Glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes in reproduction. A review

Effects of Photobiomodulation Application on Glutathione-Related Antioxidant Defense System in Rabbit Eye Tissues

Photobiomodulation (PBM) has emerged as a potentially effective therapeutic approach to modulate cellular functions. This study aimed to examine the impact of PBM on reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and glutathione-related antioxidant defense systems in rabbit eye tissues. A polychromatic light source with an intensity of 2.6 J/cm2/min was used for PBM treatment in New Zealand White rabbits for 12 min. The PBM group (n = 8) received treatments every 2 days for a total of 12 sessions, whereas the control group (n = 8) did not undergo any PBM light exposure during the same period. The application of PBM significantly elevated ROS-mediated glutathione levels, along with increased activities of glutathione peroxidase and reductase, particularly in corneal tissue (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, PBM treatment effectively enhances antioxidant defense mechanisms in the eye, particularly in corneal tissue, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic strategy for managing oxidative stress-related ocular conditions.

A comprehensive review on potential role of selenium, selenoproteins and selenium nanoparticles in male fertility

Selenium (Se), a component of selenoproteins and selenocompounds in the human body, is crucial for the development of male reproductive organs, DNA synthesis, thyroid hormone, metabolism, and defence against infections and oxidative damage. In the testis, it must exceed a desirable level since either a shortage or an overabundance causes aberrant growth. The antioxidant properties of selenium are essential for preserving human reproductive health. Selenoproteins, which have important structural and enzymatic properties, control the biological activities of Se primarily. These proteins specifically have a role in metabolism and a variety of cellular processes, such as the control of selenium transport, thyroid hormone metabolism, immunity, and redox balance. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are less hazardous than selenium-based inorganic and organic materials. Upon being functionalized with active targeting ligands, they are both biocompatible and capable of efficiently delivering combinations of payloads to particular cells. In this review, we discuss briefly the chemistry, structure and functions of selenium and milestones of selenium and selenoproteins. Next we discuss the various factors influences male infertility, biological functions of selenium and selenoproteins, and role of selenium and selenoproteins in spermatogenesis and male fertility. Furthermore, we discuss the molecular mechanism of selenium transport and protective effects of selenium on oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation. We also highlight critical contribution of selenium nanoparticles on male fertility and spermatogenesis. Finally ends with conclusion and future perspectives.

Expression profile of viability and stress response genes as a result of resveratrol supplementation in vitrified and in vitro produced cattle embryos

BACKGROUND

Resveratrol, a potent antioxidant, is known to induce the up-regulation of the internal antioxidant system. Therefore, it holds promise as a method to mitigate cryopreservation-induced injuries in bovine oocytes and embryos. This study aimed to (i) assess the enhancement in the quality of in vitro produced bovine embryos following resveratrol supplementation and (ii) monitor changes in the expression of genes associated with oxidative stress (GPX4, SOD, CPT2, NFE2L2), mitochondrial function (ATP5ME), endoplasmic reticulum function (ATF6), and embryo quality (OCT4, DNMT1, CASP3, ELOVL5).

METHODS AND RESULTS

Three groups of in vitro bovine embryos were cultured with varying concentrations of resveratrol (0.01, 0.001, and 0.0001 µM), with a fourth group serving as a control. Following the vitrification process, embryos were categorized as either good or poor quality. Blastocysts were then preserved at - 80 °C for RNA isolation, followed by qRT-PCR analysis of selected genes. The low concentrations of resveratrol (0.001 µM, P < 0.05 and 0.0001 µM, P < 0.01) significantly improved the blastocyst rate compared to the control group. Moreover, the proportion of good quality vitrified embryos increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the groups treated with 0.001 and 0.0001 µM resveratrol compared to the control group. Analysis of gene expression showed a significant increase in OCT4 and DNMT1 transcripts in both good and poor-quality embryos treated with resveratrol compared to untreated embryos. Additionally, CASP3 expression was decreased in treated good embryos compared to control embryos. Furthermore, ELOVL5 and ATF6 transcripts were down-regulated in treated good embryos compared to the control group. Regarding antioxidant-related genes, GPX4, SOD, and CPT2 transcripts increased in the treated embryos, while NFE2L2 mRNA decreased in treated good embryos compared to the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Resveratrol supplementation at low concentrations effectively mitigated oxidative stress and enhanced the cryotolerance of embryos by modulating the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress response.

The Effect of Short-Term Artificial Feed Domestication on the Expression of Oxidative-Stress-Related Genes and Antioxidant Capacity in the Liver and Gill Tissues of Mandarin Fish (Siniperca chuatsi)

To investigate whether Mandarin fish developed oxidative stress after being domesticated with artificial feed, we conducted a series of experiments. Oxidative stress is an important factor leading to diseases and aging in the body. The liver integrates functions such as digestion, metabolism, detoxification, coagulation, and immune regulation, while the gills are important respiratory organs that are sensitive to changes in the water environment. Therefore, we used the liver and gills of Mandarin fish as research materials. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term artificial feed domestication on the expression of oxidative stress genes and the changes in oxidative-stress-related enzyme activity in the liver and gills of Mandarin fish. We divided the Mandarin fish into two groups for treatment. The control group was fed with live bait continuously for 14 days, while the experimental group was fed with half artificial feed and half live bait from 0 to 7 days (T-7 d), followed by solely artificial feed from 7 to 14 days (T-14 d). The experimental results showed that there was no difference in the body weight, length, and standard growth rate of the Mandarin fish between the two groups of treatments; after two treatments, there were differences in the expression of genes related to oxidative stress in the gills (keap1, kappa, gsta, gstt1, gstk1, SOD, and CAT) and in the liver (GPx, keap1, kappa, gsta, gstt1, gr, and SOD). In the liver, GPx activity and the content of MDA were significantly upregulated after 7 days of domestication, while in the gills, SOD activity was significantly upregulated after 7 days of domestication and GPx activity was significantly downregulated after 14 days of domestication. These results suggest that artificial feed domestication is associated with oxidative stress. Moreover, these results provide experimental basic data for increasing the production of aquaculture feed for Mandarin fish.

Combined exposure with microplastics increases the toxic effects of PFOS and its alternative F-53B in adult zebrafish

Microplastics (MPs) can adsorb and desorb organic pollutants, which may alter their biotoxicities. Although the toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and its alternative 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B) to organisms has been reported, the comparative study of their combined toxic effects with MPs on aquatic organisms is limited. In this study, adult female zebrafish were exposed to 10 μg/L PFOS/F-53B and 50 μg/L MPs alone or in combination for 14 days to investigate their single and combined toxicities. The results showed that the presence of MPs reduced the concentration of freely dissolved PFOS and F-53B in the exposure solution but did not affect their bioaccumulation in the zebrafish liver and gut. The combined exposure to PFOS and MPs had the greatest impact on liver oxidative stress, immunoinflammatory, and energy metabolism disorders. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that the combined exposure to F-53B and MPs had the greatest impact on gut microbiota. Functional enrichment analysis predicted that the alternations in the gut microbiome could interfere with signaling pathways related to immune and energy metabolic processes. Moreover, significant correlations were observed between changes in gut microbiota and immune and energy metabolism indicators, highlighting the role of gut microbiota in host health. Together, our findings demonstrate that combined exposure to PFOS/F-53B and MPs exacerbates liver immunotoxicity and disturbances in energy metabolism in adult zebrafish compared to single exposure, potentially through dysregulation of gut microbiota.

