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Sharma K, Ammar OF, Fraire-Zamora JJ, Uraji J, Thomson A, Aydin B, Ezzati M, Alteri A, Liperis G. When disaster strikes: risk management and implementing emergency vitrification protocols in IVF laboratory crises. Hum Reprod 2024:deae080. [PMID: 38649142 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deae080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kashish Sharma
- HealthPlus Fertility Center, HealthPlus Network of Specialty Centers, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Omar F Ammar
- IVF Department, Ar-Razzi Hospital, Ramadi, Iraq
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
| | | | - Julia Uraji
- IVF Laboratory, TFP Düsseldorf GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Max Ezzati
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alessandra Alteri
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - George Liperis
- Westmead Fertility Centre, Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Embryorigin Fertility Centre, Larnaca, Cyprus
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2
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Matha AR, Xie X, Lin X. Ergosterol Is Critical for Sporogenesis in Cryptococcus neoformans. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:106. [PMID: 38392778 PMCID: PMC10890046 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbes, both bacteria and fungi, produce spores to survive stressful conditions. Spores produced by the environmental fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans serve as both surviving and infectious propagules. Because of their importance in disease transmission and pathogenesis, factors necessary for cryptococcal spore germination are being actively investigated. However, little is known about nutrients critical for sporogenesis in this pathogen. Here, we found that ergosterol, the main sterol in fungal membranes, is enriched in spores relative to yeasts and hyphae. In C. neoformans, the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway (EBP) is upregulated by the transcription factor Sre1 in response to conditions that demand elevated ergosterol biosynthesis. Although the deletion of SRE1 enhances the production of mating hyphae, the sre1Δ strain is deficient at producing spores even when crossed with a wild-type partner. We found that the defect of the sre1Δ strain is specific to sporogenesis, not meiosis or basidium maturation preceding sporulation. Consistent with the idea that sporulation demands heightened ergosterol biosynthesis, EBP mutants are also defective in sporulation. We discovered that the overexpression of some EBP genes can largely rescue the sporulation defect of the sre1Δ strain. Collectively, we demonstrate that ergosterol is a critical component in cryptococcal preparation for sporulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Matha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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3
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Ahmad MF, Elias MH, Mat Jin N, Abu MA, Syafruddin SE, Zainuddin AA, Suzuki N, Abdul Karim AK. The spectrum of in vitro maturation in clinical practice: the current insight. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1192180. [PMID: 37455921 PMCID: PMC10338224 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1192180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro oocyte maturation (IVM) has been used worldwide. Despite the long-term implementation, the uptake of this procedure to complement current in vitro fertilization (IVF) remains low. The main reason is likely due to the non-synchronization of protocol and definition criteria, leading to difficulty in collective proper outcome data worldwide and, thus, lack of understanding of the exact IVM procedure. The review aims to consolidate the current clinical practice of IVM by dissecting relevant publications to be tailored for a current spectrum of clinical practice. Nevertheless, the background theories of oocyte maturation were also explored to provide a comprehensive understanding of the basis of IVM theories. Additional discussion of other potential uses of IVM in the future, such as in ovarian tissue cryopreservation known as OTO-IVM for fertility preservation and among women with diminished ovarian reserve, was also explored. Otherwise, future collaboration among all IVM centers is paramount for better collection of clinical data to provide valid recommendations for IVM in clinical practice, especially in molecular integrity and possible DNA alteration if present for IVM offspring outcome safety purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Faizal Ahmad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marjanu Hikmah Elias
- Faculty of Medicine Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Norazilah Mat Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Azrai Abu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Ani Amelia Zainuddin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nao Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology, St Marianna School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Abdul Kadir Abdul Karim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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4
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Chen X, Zheng J, Zhang J, Duan M, Xu H, Zhao W, Yang Y, Wang C, Xu Y. Exposure to difenoconazole induces reproductive toxicity in zebrafish by interfering with gamete maturation and reproductive behavior. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155610. [PMID: 35504380 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole (DCZ) is a triazole fungicide that negatively affects aquatic organisms and humans. However, data regarding the reproductive toxicity of DCZ are insufficient. In this study, we used zebrafish (from 2 h post-fertilization [hpf] to adulthood) as a model to evaluate whether DCZ at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 μg/L) induces reproductive toxicity. After exposure to DCZ, egg production and fertilization rates were reduced by 1.0 and 10.0 μg/L. A significant decrease in gamete frequency (late vitellogenic oocytes and spermatozoa) was observed at 10.0 μg/L. The concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), and vitellogenin (VTG) were disrupted in females and males by 1.0 and 10.0 μg/L. Exposure to 10.0 μg/L DCZ significantly inhibited the contact time between female and male fish, which was mainly achieved by affecting male fish. The transcription of genes involved in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis was significantly changed after treatment with DCZ. Overall, these data show that the endocrine-disrupting effect of DCZ on the zebrafish HPG axis inhibited gamete maturation and disrupted reproductive behavior, reducing fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguang Chen
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junyue Zheng
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Manman Duan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wentian Zhao
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengju Wang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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5
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Liu T, Qu J, Tian M, Yang R, Song X, Li R, Yan J, Qiao J. Lipid Metabolic Process Involved in Oocyte Maturation During Folliculogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:806890. [PMID: 35433675 PMCID: PMC9009531 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.806890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oocyte maturation is a complex and dynamic process regulated by the coordination of ovarian cells and numerous extraovarian signals. From mammal studies, it is learnt that lipid metabolism provides sufficient energy for morphological and cellular events during folliculogenesis, and numerous lipid metabolites, including cholesterol, lipoproteins, and 14-demethyl-14-dehydrolanosterol, act as steroid hormone precursors and meiotic resumption regulators. Endogenous and exogenous signals, such as gonadotropins, insulin, and cortisol, are the upstream regulators in follicular lipid metabolic homeostasis, forming a complex and dynamic network in which the key factor or pathway that plays the central role is still a mystery. Though lipid metabolites are indispensable, long-term exposure to a high-fat environment will induce irreversible damage to follicular cells and oocyte meiosis. This review specifically describes the transcriptional expression patterns of several lipid metabolism–related genes in human oocytes and granulosa cells during folliculogenesis, illustrating the spatiotemporal lipid metabolic changes in follicles and the role of lipid metabolism in female reproductive capacity. This study aims to elaborate the impact of lipid metabolism on folliculogenesis, thus providing guidance for improving the fertility of obese women and the clinical outcome of assisted reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangxue Qu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyuan Tian
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueling Song
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Yan,
| | - Jie Qiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Oocyte Maturation Arrest, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Madan B, Virshup DM, Nes WD, Leaver DJ. Unearthing the Janus-face cholesterogenesis pathways in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 196:114611. [PMID: 34010597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol biosynthesis, primarily associated with eukaryotes, occurs as an essential component of human metabolism with biosynthetic deregulation a factor in cancer viability. The segment that partitions between squalene and the C27-end cholesterol yields the main cholesterogenesis branch subdivided into the Bloch and Kandutsch-Russell pathways. Their importance in cell viability, in normal growth and development originates primarily from the amphipathic property and shape of the cholesterol molecule which makes it suitable as a membrane insert. Cholesterol can also convert to variant oxygenated product metabolites of distinct function producing a complex interplay between cholesterol synthesis and overall steroidogenesis. In this review, we disassociate the two sides of cholesterogenesisis affecting the type and amounts of systemic sterols-one which is beneficial to human welfare while the other dysfunctional leading to misery and disease that could result in premature death. Our focus here is first to examine the cholesterol biosynthetic genes, enzymes, and order of biosynthetic intermediates in human cholesterogenesis pathways, then compare the effect of proximal and distal inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis against normal and cancer cell growth and metabolism. Collectively, the inhibitor studies of druggable enzymes and specific biosynthetic steps, suggest a potential role of disrupted cholesterol biosynthesis, in coordination with imported cholesterol, as a factor in cancer development and as discussed some of these inhibitors have chemotherapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Madan
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David M Virshup
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - W David Nes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - David J Leaver
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Physical Sciences, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, TX, USA.
