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Lu C, Miao J, Li M, Zheng Q, Xu F, Pan Y, Wang Y, Yang Z, Xia X, Zhu H, Chen J, Bao S. Characterization of the Estrogen Response Helps to Predict Prognosis and Identify Potential Therapeutic Targets in Cholangiocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:870840. [PMID: 35664769 PMCID: PMC9162778 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.870840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive malignancy originating from the epithelium of the bile duct. The prognosis of patients is poor regardless of radical resection and chemoradiotherapy. The current classification and prognostic model of CCA are unable to satisfy the requirements for predicting the clinical outcome and exploring therapeutic targets. Estrogen signaling is involved in diverse cancer types, and it has long been established that CCA could be regulated by estrogen. In our study, estrogen response was identified to be significantly and stably correlated with poor prognosis in CCA. Employing several algorithms, CCA was classified into ES cluster A and B. ES cluster B was mainly composed of patients with fluke infection and overlapped with CCA cluster 1/2, and ES cluster A was mainly composed of patients without fluke infection and overlapped with CCA cluster 3/4. COMT and HSD17B1 were identified to be responsible for the differential estrogen response between ES clusters A and B, and the estrogen response may be correlated with the differentiation and cancer stemness of CCA at the single-cell level. Complement activation and the expression of C3 and C5, which are mainly expressed by CCA cells, were significantly downregulated in ES cluster B. An estrogen response risk score (ESRS) model was constructed to predict the prognosis of CCA, followed by a nomogram integrating ESRS and clinical features. Finally, altered pathways, applicable drugs and sensitivity to chemical drugs were analyzed specific to the estrogen response. In summary, our results provide insights into the role of the estrogen response in CCA progression as well as applicable drugs and potential therapeutic targets in estrogen metabolism, the complement system and ESRS-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Miao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Minhuan Li
- Department of Andrology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qisi Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Changshu NO.1 People’s Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changshu, China
| | - Yiming Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Shanhua Bao, ; Jie Chen, ; Hao Zhu,
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Shanhua Bao, ; Jie Chen, ; Hao Zhu,
| | - Shanhua Bao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Shanhua Bao, ; Jie Chen, ; Hao Zhu,
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DHEA Protects Human Cholangiocytes and Hepatocytes against Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061038. [PMID: 35326489 PMCID: PMC8947473 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a rare chronic cholestatic and immune-mediated liver disease of unknown aetiology that targets intrahepatic bile duct cells (cholangiocytes) and primarily affects postmenopausal women, when their estrogen levels sharply decrease. An impaired cholangiocyte response to estrogen characterizes the terminal stage of the disease, as this is when an inefficiency of cholangiocyte proliferation, in balancing the loss of intrahepatic bile ducts, is observed. Here, we report that the estrogen precursor dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate metabolites, DHEA-S and 17 β-estradiol, enhance the proliferation of cholangiocytes and hepatocytes in vitro. Flow cytometry analysis showed that DHEA and DHEA-S decreased glyco-chenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC)-driven apoptosis in cholangiocytes. Cell viability assay (MTT) indicated that ER-α, -β, and the G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor, are involved in the protection of DHEA against oxidative stress in cholangiocytes. Finally, immunoblot analysis showed an elevated level of steroid sulfatase and a reduced level of sulfotransferase 1E1 enzymes, involved in the desulfation/sulfation process of estrogens in cirrhotic PBC, and primary sclerosis cholangitis (PSC) liver tissues, another type of chronic cholestatic and immune-mediated liver disease. Taken together, these results suggest that DHEA can prevent the deleterious effects of certain potentially toxic bile acids and reactive oxygen species, delaying the onset of liver disease.
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Aapkes SE, Bernts LHP, van den Berg AP, van den Berg M, Blokzijl H, Cantineau AEP, van Gastel MDA, de Haas RJ, Kappert P, Müller RU, Nevens F, Torra R, Visser A, Drenth JPH, Gansevoort RT. Protocol for a randomized controlled multicenter trial assessing the efficacy of leuprorelin for severe polycystic liver disease: the AGAINST-PLD study. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:82. [PMID: 35216547 PMCID: PMC8876117 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In patients with severe polycystic liver disease (PLD), there is a need for new treatments. Estrogens and possibly other female sex hormones stimulate growth in PLD. In some patients, liver volume decreases after menopause. Female sex hormones could therefore be a target for therapy. The AGAINST-PLD study will examine the efficacy of the GnRH agonist leuprorelin, which blocks the production of estrogen and other sex hormones, to reduce liver growth in PLD.
