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Silva HB, Rodrigues DC, Andrade R, Teixeira GHGSF, Stelling MP, Ponte CG, Nascimento JHM, Campos de Carvalho AC, Medei E. Expression of potassium channels is relevant for cell survival and migration in a murine bone marrow stromal cell line. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18086-18097. [PMID: 30887515 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
S17 is a clonogenic bone marrow stromal (BMS) cell line derived from mouse that has been extensively used to assess both human and murine hematopoiesis support capacity. However, very little is known about the expression of potassium ion channels and their function in cell survival and migration in these cells. Thus, the present study was designed to characterize potassium ion channels using electrophysiological and molecular biological approaches in S17 BMS cells. The whole-cell configuration of the patch clamp technique has been applied to identify potassium ion currents and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) used to determine their molecular identities. Based on gating kinetics and pharmacological modulation of the macroscopic currents we found the presence of four functional potassium ion channels in S17 BMS cells. These include a current rapidly activated and inactivated, tetraethylammonium-sensitive, (IKV ) in most (50%) cells; a fast activated and rapidly inactivating A-type K + current (IK A -like); a delayed rectifier K + current (IK DR ) and an inward rectifier potassium current (IK IR ), found in, respectively 4.5%, 26% and 24% of these cells. RT-PCR confirmed the presence of mRNA transcripts for the alpha subunit of the corresponding functional ion channels. Additionally, functional assays were performed to investigate the importance of potassium currents in cell survival and migration. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide analyses revealed a reduction in cell viability, while wound healing assays revealed reduced migration potential in cells incubated with different potassium channel blockers. In conclusion, our data suggested that potassium currents might play a role in the maintenance of overall S17 cell ionic homeostasis directly affecting cell survival and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique B Silva
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Deivid C Rodrigues
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raiana Andrade
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel H G S F Teixeira
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Stelling
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristiano G Ponte
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José H M Nascimento
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Emiliano Medei
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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2
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis underlies coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular disease, which are the most common forms of life-threatening cardiovascular disorders. To minimize the risk of atherosclerotic complications, primary and secondary prevention strategies seek to control risk factors. Reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol through lipid-lowering drugs, such as statins, in particular yields a proportional decrease in cardiovascular disease risk. Atherosclerosis is considered to be a complex chronic inflammatory process triggered by cardiovascular risk factors which cause endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory cell infiltration within the artery wall. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the underling molecular mechanisms of the immune signals in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Among various molecular mechanisms, toll like receptors (TLRs) are potent proinflammatory cytokines that operate to induce inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Moreover, we discuss current knowledge regarding monocyte/macrophage biology that contributes to the progression of atherosclerosis, including macrophage polarization and heterogeneity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms in conjunction with orchestration of monocyte/macrophage biology should provide a basis for novel treatment strategies to prevent the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Iwata
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, 3 Blackfan Street, 17th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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3
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Sreejit P, Dilip KB, Verma RS. Generation of mesenchymal stem cell lines from murine bone marrow. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 350:55-68. [PMID: 22836234 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), because of their multipotency and ease of purification and amplification, are an ideal stem cell source for cell therapies. Bone-marrow-derived stem cells (BMSC) can be used to develop MSC-like immortalized cell lines with large proliferation and differentiation potentialities. Their immortalized status prevents the maintenance of MSC function and characters; this can be negated by modifying the isolation and maintenance protocol. Adult murine BMSC were isolated and maintained in media without additional growth factors together with passage-dependent reseeding following trypsinization. Cells maintained over 25 passages were considered as putative cell lines and characterized. The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and multilineage differentiation potential of the cells were assessed by morphological, phenotypic, and molecular assays at various passages. The putative BMSC cell lines showed the characteristics of MSC and were able to maintain these characteristics, even after immortalization. The phenotypic data demonstrated difference among two cell lines; this was further validated by the difference in their multilineage differentiation potential following specific induction. More importantly, no changes were observed in the genotypic level in comparison with control cells, even after more than 50 passages. Our protocol thus advances the isolation and maintenance of BMSC and the development of putative BMSC cell lines that maintain characteristics of MSC, including multilineage differentiation potential, after more than 40 passages.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sreejit
- Stem Cell & Molecular Biology Laboratory (201), Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036 TN, India
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Antoon R, Yeger H, Loai Y, Islam S, Farhat WA. Impact of bladder-derived acellular matrix, growth factors, and extracellular matrix constituents on the survival and multipotency of marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:72-83. [PMID: 21972045 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of bladder-derived acellular matrix (ACM) on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) growth, survival, and differentiation, and evaluate the effect of collagen I and IV on BM-MSC differentiation potential to SMC. BM-MSCs isolated from CD1(_) mice were characterized by surface markers and differentiation into different lineages. BM-MSC SMC potential was further evaluated in stem cell medium alone or supplemented with TGF-β1 and recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) on plastic, collagen I and IV using western blot. Furthermore, BM-MSCs were seeded on porcine derived ACM-fortified with hyaluronic acid and cultured in Mesencult+-growth factors, bone, or fat induction media for 3 weeks. Seeded constructs were evaluated by H&E, Ki67 assay, Oil red O, and Alizarin red stain. SMC differentiation was semiquantified via immunohistochemistry. BM-MSCs differentiated into fat and bone when induced. In Mesencult, BM-MSCs differentiated into SMC, expressing α-SMA, calponin, and MHC. BM-MSCs cultured on collagen I and IV reduced expression of SMC and MHC compared to plastic. On ACM-HA, BM-MSCs maintained multipotent state by differentiating to bone and fat when induced. In Mesencult, BM-MSC-seeded ACM-HA expressed α-SMA, calponin, and MHC. TGF-β1 and PDGF-BB enhanced SMC differentiation on collagens and ACM-HA. SMC proteins expression by BM-MSC varies depending on culture substrate. SMC markers are expressed higher on plastic and lower on collagen I, IV, and ACM-HA, suggesting these substrates preferentially maintain undifferentiated state of BM-MSC, which could be advantageous for incorporation of cell-seeded grafts to permit host modulation of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roula Antoon
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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5
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Pontikoglou C, Deschaseaux F, Sensebé L, Papadaki HA. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: biological properties and their role in hematopoiesis and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:569-89. [PMID: 21249477 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells that are present in practically all tissues as a specialized population of mural cells/pericytes that lie on the abluminal side of blood vessels. Originally identified within the bone marrow (BM) stroma, not only do they provide microenvironmental support for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), but can also differentiate into various mesodermal lineages. MSCs can easily be isolated from the BM and subsequently expand in vitro and in addition they exhibit intriguing immunomodulatory properties, thereby emerging as attractive candidates for various therapeutic applications. This review addresses the concept of BM MSCs via a hematologist's point of view. In this context it discusses the stem cell properties that have been attributed to BM MSCs, as compared to those of the prototypic hematopoietic stem cell model and then gives a brief overview of the in vitro and vivo features of the former, emphasizing on their immunoregulatory properties and their hematopoiesis-supporting role. In addition, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of BM MSCs within the context of a defective microenvironment, such as the one characterizing Myelodysplastic Syndromes are described and the potential involvement of these cells in the pathophysiology of the disease is discussed. Finally, emerging clinical applications of BM MSCs in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are reviewed and potential hazards from MSC use are outlined.