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7
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Dang KN, Hashan MR, Minh LHN, Khalaf KM, Ibrahim HY, Dessi A, Azzam MA, Loc TTH, Hirayama K, Huy NT. Follicular Fluid Meiosis-Activating Sterol in Assisted Reproductive Techniques: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. FERTILITY & REPRODUCTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s2661318220500176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Follicular fluid meiosis-activating sterol (FFMAS) is one of several molecular compounds that has been added into in vitro maturation (IVM) technique with contradictory results. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of FFMAS in assisted reproductive technology (ART). Methods: We searched systematically in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Registry of clinical trials, WHO registry of clinical trials, clinicaltrials.gov, Google Scholar until July 2017. Meta-analysis was used to investigate the efficacy and safety outcomes of FFMAS. Following the retrieval of potential articles, two independent reviewers screened and extracted included papers rigorously. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed for the individual outcome when data was available. Quality of included studies was assessed using Cochrane collaboration tool. Results: A total of seven randomized controlled trials involving 1198 participants with 3105 oocytes were explored in this study. Most of the studies were at low risk of bias. Our random effects model meta-analyses in maturation and abnormal embryo rate between FFMAS-exposed oocytes compared with controls revealed no significant differences (summary OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.46–2.16, [Formula: see text] value = 0.99 and summary OR was 1.31, 95% CI 0.84–2.04, [Formula: see text] value = 0.23, respectively). Beside, our study showed a significant increase in uniformly abnormal embryo rate in FFMAS group compared with vehicle control group (summary OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.09–3.61, [Formula: see text] value = 0.03). No significances were noted on meta-analyses of normal embryo rate, uniformly abnormal embryo rate, uniformly normal embryo rate, mosaic embryo rate, abnormal blastomere rate, normal blastomere rate, aneuploidy mosaic embryo rate, and chaotic mosaic embryo rate. Conclusions: FFMAS showed no efficacy in maturation process in human oocytes and there was some evidence for detrimental effects in comparison to vehicle controls. We discouraged any further trials due to safety concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Nguyen Dang
- Online Research Club , Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, 410000, Vietnam
| | - Mohammad Rashidul Hashan
- Online Research Club , Nagasaki, Japan
- Bangladesh Civil Service, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Le Huu Nhat Minh
- Online Research Club , Nagasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Khalid Muhammad Khalaf
- Online Research Club , Nagasaki, Japan
- Kasr Al Ainy, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | - Alberto Dessi
- Online Research Club , Nagasaki, Japan
- Medicine and Surgery, Universita Degli Studi di Sassari (UNISS), Sassari, Italy
| | - Mohamed Abdalla Azzam
- Online Research Club , Nagasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Tran Thai Huu Loc
- Online Research Club , Nagasaki, Japan
- School of Medicine, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Online Research Club , Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Leading Graduate School Program, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Department of Clinical Product Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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8
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Role of cholesterol metabolism in the anticancer pharmacology of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 73:101-115. [PMID: 32931953 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are a class of compounds that bind to estrogen receptors (ERs) and possess estrogen agonist or antagonist actions in different tissues. As such, they are widely used drugs. For instance, tamoxifen, the most prescribed SERM, is used to treat ERα-positive breast cancer. Aside from their therapeutic targets, SERMs have the capacity to broadly affect cellular cholesterol metabolism and handling, mainly through ER-independent mechanisms. Cholesterol metabolism reprogramming is crucial to meet the needs of cancer cells, and different key processes involved in cholesterol homeostasis have been associated with cancer progression. Therefore, the effects of SERMs on cholesterol homeostasis may be relevant to carcinogenesis, either by contributing to the anticancer efficacy of these compounds or, conversely, by promoting resistance to treatment. Understanding these aspects of SERMs actions could help to design more efficacious therapies. Herein we review the effects of SERMs on cellular cholesterol metabolism and handling and discuss their potential in anticancer pharmacology.
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9
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Guo R, Wang X, Li Q, Sun X, Zhang J, Hao R. Follicular fluid meiosis-activating sterol (FF-MAS) promotes meiotic resumption via the MAPK pathway in porcine oocytes. Theriogenology 2019; 148:186-193. [PMID: 31757483 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Follicular fluid meiosis-activating sterol (FF-MAS) exerts beneficial effects on the meiotic resumption of mammalian oocytes and their subsequent early embryonic development, but the signaling pathway underlying these effects has not been elucidated. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate whether the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is involved in the FF-MAS-induced in vitro resumption of meiosis in porcine oocytes. Porcine cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were allocated in several groups cultured in TCM-199 medium with different concentration of AY 9944-A-7 (20, 30, 40 μmol/L) or ketoconazole (20 μmol/L) to increase or decrease endogenous accumulation of FF-MAS. Each experimental condition was repeated at least six times. After maturation for 44 h, the resumption of meiosis was assessed by the frequency of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and the first polar body (PBI) extrusion, The relative expressions of related genes in MAPK pathway [c-mos, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)] at both transcriptional and translational levels were detected to investigate the kinetic trend of expression throughout oocyte maturation in vitro in response to the addition of AY 9944-A-7 or ketoconazole to the maturation medium. Results indicated that AY 9944-A-7 promoted, while ketoconazole inhibited, the in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes. Relative expression of meiosis related genes was upregulated by AY 9944-A-7 and downregulated by ketoconazole. With extended culturing time, c-mos mRNA expression levels reached their peak at 12 h of maturation and decreased gradually thereafter, while MEK, ERK1 and ERK2 expression increased after an initial decrease peaking at 44 h of culture in the AY 9944-A-7-group. And the trend of the protein expression of c-mos, MEK, ERK1/2 was basically consistent with the mRNA expression of these genes. These results imply that the endogenous accumulation of FF-MAS is beneficial to resumption of meiosis in porcine oocytes and that MAPK signaling is involved in FF-MAS-induced meiotic resumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, PR China
| | - Qinghong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, PR China; Shanxi Collaborative Innovation Center for High-Productive and Safe Livestock, Taigu, 030801, PR China
| | - Xiaojiang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, PR China
| | - Junlan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, PR China
| | - Ruirong Hao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, PR China; Shanxi Collaborative Innovation Center for High-Productive and Safe Livestock, Taigu, 030801, PR China.
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10
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Chen L, Ma MY, Sun M, Jiang LY, Zhao XT, Fang XX, Man Lam S, Shui GH, Luo J, Shi XJ, Song BL. Endogenous sterol intermediates of the mevalonate pathway regulate HMGCR degradation and SREBP-2 processing. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1765-1775. [PMID: 31455613 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol-regulated HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) degradation and SREBP-2 cleavage are two major feedback regulatory mechanisms governing cholesterol biosynthesis. Reportedly, lanosterol selectively stimulates HMGCR degradation, and cholesterol is a specific regulator of SREBP-2 cleavage. However, it is unclear whether other endogenously generated sterols regulate these events. Here, we investigated the sterol intermediates from the mevalonate pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis using a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic engineering approach. With a constructed HeLa cell line expressing the mevalonate transporter, we individually deleted genes encoding major enzymes in the mevalonate pathway, used lipidomics to measure sterol intermediates, and examined HMGCR and SREBP-2 statuses. We found that the C4-dimethylated sterol intermediates, including lanosterol, 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, follicular fluid meiosis activating sterol, testis meiosis activating sterol, and dihydro-testis meiosis activating sterol, were significantly upregulated upon mevalonate loading. These intermediates augmented both degradation of HMGCR and inhibition of SREBP-2 cleavage. The accumulated lanosterol induced rapid degradation of HMGCR, but did not inhibit SREBP-2 cleavage. The newly synthesized cholesterol from the mevalonate pathway is dispensable for inhibiting SREBP-2 cleavage. Together, these results suggest that lanosterol is a bona fide endogenous regulator that specifically promotes HMGCR degradation, and that other C4-dimethylated sterol intermediates may regulate both HMGCR degradation and SREBP-2 cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mei-Yan Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lu-Yi Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xue-Tong Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xian-Xiu Fang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guang-Hou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiong-Jie Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Metabolism and Biological Activities of 4-Methyl-Sterols. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030451. [PMID: 30691248 PMCID: PMC6385002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
4,4-Dimethylsterols and 4-methylsterols are sterol biosynthetic intermediates (C4-SBIs) acting as precursors of cholesterol, ergosterol, and phytosterols. Their accumulation caused by genetic lesions or biochemical inhibition causes severe cellular and developmental phenotypes in all organisms. Functional evidence supports their role as meiosis activators or as signaling molecules in mammals or plants. Oxygenated C4-SBIs like 4-carboxysterols act in major biological processes like auxin signaling in plants and immune system development in mammals. It is the purpose of this article to point out important milestones and significant advances in the understanding of the biogenesis and biological activities of C4-SBIs.
