobility in rats. Horm Behav 2011; 60:448-56. [PMID: 21820440 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tonic immobility (TI) is also known as "immobility response", "immobility reflex", "animal hypnosis", etc. It is an innate antipredatory behavior characterized by an absence of movement, varying degrees of muscular activity, and a relative unresponsiveness to external stimuli. Experimentally, TI is commonly produced by manually forcing an animal into an inverted position and restraining it in that position until the animal becomes immobile. Part of the neural mechanism(s) of TI involves the medullo-pontine reticular formation, with influence from other components of the brain, notably the limbic system. It has been observed that TI is more prolonged in stressed animals, and systemic injection of corticosterone (CORT) also potentiates this behavior. At present, the anatomical brain regions involved in the CORT modulation of TI are unknown. Thus, our study was made to determine if some pontine areas could be targets for the modulation of TI by CORT. A unilateral nucleus pontis oralis (PnO) microinjection of 1 μL of CORT (0.05 μg/1 μL) in rats resulted in clear behavioral responses. The animals had an increased duration of TI caused by clamping the neck (in this induction, besides of body inversion and restraint, there is also clamping the neck), with an enhancement in open-field motor activity, which were prevented by pretreatment injection into PnO with 1 μL of the mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist spironolactone (0.5 μg/1 μL) or 1 μL of the glucocorticoid-receptor antagonist mifepristone (0.5 μg/1 μL). In contrast, these behavioral changes were not seen when CORT (0.05 μg/1 μL) was microinjected into medial lemniscus area or paramedian raphe. Our data support the idea that, in stressful situations, glucocorticoids released from adrenals of the prey reach the PnO to produce a hyper arousal state, which in turn can prolong the duration of TI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Sandoval-Herrera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, 11340, México D. F., Mexico.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R Morrison
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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30
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Conspecific and heterospecific alarm substance induces behavioral responses in piau fish Leporinus piau. Acta Ethol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-010-0081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Rial RV, Akaârir M, Gamundí A, Nicolau C, Garau C, Aparicio S, Tejada S, Gené L, González J, De Vera LM, Coenen AM, Barceló P, Esteban S. Evolution of wakefulness, sleep and hibernation: From reptiles to mammals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 34:1144-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zamudio SR, Quevedo-Corona L, Garcés L, De La Cruz F. The effects of acute stress and acute corticosterone administration on the immobility response in rats. Brain Res Bull 2009; 80:331-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Ferreira MD, Menescal-de-Oliveira L. Role of dorsal raphe nucleus 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors in tonic immobility modulation in guinea pigs. Brain Res 2009; 1285:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Davenport PW, Vovk A. Cortical and subcortical central neural pathways in respiratory sensations. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009; 167:72-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pozza ME, Stella JL, Chappuis-Gagnon AC, Wagner SO, Buffington CT. Pinch-induced behavioral inhibition (‘clipnosis’) in domestic cats. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10:82-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research has documented immobilization of rodents, rabbits, guinea pigs and dogs by mechanical means, typically using neck clips or inversion (‘animal hypnosis’). In contrast, only a few studies of mechanical immobilization of cats are available, although some success has been reported in the literature. Domestic cats may be effectively immobilized by clips placed along the animal's dorsum. We use the term ‘pinch-induced behavioral inhibition’ (PIBI) for this behavior because it describes both the method and the response, while avoiding the more anthropomorphic term ‘hypnosis’. We investigated the effectiveness of PIBI and its neurological and habituation effects in healthy cats and cats with idiopathic cystitis (IC). Although not all cats were susceptible to PIBI and effectiveness varied among individuals, PIBI was useful for gentle restraint in most cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Pozza
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Judi L. Stella
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Susan O. Wagner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - C.A. Tony Buffington
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Miranda A, De La Cruz F, Zamudio SR. Immobility response elicited by clamping the neck induces antinociception in a “tonic pain” test in mice. Life Sci 2006; 79:1108-13. [PMID: 16624327 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Clamping the neck followed by body inversion to a supine position in mice elicits an immobility response called immobility by clamping the neck (ICN). The noxious pinch to the scruff of the neck produces antinociception in "phasic pain" models (e.g. tail-flick test). Here, a "tonic pain" model was used to test the antinociception associated with the ICN, and naloxone was used to determine the role of opioids in such antinociception. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 0.3 mL of 0.4% acetic acid to produce writhing responses that were measured for one hour. ICN was induced every five minutes for one hour. Naloxone (5 mg/kg ip) was injected 10 min before acetic acid administration. There was a control group, sham clamping (SCLA). These mice were handled and restricted every five minutes as in the ICN but without real clamping. The repetitive inductions of ICN were able to reduce the writhing behavior; this antinociception was blocked by the naloxone pretreatment. In the SCLA group antinociception was not observed. These findings indicate that as in the "phasic pain" model, ICN also was able to elicit antinociception in this "tonic pain" model, and such antinociception seems to be mediated by opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Miranda
- Department of Physiology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