Activation of Nrf-2 Transcription Factor and Caspase Pathway with Royal Jelly Reduces Fluoride Induced Testicular Damage and Infertility in Rats

This study was carried out to investigate the protective properties of royal jelly on the testicular tissue of rats with testicular damage by giving fluoride. Sperm motility, epididymal sperm density and abnormal sperm ratios were examined and visualized with a light microscope. Expression levels of Caspase-3, Bcl-2, Nrf-2, NF-κB, COX-2, TNF-α and IL1-α proteins in testis tissue were determined by western blot technique. As a result of the study, MDA level, expression level of Bcl-2, NFҡB, COX-2, TNF-α and IL1-α proteins, abnormal sperm rates were found higher in Fluoride-50 and Fluoride100 groups compared to other groups. In addition GSH, Catalase enzyme levels, expression levels of Caspase-3 and Nrf-2 proteins were found to be higher in Fluoride + Royal Jelly groups compared to Fluoride-50 and Fluoride-100 groups. In addition, lower degeneration of testicular tissue was found in the histological evaluation in the Fluoride + Royal Jelly groups compared to the other groups. When the data are evaluated royal jelly provides effective protection against testicular damage. From this point of view, we hope that similar results will be obtained when royal jelly is tested on humans.

Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Sulfur Compounds on Kidney Health and Disease

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) plays a decisive role in kidney health and disease. H₂S can ben synthesized via enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways, as well as gut microbial origins. Kidney disease can originate in early life induced by various maternal insults throughout the process, namely renal programming. Sulfur-containing amino acids and sulfate are essential in normal pregnancy and fetal development. Dysregulated H₂S signaling behind renal programming is linked to deficient nitric oxide, oxidative stress, the aberrant renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. In animal models of renal programming, treatment with sulfur-containing amino acids, N-acetylcysteine, H₂S donors, and organosulfur compounds during gestation and lactation could improve offspring's renal outcomes. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding sulfide/sulfate implicated in pregnancy and kidney development, current evidence supporting the interactions between H₂S signaling and underlying mechanisms of renal programming, and recent advances in the beneficial actions of sulfide-related interventions on the prevention of kidney disease. Modifying H₂S signaling is the novel therapeutic and preventive approach to reduce the global burden of kidney disease; however, more work is required to translate this into clinical practice.

Are Thiol/Disulfide and 8-OHdG Levels in the Blood of Patients with Diabetic Foot a Risk Factor for Amputation?

OBJECTIVE

As diabetic patients live longer and there are more effective treatments available, the incidence of diabetes and its complications is increasing. The effects of oxidative stress and antioxidant processes on diabetes behavior, especially diabetic foot, are really direct. The goal of this research is to investigate the effects of oxidative stress and antioxidant mechanism on the outcome of amputation by examining the levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and thiol/disulfide in the blood of patients diagnosed with diabetic foot.

METHODS

The research consisted of 76 patients with type 2 diabetes with associated diabetic foot, ages 40-65 (51 men, 25 women). Patients with diabetic foot wounds and accompanying peripheral artery disease were not included in the study. After a mean follow-up of 9.6 months, 28 patients resulted in amputation. Between patients who required amputation and those who did not, the levels of 8-OHdG, native thiol, total thiol, disulfide, native thiol/total thiol ratio, disulfide/native thiol ratio, and disulfide/total thiol ratio were compared. Additionally, the age, sex, Wagner stage, and amputation outcome of these 2 patient groups were compared.

RESULTS

The outcomes of amputation in diabetic foot patients were not related to the levels of native thiol, total thiol, disulfide, native thiol/total thiol ratio, disulfide/native thiol ratio, total thiol/disulfide ratio, or 8-OHdG (P > .05). However, patients with diabetic foot who were male, older, and at a more advanced Wagner stage had a higher rate of amputations (P < .05).

CONCLUSION

Oxidative stress and antioxidant mechanism are effective on diabetes complications. However, since there are many factors affecting the outcome of amputation, they are not directly effective in terms of resulting amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcer.

The effect of rutin on pulmonary contusion induced by blunt trauma in rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation

BACKGROUND

This study aims to investigate the possible protective effects of rutin, also called vitamin P1, against pulmonary contusion induced by blunt chest trauma in a rat model.

METHODS

Thirty male albino Wistar rats were separated into three equal groups as healthy group, trauma group, and trauma+rutin group. After anesthesia provided by intraperitoneal administration of 60 mg/kg ketamine and xylazine by inhalation at appropriate intervals, 200 g weight was dropped from 1 m height to the anterior chest wall of the animals in the trauma group (n=10) and trauma+rutin group (n=10) and pulmonary contusion was created. Thirty min after the trauma, 50 mg/kg of rutin was administered into the stomach of trauma+rutin group animals orally with gavage. The rats received rutin once daily for two days and were sacrificed 48 h later. Their lung tissues were removed and examined biochemically and histopathologically.

RESULTS

Nuclear factor-kappa B, cyclooxygenase-2, and malondialdehyde levels increased in the trauma group compared to the healthy group, and rutin administration prevented this increase. Total glutathione levels decreased in the trauma group, and rutin administration also prevented this decrease. The histopathological findings were compatible with the biochemical findings.

CONCLUSION

Our study results suggest that rutin has a protective effect on contused lung tissue in rats.

Reduction of multiple antibiotics from the waste water using coated glutathione S-transferase producing biocatalyst

Oxytetracycline is widely used in veterinary and human medicine. It has been detected in wastewater from pharmaceuticals, hospitals and domestic wastewater. In recent years, much more attention has been directed towards glutathione transferases (GSTs) because of their bio-transforming ability of antibiotics. In this study, 19 Lactobacillus strains were initially screened for the production of GSTs and five strains were selected for biotransformation of oxytetracycline. Among the strains, L. fermentum LA6 improved oxytetracyline degradation than other strains. It was subjected to optimize GST production and optimum growth was achieved after 24 h incubation at 32 ± 2 °C and 200 mg/L initial oxytetracycline concentration. The biocatalyst was immobilized and antibiotic degradation efficiency was analyzed. The immobilized culture of L. fermentum LA6 improved biodegradation of oxytetracycline in the wastewater. At 50 mg/L initial antibiotic concentration, 53.2 ± 2.8% oxytetracycline degradation was achieved, however, it improved at 200 mg/L antibiotic concentration in the culture medium (89.1 ± 4.3%) after 24 h. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the wastewater decreased significantly after treatment. At 200 mg/L oxytetracycline concentration, COD removal was considerably high (93.6 ± 5.3 mg/L) than 150 mg/L oxytetracycline concentration in the medium. Antibiotic removal efficiency in immobilized form revealed that this method is highly suitable for the removal of antibiotics from the wastewater.