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Hubler Z, Allimuthu D, Bederman I, Elitt MS, Madhavan M, Allan KC, Shick HE, Garrison E, T Karl M, Factor DC, Nevin ZS, Sax JL, Thompson MA, Fedorov Y, Jin J, Wilson WK, Giera M, Bracher F, Miller RH, Tesar PJ, Adams DJ. Accumulation of 8,9-unsaturated sterols drives oligodendrocyte formation and remyelination. Nature 2018; 560:372-376. [PMID: 30046109 PMCID: PMC6423962 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of myelin is mediated by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), an abundant stem cell population in the CNS and the principal source of new myelinating oligodendrocytes. Loss of myelin-producing oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) underlies a number of neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and diverse genetic diseases1–3. Using high throughput chemical screening approaches, we and others have identified small molecules that stimulate oligodendrocyte formation from OPCs and functionally enhance remyelination in vivo4–10. Here we show a broad range of these pro-myelinating small molecules function not through their canonical targets but by directly inhibiting CYP51 (cytochrome P450, family 51), TM7SF2, or EBP (emopamil binding protein), a narrow range of enzymes within the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Subsequent accumulation of the 8,9-unsaturated sterol substrates of these enzymes is a key mechanistic node that promotes oligodendrocyte formation, as 8,9-unsaturated sterols are effective when supplied to OPCs in purified form while analogous sterols lacking this structural feature have no effect. Collectively, our results define a unifying sterol-based mechanism-of-action for most known small-molecule enhancers of oligodendrocyte formation and highlight specific targets to propel the development of optimal remyelinating therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Hubler
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dharmaraja Allimuthu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ilya Bederman
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Matthew S Elitt
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mayur Madhavan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kevin C Allan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - H Elizabeth Shick
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eric Garrison
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Molly T Karl
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel C Factor
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zachary S Nevin
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joel L Sax
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Matthew A Thompson
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yuriy Fedorov
- Small Molecule Drug Development Core, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Martin Giera
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert H Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul J Tesar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Drew J Adams
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Frisso G, Gelzo M, Procopio E, Sica C, Lenza MP, Dello Russo A, Donati MA, Salvatore F, Corso G. A rare case of sterol-C4-methyl oxidase deficiency in a young Italian male: Biochemical and molecular characterization. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 121:329-335. [PMID: 28673550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inborn defects of cholesterol biosynthesis are metabolic disorders presenting with multi-organ and tissue anomalies. An autosomal recessive defect involving the demethylating enzyme C4-methyl sterol (SC4MOL) has been reported in only 4 patients so far. In infancy, all patients were affected by microcephaly, bilateral congenital cataracts, growth delay, psoriasiform dermatitis, immune dysfunction, and intellectual disability. Herein, we describe a new case of SC4MOL deficiency in which a 19-year-old Italian male was affected by bilateral congenital cataracts, growth delay and learning disabilities, behavioral disorders and small stature, but not microcephaly. Our patient had abundant scalp dandruff, without other skin manifestations. Analysis of the blood sterol profile showed accumulation of C4-monomethyl and C4-dimethyl sterols suggesting a deficiency of the SC4MOL enzyme. Sequencing of the MSMO1 gene (also known as the "SC4MOL" gene) confirmed mutations in each allele (c.731A>G, p.Y244C, which is already known, and c.605G>A, p.G202E, which is a novel variant). His father carried c.731A>G mutation, whereas his mother carried c.605G>A. Thus, the combination of multiple skills and methodologies, in particular, blood sterol profiling and genetic analysis, led to the diagnosis of a new case of a very rare defect of cholesterol biosynthesis. Consequently, we suggest that these two analyses should be performed as soon as possible in all undiagnosed patients affected by bilateral cataracts and developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Frisso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
| | - Monica Gelzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Elena Procopio
- SOC Malattie Metaboliche e Muscolari Ereditarie, Centro di Eccellenza di Neuroscienze, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria A. Meyer, Firenze, Italy
| | - Concetta Sica
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Lenza
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Dello Russo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Alice Donati
- SOC Malattie Metaboliche e Muscolari Ereditarie, Centro di Eccellenza di Neuroscienze, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria A. Meyer, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy; CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a r.l., Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Corso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Viale L. Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
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Ikami K, Nuzhat N, Lei L. Organelle transport during mouse oocyte differentiation in germline cysts. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 44:14-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jung D, Kee K. Insights into female germ cell biology: from in vivo development to in vitro derivations. Asian J Androl 2016; 17:415-20. [PMID: 25652637 PMCID: PMC4430939 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.148077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of human germ cell biology is important for developing infertility treatments. However, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate human gametogenesis due to the difficulties in collecting samples, especially germ cells during fetal development. In contrast to the mitotic arrest of spermatogonia stem cells in the fetal testis, female germ cells proceed into meiosis and began folliculogenesis in fetal ovaries. Regulations of these developmental events, including the initiation of meiosis and the endowment of primordial follicles, remain an enigma. Studying the molecular mechanisms of female germ cell biology in the human ovary has been mostly limited to spatiotemporal characterizations of genes or proteins. Recent efforts in utilizing in vitro differentiation system of stem cells to derive germ cells have allowed researchers to begin studying molecular mechanisms during human germ cell development. Meanwhile, the possibility of isolating female germline stem cells in adult ovaries also excites researchers and generates many debates. This review will mainly focus on presenting and discussing recent in vivo and in vitro studies on female germ cell biology in human. The topics will highlight the progress made in understanding the three main stages of germ cell developments: namely, primordial germ cell formation, meiotic initiation, and folliculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kehkooi Kee
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Porter TD. Electron Transfer Pathways in Cholesterol Synthesis. Lipids 2015; 50:927-36. [PMID: 26344922 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum requires electron input at multiple steps and utilizes both NADH and NADPH as the electron source. Four enzymes catalyzing five steps in the pathway require electron input: squalene monooxygenase, lanosterol demethylase, sterol 4α-methyl oxidase, and sterol C5-desaturase. The electron-donor proteins for these enzymes include cytochrome P450 reductase and the cytochrome b5 pathway. Here I review the evidence for electron donor protein requirements with these enzymes, the evidence for additional electron donor pathways, and the effect of deletion of these redox enzymes on cholesterol and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd D Porter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA.
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Zamah AM, Hassis ME, Albertolle ME, Williams KE. Proteomic analysis of human follicular fluid from fertile women. Clin Proteomics 2015; 12:5. [PMID: 25838815 PMCID: PMC4357057 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-015-9077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Follicular fluid is a unique biological fluid in which the critical events of oocyte and follicular maturation and somatic cell-germ cell communication occur. Because of the intimate proximity of follicular fluid to the maturing oocyte, this fluid provides a unique window into the processes occurring during follicular maturation. A thorough identification of the specific components within follicular fluid may provide a better understanding of intrafollicular signaling, as well as reveal potential biomarkers of oocyte health for women undergoing assisted reproductive treatment. In this study, we used high and low pH HPLC peptide separations followed by mass spectrometry to perform a comprehensive proteomic analysis of human follicular fluid from healthy ovum donors. Next, using samples from a second set of patients, an isobaric mass tagging strategy for quantitative analysis was used to identify proteins with altered abundances after hCG treatment. Results A total of 742 follicular fluid proteins were identified in healthy ovum donors, including 413 that have not been previously reported. The proteins belong to diverse functional groups including insulin growth factor and insulin growth factor binding protein families, growth factor and related proteins, receptor signaling, defense/immunity, anti-apoptotic proteins, matrix metalloprotease related proteins, and complement activity. In a quantitative analysis, follicular fluid samples from age-matched women undergoing in vitro fertilization oocyte retrieval were compared and 17 follicular fluid proteins were found at significantly altered levels (p < 0.05) between pre-hCG and post-hCG samples. These proteins belong to a variety of functional processes, including protease inhibition, inflammation, and cell adhesion. Conclusions This database of FF proteins significantly extends the known protein components present during the peri-ovulatory period and provides a useful basis for future studies comparing follicular fluid proteomes in various fertility, disease, and environmental exposure conditions. We identified 17 differentially expressed proteins after hCG treatment and together these data showed the feasibility for defining biomarkers that illuminate how the ovarian follicle microenvironment is altered in various infertility-related conditions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-015-9077-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberuni M Zamah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Maria E Hassis
- Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Matthew E Albertolle
- Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Katherine E Williams
- Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA ; Center for Reproductive Sciences and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
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Cunningham D, DeBarber AE, Bir N, Binkley L, Merkens LS, Steiner RD, Herman GE. Analysis of hedgehog signaling in cerebellar granule cell precursors in a conditional Nsdhl allele demonstrates an essential role for cholesterol in postnatal CNS development. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2808-25. [PMID: 25652406 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NSDHL is a 3β-hydroxysterol dehydrogenase that is involved in the removal of two C-4 methyl groups in one of the later steps of cholesterol biosynthesis. Mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme are responsible for the X-linked, male lethal mouse mutations bare patches and striated, as well as most cases of human CHILD syndrome. Rare, hypomorphic NSDHL mutations are also associated with X-linked intellectual disability in males with CK syndrome. Since hemizygous male mice with Nsdhl mutations die by midgestation, we generated a conditional targeted Nsdhl mutation (Nsdhl(tm1.1Hrm)) to investigate the essential role of cholesterol in the early postnatal CNS. Ablation of Nsdhl in radial glia using GFAP-cre resulted in live-born, normal appearing affected male pups. However, the pups develop overt ataxia by postnatal day 8-10 and die shortly thereafter. Histological abnormalities include progressive loss of cortical and hippocampal neurons, as well as deficits in the proliferation and migration of cerebellar granule precursors and subsequent massive apoptosis of the cerebellar cortex. We replicated the granule cell precursor proliferation defect in vitro and demonstrate that it results from defective signaling by SHH. Furthermore, this defect is almost completely rescued by supplementation of the culture media with exogenous cholesterol, while methylsterol accumulation above the enzymatic block appears to be associated with increased cell death. These data support the absolute requirement for cholesterol synthesis in situ once the blood-brain-barrier forms and cholesterol transport to the fetus is abolished. They further emphasize the complex ramifications of cholesterogenic enzyme deficiency on cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cunningham