Methods The AGAINST-PLD study is an investigator-driven, multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Institutional review board (IRB) approval was received at the University Medical Center of Groningen and will be collected in other sites before opening these sites. Thirty-six female, pre-menopausal patients, with a very large liver volume for age (upper 10% of the PLD population) and ongoing liver growth despite current treatment options will be randomized to direct start of leuprorelin or to 18 months standard of care and delayed start of leuprorelin. Leuprorelin is given as 3.75 mg subcutaneously (s.c.) monthly for the first 3 months followed by 3-monthly depots of 11.25 mg s.c. The trial duration is 36 months. MRI scans to measure liver volume will be performed at screening, 6 months, 18 months, 24 months and 36 months. In addition, blood will be drawn, DEXA-scans will be performed and questionnaires will be collected. This design enables comparison between patients on study treatment and standard of care (first 18 months) and within patients before and during treatment (whole trial). Main outcome is annualized liver growth rate compared between standard of care and study treatment. Secondary outcomes are PLD disease severity, change in liver growth within individuals and (serious) adverse events. The study is designed as a prospective open-label study with blinded endpoint assessment (PROBE). Discussion In this trial, we combined the expertise of hepatologist, nephrologists and gynecologists to study the effect of leuprorelin on liver growth in PLD. In this way, we hope to stop liver growth, reduce symptoms and reduce the need for liver transplantation in severe PLD. Trial registration Eudra CT number 2020-005949-16, registered at 15 Dec 2020. https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=2020-005949-16.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Aapkes
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L H P Bernts
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A P van den Berg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M van den Berg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Blokzijl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A E P Cantineau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M D A van Gastel
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R J de Haas
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Kappert
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R U Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - F Nevens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universiteitsziekenhuis Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - R Torra
- Department of Nephrology, Fundacio Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Visser
- Department of Applied Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J P H Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R T Gansevoort
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Dong C, Zhang BP, Ying YQ, Hou L, Wu W, Wei H, Luo XP. Oestradiol promotes the intrahepatic bile duct development of C57BL/6CrSlc mice during embryonic period via Notch signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9447-9459. [PMID: 34498380 PMCID: PMC8500961 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Oestradiol (E2) is a critical factor for multiple systems' development during the embryonic period. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of oestradiol on intrahepatic bile duct development, which may allow a better understanding of congenital bile duct dysplasia. DLK+ hepatoblasts were extracted from the C57BL/6CrSlc foetal mice and randomly divided into control group, oestradiol groups (1, 10, 100 nM) and oestradiol (10 nM) + DAPT (inhibitor of Notch signalling; 40 µM) group for in vitro experiments. For in vivo analysis, pregnant mice were divided into control group, oestradiol (intraperitoneal injection of 0.6 mg/kg/day) ± DAPT (subcutaneous injection of 10 mg/kg/day) groups and tamoxifen (gavage administration of 0.4 mg/kg/day) group. The results showed that oestradiol promoted hepatoblast differentiation into cholangiocytes and intrahepatic bile duct development during the embryonic period. Tamoxifen, an antioestrogenic drug, inhibited the above processes. Moreover, oestradiol promoted the expression of Notch signalling pathway‐associated proteins and genes both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, DAPT addition inhibited the oestradiol‐mediated effects. In conclusion, oestradiol can promote hepatoblast differentiation into cholangiocytes and intrahepatic bile duct development of C57BL/6CrSlc mice during embryonic period via the Notch signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ben-Ping Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Qin Ying
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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5
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Aapkes SE, Bernts LHP, Barten TRM, van den Berg M, Gansevoort RT, Drenth JPH. Estrogens in polycystic liver disease: A target for future therapies? Liver Int 2021; 41:2009-2019. [PMID: 34153174 PMCID: PMC8456902 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients suffering from polycystic liver disease (PLD) can develop large liver volumes, leading to physical and psychological complaints, reducing quality of life. There is an unmet need for new therapies in these patients. Estrogen seems to be a promising target for new therapies. In this review, we summarize the available experimental and epidemiological evidence to unravel the role of estrogens and other female hormones in PLD, to answer clinical questions and identify new targets for therapy. METHODS We identified all experimental and epidemiologial studies concerning estrogens or other female hormones and PLD, to answer pre-defined clinial questions. RESULTS Female sex is the most important risk factor for the presence and severity of disease; estrogen supplementation enhances liver growth and after menopause, liver growth decreases. Experimental studies show the presence of the estrogen receptors alfa and beta on cystic cholangiocytes, and increased in vitro growth after administration of estrogen. CONCLUSIONS Based on the available evidence, female PLD patients should be discouraged from taking estrogen-containing contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy. Since liver growth rates decline after menopause, treatment decisions should be based on measured liver growth in postmenopausal women. Finally, blockage of estrogen receptors or estrogen production is a promising target for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. Aapkes