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Fregoso-Aguilar TA, Zamudio SR. Differential effect of testosterone and repetitive induction on cataleptic and dorsal immobility in mice. Horm Behav 2006; 50:27-32. [PMID: 16473354 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In nature, many species under conditions of stress (e.g., predator attack, pups carried by the mother, mating) show immobility states called "immobility responses" (IRs), which are characterized by the complete absence of movement and a relative unresponsiveness. These IR states can be induced by several kinds of sensorial stimuli. Many brain neurotransmitters from diverse cerebral areas participate in the expression of IRs. Other factors are also involved in IRs, such as learning and hormones, but at present, there is not enough experimental support about these factors. Our purpose was to investigate whether the IRs are subject to sexual hormone modulation and to examine the possible relation to learning processes. We tested the effects of acute testosterone decanoate (30 mg/kg, s.c.) and repetitive induction of two IRs; cataleptic immobility (CAT) and dorsal immobility (DI). These were tested in mice of both sexes which were either gonadectomized or sham-treated. CAT and DI were measured before and then 1 and 5 h after testosterone injection. The results show a differential effect of the repetitive induction on CAT and DI. CAT was augmented with repetition, and DI was decreased. Sex differences of the effects of the acute testosterone treatment were observed. Sham and castrated male mice showed CAT potentiation; in contrast, DI was reduced albeit only in sham male mice. Sham and ovariectomized female mice were not affected by testosterone. These results support the hypothesis that there are multiple immobility systems that can be differentially modulated by brain regions associated with processes of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás A Fregoso-Aguilar
- Department of Physiology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, 11340 México D.F., México
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de Oliveira L, Cunha AOS, Mortari MR, Coimbra NC, Dos Santos WF. Cataleptic activity of the denatured venom of the social wasp Agelaia vicina (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in Rattus norvegicus (Rodentia, Muridae). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30:198-203. [PMID: 16310919 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Catalepsy is a state of immobility, commonly experienced by patients with chronic use of many antiparkisonism and neuroleptic drugs. Recently, catatonia has been considered as an evolutionary-based fear response. The cataleptogenic effects of the low molecular weight compounds from the venom of the social wasp A. vicina (AdAv) were reported in rodents. Intracerebroventricular injections of AdAv in highest dose reduced the locomotor activity of Wistar rats in the open field and induced ataxia and catalepsy within 10 min. This effect could be observed up to 30 min after injections. Lower doses of denatured venom injected in brain ventricles also reduced the locomotor activity of the rats but did not induce catalepsy. The cataleptic effects of the intracerebrally administered AdAv were antagonized by the peripheral (intraperitoneal) pretreatment with theophylline and ketamine. Moreover, the central effects of the AdAv were compared to those elicited by the neuroleptic drug haloperidol (intraperitoneally administered), whose cataleptic effects were also antagonized by theophylline and ketamine. However, the association of haloperidol and denatured venom was reverted by theophylline but not by ketamine. These findings suggest that A. vicina venom may affect neural substrates involved with catalepsy in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Oliveira
- Neurobiology and Venoms Laboratory, Biology Department of the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil
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Breit S, Lessmann L, Benazzouz A, Schulz JB. Unilateral lesion of the pedunculopontine nucleus induces hyperactivity in the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 22:2283-94. [PMID: 16262666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent data suggest a role for the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Although there is anatomical evidence that the PPN and the basal ganglia are reciprocally connected, the functional importance of these connections is poorly understood. Lesioning of the PPN was shown to induce akinesia in primates, whereas in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat model the PPN was found to be hyperactive. As both nigrostriatal dopamine depletion and lesioning of the PPN were shown to induce akinesia and parkinsonism, the present study was performed in order to investigate the changes in neuronal activity of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) after unilateral ibotenic acid lesioning of the PPN and after unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The firing rate of STN neurones significantly increased from 10.2 +/- 6.2 (mean +/- SD) to 14.6 +/- 11.7 spikes/s after lesion of the PPN and to 18.6 +/- 14.5 spikes/s after lesion of the SNc. The activity of the SNr significantly increased from 19.6 +/- 10.5 to 28.7 +/- 13.4 spikes/s after PPN lesioning and to 23.5 +/- 10.8 spikes/s after SNc lesioning. Furthermore, PPN lesion decreased the number of spontaneously firing dopaminergic SNc cells, while having no effect on their firing rate. The results of our study show that lesion of the PPN leads to hyperactivity of the STN and SNr, similar to the changes induced by lesion of the SNc. Moreover, the decreased activity of SNc cells observed after PPN lesion might be at the origin of activity changes in the STN and SNr.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Breit
- Neurodegeneration Department, Center of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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40
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Zamudio S, Fregoso T, Miranda A, De La Cruz F, Flores G. Strain differences of dopamine receptor levels and dopamine related behaviors in rats. Brain Res Bull 2005; 65:339-47. [PMID: 15811600 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we have investigated whether differences in levels of dopamine D1-like, D2-like receptors, dopamine D3 receptors, and dopamine transporter could be related to behaviors such as immobility response and locomotion between Wistar rats and Sprague-Dawley rats. The levels of the dopamine receptors and transporter were measured by autoradiographic study at the level of basal ganglia and the limbic subregion. The behavioral study was done by open-field and immobility response tests. The Wistar rats exhibited a higher level of D1 receptor binding in the basal ganglia subregions than Sprague-Dawley rats. The Wistar rats have higher levels of dopamine D2 receptor binding and dopamine transporter binding in the dorsolateral part of the caudate-putamen. In addition, the dopamine transporter binding were also higher in the Wistar rats than in Sprague-Dawley rats in the ventral part of the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens core. However, there were no differences in the level of D3 receptor binding in the limbic or basal ganglia subregions between these two strains. In Wistar rats, the duration of the immobility responses was longer and with less locomotor activity after these immobility responses compared with Sprague-Dawley rats. These data suggest that the differences in dopamine receptors in these two rat strains may in part relate to the behavioral differences reported in these two strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Zamudio
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, 11340 México DF, México.