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Natalie Bir
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Laura Binkley
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Robert D Steiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Institute on Development and Disability, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA and Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Marshfield and Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gail E Herman
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,
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Morrison AMS, Goldstone JV, Lamb DC, Kubota A, Lemaire B, Stegeman JJ. Identification, modeling and ligand affinity of early deuterostome CYP51s, and functional characterization of recombinant zebrafish sterol 14α-demethylase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1825-36. [PMID: 24361620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sterol 14α-demethylase (cytochrome P450 51, CYP51, P45014DM) is a microsomal enzyme that in eukaryotes catalyzes formation of sterols essential for cell membrane function and as precursors in biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Functional properties of CYP51s are unknown in non-mammalian deuterostomes. METHODS PCR-cloning and sequencing and computational analyses (homology modeling and docking) addressed CYP51 in zebrafish Danio rerio, the reef fish sergeant major Abudefduf saxatilis, and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Following N-terminal amino acid modification, zebrafish CYP51 was expressed in Escherichia coli, and lanosterol 14α-demethylase activity and azole inhibition of CYP51 activity were characterized using GC-MS. RESULTS Molecular phylogeny positioned S. purpuratus CYP51 at the base of the deuterostome clade. In zebrafish, CYP51 is expressed in all organs examined, most strongly in intestine. The recombinant protein bound lanosterol and catalyzed 14α-demethylase activity, at 3.2nmol/min/nmol CYP51. The binding of azoles to zebrafish CYP51 gave KS (dissociation constant) values of 0.26μM for ketoconazole and 0.64μM for propiconazole. Displacement of carbon monoxide also indicated zebrafish CYP51 has greater affinity for ketoconazole. Docking to homology models showed that lanosterol docks in fish and sea urchin CYP51s with an orientation essentially the same as in mammalian CYP51s. Docking of ketoconazole indicates it would inhibit fish and sea urchin CYP51s. CONCLUSIONS Biochemical and computational analyses are consistent with lanosterol being a substrate for early deuterostome CYP51s. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The results expand the phylogenetic view of animal CYP51, with evolutionary, environmental and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Michelle Stanley Morrison
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jared V Goldstone
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - David C Lamb
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Akira Kubota
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Benjamin Lemaire
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - John J Stegeman
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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AY9944 A-7 promotes meiotic resumption and preimplantation development of prepubertal sheep oocytes maturing in vitro. Theriogenology 2013; 80:436-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Stricker SA, Cline C, Goodrich D. Oocyte maturation and fertilization in marine nemertean worms: using similar sorts of signaling pathways as in mammals, but often with differing results. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2013; 224:137-155. [PMID: 23995739 DOI: 10.1086/bblv224n3p137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In marine worms belonging to the phylum Nemertea, oocyte maturation and fertilization are regulated by the same general kinds of signals that control such processes in mammals. However, unlike mammalian oocytes that develop within follicles, nemertean oocytes characteristically lack a surrounding sheath of follicle cells and often respond differently to maturation-related cues than do mammalian oocytes. For example, elevators of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) or cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels promote the resumption of meiotic maturation (=germinal vesicle breakdown, GVBD) in nemertean oocytes, whereas increasing intraoocytic cAMP and cGMP typically blocks GVBD in mammals. Similarly, AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) signaling keeps nemertean oocytes from maturing, but in mouse oocytes, AMPK activation triggers GVBD. In addition, protein kinase C (PKC) activity is required for seawater-induced GVBD in nemerteans, whereas some PKCs have been shown to inhibit GVBD in mammals. Furthermore, although fertilization causes both types of oocytes to reorganize their endoplasmic reticulum and generate calcium oscillations that can involve soluble sperm factor activity and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate signaling, some discrepancies in the spatiotemporal patterns and underlying mechanisms of fertilization are also evident in nemerteans versus mammals. Thus, to characterize differences and similarities in gamete biology more fully, aspects of oocyte maturation and fertilization in marine nemertean worms are reviewed and briefly compared with related findings that have been published for mammalian oocytes. In addition, possible causes of the alternative responses displayed by oocytes in these two animal groups are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Stricker
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87131, USA
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Mouzat K, Baron S, Marceau G, Caira F, Sapin V, Volle DH, Lumbroso S, Lobaccaro JM. Emerging roles for LXRs and LRH-1 in female reproduction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 368:47-58. [PMID: 22750099 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional status is known to control female reproductive physiology. Many reproductive pathologies such as anorexia nervosa, dystocia and preeclampsia, have been linked to body mass index and to metabolic syndrome. Lipid metabolism has also been associated with ovarian, uterine and placental functions. Among the regulators of lipid homeostasis, the Liver X Receptors (LXRs) and the Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1), two members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, play a central role. LXRs are sensitive to intracellular cholesterol concentration and decrease plasma cholesterol, allowing to considering them as "cholesterol sensors". LRH-1 shares many target-genes with LXRs and has been considered for a long time as a real orphan nuclear receptor, but recent findings showed that phospholipids are ligands for this nuclear receptor. Acting in concert, LXRs and LRH-1 could thus be sensitive to slight modifications in cellular lipid balance, tightly maintaining their cellular concentrations. These last years, the use of transgenic mice clarified the roles of these nuclear receptors in many physiological functions. This review will be focused on the roles of LXRs and LRH-1 on female reproduction. Their contribution to ovarian endocrine and exocrine functions, as well as uterine and placental physiology will be discussed. The future challenge will thus be to target these nuclear receptors to prevent lipid-associated reproductive diseases in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mouzat
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes, Hôpital Carémeau, Place du Pr. Robert Debré, F-30029 Nimes, France.
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Effect of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate on reactive oxygen species and glutathione of porcine oocytes, apoptosis of cumulus cells, and embryonic development. ZYGOTE 2012; 21:305-13. [PMID: 23171604 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199412000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP) supplemented into porcine maturation medium on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) levels of oocytes, and apoptosis of cumulus cells (CC). In addition, the effect of dbcAMP on embryonic development following in vitro fertilization (IVF) or parthenogenetic activation (PA) was determined. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were cultured in 0 mM (control), 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 5 mM, or 10 mM dbcAMP-supplemented medium for 22 h, then for another 22 h without dbcAMP. GSH and ROS levels of oocytes were assessed at 44 h of culture by dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate or 4-chloromethyl-6,8-difluoro-7-hydroxycoumarin staining, respectively. Additionally, COCs were cultured in 0.5 mM or 1 mM dbcAMP and then fertilized in vitro or activated parthenogenetically. Embryonic development and blastocyst cell numbers and apoptosis levels on day 8 of culture were investigated. CC apoptosis at 44 h of culture and blastocyst apoptosis were assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. GSH levels in the 0.5 mM dbcAMP and control groups were increased (P < 0.05), while levels of oocyte ROS and CC apoptosis in the control, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM dbcAMP groups were significantly lower than the levels in other groups. Cleavage and blastocyst rates, cell numbers, and apoptosis levels were not significantly different in embryos derived by either IVF or PA among the groups, with the exception of significantly increased apoptotic levels in IVF blastocysts produced from oocytes treated with 1 mM dbcAMP. In conclusion, dbcAMP treatment during in vitro maturation (IVM) did not improve embryonic development under our study's parameters compared with control conditions, although 0.5 mM dbcAMP showed significantly higher GSH levels and lower blastocyst apoptotic levels compared with 1 mM dbcAMP.
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Herman GE, Kratz L. Disorders of sterol synthesis: beyond Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 160C:301-21. [PMID: 23042573 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery in 1993 that Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a disorder of cholesterol biosynthesis, human disorders associated with additional enzymes involved in the conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol have been identified. This review will focus primarily on the clinical aspects of these disorders, highlighting newly described syndromes, such as SC4MOL deficiency and CK syndrome. We will also provide clinical descriptions of additional cases for extremely rare disorders, such as desmosterolosis. We will compare and contrast the findings with those found in SLOS and briefly discuss possible mechanisms of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail E Herman
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr. Rm W403, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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Effect of lanosterol on the in vitro maturation in semi-defined culture system of prepubertal ewe oocytes. ZYGOTE 2011; 22:50-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s096719941100044x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe choice of medium and supplements can affect meiotic regulation and may have an impact on the regulation of mammalian oocyte growth and embryonic cell function. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of oxygen concentration and endogenous lanosterol on the in vitro maturation (IVM) media without serum and based on recombinant human chorionic gonadotrophin in prepubertal ewe oocytes. Firstly, the effect of varying oxygen concentrations (5% and 20%) during IVM in TCM-199 supplemented (4 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA), 100 μM cysteamine, 0.3 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.1 UI/ml recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (r-FSH; Gonal-F® 75 UI, Serono, Italy), 0.1 UI/ml recombinant leuteinizing hormone (r-LH; Lhadi® 75 UI, Serono, Italy) and 1 μg/ml estradiol-17β) on subsequent nuclear maturation of oocytes examined under ultraviolet light following staining with bisbenzimide (Hoechst 33342) was investigated. Secondly, two concentrations of lanosterol (0, 10 and 50 μM) were added to the IVM medium. Nuclear maturation of oocytes was examined as previously. Lipid content in oocytes, an important indicator of cytoplasmic maturity, was also measured using Nile red fluorescent stain. The results showed that low oxygen concentration affected the nuclear maturation. Similarly, a significantly higher rate of meiosis resumption was observed with 10 μM (72.3%) of lanosterol compared with the control (51.8%) or 50 μM of lanosterol (59.4%). A significantly higher content of lipids was also observed with 10 and 50 μM of lanosterol (7.3 ± 0.2 × 106 and 7.4 ± 0.2 × 106 arbitrary units of fluorescence) compared with the control (6.7 ± 0.2 × 106 arbitrary units of fluorescence). The results indicate that 10 μM lanosterol during IVM in medium without serum and based on recombinant human chorionic gonadotrophin has a positive effect on maturation of prepubertal ewe oocytes.