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Charbord P. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: historical overview and concepts. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:1045-56. [PMID: 20565251 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the historical emergence of the concept of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), summarizing data on Wolf and Trentin's hematopoietic inductive microenvironment; Dexter's hematopoiesis-supportive stromal cells; Friedenstein's osteogenic cells; and Pittenger's trilineal osteoblastic, chondrocytic, and adipocytic precursors; to finally introduce the specific bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with differentiation potential to four lineages (mesenchymal and vascular smooth muscle lineages), and stromal and immunomodulatory capacities. Two points are the object of detailed discussion. The first point envisions the stem cell attributes (multipotentiality, self-renewal, tissue regeneration, population heterogeneity, plasticity, and lineage priming) compared with that of the paradigmatic hematopoietic stem cell. In the second point, we discuss the possible existence of bone marrow cells with greater differentiation potential, eventually pluripotential cells. The latter point raises the issues of cell fusion, reprogramming, or selection under nonstandardized conditions of rare populations of neuroectodermal origin, or of cells that had undergone mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. In the last section, we review data on MSC senescence and possible malignant transformation secondary to extensive culture, gene transfer of telomerase, or mutations such as leading to Ewing's sarcoma. The set of data leads to the conclusion that bone marrow MSCs constitute a specific adult tissue stem cell population. The multiple characteristics of this stem cell type account for the versatility of the mechanisms of injured tissue repair. Although MSC administration may be extremely useful in a number of clinical applications, their transplantation is not without risks that must not be overlooked when developing cell therapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Charbord
- Institut National de la Recherche et Santé Médicale U, Université Paris XI, Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
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Farias VA, Linares-Fernández JL, Peñalver JL, Payá Colmenero JA, Ferrón GO, Duran EL, Fernández RM, Olivares EG, O'Valle F, Puertas A, Oliver FJ, Ruiz de Almodóvar JM. Human umbilical cord stromal stem cell express CD10 and exert contractile properties. Placenta 2010; 32:86-95. [PMID: 21126763 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been demonstrated that human umbilical cord stromal stem cells (UCSSCs) are bio-equivalent to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. However, little is known about their tissue origin or in vivo functions, and data on their expansion properties are limited due to early senescence in the culture methods described to date. METHODS UC sections and cultured UCSSCs were analyzed with a panel of 12 antibodies. UCSSCs were grown in low-FCS containing medium at 5% or 21% oxygen and were assayed for their clonogenic properties, karyotype stability, expression of specific cellular markers, and multi-lineage potential. UCSSC contractile properties were evaluated by using collagen gel contraction assays under cytokine stimulus. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry studies showed that the UCSSCs were derived from the Wharton's jelly and not from the vascular smooth muscle sheath of the blood vessels. UCSSC growth properties were increased in a 5% oxygen atmosphere in comparison to normoxic culture conditions. In both culture conditions, UCSSCs were CD14-, CD34-, and CD45-negative while expressing high levels of CD73, CD90 and CD105 and maintaining their differentiation potentialities. UCSSCs expressed alpha smooth muscle actin and behaved as functional myofibroblasts when cellular contraction was challenged with appropriate stimuli. CONCLUSIONS UCSCs are mesenchymal stem cells that reside in the perivascular area of Wharton's jelly and are phenotypically and functionally related to myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Farias
- Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Spain
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8
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Iwata H, Manabe I, Fujiu K, Yamamoto T, Takeda N, Eguchi K, Furuya A, Kuro-o M, Sata M, Nagai R. Bone marrow-derived cells contribute to vascular inflammation but do not differentiate into smooth muscle cell lineages. Circulation 2010; 122:2048-57. [PMID: 21041690 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.965202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been proposed that bone marrow-derived cells infiltrate the neointima, where they differentiate into smooth muscle (SM) cells; however, technical limitations have hindered clear identification of the lineages of bone marrow-derived "SM cell-like" cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a specific antibody against the definitive SM cell lineage marker SM myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) and mouse lines in which reporter genes were driven by regulatory programs for either SM-MHC or SM α-actin, we demonstrated that although some bone marrow-derived cells express SM α-actin in the wire injury-induced neointima, those cells did not express SM-MHC, even 30 weeks after injury. Likewise, no SM-MHC(+) bone marrow-derived cells were found in vascular lesions in apolipoprotein E(-/-)mice or in a heart transplantation vasculopathy model. Instead, the majority of bone marrow-derived SM α-actin(+) cells were also CD115(+)CD11b(+)F4/80(+)Ly-6C(+), which is the surface phenotype of inflammatory monocytes. Moreover, adoptively transferred CD11b(+)Ly-6C(+) bone marrow cells expressed SM α-actin in the injured artery. Expression of inflammation-related genes was significantly higher in neointimal subregions rich in bone marrow-derived SM α-actin(+) cells than in other regions. CONCLUSIONS It appears that bone marrow-derived SM α-actin(+) cells are of monocyte/macrophage lineage and are involved in vascular remodeling. It is very unlikely that these cells acquire the definitive SM cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Iwata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Silva HB, Medei E, Rodrigues DC, Rondinelli E, Almeida NAS, Goldenberg RCS, de Carvalho ACC, Nascimento JHM. Voltage-dependent calcium and chloride currents in S17 bone marrow stromal cell line. J Cell Physiol 2010; 223:244-51. [PMID: 20049895 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The bone marrow stromal cell line S17 has been used to study hematopoiesis in vitro. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of calcium and chloride currents in cultured S17 cells. Calcium currents were of low amplitude or barely detectable (50-100 pA). Hence to amplify the currents, we have used barium as a charge carrier. Barium currents were identified based on their distinct voltage-dependence, and sensitivity to dihydropyridines. S17 cells also exhibited a slowly activating outward current without inactivation, most commonly seen when the sodium of the extracellular solution was replaced either by TEA (TEA/Cs saline) or NMDG (NMDG saline), or by addition of amiloride to the extracellular solution. This current was abolished either by 500 microM SITS (4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2-2'-disulfonic acid) or 500 microM DPC (diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid) a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel blocker, identifying it as a Cl(-) current. RT-PCR identified the presence of ENaC and CFTR transcripts. CFTR blockade reduced cell proliferation, suggesting that this channel plays a physiological role in regulation of S17 cell proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester/pharmacology
- 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid/pharmacology
- Amiloride/pharmacology
- Animals
- Barium/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channel Agonists/pharmacology
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/drug effects
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/genetics
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation
- Chlorides/metabolism
- Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/drug effects
- Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/genetics
- Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/metabolism
- Epithelial Sodium Channels/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Membrane Potentials
- Mice
- Nifedipine/pharmacology
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sodium/metabolism
- Sodium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Stromal Cells/drug effects
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- ortho-Aminobenzoates/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique B Silva
- UFRJ, IBCCF, Laboratório de Eletrofisiologia Cardíaca Antonio Paes de Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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de Barros APDN, Takiya CM, Garzoni LR, Leal-Ferreira ML, Dutra HS, Chiarini LB, Meirelles MN, Borojevic R, Rossi MID. Osteoblasts and bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells control hematopoietic stem cell migration and proliferation in 3D in vitro model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9093. [PMID: 20161704 PMCID: PMC2816998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Migration, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are dependent upon a complex three-dimensional (3D) bone marrow microenvironment. Although osteoblasts control the HSC pool, the subendosteal niche is complex and its cellular composition and the role of each cell population in HSC fate have not been established. In vivo models are complex and involve subtle species-specific differences, while bidimensional cultures do not reflect the 3D tissue organization. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the role of human bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSC) and active osteoblasts in control of migration, lodgment, and proliferation of HSCs. Methodology/Principal Findings A complex mixed multicellular spheroid in vitro model was developed with human BMSC, undifferentiated or induced for one week into osteoblasts. A clear limit between the two stromal cells was established, and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin, collagens I and IV, laminin, and osteopontin was similar to the observed in vivo. Noninduced BMSC cultured as spheroid expressed higher levels of mRNA for the chemokine CXCL12, and the growth factors Wnt5a and Kit ligand. Cord blood and bone marrow CD34+ cells moved in and out the spheroids, and some lodged at the interface of the two stromal cells. Myeloid colony-forming cells were maintained after seven days of coculture with mixed spheroids, and the frequency of cycling CD34+ cells was decreased. Conclusions/Significance Undifferentiated and one-week osteo-induced BMSC self-assembled in a 3D spheroid and formed a microenvironment that is informative for hematopoietic progenitor cells, allowing their lodgment and controlling their proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula D. N. de Barros
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina M. Takiya
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana R. Garzoni
- Departamento de Ultrastructura e Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Hélio S. Dutra
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana B. Chiarini
- Instituto de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Nazareth Meirelles