Protective Effects of Antioxidant Chlorophyllin in Chemically Induced Breast Cancer Model In vivo

Glutathione-related enzymes belong to the protection mechanism of the cells against harmful oxidative damage and chemicals. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is frequently over-expressed in various cancer cells and is involved in drug resistance. Chlorophyllin is an antioxidant molecule interfering with the GST P1-1 activity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the short- and long-term protective effects of chlorophyllin as an antioxidant molecule on DNA damage, antioxidant enzyme activities, trace elements, and minerals in chemically induced breast cancer model in vivo. In our study, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) was used for inducing breast carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats. A total of 36 rats were divided into groups as short term and long term. Each group was divided into four sub-groups as control group received physiological saline solution (n = 3), Chl group (n = 5) received chlorophyllin, MNU group (n = 5) was administered MNU, and Chl + MNU group (n = 5) was treated with both chlorophyllin and MNU. Results illustrated that chlorophyllin had a significant anti-genotoxic effect in the short term, and glutathione-related enzyme activities were protected by chlorophyllin treatment in MNU-induced breast cancer model. Additionally, MNU administration impaired mineral and trace element levels including Na, Mg, K, Fe, Zn, and Co in the liver, kidney, spleen, heart, and tumor tissues; however, adverse effects of MNU were recovered upon chlorophyllin treatment in the indicated tissues of the rats. In conclusion, chlorophyllin can be used as an antioxidant molecule to ameliorate adverse effects of MNU by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities and regulating trace element and mineral balance in several organs and tumor tissue in the breast cancer model.

Precise Subcellular Organelle Targeting for Boosting Endogenous-Stimuli-Mediated Tumor Therapy

Though numerous external-stimuli-triggered tumor therapies, including phototherapy, radiotherapy, and sonodynamic therapy have made great progress in cancer therapy, the low penetration depth of the laser, safety concerns of radiation, the therapeutic resistance, and the spatio-temporal constraints of the specific equipment restrict their convenient clinical applications. What is more, the inherent physiological barriers of the tumor microenvironment (TME), including hypoxia, heterogeneity, and high expression of antioxidant molecules also restrict the efficiency of tumor therapy. As a result, the development of nanoplatforms responsive to endogenous stimuli (such as glucose, acidic pH, cellular redox events, and etc.) has attracted great attention for starvation therapy, ion therapy, prodrug-mediated chemotherapy, or enzyme-catalyzed therapy. In addition, nanomedicines can be modified by some targeted units for precisely locating in subcellular organelles and boosting the destroying of tumor tissue, decreasing the dosage of nanoagents, reducing side effects, and enhancing the therapeutic efficiency. Herein, the properties of the TME, the advantages of endogenous stimuli, and the principles of subcellular-organelle-targeted strategies will be emphasized. Some necessary considerations for the exploitation of precision medicine and clinical translation of multifunctional nanomedicines in the future are also pointed out.

Role for Selenium in Metabolic Homeostasis and Human Reproduction

Selenium (Se) is a micronutrient essential for life. Dietary intake of Se within the physiological range is critical for human health and reproductive functions. Selenium levels outside the recommended range have been implicated in infertility and variety of other human diseases. However, presently it is not clear how different dietary Se sources are processed in our bodies, and in which form or how much dietary Se is optimum to maintain metabolic homeostasis and boost reproductive health. This uncertainty leads to imprecision in published dietary guidelines and advice for human daily intake of Se and in some cases generating controversies and even adverse outcomes including mortality. The chief aim for this review is to describe the sources of organic and inorganic Se, the metabolic pathways of selenoproteins synthesis, and the critical role of selenprotenis in the thyroid gland homeostasis and reproductive/fertility functions. Controversies on the use of Se in clinical practice and future directions to address these challenges are also described and discussed herein.

Nutritional quality variation in dried Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) using hybrid-pump dryer under different heating treatment

This study explored the potential of using hybrid pump dryer (HPD) to utilize overproduction in aquaculture of oysters, especially during winter. HPD-dried oysters maybe used as amendments for kimchi, a traditional Korean side dish, for possible nutrient source and flavor enhancer. Oysters were subjected to different heating treatments and evaluated for proximate composition, quality characteristics, and antioxidant activities. Lower lipid and higher glycogen content were observed in HPD-dried oysters processed than the samples dried with hot air (HAD). HPD-dried oysters also exhibited lesser browning activity, better surface color, and higher antioxidant activities. Ash, protein, and water activity were slightly affected by heating treatment. VBN and TBARS were found to be higher in HAD-dried oysters, indicating faster spoilage. Applying heat pattern in drying resulted to improved quality characteristics and antioxidant activities and slower degradation of dried oyster products compared to their single-temperature-drying counterparts, especially those dried at high temperatures.

SERPIN A5 may have a potential as a biomarker in reflecting the improvement of semen quality in infertile men who underwent varicocele repair

We aimed to identify proteins that were differentially regulated in spermatozoal samples collected from fertile healthy men (FHM) and infertile patients with varicocele (IFPV) before and after varicocelectomy. Seminal samples were collected from 20 IFPV before and after varicocelectomy and from 14 FHM as controls. Samples underwent seminal examination and proteomic analysis. Extracted spermatozoal proteins were analysed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and differentially regulated spermatozoal proteins (DRSPs) were identified. In particular, attention was placed on those DRSPs in which the concentration changed after varicocelectomy and corrected to approximate levels observed in FHM. Varicocelectomy significantly improved the sperm count and concentration in IFPV (p < 0.05). Proteomic analysis showed that 11 DRSPs were identified when comparisons were made among the three groups. Among these 11 proteins, change in the SERPIN A5 concentrations was notable because it was 100-fold downregulated in pre-operative IFPV samples and nearly resembled to control concentrations following varicocelectomy. Western blot analysis using an anti-SERPIN antibody validated the changes observed in SERPIN A5 levels before and after varicocelectomy operation. Increase in SERPIN A5 after varicocelectomy may be due to improvement in semen quality, suggesting that SERPIN A5 is a potential seminal biomarker for assessment of semen quality in varicocele-related infertility.

Evaluating the Effects of MKAVCFSL Derived from Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) Flesh on Antioxidant Activity in Caco-2 Cells In Vitro

The effect of an antioxidative peptide Met-Lys-Ala-Val-Cys-Phe-Ser-Leu (MKAVCFSL) on oxidative stress in Caco-2 cell lines was investigated. Caco-2 cells exposed to excess oxidative stress could be restored when pretreated with the peptide. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) within the cells could be scavenged by MKAVCFSL. The peptide could also enhance the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while catalase (CAT) activity did not show a significant difference between treatment and control samples. Meanwhile, it was observed that peptide treatment increased the concentration of glutathione (GSH). Yet the content of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) was hardly affected. The stability of MKAVCFSL was also assessed and an intact peptide was observed after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Part of the peptide was hydrolyzed into fragments including MKA, FSL, AVCFSL, and MKAVCF. This study demonstrated that MKAVCFSL derived from bighead carp hydrolysates could ameliorate oxidative stress to protect the Caco-2 cells.