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Nascimento AB, Albornoz MS, Che L, Visintin JA, Bordignon V. Synergistic effect of porcine follicular fluid and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate on development of parthenogenetically activated oocytes from pre-pubertal gilts. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 45:851-9. [PMID: 19416484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of porcine follicular fluid (PFF) and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP) during in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes on meiotic maturation, fertilization and embryo development, and compared the effect of supplementing the embryo culture media with PFF or foetal bovine serum (FBS) on embryo development. Oocytes from pre-pubertal gilts were IVM for 44 h, and parthenogenetically activated or in vitro-fertilized. Embryos were cultured in porcine zygote medium (PZM3) for 7 days. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were evaluated at 48 h and 7 days of culture. The supplementation of the IVM medium with 25% PFF and 1 mm dbcAMP for the first 22 h resulted in more (p < 0.05) embryos developing to the blastocyst stage as compared with the inclusion of dbcAMP alone. The dbcAMP + PFF combination increased (p < 0.05) the average number of nuclei per blastocyst as compared with either of these components alone or in its absence. A synergistic effect of dbcAMP + PFF during IVM was also reflected in the capacity of oocytes to regulate sperm penetration and prevent polyspermy, as twice as many oocytes from the control group were penetrated by more than one sperm as compared with those matured in the presence of both dbcAMP and PFF. The supplementation of PZM3 with 10% FBS from days 5 to 7 of culture significantly improved the total cell quantity in embryos derived either from control or dbcAMP + PFF matured oocytes. There was no effect on the total cell quantity when FBS was replaced by the same concentration of PFF. These studies showed that dbcAMP, PFF and FBS can improve both the quantity (57.3% vs 41.5%) and quality (74.8 vs 33.3 nuclei) of porcine blastocysts derived from oocytes recovered of pre-pubertal gilts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Nascimento
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Qiao J, Feng HL. Extra- and intra-ovarian factors in polycystic ovary syndrome: impact on oocyte maturation and embryo developmental competence. Hum Reprod Update 2011; 17:17-33. [PMID: 20639519 PMCID: PMC3001338 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmq032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common metabolic dysfunction and heterogeneous endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Although patients with PCOS are typically characterized by increased numbers of oocytes retrieved during IVF, they are often of poor quality, leading to lower fertilization, cleavage and implantation rates, and a higher miscarriage rate. METHODS For this review, we searched the database MEDLINE (1950 to January 2010) and Google for all full texts and/or abstract articles published in English with content related to oocyte maturation and embryo developmental competence. RESULTS The search showed that alteration of many factors may directly or indirectly impair the competence of maturating oocytes through endocrine and local paracrine/autocrine actions, resulting in a lower pregnancy rate in patients with PCOS. The extra-ovarian factors identified included gonadotrophins, hyperandrogenemia and hyperinsulinemia, although intra-ovarian factors included members of the epidermal, fibroblast, insulin-like and neurotrophin families of growth factors, as well as the cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Any abnormality in the extra- and/or intra-ovarian factors may negatively affect the granulosa cell-oocyte interaction, oocyte maturation and potential embryonic developmental competence, contributing to unsuccessful outcomes for patients with PCOS who are undergoing assisted reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Huai L. Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Shore University Hospital, NYU School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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Uhm S, Gupta M, Yang J, Chung HJ, Min T, Lee H. Epidermal growth factor can be used in lieu of follicle-stimulating hormone for nuclear maturation of porcine oocytes in vitro. Theriogenology 2010; 73:1024-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Marco-Jiménez F, Llobat L, Vicente JS. Effects of lanosterol on in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 117:288-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Grupen CG, Armstrong DT. Relationship between cumulus cell apoptosis, progesterone production and porcine oocyte developmental competence: temporal effects of follicular fluid during IVM. Reprod Fertil Dev 2010; 22:1100-9. [DOI: 10.1071/rd09307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the temporal effects of sow follicular fluid (FF) in vitro on cumulus cell viability and function, as well as oocyte nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation. Cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) recovered from the ovaries of prepubertal pigs were matured in medium with (+FF) or without (–FF) follicular fluid for the first 22 h of IVM. At 22 h of IVM, each group of COCs was then transferred to medium with or without FF and matured for another 22 h, forming four treatment groups (–FF/–FF, –FF/+FF, +FF/–FF and +FF/+FF). The concentration of progesterone in spent IVM medium and the incidence of cumulus cell apoptosis in individual COCs were determined at 22 and 44 h of IVM. Cumulus expansion was also recorded at 44 h of IVM. Finally, the ability of oocytes to complete meiosis to the MII stage and form blastocysts after IVF and embryo culture was assessed. Maturation with FF for part or the whole of IVM increased cumulus expansion and progesterone production and decreased the incidence of cumulus cell apoptosis compared with the –FF/–FF group (P < 0.05). The changes were greatest for the +FF/+FF group and intermediate for the –FF/+FF and +FF/–FF groups. Regression analysis revealed a negative association between cumulus cell progesterone production and the incidence of cumulus cell apoptosis (P < 0.001). Meiotic maturation was enhanced when FF was present during the first half of IVM. Oocytes matured in the presence of FF during the first and/or second half of IVM displayed an increased ability to form blastocysts compared with the –FF/–FF group (P < 0.05). The extent of the increase was similar for all FF-supplemented groups. The results show that FF exerts several beneficial effects at different times during IVM and suggest that a major role of FF is to provide protection from oxidative stress. We propose that the incidence of cumulus cell apoptosis in COCs must be kept below a certain threshold to ensure adequate functionality, including steroidogenic activity, is maintained for the acquisition of oocyte developmental competence.
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Kawashima H, Ohnishi M, Ogawa S. Differences in sterol composition between male and female gonads of dominant limpet species. Lipids 2009; 44:665-9. [PMID: 19452182 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrated here for the first time that there are statistically significant differences in sterol composition between male and female gonads of the dominant limpets Cellana grata and Cellana toreuma, which are intertidal gastropods. Among 11 different sterols identified in this study, unusually high levels (11.2-19.8% of total sterols) of the Delta8-sterols 5alpha-cholest-8-en-3beta-ol (zymostenol) and 5alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol (zymosterol), which have never been reported in aquatic invertebrate gonads, were present in only the male gonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kawashima
- Bioscience Laboratory, Miyako College, Iwate Prefectural University, Miyako 027-0039, Japan.
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Zhang M, Ouyang H, Xia G. The signal pathway of gonadotrophins-induced mammalian oocyte meiotic resumption. Mol Hum Reprod 2009; 15:399-409. [PMID: 19443606 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gap031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fully grown mammalian oocytes are arrested at the first meiotic prophase until a surge of gonadotrophin at the mid-cycle. The actions of gonadotrophins, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), on oocyte meiotic resumption are believed to be mediated in large part through increasing the production of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and subsequent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in its surrounding cumulus granulosa cells. Recent findings indicate that gonadotrophins-induced epidermal growth factor-like growth factors, meiosis activating sterol and gonadal steroid hormones, possibly via protein kinase A II and protein kinase C pathways, are involved in the activation of MAPK. Another second messenger cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate induced by nitric oxide or natriuretic peptides system mediates the function of gonadotrophins during oocyte meiotic resumption. FSH and LH induced pathways may either directly overlap or each hormone may utilize redundant pathways in oocyte maturation. A detailed appreciation of different FSH and LH-activated signaling pathways in mammalian oocytes will be needed in understanding their actions in follicular development and oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Wang C, Xu B, Zhou B, Zhang C, Yang J, Ouyang H, Ning G, Zhang M, Shen J, Xia G. Reducing CYP51 inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone induced resumption of mouse oocyte meiosis in vitro. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:2164-72. [PMID: 19433477 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800533-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis activating sterol, produced directly by lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase (CYP51) during cholesterol biosynthesis, has been shown to promote the initiation of oocyte meiosis. However, the physiological significance of CYP51 action on oocyte meiosis in response to gonadotrophins' induction remained to be further explored. Herein, we analyzed the role of CYP51 in gonadotrophin-induced in vitro oocyte maturation via RNA interference (RNAi). We showed that although both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) significantly induced meiotic resumption in follicle-enclosed oocytes (FEOs), the effect of LH on oocyte meiosis resumption in FEOs was weaker than FSH. Moreover, both FSH and LH were able to upregulate CYP51 expression in cultured follicular granulosa cells when examined at 8 h or 12 h posttreatments, respectively. Interestingly, whereas knockdown of CYP51 expression via small interference RNA (siRNA) moderately blocked (23% reduction at 24 h) FSH-induced oocyte maturation [43% germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) rate in RNAi vs. 66% in control, P < 0.05] in FEOs, similar treatments showed no apparent effects on LH-induced FEO meiotic maturation (58% GVBD rate in RNAi vs. 63% in control, P > 0.05). Moreover, the results in a cumulus-enclosed oocytes (CEOs) model showed that approximately 30% of FSH-induced CEOs' meiotic resumption was blocked upon CYP51 knockdown by siRNAs. These findings suggest that FSH, partially at least, employs CYP51, and therefore the MAS pathway, to initiate oocyte meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
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Song X, Tai P, Yan J, Xu B, Chen X, Ouyang H, Zhang M, Xia G. Expression and regulation of lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase in mouse embryo and uterus during the peri-implantation period. Reprod Fertil Dev 2009; 20:964-72. [PMID: 19007561 DOI: 10.1071/rd08085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase (LDM) is expressed ubiquitously in all mammals and is important in cholesterol biosynthesis. However, whether LDM expression is involved in the interaction between uterus and embryo during implantation remains unknown. In the present study, the expression of LDM was investigated in mouse embryo and uterus during the peri-implantation period using confocal microscopy, immunohistochemistry and western blot methods. Further, regulation of LDM expression was investigated in pseudopregnancy, delayed implantation, artificial decidualisation and ovariectomisation using 17beta-oestradiol and progesterone treatment mouse models. The results showed that LDM was selectively expressed in preimplantation embryos and the uterine subluminal stroma surrounding the implanting blastocyst on Day 5 of pregnancy. No corresponding signal was detected in the uterus on Day 5 of pseudopregnancy. Most notably, once delayed implantation was terminated by oestrogen treatment and the embryo implanted, a high level of LDM expression was induced in the subluminal stroma surrounding the implanting blastocyst, whereas no corresponding signal was detected in the delayed implantation uterus. A high level of LDM expression was observed in the uterus decidua on Days 6-8 of pregnancy. Furthermore, LDM expression was induced in the uterine stroma under artificial decidualisation. Oestrogen, but not progesterone, treatment induced a high level of LDM expression in the uterus of ovariectomised mice. These results indicate that LDM is closely related to mouse embryo implantation and can be upregulated by oestrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Song