- Departamento de Ultrastructura e Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Radovan Borojevic
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel D. Rossi
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Bonnet P, Awede B, Rochefort GY, Mirza A, Lermusiaux P, Domenech J, Eder V. Electrophysiological maturation of rat mesenchymal stem cells after induction of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 17:1131-40. [PMID: 19006452 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into smooth muscle-like cells. However their functionalities remain questionable. The aim of this study was to investigate the functionality of MSCs differentiated into smooth muscle (SM) in vitro by SM-inducing medium. MSCs have been isolated from rat bone marrow and cultured in SM-inducing medium. After 21 days in culture, messenger RNA and specific SM proteins such as myosin heavy chain and myosin light chain 2 were expressed in the in vitro differentiated MSCs to a similar level of that in freshly isolated SM cells (SMCs). At the electrophysiological level, MSCs presented an outward K+ current with an IK(DR) component and IK(Ca) component. In vitro differentiation induced an enhancement of the IK(Ca) current to a level similar to that observed in aortic SMCs. Calcium homeostasis measurements revealed that both differentiated and undifferentiated MSCs responded to extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a similar fashion to SMCs. However MSCs failed to contract in response to ATP. This data shows that despite specific SM protein expression and modification of electrophysiological properties similar to that of aortic SMCs, MSCs cultured in differentiation medium failed to display contractile properties. These results underline the necessity to find the ideal cultured conditions to induce complete SMC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bonnet
- LAB.P.ART. EA3852, Medicine Faculty, University François Rabelais, Tours, France
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12
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Fetal and Adult Leydig Cells Are of Common Orig. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00513-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ackema KB, Charité J. Mesenchymal stem cells from different organs are characterized by distinct topographic Hox codes. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:979-91. [PMID: 18533811 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent cells found as part of the stromal compartment of the bone marrow and in many other organs. They can be identified in vitro as CFU-F (colony forming unit-fibroblast) based on their ability to form adherent colonies of fibroblast-like cells in culture. MSC expanded in vitro retain characteristics appropriate to their tissue of origin. This is reflected in their propensity for differentiating towards specific lineages, and their capacity to generate, upon retransplantation in vivo, a stroma supporting typical lineages of hematopoietic cells. Hox genes encode master regulators of regional specification and organ development in the embryo and are widely expressed in the adult. We investigated whether they could be involved in determining tissue-specific properties of MSC. Hox gene expression profiles of individual CFU-F colonies derived from various organs and anatomical locations were generated, and the relatedness between these profiles was determined using hierarchical cluster analysis. This revealed that CFU-F have characteristic Hox expression signatures that are heterogeneous but highly specific for their anatomical origin. The topographic specificity of these Hox codes is maintained during differentiation, suggesting that they are an intrinsic property of MSC. Analysis of Hox codes of CFU-F from vertebral bone marrow suggests that MSC originate over a large part of the anterioposterior axis, but may not originate from prevertebral mesenchyme. These data are consistent with a role for Hox proteins in specifying cellular identity of MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin B Ackema
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells seeded on a vascular prosthesis contribute to the restoration of a physiologic vascular wall. J Vasc Surg 2008; 47:1313-21. [PMID: 18329228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the possibility of restoring a physiologic vascular wall using undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded on a polyurethane vascular prosthesis. METHODS Undifferentiated MSCs were seeded on a vascular prosthesis and implanted into Wistar male rats (weight, 350 g) to investigate differentiation into smooth muscle cells and to determine graft endothelialization in vivo. RESULTS Seeded or nonseeded grafts were surgically implanted. Undifferentiated MSCs were first labelled for green fluorescent protein. After 2 weeks in vivo, MSC that were initially self-expanded on the graft in a monolayer were organized in a multicellular layer mimicking media of aortic adjacent wall. They coexpressed green fluorescent protein and smooth muscle proteins that were not present before the in vivo engraftment, indicating that in vivo conditions induced smooth muscle protein maturation. Undifferentiated MSC showed an electrophysiologic profile quite different than mature smooth muscle cells. In both in vitro- and in vivo-differentiated MSCs, adenosine triphosphate, an IP(3)-dependent agonist, induced an increase in calcium similar to that which occurred in mature smooth muscle cells. However, MSCs failed to respond to caffeine, a ryanodine receptor activator, indicating the absence of mature calcium signaling, and finally, contraction was absent. Endothelialization attested by immunohistology and scanning electron microscopy was greater in MSC-seeded grafts that prevent thrombosis. CONCLUSION Only partial smooth muscle cell differentiation of MSCs resulted when seeded on vascular grafts, but MSCs spontaneously restore a media-like thick wall. Mesenchymal stem cells have a positive impact on in vivo endothelialization in rats that supports their potential for use in vascular surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Thrombosis of vascular prostheses is a major complication of surgery. We showed on rat aorta that mesenchymal stem cells seeded on polyurethane patch restore endothelium. It also induced incomplete smooth muscle differentiation. In the future, stem cell could prevent thrombosis of vascular prostheses.
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Abstract
Cells in the immediate microenvironment together with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) constitute the stem cell niche. The microenvironmental or stromal cells provide a complex molecular milieu that helps mediate and balance the self-renewal and commitment potentials of stem cells. The molecules in this milieu are not well defined. In this study, we have intersected previous cDNA subtraction studies with array expression methodologies to define and categorize known gene products expressed by HSC-supportive stromal cell lines. Data were curated from our previously released Stromal Cell Database (StroCDB) containing a set of gene products enriched for expression in the fetal liver stromal cell line AFT024. Global expression analyses were extended to other stem cell-supporting and -nonsupporting fetal liver stromal cell lines using commercially available microarrays. Known and previously described gene products from selected categories were studied: transcription factors, cell membrane proteins, cytoskeleton and related proteins, extracellular matrix proteins, cell adhesion molecules and their corresponding signaling molecules, and cytokines and their related mediators. More than 300 known gene products were selected for expression in HSC-supporting stromal cells compared to nonsupporting lines. Analyses of the data suggest that HSC-supportive cells are immature, sessile, and highly reactive after binding to integrin ligands and cytokines. Therefore, they provide a dynamic space poised to respond to molecular cues elaborated within the stem cell niche. The study provides a survey of known proteins that play key roles in the support of HSCs by fetal liver stromal cells. It also provides insights into the biology of the stem cell niche by highlighting the complex network of intercellular signaling and communication involved in the organization of the niche space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Charbord
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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16
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Weisel KC, Gao Y, Shieh JH, Moore MAS. Stromal cell lines from the aorta-gonado-mesonephros region are potent supporters of murine and human hematopoiesis. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:1505-16. [PMID: 17046570 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hematopoietic system is nurtured by a supportive stroma environment allowing maintenance and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). However, only a limited number of these stromal cell clones support hematopoiesis in the absence of cytokine supplementation. So far, only two bone marrow-derived stromal cell lines (OP9 and S17) are capable of inducing hematopoietic differentiation of totipotent murine and human embryonic stem cells (ESC). Here, the potential of more than 100 stromal cell lines developed from the aorta-gonado-mesonephros (AGM) region was investigated in supporting adult and embryonic hematopoiesis. In addition, extensive phenotypic analysis should elucidate possible mechanisms involved in maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell function. METHODS More than 100 stromal cell clones derived from the AGM region of E10.5 mouse embryos were isolated. Hematopoietic stem cell support was tested for adult murine and human cord blood hematopoietic stem cells and hematopoietic cells derived from murine ESC. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization was performed including gene array analysis. RESULTS It was demonstrated that multiple clones showed high efficiency in supporting maintenance and expansion of primitive murine and human hematopoietic progenitors. In addition, we demonstrated for the first time that AGM stromal cell lines are also potent inducers of hematopoietic differentiation of murine ESC. Microarray analysis of AGM lines revealed a characteristic genotype with expression of genes involved in regulating hematopoiesis as well as mesodermal and early B cell development. CONCLUSION These AGM stromal cell lines may be of value in elucidating molecular mechanisms regulating early stem cell development and hematopoietic differentiation from ES-derived mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja C Weisel