N-Acetyl-L-cysteine and aminooxyacetic acid differentially modulate trichloroethylene reproductive toxicity via metabolism in Wistar rats

Exposure to the industrial solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in humans and decreased fetal weight in rats. TCE kidney toxicity can occur through formation of reactive metabolites via its glutathione (GSH) conjugation metabolic pathway, largely unstudied in the context of pregnancy. To investigate the contribution of the GSH conjugation pathway and oxidative stress to TCE toxicity during pregnancy, we exposed rats orally to 480 mg TCE/kg/day from gestational day (GD) 6 to GD 16 with and without N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) at 200 mg/kg/day or aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) at 20 mg/kg/day as pre/co-treatments from GD 5-16. NAC is a reactive oxygen species scavenger that modifies the GSH conjugation pathway, and AOAA is an inhibitor of cysteine conjugate β-lyase (CCBL) in the GSH conjugation pathway. TCE decreased fetal weight, and this was prevented by AOAA but not NAC pre/co-treatment to TCE. Although AOAA inhibited CCBL activity in maternal kidney, it did not inhibit CCBL activity in maternal liver and placenta, suggesting that AOAA prevention of TCE-induced decreased fetal weight was due to CCBL activity inhibition in the kidneys but not liver or placenta. Unexpectedly, NAC pre/co-treatment with TCE, relative to TCE treatment alone, altered placental morphology consistent with delayed developmental phenotype. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the decidua basale, relative to basal and labyrinth zones, expressed the highest abundance of CCBL1, flavin-containing monooxygenase 3, and cleaved caspase-3. Together, the findings show the differential effects of NAC and AOAA on TCE-induced pregnancy outcomes are likely attributable to TCE metabolism modulation.

Oxidative stress-related genes (EPHX1 and MnSOD) polymorphism and risk of pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have detected the association of polymorphisms in oxidative stress-related genes EPHX1 and MnSOD with pre-eclampsia (PE) risk, but the results are inconsistent among studies. Thus, a meta-analysis was performed to obtain more conclusive results.

METHODS

Eligible studies were retrieved in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, and CNKI. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were utilized to evaluate the relationship between EPHX1 rs1051740, EPHX1 rs2234922, MnSOD rs4880 polymorphisms, and PE susceptibility in the genetic models. The subgroup analysis was also performed.

RESULTS

Fourteen studies with a total of 4250 participants were included, including 1784 PE patients and 2466 healthy women. There was a statistically significant association between EPHX1 rs1051740 polymorphism and PE in Caucasians within the allele, dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous models (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.64-0.98; OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.47-0.87; OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.44-0.85; OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.42-0.97, respectively). There was a statistically significant association between EPHX1 rs2234922 polymorphism and PE in Middle Easterners within the recessive and homozygous models (OR = 3.59, 95% CI = 1.25-10.32; OR = 3.99, 95% CI = 1.38-11.49, respectively). There was no statistically significant association between MnSOD rs4880 polymorphism and PE within five genetic models. Subgroup analysis didn't reveal any association between MnSOD rs4880 polymorphism and PE in Asians, Caucasians, or Middle Easterners.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis shows a significant association between the EPHX1 rs1051740 and PE risk in Caucasians. Meantime, there was a statistically significant association between EPHX1 rs2234922 polymorphism and PE in Middle Easterners.

Nano selenium protects against deltamethrin-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats

Greater understanding of the efficiency of nanoparticles will assist future research related to male reproductive performance. The current study was performed to assess the potency of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) in alleviating deltamethrin (DLM)-induced detrimental effects on sperm characteristics, oxidative status, sexual behavior, and the histological structure of the testes and epididymis in male rats. Thirty-two male Wister rats were divided into four groups according to treatment received orally by gavage 3 times/week for 60 days; control, DLM (0.6 mg/kg bwt), SeNPs (0.5 mg/kg bwt), and DLM-SeNPs groups. DLM caused a significant reduction in sperm count, motility, and viability percent, as well as in body weight and serum testosterone level, blood total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. The DLM-treated group showed a significant increase in blood malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and sperm abnormalities (%), as well as a significant reduction in sexual activity, manifested as an increase in mount, intromission, or ejaculation latency and a reduction in mount or intromission frequency. These toxic effects were confirmed by histological alterations, represented by a significant reduction in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis. Conversely, treatment with SeNPs improved DLM-induced negative effects on sperm characteristics, testosterone, and antioxidant biomarkers, as well as behavioral and histopathological alterations. The SeNPs treated group showed improved semen parameters, antioxidant status, and sexual performance. In conclusion, SeNPs may represent an effective treatment for reducing the detrimental effects of DLM on male fertility, and lead to enhanced male reproductive performance.

Assessment of GSTO1 (A140D) and GSTO2 (N142D) Gene Polymorphisms in Iranian Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Background

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) protect cells from oxidative stress (OS). In humans, the GST omega class contains two expressed genes, GSTO1 and GSTO2. Because OS is involved in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between GSTO1 A140D (rs4925) and GSTO2 N142D (rs156697) polymorphisms in PCOS patients.

Methods

175 PCOS patients and 161 healthy controls were selected among women in Kermanshah province, Iran. GSTO1 and GSTO2 were genotyped using allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) and PCR-RFLP, respectively.

Results

For GSTO1, the DD genotype and the D allele led to 2.17- (P= 0.02) and 1.5-fold (P= 0.01) increases, respectively, in the odds ratios for PCOS. No significant difference was found between control and patient groups for the GSTO2 N142D genotype or allele frequency. GSTO1 and GSTO2 genotype interaction analysis showed that individuals with the GSTO1 AD or DD genotypes and the GSTO2 NN or DN genotypes had a 1.53-fold (P= 0.007) increase in PCOS risk over GSTO1 AA and GSTO2 DD individuals.

Conclusion

The GSTO1 A140D polymorphism is a risk factor for PCOS.

The triple role of glutathione S-transferases in mammalian male fertility

Male idiopathic infertility accounts for 15-25% of reproductive failure. One of the factors that has been linked to this condition is oxidative stress (OS), defined as the imbalance between antioxidants and reactive oxygen species. Amongst the different factors that protect the cell against OS, the members of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) superfamily play an important role. Interestingly, reduction or lack of some GSTs has been associated to infertility in men. Therefore, and to clarify the relationship between GSTs and male fertility, the aim of this work is to describe the role that GSTs play in the male reproductive tract and in sperm physiology. To that end, the present review provides a novel perspective on the triple role of GSTs (detoxification, regulation of cell signalling and fertilisation), and reports their localisation in sperm, seminal plasma and the male reproductive tract. Furthermore, we also tackle the existing correlation between some GST classes and male fertility. Due to the considerable impact of GSTs in human pathology and their tight relationship with fertility, future research should address the specific role of these proteins in male fertility, which could result in new approaches for the diagnosis and/or treatment of male infertility.

Prenatal Hypoxia and Placental Oxidative Stress: Insights from Animal Models to Clinical Evidences

Hypoxia is a common form of intrauterine stress characterized by exposure to low oxygen concentrations. Gestational hypoxia is associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species. Increase in oxidative stress is responsible for damage to proteins, lipids and DNA with consequent impairment of normal cellular functions. The purpose of this review is to propose a summary of preclinical and clinical evidences designed to outline the correlation between fetal hypoxia and oxidative stress. The results of the studies described show that increases of oxidative stress in the placenta is responsible for changes in fetal development. Specifically, oxidative stress plays a key role in vascular, cardiac and neurological disease and reproductive function dysfunctions. Moreover, the different finding suggests that the prenatal hypoxia-induced oxidative stress is associated with pregnancy complications, responsible for changes in fetal programming. In this way, fetal hypoxia predisposes the offspring to congenital anomalies and chronic diseases in future life. Several antioxidant agents, such as melatonin, erythropoietin, vitamin C, resveratrol and hydrogen, shown potential protective effects in prenatal hypoxia. However, future investigations will be needed to allow the implementation of these antioxidants in clinical practice for the promotion of health in early intrauterine life, in fetuses and children.