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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Jones KT. Meiosis in oocytes: predisposition to aneuploidy and its increased incidence with age. Hum Reprod Update 2007; 14:143-58. [PMID: 18084010 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmm043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes begin meiosis in the fetal ovary, but only complete it when fertilized in the adult reproductive tract. This review examines the cell biology of this protracted process: from entry of primordial germ cells into meiosis to conception. The defining feature of meiosis is two consecutive cell divisions (meiosis I and II) and two cell cycle arrests: at the germinal vesicle (GV), dictyate stage of prophase I and at metaphase II. These arrests are spanned by three key events, the focus of this review: (i) passage from mitosis to GV arrest during fetal life, regulated by retinoic acid; (ii) passage through meiosis I and (iii) completion of meiosis II following fertilization, both meiotic divisions being regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK1) activity. Meiosis I in human oocytes is associated with an age-related high rate of chromosomal mis-segregation, such as trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome), resulting in aneuploid conceptuses. Although aneuploidy is likely to be multifactorial, oocytes from older women may be predisposed to be becoming aneuploid as a consequence of an age-long decline in the cohesive ties holding chromosomes together. Such loss goes undetected by the oocyte during meiosis I either because its ability to respond and block division also deteriorates with age, or as a consequence of being inherently unable to respond to the types of segregation defects induced by cohesion loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith T Jones
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Framlington Place, Newcastle, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Tsafriri A, Motola S. Are steroids dispensable for meiotic resumption in mammals? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2007; 18:321-7. [PMID: 17826173 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Meiosis of vertebrate oocytes is a protracted process initiated within differentiated oocytes before the first meiotic arrest of the first meiotic division. Meiosis normally resumes in response to the stimulation of ovulation, proceeding to metaphase of the second meiotic division. In fish and amphibian oocytes, this resumption is triggered by follicular steroids. By contrast, the role of steroids in the resumption of mammalian oocyte maturation is less clear. Specifically, mammalian meiotic maturation proceeds undisturbed even when steroid production is severely suppressed. This puzzling mammalian divergence has been reexamined recently. Here, we review the published data and conclude that steroids are not necessary for the resumption of mammalian meiosis. Nevertheless, steroids are probably involved in follicular growth, somatic-cell differentiation and the acquisition of developmental competence of mature ova.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Tsafriri
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Cukurcam S, Betzendahl I, Michel G, Vogt E, Hegele-Hartung C, Lindenthal B, Eichenlaub-Ritter U. Influence of follicular fluid meiosis-activating sterol on aneuploidy rate and precocious chromatid segregation in aged mouse oocytes. Hum Reprod 2006; 22:815-28. [PMID: 17114196 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Follicular fluid meiosis-activating sterol (FF-MAS) protects young oocytes from precocious chromatid separation (predivision). Reduced expression of cohesion and checkpoint proteins and predivision has been hypothesized to occur in age-related aneuploidy in oocytes. METHODS To know whether FF-MAS also protects aged oocytes from predivision and from age-related non-disjunction, we analysed chromosome constitution in mouse oocytes matured spontaneously with or without 10 microM FF-MAS and in hypoxanthine (HX)-arrested young and aged oocytes induced to resume maturation by FF-MAS. Messenger RNA for checkpoint protein MAD2 and cohesion protein SMC1beta was compared between oocytes matured with or without FF-MAS. RESULTS Aged oocytes possessed many bivalents with single distal chiasma at meiosis I. Predivision was especially high in aged oocytes cultured sub-optimally to metaphase II in alpha-minimum essential medium (alpha-MEM). FF-MAS reduced predivision significantly (P < 0.001) but neither reduced non-disjunction nor induced aneuploidy in aged oocytes. Polyploidy was high in FF-MAS-stimulated maturation, in particular in the aged oocytes (P > 0.001). Relative levels of Smc1beta mRNA appeared increased by maturation in FF-MAS, and mitochondrial clustering was restored. CONCLUSIONS Sister chromatids of aged oocytes appear to be highly susceptible to precocious chromatid separation, especially when maturation is under sub-optimal conditions, e.g. in the absence of cumulus and FF-MAS. This may relate to some loss of chromatid cohesion during ageing. FF-MAS protects aged oocytes from predivision during maturation, possibly by supporting Smc1beta expression, thus reducing risks of meiotic errors, but it cannot prevent age-related non-disjunction. Aged oocytes appear prone to loss of co-ordination between nuclear maturation and cytokinesis suggesting age-related relaxed cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cukurcam
- Research Laboratories of Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
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Trösken ER, Adamska M, Arand M, Zarn JA, Patten C, Völkel W, Lutz WK. Comparison of lanosterol-14 alpha-demethylase (CYP51) of human and Candida albicans for inhibition by different antifungal azoles. Toxicology 2006; 228:24-32. [PMID: 16989930 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of fungal lanosterol-14 alpha-demethylase (CYP51) is the working principle of the antifungal activity of azoles used in agriculture and medicine. Inhibition of human CYP51 may result in endocrine disruption since follicular fluid-meiosis activating steroid (FF-MAS), the direct product of lanosterol demethylation, is involved in the control of meiosis. To investigate the specificity of antifungal agents for the fungal enzyme, assays to determine inhibitory potencies of 13 agricultural fungicides and 6 antimycotic drugs were established. FF-MAS product formation was measured by LC-MS/MS analysis in the incubations using lanosterol as substrate. Recombinant human enzyme (hCYP51) was available from BD Gentest. CYP51 of Candida albicans (cCYP51) was co-expressed with Candida tropicalis oxidoreductase in the baculovirus system. IC(50) values of 13 fungicides for cCYP51 ranged about six-fold (0.059-0.35 microM); for hCYP51 the range was about 30-fold (1.3-37.2 microM). The most favourable IC(50) ratio human to Candida was observed for imazalil (440-fold), while the specificity of epoxiconazole and tebuconazole for cCYP51 was only by a factor of 10. For the antimycotic drugs, the range of IC(50) values for cCYP51 was similar to those of fungicides (0.039-0.30 microM). For the inhibition of hCYP51, IC(50) values split into two classes: the newer drugs fluconazole and itraconazole showed little inhibition (> or = 30 microM) while the older drugs were even more potent than the agricultural fungicides, with miconazole being the most potent (0.057 microM). No correlation was seen between the IC(50) values determined for the two enzymes, indicating that a housekeeping gene can show significant diversity if inhibition is concerned. Our data indicate that fungicide residues in food are unlikely to exert a relevant inhibition of CYP51 in humans whereas systemic use of some antimycotic drugs, e.g. ketoconazole or miconazole, should be carefully considered regarding disturbance of human steroid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva R Trösken
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str 9, Würzburg, Germany.
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Bokal EV, Tacer KF, Vrbnjak M, Leposa S, Virant Klun I, Verdenik I, Rozman D. Follicular sterol composition in gonadotrophin stimulated women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 249:92-8. [PMID: 16516374 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This is the first study evaluating whether oocyte development and fertilization competence are related to intrafollicular concentration of cholesterol, meiosis-activating sterols and progesterone, after human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) administration of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The concentration of follicular fluid meiosis-activating sterol (FF-MAS) significantly increased in the periovulatory period from 10-14 to 34-38 h after HCG administration, while the concentration of testis meiosis-activating sterol (T-MAS) decreased, suggesting a HCG-dependent inhibition of sterol Delta14-reductase. There was no correlation between follicular lanosterol, FF-MAS, T-MAS, and progesterone concentrations and the presence or absence of MII oocytes. Interestingly, free cholesterol level was significantly lower and FF-MAS/cholesterol and progesterone/cholesterol ratios significantly higher in follicles containing MII oocytes compared to follicles from which oocytes were not retrieved. Yet, fertilization and embryo quality did not correlate with follicular sterols. This knowledge should be beneficial for the implementation of protocols for in vitro maturation process, usually used in PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vrtacnik Bokal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Clinical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Jin S, Zhang M, Lei L, Wang C, Fu M, Ning G, Xia G. Meiosis activating sterol (MAS) regulate FSH-induced meiotic resumption of cumulus cell-enclosed porcine oocytes via PKC pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 249:64-70. [PMID: 16500744 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Meiosis activating sterol (MAS) have been found to be able to promote oocytes meiotic maturation of small animals in vitro, such as mouse, rat and rabbit. But in large animals, whether MAS play the same function, especially the physiological mechanisms of MAS on oocytes maturation are not clear. To our knowledge, this is the first time to investigate the role and signal pathway of MAS on FSH-induced porcine oocytes meiotic resumption. Porcine cumulus-enclosed oocytes (CEOs) isolated from 3 to 5mm follicles were cultured in the FSH-medium for 24h supplemented with 0-50 microM RS21745 or 0-100 microM RS21607 (two specific inhibitors of lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase that converts lanosterol to FF-MAS), or cultured in FSH-medium with 25 microM RS21745 for 0-24h firstly, then transferred into a new FSH-medium (the total culture time is 24h). The results revealed that RS21745 or RS21607 could inhibit FSH-induced porcine CEOs meiotic resumption in a dose and time-dependent manner. Meanwhile, FSH-induced cumulus expansion could also be inhibited dose-dependently by RS21745 or RS21607. Otherwise, AY9944-A-7, an inhibitor of Delta14-reductase which promotes cholesterol accumulation from FF-MAS, had no effect on both denuded oocytes (DOs) cultured for 24 or 44 h and CEOs cultured for 24h meiotic resumption, but it could promote CEOs meiotic resumption after 44 h culture. In addition, we got that 10(-8) to 10(-6)M PMA, an activator of PKC pathway, could reverse the inhibiting effect of RS21745 on FSH-induced CEOs meiotic resumption and enhance the rate of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) of CEOs cultured in medium with hypoxanthine (HX). Moreover, 5-10 microM chelerythrine chloride, an inhibitor of PKC, could enhance the inhibitory effect of RS21745 on FSH-induced porcine oocytes resumption of meiosis. All the data of this study support that endogenous FF-MAS takes part in the FSH-induced porcine oocytes meiotic resumption and might play an active role via PKC signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Jin
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
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41
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Mehlmann LM. Stops and starts in mammalian oocytes: recent advances in understanding the regulation of meiotic arrest and oocyte maturation. Reproduction 2006; 130:791-9. [PMID: 16322539 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes grow and undergo meiosis within ovarian follicles. Oocytes are arrested at the first meiotic prophase, held in meiotic arrest by the surrounding follicle cells until a surge of LH from the pituitary stimulates the immature oocyte to resume meiosis. Meiotic arrest depends on a high level of cAMP within the oocyte. This cAMP is generated by the oocyte, through the stimulation of the G(s) G-protein by the G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR3. Stimulation of meiotic maturation by LH occurs via its action on the surrounding somatic cells rather than on the oocyte itself. LH induces the expression of epidermal growth factor-like proteins in the mural granulosa cells that act on the cumulus cells to trigger oocyte maturation. The signaling pathway between the cumulus cells and the oocyte, however, remains unknown. This review focuses on recent studies highlighting the importance of the oocyte in producing cAMP to maintain arrest, and discusses possible targets at the level of the oocyte on which LH could act to stimulate meiotic resumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Mehlmann
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA.