- Department of NephrologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity Hospital GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Lucas H. P. Bernts
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Thijs R. M. Barten
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Marjan van den Berg
- Department of GynaecologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity Hospital GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Ron T. Gansevoort
- Department of NephrologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity Hospital GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Joost P. H. Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenthe Netherlands
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6
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Pham DH, Kudira R, Xu L, Valencia CA, Ellis JL, Shi T, Evason KJ, Osuji I, Matuschek N, Pfuher L, Mullen M, Mohanty SK, Husami A, Bull LN, Zhang K, Wali S, Yin C, Miethke A. Deleterious Variants in ABCC12 are Detected in Idiopathic Chronic Cholestasis and Cause Intrahepatic Bile Duct Loss in Model Organisms. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:287-300.e16. [PMID: 33771553 PMCID: PMC8238842 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The etiology of cholestasis remains unknown in many children. We surveyed the genome of children with chronic cholestasis for variants in genes not previously associated with liver disease and validated their biological relevance in zebrafish and murine models. METHOD Whole-exome (n = 4) and candidate gene sequencing (n = 89) was completed on 93 children with cholestasis and normal serum γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels without pathogenic variants in genes known to cause low GGT cholestasis such as ABCB11 or ATP8B1. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 genome editing was used to induce frameshift pathogenic variants in the candidate gene in zebrafish and mice. RESULTS In a 1-year-old female patient with normal GGT cholestasis and bile duct paucity, we identified a homozygous truncating pathogenic variant (c.198delA, p.Gly67Alafs∗6) in the ABCC12 gene (NM_033226). Five additional rare ABCC12 variants, including a pathogenic one, were detected in our cohort. ABCC12 encodes multidrug resistance-associated protein 9 (MRP9) that belongs to the adenosine 5'-triphosphate-binding cassette transporter C family with unknown function and no previous implication in liver disease. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting revealed conserved MRP9 protein expression in the bile ducts in human, mouse, and zebrafish. Zebrafish abcc12-null mutants were prone to cholangiocyte apoptosis, which caused progressive bile duct loss during the juvenile stage. MRP9-deficient mice had fewer well-formed interlobular bile ducts and higher serum alkaline phosphatase levels compared with wild-type mice. They exhibited aggravated cholangiocyte apoptosis, hyperbilirubinemia, and liver fibrosis upon cholic acid challenge. CONCLUSIONS Our work connects MRP9 with bile duct homeostasis and cholestatic liver disease for the first time. It identifies a potential therapeutic target to attenuate bile acid-induced cholangiocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Hung Pham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ramesh Kudira
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lingfen Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Shenyang, China
| | - C. Alexander Valencia
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA,Aperiomics, Inc., Sterling, Virginia, USA
| | - Jillian L. Ellis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tiffany Shi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kimberley J. Evason
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Immaculeta Osuji
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Nelson Matuschek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Liva Pfuher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mary Mullen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sujit K. Mohanty
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ammar Husami
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura N. Bull
- Liver Center Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Sami Wali
- Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chunyue Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Alexander Miethke
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Chaturantabut S, Shwartz A, Garnaas MK, LaBella K, Li CC, Carroll KJ, Cutting CC, Budrow N, Palaria A, Gorelick DA, Tremblay KD, North TE, Goessling W. Estrogen Acts Through Estrogen Receptor 2b to Regulate Hepatobiliary Fate During Vertebrate Development. Hepatology 2020; 72:1786-1799. [PMID: 32060934 PMCID: PMC8290048 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS During liver development, bipotent progenitor cells differentiate into hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells to ensure a functional liver required to maintain organismal homeostasis. The developmental cues controlling the differentiation of committed progenitors into these cell types, however, are incompletely understood. Here, we discover an essential role for estrogenic regulation in vertebrate liver development to affect hepatobiliary fate decisions. APPROACH AND RESULTS Exposure of zebrafish embryos to 17β-estradiol (E2) during liver development significantly decreased hepatocyte-specific gene expression, liver size, and hepatocyte number. In contrast, pharmacological blockade of estrogen synthesis or nuclear estrogen receptor (ESR) signaling enhanced liver size and hepatocyte marker expression. Transgenic reporter fish demonstrated nuclear ESR activity in the developing liver. Chemical inhibition and morpholino knockdown of nuclear estrogen receptor 2b (esr2b) increased hepatocyte gene expression and blocked the effects of E2 exposure. esr2b-/- mutant zebrafish exhibited significantly increased expression of hepatocyte markers with no impact on liver progenitors, other endodermal lineages, or vasculature. Significantly, E2-stimulated Esr2b activity promoted biliary epithelial differentiation at the expense of hepatocyte fate, whereas loss of esr2b impaired biliary lineage commitment. Chemical and genetic epistasis studies identified bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling as a mediator of the estrogen effects. The divergent impact of estrogen on hepatobiliary fate was confirmed in a human hepatoblast cell line, indicating the relevance of this pathway for human liver development. CONCLUSIONS Our studies identify E2, esr2b, and downstream BMP activity as important regulators of hepatobiliary fate decisions during vertebrate liver development. These results have significant clinical implications for liver development in infants exposed to abnormal estrogen levels or estrogenic compounds during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arkadi Shwartz