- Laboratory of Developmental Hematopoiesis, Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Rodríguez LV, Alfonso Z, Zhang R, Leung J, Wu B, Ignarro LJ. Clonogenic multipotent stem cells in human adipose tissue differentiate into functional smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:12167-72. [PMID: 16880387 PMCID: PMC1567713 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604850103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle is a major component of human tissues and is essential for the normal function of a multitude of organs including the intestine, urinary tract and the vascular system. The use of stem cells for cell-based tissue engineering and regeneration strategies represents a promising alternative for smooth muscle repair. For such strategies to succeed, a reliable source of smooth muscle precursor cells must be identified. Adipose tissue provides an abundant source of multipotent cells. In this study, the capacity of processed lipoaspirate (PLA) and adipose-derived stem cells to differentiate into phenotypic and functional smooth muscle cells was evaluated. To induce differentiation, PLA cells were cultured in smooth muscle differentiation medium. Smooth muscle differentiation of PLA cells induced genetic expression of all smooth muscle markers and further confirmed by increased protein expression of smooth muscle cell-specific alpha actin (ASMA), calponin, caldesmon, SM22, myosin heavy chain (MHC), and smoothelin. Clonal studies of adipose derived multipotent cells demonstrated differentiation of these cells into smooth muscle cells in addition to trilineage differentiation capacity. Importantly, smooth muscle-differentiated cells, but not their precursors, exhibit the functional ability to contract and relax in direct response to pharmacologic agents. In conclusion, adipose-derived cells have the potential to differentiate into functional smooth muscle cells and, thus, adipose tissue can be a useful source of cells for treatment of injured tissues where smooth muscle plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa V. Rodríguez
- *Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, 924 Westwood Boulevard, Suite 520, Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - Zeni Alfonso
- *Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, 924 Westwood Boulevard, Suite 520, Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - Rong Zhang
- *Department of Urology, University of California School of Medicine, 924 Westwood Boulevard, Suite 520, Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - Joanne Leung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Box 951600, 7523 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600; and
| | - Benjamin Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Box 951600, 7523 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600; and
| | - Louis J. Ignarro
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California School of Medicine, Box 951735, 23-305A CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735
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18
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Abstract
Reconstructive surgery using autologous vessels is the conventional approach for substitution of diseased vessels or for generation of bypass to improve blood supply downstream of stenosed vessels. In some circumstances the use of autologous material is not possible due to concomitant diseases or previous use, and artificial grafts must be used. Unfortunately, these grafts cannot substitute small-caliber arterial vessels because of thrombotic complications. The objective of tissue engineering at the vascular level is then to generate biological substitutes of arterial conduits with functional characteristics of native vessels, combining cellular components with biodegradable scaffolds. These research projects started in several laboratories, in the late 1990s, and have expanded in different directions using a number of experimental approaches. The objective of this review is to give an overview of the results so far obtained in this area of research, and to discuss the problems related to these investigations, at the experimental and clinical level. The article provides an overview of different biodegradable scaffolds used, experimental techniques for vessels maturation in vitro under mechanical stimulation, and of differentiated as well as precursors of vascular cells, which opens new opportunities for further development of this form of cell transplantation. Finally, the current available results in clinical research will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
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19
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Kieusseian A, Chagraoui J, Kerdudo C, Mangeot PE, Gage PJ, Navarro N, Izac B, Uzan G, Forget BG, Dubart-Kupperschmitt A. Expression of Pitx2 in stromal cells is required for normal hematopoiesis. Blood 2006; 107:492-500. [PMID: 16195330 PMCID: PMC1895608 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-02-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the expression of Pitx2, a bicoid family homeodomain transcription factor, is highly regulated during hematopoiesis, its function during this process was not documented; we thus studied hematopoiesis in Pitx2-null mice. We found that Pitx2(-/-) embryos display hypoplastic livers with reduced numbers of hematopoietic cells, but these cells had normal hematopoietic potential, as evidenced by colony-forming assays, immature progenitor cell assays, and long-term repopulation assays. Because the microenvironment is also crucial to the development of normal hematopoiesis, we established Pitx2(-/-) and Pitx2(+/+) stromas from fetal liver and studied their hematopoietic supportive capacity. We showed that the frequency of cobblestone area-forming cells was 4-fold decreased when using Pitx2(-/-) stromal cells compared with Pitx2(+/+) stromal cells, whatever the Pitx2 genotype of hematopoietic cells tested in this assay. This defect was rescued by expression of Pitx2 into Pitx2(-/-) fetal liver stromal cells, demonstrating a major and direct role of Pitx2 in the hematopoietic supportive capacity of fetal liver stroma. Finally, we showed a reduced capacity of MS5 stromal cells expressing Pitx2 RNAi to support human hematopoiesis. Altogether these data showed that Pitx2 has major functions in the hematopoietic supportive capacity of fetal liver and adult bone marrow stromal cells.
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20
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Weisel KC, Moore MAS. Genetic and Functional Characterization of Isolated Stromal Cell Lines from the Aorta-Gonado-Mesonephros Region. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1044:51-9. [PMID: 15958697 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1349.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic system interacts with a supportive stromal environment allowing maintenance and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The aorta-gonado-mesonephros (AGM) region serves as a unique embryonic microenvironment, generating the first adult repopulating HSCs in the mouse embryo. To eludicate factors involved in hematopoietic support and induction of hematopoietic differentiation, we isolated more than 100 stromal cell clones derived from the AGM region of embryonic day (E) 10.5 mouse embryos for functional and genetic analysis. Selected isolated AGM stromal cell lines are highly efficient in supporting maintenance and expansion of mouse and human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. In addition, we can demonstrate for the first time that AGM stromal cell lines are also potent inducers of hematopoietic differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells. Stromal gene array analysis has identified genes that could play a role in hematopoietic support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja C Weisel
- University of Tübingen, Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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21
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Owens GK, Kumar MS, Wamhoff BR. Molecular regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in development and disease. Physiol Rev 2004; 84:767-801. [PMID: 15269336 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2517] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of molecular mechanisms/processes that control differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) during normal development and maturation of the vasculature, as well as how these mechanisms/processes are altered in vascular injury or disease. A major challenge in understanding differentiation of the vascular SMC is that this cell can exhibit a wide range of different phenotypes at different stages of development, and even in adult organisms the cell is not terminally differentiated. Indeed, the SMC is capable of major changes in its phenotype in response to changes in local environmental cues including growth factors/inhibitors, mechanical influences, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and various inflammatory mediators. There has been much progress in recent years to identify mechanisms that control expression of the repertoire of genes that are specific or selective for the vascular SMC and required for its differentiated function. One of the most exciting recent discoveries was the identification of the serum response factor (SRF) coactivator gene myocardin that appears to be required for expression of many SMC differentiation marker genes, and for initial differentiation of SMC during development. However, it is critical to recognize that overall control of SMC differentiation/maturation, and regulation of its responses to changing environmental cues, is extremely complex and involves the cooperative interaction of many factors and signaling pathways that are just beginning to be understood. There is also relatively recent evidence that circulating stem cell populations can give rise to smooth muscle-like cells in association with vascular injury and atherosclerotic lesion development, although the exact role and properties of these cells remain to be clearly elucidated. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of our knowledge in this area and to attempt to identify some of the key unresolved challenges and questions that require further study.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/metabolism
- Animals
- Arteriosclerosis/genetics
- Cell Differentiation
- Cellular Senescence
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/embryology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phenotype
- Vascular Diseases/genetics
- Vascular Diseases/metabolism
- Vascular Diseases/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary K Owens
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Univ. of Virginia School of Medicine, 415 Lane Rd., Medical Research Building 5, Rm. 1220, PO Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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22
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Tropel P, Noël D, Platet N, Legrand P, Benabid AL, Berger F. Isolation and characterisation of mesenchymal stem cells from adult mouse bone marrow. Exp Cell Res 2004; 295:395-406. [PMID: 15093739 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2003.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2003] [Revised: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The future use of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for human therapies depends on the establishment of preclinical studies with other mammals such as mouse. Surprisingly, purification and characterisation of murine MSCs were only poorly documented. The aim of this study was to purify mouse MSCs from adult bone marrow and to functionally characterise their abilities to differentiate along diverse lineages. Adherent cells from adult C57Bl/6J mouse bone marrow were depleted of granulo-monocytic cells and subsequently allowed to grow on fibronectin-coated dishes in presence of fetal bovine serum and growth factors. The growing fibroblastoid cell population primarily consisted of spindle- and star-shaped cells with significant renewal capacity as they were cultured until 30 passages (about 60 doubling population). We fully demonstrated the MSC phenotype of these cells by inducing them to differentiate along osteoblastic, adipocytic, and chondrocytic pathways. Mouse MSCs (mMSCs) sharing the same morphological and functional characteristics as human MSCs can be successfully isolated from adult bone marrow without previous mouse or bone marrow treatment. Therefore, mMSCs will be an important tool to study the in vivo behaviour and fate of this cell type after grafting in mouse pathology models.