Placenta as a target of trichloroethylene toxicity

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an industrial solvent and a common environmental contaminant detected in thousands of hazardous waste sites. Risk of exposure is a concern for workers in occupations that use TCE as well as for residents who live near industries that use TCE or who live near TCE-contaminated sites. Although renal, hepatic and carcinogenic effects of TCE have been documented, less is known about TCE impacts on reproductive functions despite epidemiology reports associating maternal TCE exposure with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Toxicological evidence suggests that the placenta mediates at least some of the adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with TCE exposure. Toxicology studies show that the TCE metabolite, S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine (DCVC) generates toxic effects such as mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and release of prostaglandins and pro-inflammatory cytokines in placental cell lines. Each of these mechanisms of toxicity have significant implications for placental functions and, thus, ultimately the health of mother and developing child. Despite these findings there remain significant gaps in our knowledge about effects of TCE on the placenta, including effects on specific placental cell types and functions as well as sex differences in response to TCE exposure. Due to the critical role that the placenta plays in pregnancy, future research addressing some of these knowledge gaps could lead to significant gains in public health.

Testicular protective and antioxidant effects of selenium nanoparticles on Monosodium glutamate-induced testicular structure alterations in male mice

Background

Selenium has a protective antioxidant effect on several tissues. Monosodium glutamate (MSG), MSG has been known as flavor enhancer that influences reversely on male reproductive systems and having a number of side effects, including reproductive toxicity.

Objectives

The current study aims to evaluate the possible ameliorative functions of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on MSG-induced reproductive toxicity.

Materials and methods

In total, 42 male mice included in this study were divided into six groups: control, MSG (LD), MSG (HD), SeNPs, MSG (LD) plus SeNPs and finally MSG (HD) plus SeNPs. Testosterone hormone, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), as well as the antioxidant biomarkers: superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], catalase [CAT] and marker of lipid peroxidation [MDA], were examined. Histological and comet assay variations in the testicular tissues as markers of testicular damage after the MSG administration in two doses (MSG-LD and MSG-HD) either alone or combined with SeNPs.MSG in two doses (LD and HD) genotoxic effects were also evaluated and the ameliorative role of SeNPs on the testicular tissues were recorded.

Results

Results proved that the administration of SeNPs diminished the effect of MSG (LD and HD)-that induced decrease in testosterone hormone levels and elevated oxidative stress markers markedly. SeNPs had a potent antioxidant effect and elevated the antioxidant enzymes significantly and decreased lipid peroxidation markers as compared with MSG either (LD and HD) groups.

Conclusion

It is clear from the data that SeNPs inhibit testicular injury and improve the antioxidant state in male mice.

Sensitivity of glutathione S-transferases to high doses of acrylamide in albino wistar rats: Affinity purification, biochemical characterization and expression analysis

The main objectives of this study were to purify the glutathione S-transfereses (GSTs) and assess the effect of high doses of acrylamide (ACR) on male albino Wistar rat liver, kidney, testis and bran GST activities, and expression analysis of GST. ACR (50 mg/300 ml) was ingested for 40 days (20 doses) in drinking water on alternative days, on 40 day post ingestion the control and treated tissues were collected for GST purification by affinity column and biochemical characterization of GSTs by substrate specificities, and GST expression by immuno dot blots. In the analysis of the purified GSTs, we observed that liver GSTs were resolved in to three bands known as Yc, Yb and Ya; kidney GSTs were resolved in to two bands known as Yc and Ya; testis and brain GSTs were resolved as four bands known as Yc, Yb, Yβ and Yδ on 12.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel (SDS PAGE). In the analysis of biochemical characterization, we observed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the specific activities of liver GST isoforms with the substrates 1-chloro 2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), bromosulfophthalein (BSP), p-nitrophenyl acetate (pNPA), p-nitrobenzyl chloride (pNBC) and cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), but showed no activity with ethacrynic acid (ECA) and significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the specific activities of kidney GST isoforms with the substrates CDNB, pNPA, pNBC and CHP, but showed no activity with BSP and ECA, and a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the specific activities of testis and brain GST isoforms with the substrates CDNB, BSP, pNPA, pNBC, ECA and CHP. In the analysis of immuno dot blots, we observed a decreased expression of liver, kidney, testis and brain GSTs. Through the affinity purification and biochemical characterization, we observed a tissue specific distribution of GSTs that is liver GSTs possess Yc, Yb and Ya sub units known as alpha (α) and mu (μ) class GSTs; kidney GSTs possess Yc and Ya sub units known as (α) alpha class GST; testis and brain GSTs possess Yc, Yb, Yβ and Yδ sub units known as alpha (α), mu (μ) and pi (π) class GSTs. Purification studies, biochemical characterization and immuno dot blot analysis were revealed the GSTs were sensitive to high doses of ACR and the high level exposure to ACR cause the damage of detoxification function of GST due to decreased expression and hence lead to cellular dysfunction of vital organs.

The Effect of Mercury Chloride and Boric Acid on Rat Erythrocyte Enzymes

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mercury chloride and boric acid on rat (Wistar albino) erythrocyte: glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphoglucona-te dehydrogenase (6PGD), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes in vivo, and the rat erythrocyte G6PD enzyme in vitro. In the in vivo study, 24 male rats were divated into three different groups: control (C), mercury chloride (M), and mercury chloride + boric acid (M + BA). At the completion of this study, a significant degree of inhibition for both G6PD and GST enzyme activity was observed in the M groups when compared to the C group (p < 0.05), and no significant effect was observed in the 6PGD enzyme. However, there was significantly increased TrxR and GR enzyme activity of both the M and M + BA groups (p < 0.05). In the in vitro study, the G6PD enzyme from rat erythrocytes was purified with 2',5'-ADP Sepharose-4B affinity chromatography, and the effect of both mercury chloride and boric acid on the enzyme activity was investigated. The results showed that boric acid increased the G6PD enzyme activity while the mercury ions that inhibited the enzyme activity (IC₅₀ values of 346 μM and K_i values of 387 μM) were noncompetitive.