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maija K. Garnaas
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyle LaBella
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chia-Cheng Li
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelli J. Carroll
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire C. Cutting
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nadine Budrow
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amrita Palaria
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Daniel A. Gorelick
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kimberly D. Tremblay
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Trista E. North
- Stem Cell Program, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Petrick JL, Florio AA, Zhang X, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Wactawski-Wende J, Van Den Eeden SK, Stanczyk FZ, Simon TG, Sinha R, Sesso HD, Schairer C, Rosenberg L, Rohan TE, Purdue MP, Palmer JR, Linet MS, Liao LM, Lee IM, Koshiol J, Kitahara CM, Kirsh VA, Hofmann JN, Guillemette C, Graubard BI, Giovannucci E, Gaziano JM, Gapster SM, Freedman ND, Engel LS, Chong DQ, Chen Y, Chan AT, Caron P, Buring JE, Bradwin G, Beane Freeman LE, Campbell PT, McGlynn KA. Associations Between Prediagnostic Concentrations of Circulating Sex Steroid Hormones and Liver Cancer Among Postmenopausal Women. Hepatology 2020; 72:535-547. [PMID: 31808181 PMCID: PMC7391790 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In almost all countries, incidence rates of liver cancer (LC) are 100%-200% higher in males than in females. However, this difference is predominantly driven by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for 75% of LC cases. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) accounts for 12% of cases and has rates only 30% higher in males. Hormones are hypothesized to underlie observed sex differences. We investigated whether prediagnostic circulating hormone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels were associated with LC risk, overall and by histology, by leveraging resources from five prospective cohorts. APPROACH AND RESULTS Seven sex steroid hormones and SHBG were quantitated using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and competitive electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, respectively, from baseline serum/plasma samples of 191 postmenopausal female LC cases (HCC, n = 83; ICC, n = 56) and 426 controls, matched on sex, cohort, age, race/ethnicity, and blood collection date. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between a one-unit increase in log2 hormone value (approximate doubling of circulating concentration) and LC were calculated using multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression. A doubling in the concentration of 4-androstenedione (4-dione) was associated with a 50% decreased LC risk (OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.30-0.82), whereas SHBG was associated with a 31% increased risk (OR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.05-1.63). Examining histology, a doubling of estradiol was associated with a 40% increased risk of ICC (OR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.05-1.89), but not HCC (OR = 1.12; 95% CI = 0.81-1.54). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that higher levels of 4-dione may be associated with lower, and SHBG with higher, LC risk in women. However, this study does not support the hypothesis that higher estrogen levels decrease LC risk. Indeed, estradiol may be associated with an increased ICC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Petrick
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,,Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Andrea A. Florio
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY,,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - Frank Z. Stanczyk
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Tracey G. Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Howard D. Sesso
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,,Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Catherine Schairer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lynn Rosenberg
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas E. Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Mark P. Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Martha S. Linet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Linda M. Liao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - I-Min Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,,Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jill Koshiol
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cari M. Kitahara
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Victoria A. Kirsh
- Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan N. Hofmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - (CHU de Québec) Research Center - Université Laval and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Barry I. Graubard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - J. Michael Gaziano
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Susan M. Gapster
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Neal D. Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lawrence S. Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Dawn Q. Chong
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY,,Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Patrick Caron
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - (CHU de Québec) Research Center - Université Laval and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie E. Buring
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA,,Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Gary Bradwin
- Clinical and Epidemiologic Research Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Katherine A. McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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9