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23
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Hoppo T, Fujii H, Hirose T, Yasuchika K, Azuma H, Baba S, Naito M, Machimoto T, Ikai I. Thy1-positive mesenchymal cells promote the maturation of CD49f-positive hepatic progenitor cells in the mouse fetal liver. Hepatology 2004; 39:1362-70. [PMID: 15122765 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported a system to enrich mouse fetal hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) by forming cell aggregates. In this study, we sorted two cell populations, CD49f(+)Thy1(-)CD45(-) cells (CD49f-positive cells) and CD49f(+/-)Thy1(+)CD45(-) cells (Thy1-positive cells), from the cell aggregates using a flow cytometer. CD49f-positive cells stained positive for endodermal specific markers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), albumin (ALB), and cytokeratin 19 (CK19), and are thus thought to be HPCs. However, Thy1-positive cells were a morphologically heterogeneous population; reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemical analyses revealed the expression of mesenchymal cell markers such as alpha-smooth muscle actin, desmin, and vimentin, but not of AFP, ALB, or CK19. Therefore, Thy1-positive cells were thought to be of a mesenchymal lineage. When these two cell populations were co-cultured, the CD49f-positive colonies matured morphologically and stored a significant amount of glycogen. Furthermore, real-time RT-PCR demonstrated an increased expression of tyrosine amino transferase and tryptophan oxygenase mRNA, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that co-cultured cells produced mature hepatocytes. However, when CD49f-positive cells were cultured alone or when the two populations were cultured separately, the CD49f-positive cells did not mature. These results indicate that CD49f-positive cells are primitive hepatic endodermal cells with the capacity to differentiate into hepatocytes, and that Thy1-positive cells promote the maturation of CD49f-positive cells by direct cell-to-cell contact. In conclusion, we were able to isolate CD49f-positive primitive hepatic endodermal cells and Thy1-positive mesenchymal cells and to demonstrate the requirement of cell-to-cell contact between these cell types for the maturation of the hepatic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Hoppo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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24
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Rodríguez MDC, Bernad A, Aracil M. Interleukin-6 deficiency affects bone marrow stromal precursors, resulting in defective hematopoietic support. Blood 2003; 103:3349-54. [PMID: 14701687 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-10-3438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a critical factor in the regulation of stromal function and hematopoiesis. In vivo bromodeoxyuridine incorporation analysis indicates that the percentage of Lin(-)Sca-1(+) hematopoietic progenitors undergoing DNA synthesis is diminished in IL-6-deficient (IL-6(-/-)) bone marrow (BM) compared with wild-type BM. Reduced proliferation of IL-6(-/-) BM progenitors is also observed in IL-6(-/-) long-term BM cultures, which show defective hematopoietic support as measured by production of total cells, granulocyte macrophage-colony-forming units (CFU-GMs), and erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-Es). Seeding experiments of wild-type and IL-6(-/-) BM cells on irradiated wild-type or IL-6-deficient stroma indicate that the hematopoietic defect can be attributed to the stromal and not to the hematopoietic component. In IL-6(-/-) BM, stromal mesenchymal precursors, fibroblast CFUs (CFU-Fs), and stroma-initiating cells (SICs) are reduced to almost 50% of the wild-type BM value. Moreover, IL-6(-/-) stromata show increased CD34 and CD49e expression and reduced expression of the membrane antigens vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), Sca-1, CD49f, and Thy1. These data strongly suggest that IL-6 is an in vivo growth factor for mesenchymal precursors, which are in part implicated in the reduced longevity of the long-term repopulating stem cell compartment of IL-6(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Carmen Rodríguez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Wolf NS, Penn PE, Rao D, McKee MD. Intraclonal plasticity for bone, smooth muscle, and adipocyte lineages in bone marrow stroma fibroblastoid cells. Exp Cell Res 2003; 290:346-57. [PMID: 14567992 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(03)00321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow stroma fibroblastoid cells (BMSFC) develop from a single clone of cells within each of the in vitro fibroblastoid colonies (CFU-F) derived from either murine or human bone marrow. All of the clones represented by these colonies displayed antigenic and product markers for osteoblast, smooth muscle, and adipocyte lineages when tested separately for each marker. Separate sets of fibroblastoid colonies derived from the same individual donor's culture tested positive with antibodies specific for smooth muscle-specific heavy chain myosin (SMMHC), smooth muscle alpha actin-1, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, or alkaline phosphatase, and developed von Kossa-positive deposits shown by X-ray microanalysis and electron diffraction to be hydroxyapatite. Individual cells were positive for both SMMHC and osteocalcin. All cells in the multiple clones tested were capable of metabolizing a fatty acid to form intracellular lipid droplets. PCR transcripts obtained from the human cell cultures that provided these BMSFC clones were consistent with the immunocytochemical findings. Transcripts for PPAR (gamma)-2 and Cbfa-1 were dependent upon the culture medium content, suggesting an osteoblast/adipocyte differentiation switch point. Cell lineage specificity for markers and RNA transcripts was determined by comparison to skin fibroblast controls. These findings demonstrate a high degree of interlineage plasticity in vitro for BMSFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman S Wolf
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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26
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Campioni D, Lanza F, Moretti S, Dominici M, Punturieri M, Pauli S, Hofmann T, Horwitz E, Castoldi GL. Functional and immunophenotypic characteristics of isolated CD105(+) and fibroblast(+) stromal cells from AML: implications for their plasticity along endothelial lineage. Cytotherapy 2003; 5:66-79. [PMID: 12745588 DOI: 10.1080/14653240310000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro cultures of BM cells from newly diagnosed patients with AML displayed a defective BM stromal compartment, with a reduced number of fibroblast-colony-forming unit (CFU-F: 1 +/- 1.25 SD) and a decreased proliferative ability. The purposes of our study were: 1). to select BM mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and BM-derived stromal cells (BMDSCs) from AML patients at diagnosis and from healthy subjects, using an immunomagnetic system and either anti-CD105 or anti-fibroblast MAbs; 2). to study the immunophenotypic and functional properties of freshly isolated and cultured mesenchymal cells; 3). to test the in vitro plasticity of the selected cells to differentiate towards an endothelial phenotype. METHODS Fresh mononuclear cells obtained from BM of 20 patients newly diagnosed with AML and from eight healthy subjects were selected by using anti-fibroblast and anti-CD105 MAbs. Freshly isolated cells were analyzed, characterized by flow cytometry using a wide panel of MAbs and seeded in long-term culture medium to assess CFU-F formation. The level of confluence after 30 days and functional capacity in a long-term colony-forming cell culture (LTC-CFC) were tested. Furthermore, the cultured selected cell populations were assayed for their ability to differentiate into an endothelial-like cell phenotype with the addition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEFG) and endothelial cell growth supplement (ECGS). RESULTS In normal subjects the selection produced an increase of the CFU-F number of 2.6-fold with anti-fibroblast MAb and 2.7-fold with the anti-CD105 MAb. Anti-fibroblast and anti-CD105 MAb selection from AML BM cells resulted in a statistically significant greater count of CFU-F that was respectively 10.6-fold (P = 0.04) and 14.4-fold (P = 0.00001) higher in comparison with the unselected AML samples. Interestingly, in 80% of AML samples immunoselection was also able to restore