Role of Selenium and Selenoproteins in Male Reproductive Function: A Review of Past and Present Evidences

Selenium (Se) is an important trace mineral having many essential roles at the cellular and organismal levels in animal and human health. The biological effects of Se are mainly carried out by selenoproteins (encoded by 25 genes in humans and 24 in mice). As an essential component of selenoproteins, Se performs structural and enzymic roles; in the latter context it is well known for its catalytic and antioxidative functions. Studies involving different animal models have added great value to our understanding regarding the potential implications of Se and selenoproteins in mammalian fertility and reproduction. In this review, we highlight the implications of selenoproteins in male fertility and reproduction followed by the characteristic biological functions of Se and selenoproteins associated with overall male reproductive function. It is evident from observations of past studies (both animal and human) that Se is essentially required for spermatogenesis and male fertility, presumably because of its vital role in modulation of antioxidant defense mechanisms and other essential biological pathways and redox sensitive transcription factors. However, bearing in mind the evidences from mainstream literature, it is also advisable to perform more studies focusing on the elucidation of additional roles played by the peculiar and canonical selenoproteins i.e., glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and selenoprotein P (SELENOP) in the male reproductive functions. Nevertheless, search for the elucidation of additional putative mechanisms potentially modulated by other biologically relevant selenoproteins should also be included in the scope of future studies. However, as for the implication of Se in fertility and reproduction in men, though a few clinical trials explore the effects of Se supplementation on male fertility, due to inconsistencies in the recruitment of subjects and heterogeneity of designs, the comparison of such studies is still complicated and less clear. Therefore, further research focused on the roles of Se and selenoproteins is awaited for validating the evidences at hand and outlining any therapeutic schemes intended for improving male fertility. As such, new dimensions could be added to the subject of male fertility and Se supplementation.

The Evaluation of Glutathione Reductase and Malondialdehyde Levels in Patients With Lumbar Disc Degeneration Disease

BACKGROUND/AIM

Increased oxidative stress plays a crucial role in pathogenesis of various diseases. The present study aims to investigate glutathione reductase (GR) and malondialdehyde (MDA) enzymes as markers of oxidative stress mechanisms in lumbar disc degeneration disease (LDDD).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study group consisted of 39 patients diagnosed with LDD and 37 healthy individuals in the control group. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to determine serum GR and MDA levels in the two study groups.

RESULTS

Serum GR levels were significantly lower (p=0.008), while MDA levels were significantly higher in the patient group compared to the controls (p=0.025).

CONCLUSION

Oxidative stress mechanisms play a crucial role in disc degeneration and GR deficiency could be an eligible risk factor for LDDD.

Toxic effect of different types of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on Ceriodaphnia dubia in a freshwater system

In the current study, the effect of different types of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) (rutile, anatase, and mixture) was analyzed on Ceriodaphnia dubia in the presence of algae under distinct irradiation conditions such as visible and UV-A. The toxicity experiments were performed in sterile freshwater to mimic the chemical composition of the freshwater system. In addition, the oxidative stress biomarkers such as MDA, catalase, and GSH were analyzed to elucidate the stress induced by the NPs on daphnids. Individually, both rutile and anatase NPs induced similar mortality under both visible and UV-A irradiations at all the test concentrations except 600 and 1200 μM where rutile induced higher mortality under UV-A. Upon visible irradiation, the binary mixture exhibited a synergistic effect at their lower concentration and an additive effect at higher concentrations. In contrast, UV-A irradiation demonstrated the additive effect of mixture except for 1200 μM which elucidated antagonistic effect. Mathematical model confirmed the effects of the binary mixture. The surface interaction between the individual NPs in the form of aggregation played a pivotal role in the induction of specific effects exhibited by the binary mixture. Oxidative stress biomarkers were highly increased upon NPs exposure especially under visible irradiation. These observations elucidated that the irradiation and crystallinity effect of TiO₂ NPs were noted only on certain biomarkers and not on the mortality.

Andrographis paniculata diterpenoids and ethanolic extract inhibit TNFα-induced ICAM-1 expression in EA.hy926 cells

BACKGROUND

Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata), a traditional herb in Southeastern Asia, is used to treat inflammation-mediated diseases.

PURPOSE

The two major bioactive diterpenoids in A. paniculata are andrographolide (AND) and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (deAND). Because of the anti-inflammatory evidence for AND, we hypothesized that deAND might possess similar potency for inhibiting monocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium, which is a critical event for atherosclerotic lesion formation.

MATERIAL

In the present study, we used 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to determine cell viability. We evaluated the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by using DCFDA assay. We assayed the protein expression by using Western blot analysis, the mRNA expression by using RT-PCR, and the nuclear protein-DNA binding activity by using EMSA.

RESULTS

We showed that pretreatment of EA.hy926 cells with A. paniculata ethanolic extract (APE), deAND, and AND significantly inhibited TNFα-induced ICAM-1 protein and mRNA expression, ICAM-1 promoter activity, and monocyte adhesion. TNFα-stimulated IKKβ phosphorylation, IκBα phosphorylation and degradation, p65 nuclear translocation, and NFκB nuclear protein-DNA binding activity were attenuated by pretreatment with APE, deAND, and AND. APE, deAND, and AND attenuated TNFα-induced Src phosphorylation and membrane translocation of the NOX subunits p47^phox and p67^phox. Both APE and AND induced protein expression of heme oxygenase 1 and the glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit and enhanced glutathione content. Pretreatment with AND and deAND inhibited TNFα-induced ROS generation.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that the mechanism by which APE, deAND, and AND down-regulates TNFα-induced ICAM-1 expression in EA.hy926 cells is via attenuation of activation of the IKK/IκB/NFκB pathway.

Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal That a MADS-Box Transcription Factor TDR4 Regulates Tomato Fruit Quality

Tomato fruit ripening is a complex process, which determines the formation of fruit quality. Many factors affect fruit ripening, including environmental conditions and genetic factors. Transcription factors (TFs) play key roles in regulating fruit ripening and quality formation. Current studies have found that the TDR4 gene is an important TF for tomato fruit ripening, but its effects on fruit metabolism and quality are less well studied. In this study, suppression of TDR4 gene expression obtained through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology resulted in an orange pericarp phenotype. Transcriptomic analysis of TDR4-silenced fruit showed changes in the expression of genes involved in various metabolic pathways, including amino acid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Metabolomic analysis showed that levels of several amino acids including phenylalanine and tyrosine, and organic acids were reduced in TDR4-silenced fruit, while α-tomatine accumulated in TDR4-silenced fruit. Taken together, our RNA-seq and metabolomics analyses of TDR4-silenced fruit showed that TDR4 is involved in ripening and nutrient synthesis in tomato fruit, and is therefore an important regulator of fruit quality.

The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathomechanism of Congenital Malformations

Congenital anomalies are significant causes of mortality and morbidity in infancy and childhood. Embryogenesis requires specific signaling pathways to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. These signaling pathways are sensitive to endogenous and exogenous agents able to produce several structural changes of the developing fetus. Oxidative stress, due to an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defenses, disrupts signaling pathways with a causative role in birth defects. This review provides a basis for understanding the role of oxidative stress in the pathomechanism of congenital malformations, discussing the mechanisms related to some congenital malformations. New insights in the knowledge of pathomechanism of oxidative stress-related congenital malformations, according to experimental and human studies, represent the basis of possible clinical applications in screening, prevention, and therapies.

Natural Phytotherapeutic Antioxidants in the Treatment of Mercury Intoxication-A Review

Heavy metals taken into the organism can make the toxic effects on the metabolism in various ways. For example, they may interact with proteins to alter and inhibit their enzymatic and structural functions. Mercury is one of the toxic elements that are widely distributed in nature. Mercury toxicity poses a serious threat to human health. It is an element that causes oxidative stress to increase in individuals, leading to tissue damage. Oxidative stress is the result of the imbalance between the production of oxidative species and cellular antioxidant defense. Phytotherapy continues to play an important role in health care. Natural phytotherapeutic antioxidants, exhibit a broad sequence of biological impacts, including anti-oxidative stress, anti-aging, anti-toxicicity and anticancer. Many studies have also shown that the phytotherapeutic agents play an important role in the removal of mercury from the tissue and in reducing oxidative stress. Our goal in this review was to investigate alternative ways of extracting the mercury in the tissue.