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41
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Velísková J, Miller AM, Nunes ML, Brown LL. Regional neural activity within the substantia nigra during peri-ictal flurothyl generalized seizure stages. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 20:752-9. [PMID: 15950481 PMCID: PMC1578684 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Structures responsible for the onset, propagation, and cessation of generalized seizures are not known. Lesion and microinfusion studies suggest that the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) seizure-controlling network could play a key role. However, the expression of neural activity within the SNR and its targets during discrete pre- and postictal periods has not been investigated. In rats, we used flurothyl to induce generalized seizures over a controlled time period and 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography mapping technique. Changes in neural activity within the SNR were region-specific. The SNRposterior was selectively active during the pre-clonic period and may represent an early gateway to seizure propagation. The SNRanterior and superior colliculus changed their activity during progression to tonic-clonic seizure, suggesting the involvement in coordinated regional activity that results in inhibitory effects on seizures. The postictal suppression state was correlated with changes in the SNR projection targets, specifically the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and superior colliculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Velísková
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, AECOM, K314, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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42
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Flores G, Silva-Gómez AB, Barbeau D, Srivastava LK, Zamudio S, De La Cruz López F. Effect of excitotoxic lesions of the neonatal ventral hippocampus on the immobility response in rats. Life Sci 2005; 76:2339-48. [PMID: 15748627 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 11/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rats with neonatal ventral hippocampal (nVH) lesions show postpubertal hypersensitivity to dopamine agonists, which may be reversed by neuroleptic treatment. In addition, the immobility response (IR) may be regulated by dopaminergic activity. We investigated the influence of the IR caused by clamping the neck of rats that had received bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the ventral hippocampus at postnatal day 7 (PD7). At both ages, prepubertal (PD35) and postpubertal (PD56), the duration of the IR was significantly increased in animals with lesions when compared to controls. These findings indicate that nVH damage results in behavioral changes, such as enhancement of the IR, related to mesolimbic dopaminergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
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43
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Abstract
Hysterical conversion disorders represent "functional" or unexplained neurological deficits such as paralysis or somatosensory losses that are not explained by organic lesions in the nervous system, but arise in the context of "psychogenic" stress or emotional conflicts. After more than a century of both clinical and theoretical interest, the exact nature of such emotional disorders responsible for hysterical symptoms, and their functional consequences on neural systems in the brain, still remain largely unknown. However, several recent studies have used functional brain imaging techniques (such as EEG, fMRI, PET, or SPECT) in the attempt to identify specific neural correlates associated with hysterical conversion symptoms. This article presents a general overview of these findings and of previous neuropsychologically based accounts of hysteria. Functional neuroimaging has revealed selective decreases in the activity of frontal and subcortical circuits involved in motor control during hysterical paralysis, decreases in somatosensory cortices during hysterical anesthesia, or decreases in visual cortex during hysterical blindness. Such changes are usually not accompanied by any significant changes in elementary stages of sensory or motor processing as measured by evoked potentials, although some changes in later stages of integration (such as P300 responses) have been reported. On the other hand, several neuroimaging results have shown increased activation in limbic regions, such as cingulate or orbitofrontal cortex during conversion symptoms affecting different sensory or motor modalities. Taken together, these data generally do not support previous proposals that hysteria might involve an exclusion of sensorimotor representations from awareness through attentional processes. They rather seem to point to a modulation of such representations by primary affective or stress-related factors, perhaps involving primitive reflexive mechanisms of protection and alertness that are partly independent of conscious control, and mediated by dynamic modulatory interactions between limbic and sensorimotor networks. A better understanding of the neuropsychobiological bases of hysterical conversion disorder might therefore be obtained by future imaging studies that compare different conversion symptoms and employ functional connectivity analyses. This should not only lead to improve clinical management of these patients, but also provide new insights on the brain mechanisms of self-awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Vuilleumier