the capacity of the CFU-F to proliferate and form confluent stromal layers. The isolation of those layers sustained the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in the LTC-CFC. The phenotypic profile of cultured BMDSCs was different from that of the freshly isolated cells, and changed in relation to the culture conditions: CD105+ selected cells cultured with VEGF and ECGS expressed endothelial markers, a finding that suggests that this cell subpopulation may have the potential to differentiate toward an endothelial-like phenotype. DISCUSSION We report that immunomagnetic selection represents a valid tool for the selection of BM mesenchymal cells in samples obtained from both healthy subjects and patients with AML. This technique was able to rescue two functional and immunophenotypic compartments related to two different selected populations. In particular, the CD105+ cells isolated in AML displayed, after stimulation with VEGF and ECGS, the ability to change towards an endothelial-like cell phenotype, thus revealing an unexpected plasticity. Both CD105+ and fibroblast+ cells once successfully isolated might represent sources of mesenchymal cells populations useful for in vitro investigations and, above all, as therapeutic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Campioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
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27
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Abstract
Since the establishment of cell lines derived from human embryonic stem (ES) cells, it has been speculated that out of such "raw material," we could some day produce all sorts of replacement parts for the human body. Human pluripotent stem cells can be isolated from embryonic, fetal, or adult tissues. Enormous self-renewal capacity and developmental potential are the characteristics of ES cells. Somatic stem cells, especially those derived from hematopoietic tissues, have also been reported to exhibit developmental potential heretofore not considered possible. The initial evidences for the plasticity potential of somatic stem cells were so encouraging that the opponents of ES cell research used them as arguments for restricting ES cell research. In the past months, however, critical issues have been raised challenging the validity and the interpretation of the initial data. Whereas hematopoietic stem-cell therapy has been a clinical reality for almost 40 years, there is still a long way to go in basic research before novel therapy strategies with stem cells as replacement for other organ systems can be established. Given the present status, we should keep all options open for research in ES cells and adult stem cells to appreciate the complexity of their differentiation pathways and the relative merits of various types of stem cells for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Ho
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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28
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Chagraoui J, Lepage-Noll A, Anjo A, Uzan G, Charbord P. Fetal liver stroma consists of cells in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Blood 2003; 101:2973-82. [PMID: 12506029 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-05-1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver becomes the predominant site of hematopoiesis by 11.5 dpc (days after coitus) in the mouse and 15 gestational weeks in humans and stays so until the end of gestation. The reason the liver is the major hematopoietic site during fetal life is not clear. In this work, we tried to define which of the fetal liver microenvironmental cell populations would be associated with the development of hematopoiesis and found that a population of cells with mixed endodermal and mesodermal features corresponded to hematopoietic-supportive fetal liver stroma. Stromal cells generated from primary cultures or stromal lines from mouse or human fetal liver in the hematopoietic florid phase expressed both mesenchymal markers (vimentin, osteopontin, collagen I, alpha smooth muscle actin, thrombospondin-1, EDa fibronectin, calponin, Stro-1 antigens, myocyte-enhancer factor 2C) and epithelial (alpha-fetoprotein, cytokeratins 8 and 18, albumin, E-cadherin, hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 alpha) markers. Such a cell population fits with the description of cells in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), often observed during development, including that of the liver. The hematopoietic supportive capacity of EMT cells was lost after hepatocytic maturation, induced by oncostatin M in the cell line AFT024. EMT cells were observed in the fetal liver microenvironment during the hematopoietic phase but not in nonhematopoietic liver by the end of gestation and in the adult. EMT cells represent a novel stromal cell type that may be generated from hepatic endodermal or mesenchymal stem cells or even from circulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) seeding the liver rudiment.
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29
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Abstract
Stromal cells generated in long-term cultures appear to follow a vascular smooth muscle differentiation pathway. Such a pathway, comprising several steps hallmarked by the expression of cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix markers, is found not only for bone marrow stromal cells, but also for stromal cells generated from the different developmental sites of hematopoiesis (yolk sac, aorta-gonad-mesonephros region, fetal liver, and spleen). Factors responsible for this differentiation pathway and its functional significance are discussed. The mesenchymal founder cell might be, at least for bone marrow, a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), giving rise to stromal cells, endothelial cells, adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes. A feature that distinguishes the MSC lineage from that of the hematopoietic stem cell lineage is that differentiation pathways are not strictly delineated, since even apparently fully differentiated cells from a given lineage have the potential to convert into another lineage (phenotype "plasticity") and intermediate cell phenotypes are observed. A stochastic Repression/Induction model that would account for this plasticity is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Dennis
- Skeletal Research Center, Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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30
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Charbord P, Oostendorp R, Pang W, Hérault O, Noel F, Tsuji T, Dzierzak E, Péault B. Comparative study of stromal cell lines derived from embryonic, fetal, and postnatal mouse blood-forming tissues. Exp Hematol 2002; 30:1202-10. [PMID: 12384152 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(02)00895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To better understand the differentiation of stromal cells of the hematopoietic microenvironment, we set out to characterize stromal cells from the different developmental sites of hematopoiesis in the mouse (30 bone marrow, 7 spleen, 3 embryonic and 15 fetal liver, 6 yolk sac, and 6 aorta-gonad-mesonephros lines) for expression of 22 cytoskeletal, membrane, and extracellular matrix proteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry were used. Statistical methods included principal components analysis and analysis of variance. RESULTS Stromal cells from 11 dpc mouse embryos express mesenchymal and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) markers. Principal components analysis on the 70 stromal cell lines isolated from different anatomic sites and developmental stages allows classification of stromal lines along a mesenchymal to VSMC differentiation pathway. Stromal cells do not express endothelial and hematopoietic differentiation membrane antigens, but they do express integrin alpha(5), alpha(6), and beta(1) subunits, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, CD44, stem cell antigen-1, Thy-1, CD34, and endoglin. The intensity of expression of certain markers differs between lines according to the anatomic site of origin. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that stromal cells, whatever their anatomic site of origin, follow a VSMC differentiation pathway, suggesting a blood-forming tissue-specific differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Differential quantitative expression of distinct sets of markers appears to be correlated with the anatomic sites of origin of the stromal cells.