Alterations in epididymal proteomics and antioxidant activity of mice exposed to fluoride

It is well known that high fluoride results in low fertility. Epididymis is the important place for spermatozoa maturation, which is essential for successful fertilization. In the previous studies, fluoride was reported to damage the epididymal structure of mouse and rabbit. However, the mechanism underlying sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced epididymal toxicity has not yet been well elucidated. The aim of this study is to explore the global protein alterations in epididymis of mice exposed to NaF using the iTRAQ technique. Results showed that 211 proteins were differentially expressed in both 25 and 100 mg/L NaF groups. Some of them have been proved to be important for reproduction, such as low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 (Lrp2), cytochrome c, testis-specific (Cyct), sorbitol dehydrogenase (Sord), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), acrosin, beta-defensin 126, cysteine-rich secretory protein (Crisp) 1, and Crisp2. Gene ontology (GO) analysis suggested cellular process, organelle and catalytic activity account for high percent and number of differentially expressed proteins. 171 pathways were found after the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, among which the representative maps, such as ribosome, focal adhesion, and phagosome, were involved. Different functional categories post-translational modification, protein turnover, chaperones; translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis; cytoskeleton; energy production and conversion are implicated in the Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG) of proteins analysis. Subsequently, the effect of NaF on the antioxidant activity in epididymis, especially glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes, was evaluated. Results exhibited high fluoride caused low total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), high methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), decreased reduced glutathione (GSH), and the glutathione-related enzymes [GSH peroxidase (GPx), GSH reductase (GR), and GSH S-transferase (GST)] changes in activity, protein, and mRNA expressions. In summary, NaF decreased the antioxidant activity of epididymis, especially glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes, as well as iTRAQ results, providing new explanations for the low sperm quality induced by fluoride.

Toxicity and accumulation of Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles in different life stages of Artemia salina

Metal nanoparticles production rate and its applications have raised concerns about their release and toxicity to the aquatic and terrestrial organisms. The primary size of Copper Oxide nanoparticles (CuO NP's) was found to be 114±36nm using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and a significant increase in the hydrodynamic diameter of CuO NP was seen within 1h of interaction. The median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) values obtained from the acute toxicity studies on different life stages of Artemia salina was found to be 61.4, 35, 12.2 and 175.2mg/L for 1d, 2d, 7d old and adult, respectively. The toxicity associated changes in biochemical markers such as Catalase, Reduced glutathione and Glutathione-S-Transferase were evident. The accumulation of Cu nanoparticles into the gut of Artemia salina was the major reason for toxicity. This study demonstrate the toxicity of CuO NPs to Artemia salina, and the obtained results necessitate the detailed investigation on the possible eco-toxicological implication of these nanomaterials.

Placental biomarkers of PAH exposure and glutathione-S-transferase biotransformation enzymes in an obstetric population from Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico

Environmental exposures along the US-Mexico border have the potential to adversely affect the maternal-fetal environment. The purpose of this study was to assess placental biomarkers of environmental exposures in an obstetric population at the California-Baja California border in relation to detoxifying enzymes in the placenta and nutritional status. This study was conducted on consenting, full-term, obstetric patients (n=54), delivering in a hospital in Tijuana, Baja California (BC), Mexico. Placental polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adducts were measured in addition to placental glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity and genotype, maternal serum folate, and maternal and umbilical cord blood lead and cadmium levels. A questionnaire was administered to the mothers to determine maternal occupation in a maquiladora, other exposures, and obstetric indicators. In univariate analysis, maternal serum folate levels were inversely correlated with total PAH-DNA adducts (rho=-0.375, p=0.007); adduct #1 (rho=-0.388, p=0.005); and adduct #3 (rho =-0.430, p=0.002). Maternal lead levels were significantly positively correlated with cord blood lead levels (rho=0.512, p<0.001). Cadmium levels were generally very low but significantly higher in mothers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (either at work or at home, n=10). In multivariate analysis, only maternal serum folate levels remained as a significant negative predictor of total DNA-PAH adducts levels in placenta. These findings affirm that placental tissue is a valuable and readily available source of human tissue for biomonitoring; and indicate that further study of the role of nutrition in detoxification and mitigation of environmental exposures in pregnant women is warranted.

Effect of Dietary Selenium Deficiency on the Cell Apoptosis and the Level of Thyroid Hormones in Chicken

This study assessed the effect of dietary selenium (Se) deficiency on male reproductive function in chicken. A total of 180 Hy-line laying cocks (1 day old; Weiwei) were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 90) of Se-deficient chickens and control chickens. The control group was fed a basic diet (containing 0.15 mg of Se/kg). The Se-deficient group was fed a Se-deficient corn-soy basal diet (containing 0.033 mg of Se/kg). Fifteen chickens were killed in each group on days 30, 60, and 90, respectively. Then, serum and testes were collected and used in the detection of experimental index. Results indicated that GSH-Px activity and Bcl-2 mRNA level in the testes and thyroidal triiodothyronine (T3) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels in serum by dietary Se deficiency were significantly decreased compared to the corresponding control groups. Se deficiency-treated group showed a significant increase in MDA concent, TUNEL-positive cells, and mRNA level of Bax, Caspase3, and p53 in the testes and thyroidal thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in serum. Histopathologically, Se deficiency caused impairments in the testes. These results suggested that dietary Se deficiency exerts significant harmful effects on male reproductive organ and that the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways and the upstream regulators such as p53, Bax, and Bcl-2 were all involved in Se deficiency-induced testicular apoptosis.

Genotoxic potential of montmorillonite clay mineral and alteration in the expression of genes involved in toxicity mechanisms in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2

Montmorillonite, also known as Cloisite(®)Na(+) (CNa(+)), is a natural clay with a wide range of well-documented and novel applications, such as pharmaceutical products or food packaging. Although considered a low toxic product, the expected increased exposure to CNa(+) arises concern on the potential consequences on human and environmental health especially as its genotoxicity has scarcely been investigated so far. Thus, we investigated, for the first time, the influence of non-cytotoxic concentrations of CNa(+) (15.65, 31.25 and 62.5 μg/mL) on genomic instability of human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) by determining the formation of micronuclei (MNi), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) and nuclear buds (NBUDs) with the Cytokinesis block micronucleus cytome assay. Further on we studied the influence of CNa(+) on the expression of several genes involved in toxicity mechanisms using the real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that CNa(+) increased the number of MNi, while the numbers of NBUDs and NPBs were not affected. In addition it deregulated genes in all the groups studied, mainly after longer time of exposure. These findings provide the evidence that CNa(+) is potentially genotoxic. Therefore further studies that will elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in toxic activity of CNa(+) are needed for hazard identification and human safety assessment.