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Wang HF, Isobe N, Kumamoto K, Yamashiro H, Yamashita Y, Terada T. Studies of the role of steroid hormone in the regulation of oocyte maturation in cattle. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2006; 4:4. [PMID: 16457731 PMCID: PMC1409790 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to investigate whether the steroid hormone(s) secreted from cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) is a prerequisite for bovine oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion using aminoglutethimide (AGT), a P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage inhibitor. METHODS In experiment 1, COCs were cultured in maturation medium with various concentrations of AGT for 22 h to determine the effective concentration of AGT to inhibit steroid hormone secretion, meiotic maturation and cumulus expansion. In experiment 2, COCs were cultured in conditioned medium (CM) and TCM-199 medium with or without 10 mM AGT to check whether steroid hormones secreted from COCs were responsible for oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion. Experiments 3 and 4 were carried out to determine whether exogenous progesterone or estradiol-17beta was able to overcome the inhibitory effects of AGT on oocytes maturation and cumulus expansion. COCs cultured in 10 mM AGT-containing medium supplemented with various concentrations of progesterone or estradiol-17beta for 22 h were examined for oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion. RESULTS Experiment 1 showed that a concentration of 10 mM AGT in medium was sufficient to block steroid hormone secretion, oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion, and that these inhibitory effects were fully reversible. In experiment 2, the addition of 10 mM AGT to CM did not significantly prevent oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion, implying that CM contains the steroid hormone(s) secreted from COCs, which are closely associated with oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion. The results in experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that the addition of any concentration of progesterone or estradiol-17beta in the medium did not reduce the inhibitory effects of AGT on oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that bovine oocytes surrounded by cumulus cells are prevented from maturation and cumulus expansion through the inhibition of steroid secretion due to AGT, and that these inhibitory effects of AGT on oocyte maturation and cumulus expansions can not be overcome by the addition of either progesterone or estradiol-17beta in the medium. These observations suggest that some steroid hormone(s) other than P4 and E2 secreted from bovine COCs is essential for their meiotic maturation and cumulus expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Feng Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Naoki Isobe
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Kanako Kumamoto
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yamashiro
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Yamashita
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Takato Terada
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
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Loft A, Ziebe S, Erb K, Rasmussen PE, Agerholm I, Hauge B, Bungum M, Bungum L, Grøndahl C, Lyby K. Impact of follicular-fluid meiosis-activating sterol in an albumin-based formulation on the incidence of human pre-embryos with chromosome abnormalities. Fertil Steril 2005; 84 Suppl 2:1269-76. [PMID: 16210020 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of adding follicular-fluid meiosis-activating sterol (FF-MAS) in a novel 0.2% recombinant human albumin-based formulation to cumulus-enclosed oocytes on chromosomal status and development of pre-embryos. DESIGN Multicenter, prospective, randomized, open (double-blind for vehicle and FF-MAS groups), four parallel groups, controlled trial. SETTING Four public IVF clinics in Denmark. PATIENT(S) Two hundred eighteen women undergoing IVF donated 483 oocytes. INTERVENTION(S) Follicle-stimulating hormone/hCG-primed cumulus-enclosed oocytes randomized to 4 hours of exposure to medium with 1 or 10 micromol/L of FF-MAS dissolved in 0.2% recombinant human albumin, medium with 0.2% recombinant human albumin (vehicle control), or medium alone (control) before insemination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Primary endpoint: incidence of human pre-embryos with chromosomal abnormalities. Secondary endpoint: fertilization rate, cleavage rate, and pre-embryo quality assessed after 68 hours of culture. RESULT(S) At pre-embryo level, the overall abnormality rates in the control, vehicle control, and 1- and 10-micromol/L FF-MAS groups were 53%, 39%, 42%, 53%, respectively, and at blastomere level 49%, 44%, 44%, and 48%, respectively. After 20 and 26 hours, the fertilization rates were between 67% and 71% in all groups. No differences in the cleavage rates were observed. CONCLUSION(S) The concentrations of FF-MAS in a novel 0.2% recombinant human albumin-based formulation of FF-MAS did not increase the risk of chromosomal abnormalities in pre-embryos or blastomeres. No statistically significant differences in fertilization rate, cleavage rate, or number of good quality pre-embryos were found among the four groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Loft
- The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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44
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O'Brien M, Chantha SC, Rahier A, Matton DP. Lipid signaling in plants. Cloning and expression analysis of the obtusifoliol 14alpha-demethylase from Solanum chacoense Bitt., a pollination- and fertilization-induced gene with both obtusifoliol and lanosterol demethylase activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 139:734-49. [PMID: 16169959 PMCID: PMC1255992 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.066639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51) is the most widely distributed cytochrome P450 gene family being found in all biological kingdoms. It catalyzes the first step following cyclization in sterol biosynthesis, leading to the formation of precursors of steroid hormones, including brassinosteroids, in plants. Most enzymes involved in the plant sterol biosynthesis pathway have been characterized biochemically and the corresponding genes cloned. Genes coding for enzymes promoting substrate modifications before 24-methylenelophenol lead to embryonic and seed defects when mutated, while mutants downstream the 24-methylenelophenol intermediate show phenotypes characteristic of brassinosteroid mutants. By a differential display approach, we have isolated a fertilization-induced gene, encoding a sterol 14alpha-demethylase enzyme, named CYP51G1-Sc. Functional characterization of CYP51G1-Sc expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) showed that it could demethylate obtusifoliol, as well as nontypical plant sterol biosynthetic intermediates (lanosterol), in contrast with the strong substrate specificity of the previously characterized obtusifoliol 14alpha-demethylases found in other plant species. CYP51G1-Sc transcripts are mostly expressed in meristems and in female reproductive tissues, where they are induced following pollination. Treatment of the plant itself with obtusifoliol induced the expression of the CYP51G1-Sc mRNA, suggesting a possible role of this transient biosynthetic intermediate as a bioactive signaling lipid molecule. Furthermore, treatments of leaves with (14)C-labeled obtusifoliol demonstrated that this sterol could be transported in distal parts of the plant away from the sprayed leaves. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CYP51 homozygous knockout mutants were also lethal, suggesting important roles for this enzymatic step and its substrate in plant development.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Cholestadienols/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Fertilization
- Gene Dosage
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Fungal
- Genes, Plant
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Lipid Metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Solanum/enzymology
- Solanum/genetics
- Solanum/physiology
- Sterol 14-Demethylase
- Substrate Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin O'Brien
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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45
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van den Hurk R, Zhao J. Formation of mammalian oocytes and their growth, differentiation and maturation within ovarian follicles. Theriogenology 2005; 63:1717-51. [PMID: 15763114 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2004] [Revised: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The limited knowledge on the regulation of oocyte formation, the different steps of folliculogenesis and the required conditions for oocytes to undergo proper growth, differentiation and maturation are major causes of the failure in obtaining viable offspring from in vitro cultured early oocytes from domestic animals and humans. This review highlights the factors that at present are known to be involved in the formation of mammalian oocytes and their growth, differentiation and maturation within ovarian follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert van den Hurk
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 90151, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508TD, The Netherlands.