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31
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Siler U, Rousselle P, Müller CA, Klein G. Laminin gamma2 chain as a stromal cell marker of the human bone marrow microenvironment. Br J Haematol 2002; 119:212-20. [PMID: 12358928 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Laminins are large heterotrimeric molecules consisting of alpha, beta and gamma chains. At present, five alpha chains, three beta chains and three gamma chains have been characterized. Laminin-5 (alpha3beta3gamma2) is the only isoform known to date which contains a gamma2 chain. In human bone marrow, non-haematopoietic stromal cells expressed the laminin gamma2 chain, whereas bone marrow mononuclear cells did not. Co-localization of the gamma2 chain was detected with the laminin alpha4 and alpha5 chains, and co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed a new isoform consisting of alpha5, beta2 and gamma2 chains. The laminin gamma2 chain was also co-localized with alpha-sm-actin in bone marrow, but it was not expressed in endothelial cells or megakaryocytes, indicating that the gamma2 chain is exclusively expressed in vivo in bone marrow stromal cells. The laminin gamma2 chain containing isoform LN-5 was shown to be an adhesive substrate for a small subpopulation of bone marrow mononuclear cells and also for peripheral blood platelets. Taken together, these results indicate that (I) laminin isoforms containing the gamma2 chain can act as adhesive substrates for human haematopoietic cells, and (II) the laminin gamma2 chain can be used as a specific marker molecule for human bone-marrow-derived stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Siler
- University Medical Clinic, Section for Transplantation Immunology and Immunohematology, Tübingen, Germany
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32
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Thongboonkerd V, Gozal E, Sachleben LR, Arthur JM, Pierce WM, Cai J, Chao J, Bader M, Pesquero JB, Gozal D, Klein JB. Proteomic analysis reveals alterations in the renal kallikrein pathway during hypoxia-induced hypertension. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:34708-16. [PMID: 12121987 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203799200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), a disorder characterized by episodic hypoxia (EH) during sleep, is associated with systemic hypertension. We used proteomic analysis to examine differences in rat kidney protein expression during EH, and their potential relationship to EH-induced hypertension. Young male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to either EH or sustained hypoxia (SH) for 14 (EH14/SH14) and 30 (EH30/SH30) days. Mean arterial blood pressure was significantly increased only in EH30 (p < 0.0002). Kidney proteins were resolved by two-dimensional-PAGE and were identified by MALDI-MS. Renal expression of kallistatin, a potent vasodilator, was down-regulated in all animals. Expression of alpha-1-antitrypsin, an inhibitor of kallikrein activation, was up-regulated in EH but down-regulated in SH. Western blotting showed significant elevation of B(2)-bradykinin receptor expression in all normotensive animals but remained unchanged in hypertensive animals. Proteins relevant to vascular hypertrophy, such as smooth muscle myosin and protein-disulfide isomerase were up-regulated in EH30 but were down-regulated in SH30. These data indicate that EH induces changes in renal protein expression consistent with impairment of vasodilation mediated by the kallikrein-kallistatin pathway and vascular hypertrophy. In contrast, SH-induced changes suggest the kallikrein- and bradykinin-mediated compensatory mechanisms for prevention of hypertension and vascular remodeling. To test the hypothesis suggested by the proteomic data, we measured the effect of EH on blood pressure in transgenic hKLK1 rats that overexpress human kallikrein. Transgenic hKLK1 animals were protected from EH-induced hypertension. We conclude that EH-induced hypertension may result, at least in part, from altered regulation of the renal kallikrein system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visith Thongboonkerd
- Core Proteomics Laboratory, Kidney Disease Program, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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Oostendorp RAJ, Medvinsky AJ, Kusadasi N, Nakayama N, Harvey K, Orelio C, Ottersbach K, Covey T, Ploemacher RE, Saris C, Dzierzak E. Embryonal subregion-derived stromal cell lines from novel temperature-sensitive SV40 T antigen transgenic mice support hematopoiesis. J Cell Sci 2002; 115:2099-108. [PMID: 11973351 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.115.10.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, the hematopoietic system requires a supportive microenvironment that allows for the maintenance and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). To understand the cellular interactions and molecules that provide these functions, investigators have previously established stromal cell lines from the late gestational stage and adult murine hematopoietic microenvironments. However, the stromal cell microenvironment that supports the emergence, expansion and maintenance of HSCs during mid-gestational stages has been largely unexplored. Since several tissues within the mouse embryo are known to harbor HSCs (i.e. aortagonads-mesonephros, yolk sac, liver), we generated numerous stromal cell clones from these mid-gestational sites. Owing to the limited cell numbers,isolations were performed with tissues from transgenic embryos containing the ts SV40 Tag gene (tsA58) under the transcriptional control of constitutive and ubiquitously expressing promoters. We report here that the growth and cloning efficiency of embryonic cells (with the exception of the aorta) is increased in the presence of the tsA58 transgene. Furthermore, our results show that the large panel of stromal clones isolated from the different embryonal subregions exhibit heterogeneity in their ability to promote murine and human hematopoietic differentiation. Despite our findings of heterogeneity in hematopoietic growth factor gene expression profiles, high-level expression of some factors may influence hematopoietic differentiation. Interestingly, a few of these stromal clones express a recently described chordin-like protein, which is an inhibitor of bone morphogenic proteins and is preferentially expressed in cells of the mesenchymal lineage.
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Oostendorp RAJ, Harvey KN, Kusadasi N, de Bruijn MFTR, Saris C, Ploemacher RE, Medvinsky AL, Dzierzak EA. Stromal cell lines from mouse aorta-gonads-mesonephros subregions are potent supporters of hematopoietic stem cell activity. Blood 2002; 99:1183-9. [PMID: 11830464 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.4.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aorta-gonads-mesonephros (AGM) region autonomously generates the first adult repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the mouse embryo. HSC activity is initially localized to the dorsal aorta and mesenchyme (AM) and vitelline and umbilical arteries. Thereafter, HSC activity is found in the urogenital ridges (UGs), yolk sac, and liver. As increasing numbers of HSCs are generated, it is thought that these sites provide supportive microenvironments in which HSCs are harbored until the bone marrow microenvironment is established. However, little is known about the supportive cells within these midgestational sites, and particularly which microenvironment is most supportive for HSC growth and maintenance. Thus, to better understand the cells and molecules involved in hematopoietic support in the midgestation embryo, more than 100 stromal cell lines and clones were established from these sites. Numerous stromal clones were found to maintain hematopoietic progenitors and HSCs to a similar degree as, or better than, previously described murine stromal lines. Both the AM and UG subregions of the AGM produced many supportive clones, with the most highly HSC-supportive clone being derived from the UGs. Interestingly, the liver at this stage yielded only few supportive stromal clones. These results strongly suggest that during midgestation, not only the AM but also the UG subregion provides a potent microenvironment for growth and maintenance of the first HSCs.
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Yanai N, Obinata M. Oncostatin m regulates mesenchymal cell differentiation and enhances hematopoietic supportive activity of bone marrow stromal cell lines. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2001; 37:698-704. [PMID: 11776976 DOI: 10.1290/1071-2690(2001)037<0698:omrmcd>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cell lines (TBR cell lines) established from temperature-sensitive Simian Virus 40 T-antigen gene transgenic mice exhibited myogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic differentiation. The effect of oncostatin M (OSM) on such mesenchymal cell differentiation of marrow stromal cell lines was examined. One of those stromal cell lines, TBRB, differentiated into skeletal muscle, and its differentiation was stimulated by OSM, whereas differentiation of TBR10-1 into smooth muscle was inhibited by OSM. TBR31-2 is a bipotent progenitor for adipocytes and osteoblasts, and OSM stimulated osteogenic differentiation while inhibiting adipogenic differentiation. On the other hand, TBR cell lines exhibited various potentials for supporting hematopoiesis in culture. When hematopoietic progenitor cells were cocultured with OSM-stimulated stromal cell lines, TBR10-1 and TBR31-2 exhibited enhanced hematopoietic supportive activity. As responsible molecules for stromal cell dependent hematopoiesis, expression of stem cell factor (SCF) (a ligand of c-Kit), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) (a ligand of VLA-4), and secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 were increased by OSM. OSM affected mesenchymal cell differentiation and promoted the hematopoietic supportive activity of marrow stromal cell lines. As OSM production is induced by cytokines from hematopoietic cells, OSM may be a key factor in mutual regulation between hematopoietic cells and stromal cells in the bone marrow. OSM may play a role as a regulator in maintaining the hematopoietic microenvironment in marrow by coordinating mesenchymal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yanai
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Miyagi Gakuin Women's College, Sendai, Japan.