Follicular fluid total antioxidant capacity levels in PCOS

In this study, our aim was to assess total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels in follicular fluid (FF) and their relationship to clinical pregnancy rates in PCOS patients undergoing assisted reproduction (ART). Twenty-two women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (Group 1) and 41 women without PCOS (Group 2) were included in this study. Clinical and laboratory parameters and FF TAC levels were investigated. No statistically significant differences were found between the groups with regard to age and baseline parameters. Although we could not demonstrate a significant difference in FF TAC levels between the two groups (p=0.469), there was a significant positive correlation between FF TAC and clinical pregnancy rates, BMI, and the duration of infertility for the entire group (r=0.254, p=0.048; r=0.312, p=0.013; r=0.259, p=0.040; respectively). Owing to the correlation between FF TAC and the clinical pregnancy rates, further studies evaluating the impact of FF TAC levels on ART outcomes in patients with PCOS and other etiologies of infertility are needed.

Increased oxidative stress from early pregnancy in women who develop preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific disorder, defined as new onset of maternal hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Our earlier study has shown increased maternal oxidative stress at delivery to be associated with poor birth outcome in PE. However, these results were observed when the pathology had progressed and may have been secondary to the effects of the disorder. To understand the role of antioxidant defense mechanisms in PE right from early pregnancy, in this prospective study, we measured malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) concentrations in maternal blood at 3 time-points of gestation [16-20 weeks (T1), 26-30 weeks (T2), at delivery (T3)] and in cord blood. Gene expression of SOD and GPx and protein levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) enzyme were also analyzed in the placenta. MDA levels were higher at T1 (p < 0.01) and T2 (p < 0.01) in women with PE as compared with control. GPx levels were higher at T3 (p < 0.05) while SOD levels were lower at T2 (p < 0.05), T3 (p < 0.01) and in cord (p < 0.01) in PE. GSH levels at T1 (p < 0.05) and expression of GPx in the placenta were lower in PE as compared with control. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that women who develop PE exhibit increased oxidative stress right from 16 to 20 weeks of gestation. This may alter placental development and lead to fetal programming of adult non-communicable disease in the offspring.

CRIOTOLERÂNCIA DE OÓCITOS E EMBRIÕES BOVINOS MATURADOS COM LÍQUIDO FOLICULAR E/OU β-MERCAPTOETANOL

Foi avaliada a criotolerância de oócitos e embriões bovinos maturados com adição de líquido folicular (LF) e/ou β-mercaptoetanol (BM). Após vitrificação, os oócitos foram maturados em: TCM-199 (controle); BM (24h TCM-199+100µM BM); LF (6h em LF+18h TCM-199) e LF+BM (6h LF+18h TCM-199+100µM BM). Não houve diferença (p>0,05) nas taxas de blastocistos dos tratamentos TCM (6,4%), BM (4,0%) e LF (3,4%). A eclosão e densidade celular dos embriões eclodidos não diferiram (p>0,05) nos tratamentos. No Experimento 2 blastocistos expandidos (Bx) obtidos em D7 ou D8 foram vitrificados, avaliando-se sua reexpansão e eclosão. A reexpansão foi semelhante (p>0,05), sendo observado comportamento distinto na eclosão entre Bx D7 e D8. Nos Bx D7 houve maior eclosão no controle (TCM–54,2%) em relação ao BM (40,32%) e LF+BM (33,89%). Os Bx D8 apresentaram menor eclosão no controle (TCM) em relação aos Bx D7. Nos tratamentos BM, LF e LF+BM a eclosão foi semelhante para Bx D7 ou D8. A maturação com adição de LF e/ou BM não melhora a criotolerância de oócitos imaturos e embriões PIV. Blastocistos expandidos precoces (D7) são mais criotolerantes e apresentam um comportamento distinto à adição de LF e BM, em relação aos tardios (D8).

The effect of some antibiotics on glutathione reductase enzyme purified from liver and erythrocyte of Lake Van pearl mullet

CONTEXT

The effect of antibiotics (amikacin, cefazolin, ivermectin, and kanamycin) on glutathione reductase (GR) isoenzymes activity in liver and erythrocyte of the fish, Chalcalburnus tarichi (Lake Van pearl mullet, Pallas 1811) (Cyprinidae) were investigated.

OBJECTIVE

This study determined the biochemical characterization of GR purified from the liver and erythrocytes of C. tarichi and the inhibition effect of the antibiotics on the GR isoenzymes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

GR was purified by affinity chromatography from the tissues of C. tarichi. The biochemical characterization of GR such as optimum temperature, optimum pH, and ionic strength were determined. The inhibition effects of the antibiotics on the isoenzymes were evaluated as IC50 and Ki values. Ki constant and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for antibiotics were determined by Lineweaver-Burk graphs and plotting activity % versus [I], respectively, at five different concentrations of antibiotics.

RESULTS

Optimum temperature, pH, and ionic strength were determined for isoenzymes as 40 °C, 60 °C; 8.0, 8.0, and 50, 50 mM, respectively. Subunit molecular weights of the isoenzymes were estimated as 55 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In addition, IC50 and Ki values were calculated for amikacin, cefazolin, ivermectin, and kanamycin. The antibiotics showed non-competitive inhibition effects. IC50 values were calculated as 16.3, 36.6, 0.504, and 18.8 mM for liver and 20.0, 30.4, 0.787, and 31.8 mM for erythrocyte, respectively. Ki constants were 13.9, 18.4, 0.654, and 11.2 mM for liver and 23.2, 46.4, 1.19, and 36.4 mM for erythrocyte, respectively.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The results indicated that the antibiotics displayed non-competitive inhibition.

Improvement of antioxidant and defense properties of Tomato (var. Pusa Rohini) by application of bioaugmented compost

Nutrient management practices play a significant role in improving the nutritional quality of tomato. The present study deals with the evaluation of compost prepared using Effective Microorganisms (EM), on antioxidant and defense enzyme activities of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). A field experiment with five treatments (control, chemical fertilizer and EM compost alone and in combination) was conducted in randomized block design. An increment of 31.83% in tomato yield was recorded with the combined use of EM compost and half recommended dose of chemical fertilizers (N₅₀P₃₀K₂₅ + EM compost at the rate of 5 t ha⁻¹). Similarly, fruit quality was improved in terms of lycopene content (35.52%), antioxidant activity (24–63%) and defense enzymes activity (11–54%), in tomatoes in this treatment as compared to the application of recommended dose of fertilizers. Soil microbiological parameters also exhibited an increase of 7–31% in the enzyme activities in this treatment. Significant correlation among fruit quality parameters with soil microbiological activities reveals the positive impact of EM compost which may be adopted as an eco-friendly strategy for production of high quality edible products.

Melatonin: shedding light on infertility?--A review of the recent literature

In recent years, the negative impact of oxidative stress on fertility has become widely recognised. Several studies have demonstrated its negative effect on the number and quality of retrieved oocytes and embryos following in-vitro fertilisation (IVF). Melatonin, a pineal hormone that regulates circadian rhythms, has also been shown to exhibit unique oxygen scavenging abilities. Some studies have suggested a role for melatonin in gamete biology. Clinical studies also suggest that melatonin supplementation in IVF may lead to better pregnancy rates. Here we present a critical review and summary of the current literature and provide suggestions for future well designed clinical trials.