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Clinic of Neurology, University University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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44
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Abstract
Catatonia, long viewed as a motor disorder, may be better understood as a fear response, akin to the animal defense strategy tonic immobility (after G. G. Gallup & J. D. Maser, 1977). This proposal, consistent with K. L. Kahlbaum's (1874/1973) original conception, is based on similarities between catatonia and tonic immobility ("death feint") as well as evidence that catatonia is associated with anxiety and agitated depression and responds dramatically to benzodiazepines. It is argued that catatonia originally derived from ancestral encounters with carnivores whose predatory instincts were triggered by movement but is now inappropriately expressed in very different modern threat situations. Found in a wide range of psychiatric and serious medical conditions, catatonia may represent a common "end state" response to feelings of imminent doom and can serve as a template to understand other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Moskowitz
- Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Müller CP, Thönnessen H, Jocham G, Barros M, Tomaz C, Carey RJ, Huston JP. Cocaine-induced ???active immobility??? and its modulation by the serotonin1A receptor. Behav Pharmacol 2004; 15:481-93. [PMID: 15472570 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200411000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
'Active immobility' (AI) is an independent behaviour that can be characterized by behavioural immobility, an increased muscular rigidity and the sustaining of an unusual posture. In previous studies with cocaine we observed, concomitant with hyperlocomotion and increased rearing activity, an increase in AI in well-habituated animals, which may constitute another 'positive' acute effect of cocaine on behaviour. The contribution of the serotonergic (5-HT) system to AI is well established. However, little information exists about the contribution of particular 5-HT-receptor subtypes. In order to examine a possible role of the 5-HT1A receptor on this effect of cocaine, we systematically re-analysed four previous experiments in well-habituated animals and one in little-habituated animals, focusing on the acute behavioural effects of cocaine on AI. We found that, in well-habituated animals, cocaine at a medium dose (10 mg/kg, i.p.) induces AI behaviour, which, however, does not correlate with cocaine effects on locomotion, rearing or grooming behaviour. However, there was no effect of cocaine (1, 5 or 15 mg/kg, i.p.) on AI in little-habituated animals. The 5-HT1A-receptor antagonist, WAY 100635 [N-[2-(4-2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridinyl) cyclohexane carboxamide trihydrochloride] (0.4 mg/kg, i.p.), potentiated cocaine-induced AI in well-habituated animals, while the 5-HT1A-receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.), attenuated it. The local application of 8-OH-DPAT [8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin] into the nucleus accumbens (0, 1, 10 micromol/l) or hippocampus (0, 0.1, 1, 10 micromol/l) modulated cocaine-induced AI in a complex way. These results showed that cocaine induces AI at a medium dose in well-habituated but not in little-habituated animals. The cocaine-induced AI in well-habituated animals can be potentiated by systemic 5-HT1A-receptor antagonism and attenuated by 5-HT1A-receptor agonism. Two experiments with local activation of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors revealed that both nucleus accumbens and hippocampal 5-HT1A-receptor populations are involved in the expression of cocaine-induced AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Müller
- Institute of Physiological Psychology I and Center for Biological and Medical Research, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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46
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Fregoso-Aguilar T, Urióstegui T, Zamudio S, De la Cruz F. The differential effect of haloperidol and repetitive induction on four immobility responses in mouse and guinea pig. Behav Pharmacol 2002; 13:253-60. [PMID: 12218505 DOI: 10.1097/00008877-200207000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The modification by haloperidol and repetitive induction on four immobility responses -- tonic immobility, cataleptic immobility, immobility by clamping the neck and dorsal immobility -- were compared in mice and guinea pigs. Without drug, three out of four responses (cataleptic, neck clamp and dorsal immobility) were induced in mice; guinea pigs displayed all four responses. Haloperidol (5 mg/kg i.p.) potentiated the three responses shown by mice, but did not potentiate the four responses in guinea pigs. In both undrugged and haloperidol-treated mice, only the cataleptic immobility response was potentiated by repetition. In guinea pigs, none of the four immobility responses was affected due to repetition, haloperidol or a combination of both. These data are discussed, considering that, although these immobility responses could be mediated by the same neurotransmitters (e.g. dopamine), they are possibly expressed in a differential manner as a function of the kind of stimulus used to trigger the response, characteristics of the species and, in some immobility responses such as cataleptic immobility, as a function of their interaction with habituation or another learning-like process.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fregoso-Aguilar
- Department of Physiology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
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