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Gronthos S, Franklin DM, Leddy HA, Robey PG, Storms RW, Gimble JM. Surface protein characterization of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. J Cell Physiol 2001; 189:54-63. [PMID: 11573204 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 977] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human bone marrow stromal cells are a multipotent population of cells capable of differentiating into a number of mesodermal lineages as well as supporting hematopoeisis. Their distinct protein and gene expression phenotype is well characterized in the literature. Human adipose tissue presents an alternative source of multipotent stromal cells. In this study, we have defined the phenotype of the human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells in both the differentiated and undifferentiated states. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry show that human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells have a protein expression phenotype that is similar to that of human bone marrow stromal cells. Expressed proteins include CD9, CD10, CD13, CD29, CD34, CD44, CD 49(d), CD 49(e), CD54, CD55, CD59, CD105, CD106, CD146, and CD166. Expression of some of these proteins was further confirmed by PCR and immunoblot detection. Unlike human bone marrow-derived stromal cells, we did not detect the STRO-1 antigen on human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. Cells cultured under adipogenic conditions uniquely expressed C/EBPalpha and PPARdelta, two transcriptional regulators of adipogenesis. Cells cultured under osteogenic conditions were more likely to be in the proliferative phases of the cell cycle based on flow cytometric analysis of PCNA and Ki67. The similarities between the phenotypes of human adipose tissue-derived and human bone marrow-derived stromal cells could have broad implications for human tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gronthos
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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37
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Loeuillet C, Bernard G, Rémy-Martin J, Saas P, Hervé P, Douay L, Chalmers D. Distinct hematopoietic support by two human stromal cell lines. Exp Hematol 2001; 29:736-45. [PMID: 11378269 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hematopoietic microenvironment is complex, and the role of myofibroblast in its function is crucial. In order to obtain a stable model reflecting this particular cell type, we have previously established human bone marrow cell lines from primary myofibroblastic Stro1(+) population (pStro1(+)). We placed HPV16 E6 and E7 expression under the control of different promoters. Here, we have characterized and studied the hematopoietic support for two cell lines corresponding to the promoters alpha-SM (alphaSM-56 line) and SV40 (SV40-56 line). MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression profile was analyzed at the RNA level by gene array and at the protein level by Western blot, flow cytometry, and ELISA. Hematopoietic support determined using colony-forming unit (CFU) and stroma-adherent colony-forming cell (SA-CFC) assays. RESULTS The phenotype of cell lines was not significantly modified compared with primary myofibroblastic cells. They secreted a broad spectrum of hematopoietic cytokines and nonspecific mediators. The two lines allowed the growth of hematopoietic precursors and had different support capabilities. CONCLUSIONS We have extensively characterized two novel human bone marrow stromal cell lines. They retained a myofibroblastic phenotype and have substantial but different hematopoietic support capabilities. These lines provided a basis for determining stromal factors involved in stem-cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Loeuillet
- EFS de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Besançon, France.
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38
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Almeida-Porada G, Porada C, Zanjani ED. Adult stem cell plasticity and methods of detection. REVIEWS IN CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEMATOLOGY 2001; 5:26-41. [PMID: 11486730 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-0734.2001.00027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to selectively produce one or more differentiated cell types at will from totipotent stem cells would be of profound clinical importance, as it would enable the specific replacement of damaged/dysfunctional cell types within the body, potentially curing numerous diseases. Until recently, it was thought that the only cells that possessed sufficient immaturity to be capable of giving rise to more than one tissue type in vitro and in vivo were the embryonic stem cells. However, recent studies have now provided compelling evidence that the adult bone marrow, brain and skeletal muscle contain stem cells that possess the remarkable ability to trans-differentiate and give rise to progeny of alternate embryologic derivations. These recent findings have shattered the existing dogma that the stages of embryologic development are irreversible. In this review, we present a brief summary of the most significant findings in the field of stem cell plasticity, emphasizing studies involving the hematopoietic system, discussing the models used thus far, and finishing with our findings on human stem cell plasticity using the fetal sheep model.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Almeida-Porada
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA.
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39
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Dormady SP, Bashayan O, Dougherty R, Zhang XM, Basch RS. Immortalized multipotential mesenchymal cells and the hematopoietic microenvironment. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY & STEM CELL RESEARCH 2001; 10:125-40. [PMID: 11276366 DOI: 10.1089/152581601750098372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to analyze the cellular and molecular basis of the capacity of bone marrow stromal cells to support hematopoiesis in culture, we developed a series of murine stromal cell lines from a single long-term bone marrow culture (BMC). The cytokines produced by these cells were analyzed using immunohistochemical techniques, ribonuclease protection assays (RPA) and RT-PCR. We examined the capacity of these cloned cell lines to replace primary bone marrow-derived stromal cells in long-term bone marrow cultures (LT-BMC) and sought correlations between the capacity to support hematopoiesis in culture with the production of known cytokines. These immortalized lines replicate many of the functions of the hematopoietic microenvironment. They express cytokines known to play a role in hematopoiesis. All of the lines constitutively express mRNA for PBSF (SDF-1), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), stem cell factor (SCF), FLT-3, thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin 7 (IL-7), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-beta), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Most lines also express granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and G-CSF. They vary in their expression of IL-6, tumor growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), TGF-beta2, and TNF-alpha. Growing these lines in the presence of cytokines that influence hematopoiesis alters the levels of cytokine message. The most striking effects were produced by TNF-alpha. In addition to the cytokine mRNAs, the cell lines express factors associated with bone formation such as osteoblast-specific factor-2 (OSF-2) and bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1). They also express the neural cell-adhesion molecule neuropilin and neurotrophic factors including nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Several of the lines can maintain hematopoiesis in culture, as measured by the continuous production of myeloid colony-forming cells (CFU-c), for months. This capacity to support hematopoiesis does not correlate with any pattern of cytokine expression. Several of these lines also support the growth of human hematopoietic cells, and human CFU-c can be detected in the cultures in which CD34(+) bone marrow cells (BMC) are cultured on murine stromal cells. No correlation between the production of any of the known cytokines and the ability to support murine hematopoiesis was detected. In addition, there was no correlation between the capacity to support murine hematopoiesis and the capacity to maintain human HSC. Despite repeated cloning, the lines remain heterogeneous and are capable of producing cells with the properties of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes, and myoblasts. In addition to the cytokine mRNAs, the cell lines express factors associated with bone formation such as OSF-2 and BMP-1. They also express the neural cell-adhesion molecule neuropilin and neurotrophic factors including NGF and BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Dormady
- Department of Pathology and the Kaplan Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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40
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Charbord P, Rémy-Martin JP, Tamayo E, Bernard G, Keating A, Péault B. Analysis of the microenvironment necessary for engraftment: role of the vascular smooth muscle-like stromal cells. JOURNAL OF HEMATOTHERAPY & STEM CELL RESEARCH 2000; 9:935-43. [PMID: 11177608 DOI: 10.1089/152581600750062390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This is a review of recent data concerning the phenotype of human and murine stroma, as grown in long-term cultures. Using data on cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix protein expression, a sequential model of differentiation from mesenchymal (stem) cells to vascular-smooth muscle-like stromal cells is proposed. This model would apply, at least in the mouse, to stromal cells generated from different sites of hematopoiesis (bone marrow, fetal liver, spleen, and yolk sac). The in vivo counterparts of vascular-smooth muscle-like stromal cells in the different sites of definitive hematopoiesis are discussed.
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Greenberger JS. Expression of hematopoietic growth factor receptors on early hematopoietic precursors: detection and regulation. Curr Opin Hematol 2000; 7:161-7. [PMID: 10786653 DOI: 10.1097/00062752-200005000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the original isolation of colony-stimulating factors from human serum, conditioned medium of murine or human cell lines, or freshly isolated human mononuclear cells, a revolutionary explosion of ideas has occurred in our understanding of molecular controls of the hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. With the availability of techniques of molecular cloning in the early 1 980s, the first hematopoietically activated cytokines led to molecular clones expressed in bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cellular systems. There then followed a development of techniques leading to the molecular cloning and expression of many hematopoietic growth factors and their receptors, as well as the primary, secondary, and tertiary molecules in signal transduction into activation of specific genes for differentiation or self-renewal. The clinical use of these factors in the diagnosis, treatment, and incorporation into new cell therapies for a variety of diseases is a subject of current interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Greenberger
- Radiation Oncology Department, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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