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46
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Sutton-McDowall ML, Gilchrist RB, Thompson JG. Effect of hexoses and gonadotrophin supplementation on bovine oocyte nuclear maturation during in vitro maturation in a synthetic follicle fluid medium. Reprod Fertil Dev 2005; 17:407-15. [PMID: 15899152 DOI: 10.1071/rd04135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro oocyte maturation (IVM) culture conditions have been relatively unchanged over the past few decades and remain suboptimal. In contrast, studies of the in vivo environment have led to significant improvements to in vitro embryo culture technologies. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of maturing bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) in medium based on the composition of bovine follicular fluid (Bovine VitroMat; Cook Australia, Eight Mile Plain, Qld, Australia). In particular, the effect of different glucose concentrations and glucosamine supplementation on meiotic maturation was determined. Culturing COCs in the presence of gonadotrophins in Bovine VitroMat, containing either physiological glucose concentrations (2.3 mm) or 5.6 mm (equivalent to levels in Tissue Culture Medium 199 (TCM199)) supplemented with glucosamine resulted in comparable cumulus expansion to COCs cultured in TCM199 plus gonadotrophins. However, nuclear maturation was 1.3-fold lower in Bovine VitroMat cultures containing 2.3 mm glucose compared with 5.6 mm glucose and this effect was independent of glucosamine supplementation. Investigations into the effects of different glucose concentrations and gonadotrophin supplementation during the initial 6 h of maturation demonstrated that COCs cultured in Bovine VitroMat with 5.6 mm glucose without gonadotrophins had a twofold acceleration of the rate of meiotic resumption, yet the rate of polar body formation was decreased by approximately 20% compared with cultures in 2.3 mm glucose and TCM199. However, this effect was not seen when COCs were cultured for the initial 16 h in Bovine VitroMat + 5.6 mm minus gonadotrophins or in Bovine VitroMat + 2.3 mm glucose ± gonadotrophins. These data demonstrate that glucose concentrations and the timing of the introduction of gonadotrophin during IVM have variable effects on nuclear maturation. Manipulation of glucose concentrations may be a mechanism to influence oocyte meiotic progression and may lead to the development of improved IVM systems, allowing for an increased developmental capacity of bovine oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Sutton-McDowall
- Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, Australia
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Donnay I, Faerge I, Grøndahl C, Verhaeghe B, Sayoud H, Ponderato N, Galli C, Lazzari G. Effect of prematuration, meiosis activating sterol and enriched maturation medium on the nuclear maturation and competence to development of calf oocytes. Theriogenology 2004; 62:1093-107. [PMID: 15289049 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2003] [Revised: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
New strategies were proposed to improve the developmental competence of calf oocytes through in vitro technologies. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were first prematured for 24 h in the presence of meiosis inhibitors. Both Roscovitine alone (50 microM) or in combination with Butyrolactone-I (12.5 microM Rosco+6.25 microM BL-I) prevented the progression of meiosis. Their effect on nuclear maturation was reversible after a further 17 or 24 h maturation step. However, a dramatic decrease in embryo development was observed after fertilization (abattoir oocytes: 4-9% blastocyst rate versus 14-17% for control embryos). Similar results were obtained with oocytes collected by Ovum Pick Up from living donors. No pregnancy was obtained after single transfer of two blastocysts obtained from prematured oocytes (0/2 versus 4/12 for control embryos). Adding low concentrations (1, 3 or 10 microM) of follicular fluid-meiosis activating sterol (FF-MAS) during the maturation step had a beneficial effect on nuclear maturation (73-86% metaphase II versus 58% for control oocytes). However, subsequent embryo development was not improved. Enriching the maturation medium, namely with hormones, growth factors and precursors of glutathione, induced a sixfold increase in glutathione in the oocyte and had a beneficial effect on embryo development (38% increase in blastocyst rate). In conclusion, in opposition to the results reported with adult oocytes, prematuring calf oocytes had a negative impact on their developmental potential. Although FF-MAS improved nuclear maturation, its addition in the maturation medium did not increase embryo development. However, enriching the maturation medium had a positive effect on embryo development, indicating that cytoplasmic maturation was improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Donnay
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Unité des Sciences Vétérinaires, Place Croix du Sud 5 Bte 10, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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48
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Marín Bivens CL, Lindenthal B, O'Brien MJ, Wigglesworth K, Blume T, Grøndahl C, Eppig JJ. A synthetic analogue of meiosis-activating sterol (FF-MAS) is a potent agonist promoting meiotic maturation and preimplantation development of mouse oocytes maturing in vitro. Hum Reprod 2004; 19:2340-4. [PMID: 15333599 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Follicular fluid-meiosis-activating sterol (FF-MAS) is a factor present in the pre-ovulatory follicle during the time of oocyte maturation. In mouse oocytes maturing in vitro, FF-MAS promotes the completion of meiotic maturation to metaphase II (MII) and improves competence to complete the 2-cell stage to blastocyst transition. We produced analogues of FF-MAS and selected three on the basis of potency to promote the resumption of meiosis by mouse oocytes maintained in meiotic arrest by hypoxanthine. The objective of this study was to determine whether these FF-MAS analogues also affect the quality of oocytes maturing in vitro with respect to the completion of meiotic maturation and augmenting the frequency of development to the blastocyst stage after fertilization in vitro. METHODS Cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes were isolated from the small antral follicles of 18 or 20 day post-natal mice. These oocytes normally have a reduced competence to complete meiotic maturation and preimplantation embryo development. Oocytes were isolated at the germinal vesicle stage and matured in vitro using media supplemented with 0.1% ethanol, 1 micromol/l FF-MAS, or 0.1-10 micromol/l FF-MAS analogues ZK255884 (884), ZK255933 (933) and ZK255991 (991). Oocytes that progressed to MII were fertilized in vitro and the percentage developing to the 2-cell and blastocyst stages was determined. RESULTS At 1 micromol/l, 991 and 933 increased the portion of oocytes progressing to MII, whereas the lowest dose of 991 and 884 was ineffective. Treatment of maturing oocytes with either 0.1 or 1 micromol/l 933 dramatically increased oocyte competence to complete preimplantation development. CONCLUSIONS The synthetic analogue of FF-MAS, ZK255933, is a potent agonist that improves the quality of mouse oocytes matured in vitro. This compound may therefore have therapeutic value for treatment of oocytes from women undergoing therapy for infertility owing to poor oocyte quality.
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Marín Bivens CL, Grøndahl C, Murray A, Blume T, Su YQ, Eppig JJ. Meiosis-Activating Sterol Promotes the Metaphase I to Metaphase II Transition and Preimplantation Developmental Competence of Mouse Oocytes Maturing in Vitro1. Biol Reprod 2004; 70:1458-64. [PMID: 14736819 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.026351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a sterol found in ovarian follicular fluid, known as meiosis-activating sterol (FF-MAS), on the maturation of mouse oocytes in vitro. Possible effects of FF-MAS in promoting the metaphase I (MI) to metaphase II (MII) transition (nuclear maturation) and the competence of oocytes to complete preimplantation embryo development to the blastocyst stage (cytoplasmic maturation) were assessed. Cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes that were compromised in their ability to undergo nuclear maturation and subsequent development because of the age or genotype of the female were isolated at the germinal vesicle stage and matured in vitro using media supplemented with 0 to 20 microM FF-MAS. Oocytes that progressed to MII were inseminated in vitro, and the percentages developing to the 2-cell and blastocyst stages were determined. The sterol was omitted from the media used for oocyte insemination or preimplantation development. FF-MAS promoted a significantly higher percentage of oocytes in all groups to progress to MII in vitro. Moreover, FF-MAS treatment of oocytes maturing in vitro dramatically increased the competence of all but one of the groups of oocytes to complete preimplantation development. Therefore, FF-MAS improved mouse oocyte quality by promoting both nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation in vitro.
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50
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Borman SM, Chaffin CL, Schwinof KM, Stouffer RL, Zelinski-Wooten MB. Progesterone promotes oocyte maturation, but not ovulation, in nonhuman primate follicles without a gonadotropin surge. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:366-73. [PMID: 14985242 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.023390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
During the periovulatory interval, intrafollicular progesterone (P) prevents follicular atresia and promotes ovulation. Whether P influences oocyte quality or maturation and follicle rupture independent of the midcycle gonadotropin surge was examined. Rhesus monkeys underwent controlled ovarian stimulation with recombinant human gonadotropins followed by a) experiment 1: an ovulatory bolus of hCG alone or with a steroid synthesis inhibitor (trilostane, TRL), or TRL + the progestin R5020; or b) no hCG, but rather sesame oil (vehicle), R5020, or dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In experiment 1, the majority of oocytes remained immature (65% +/- 20%) by 12 h post-hCG. However, the percentage of degenerating oocytes increased (P < 0.05) with TRL (42% +/- 22% vs. 0% controls), but was reduced (P < 0.05) by progestin replacement (15% +/- 7%). By 36 h post-hCG, the majority of oocytes in all three groups reached metaphase II (MI). In experiment 2, no evidence of follicle rupture was observed in the vehicle, R5020, or DHT groups. Despite the absence of hCG, a significant (P < 0.05) percentage of oocytes resumed meiosis to metaphase I in R5020- (41 +/- 9) and DHT- (36 +/- 15) but not vehicle- (4 +/- 4) treated animals. Only oocytes from R5020-treated animals continued meiosis in vivo to MII. More (P < 0.05) oocytes fertilized in vitro with R5020 (40%) than with vehicle (20%) or DHT (22%). Thus, P is unable to elicit ovulation in the absence of an ovulatory gonadotropin surge; however, P and/or androgens may prevent oocyte atresia and promote oocyte nuclear maturation in primate follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri M Borman
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
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