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Petrick JL, McMenamin ÚC, Zhang X, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Wactawski-Wende J, Simon TG, Sinha R, Sesso HD, Schairer C, Rosenberg L, Rohan TE, Robien K, Purdue MP, Poynter JN, Palmer JR, Lu Y, Linet MS, Liao LM, Lee IM, Koshiol J, Kitahara CM, Kirsh VA, Hofmann JN, Graubard BI, Giovannucci E, Gaziano JM, Gapstur SM, Freedman ND, Florio AA, Chong DQ, Chen Y, Chan AT, Buring JE, Freeman LEB, Bea JW, Cardwell CR, Campbell PT, McGlynn KA. Exogenous hormone use, reproductive factors and risk of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma among women: results from cohort studies in the Liver Cancer Pooling Project and the UK Biobank. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:316-324. [PMID: 32376888 PMCID: PMC7374167 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) arises from cholangiocytes in the intrahepatic bile duct and is the second most common type of liver cancer. Cholangiocytes express both oestrogen receptor-α and -β, and oestrogens positively modulate cholangiocyte proliferation. Studies in women and men have reported higher circulating oestradiol is associated with increased ICC risk, further supporting a hormonal aetiology. However, no observational studies have examined the associations between exogenous hormone use and reproductive factors, as proxies of endogenous hormone levels, and risk of ICC. METHODS We harmonised data from 1,107,498 women who enroled in 12 North American-based cohort studies (in the Liver Cancer Pooling Project, LCPP) and the UK Biobank between 1980-1998 and 2006-2010, respectively. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to generate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence internals (CI). Then, meta-analytic techniques were used to combine the estimates from the LCPP (n = 180 cases) and the UK Biobank (n = 57 cases). RESULTS Hysterectomy was associated with a doubling of ICC risk (HR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.27-3.09), compared to women aged 50-54 at natural menopause. Long-term oral contraceptive use (9+ years) was associated with a 62% increased ICC risk (HR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.03-2.55). There was no association between ICC risk and other exogenous hormone use or reproductive factors. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that hysterectomy and long-term oral contraceptive use may be associated with an increased ICC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Petrick
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Úna C McMenamin
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tracey G Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Howard D Sesso
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Schairer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lynn Rosenberg
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kim Robien
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jenny N Poynter
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Julie R Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunxia Lu
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Martha S Linet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Linda M Liao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - I-Min Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jill Koshiol
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cari M Kitahara
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victoria A Kirsh
- Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barry I Graubard
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea A Florio
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dawn Q Chong
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie E Buring
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer W Bea
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Peter T Campbell
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katherine A McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Barten TRM, Bernts LHP, Drenth JPH, Gevers TJG. New insights into targeting hepatic cystogenesis in autosomal dominant polycystic liver and kidney disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:589-599. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1751818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs R. M. Barten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University, Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- European Reference Network Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucas H. P. Bernts
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University, Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- European Reference Network Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joost P. H. Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University, Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- European Reference Network Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tom J. G. Gevers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University, Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- European Reference Network Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Zhang ZY, Wang ZM, Huang Y. Polycystic liver disease: Classification, diagnosis, treatment process, and clinical management. World J Hepatol 2020; 12:72-83. [PMID: 32231761 PMCID: PMC7097502 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v12.i3.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is a rare hereditary disease that independently exists in isolated PLD, or as an accompanying symptom of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease with complicated mechanisms. PLD currently lacks a unified diagnostic standard. The diagnosis of PLD is usually made when the number of hepatic cysts is more than 20. Gigot classification and Schnelldorfer classification are now commonly used to define severity in PLD. Most PLD patients have no clinical symptoms, and minority with severe complications need treatments. Somatostatin analogues, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, ursodeoxycholic acid and vasopressin-2 receptor antagonist are the potentially effective medical therapies, while cyst aspiration and sclerosis, transcatheter arterial embolization, fenestration, hepatic resection and liver transplantation are the options of invasion therapies. However, the effectiveness of these therapies except liver transplantation are still uncertain. Furthermore, there is no unified strategy to treat PLD between medical centers at present. In order to better understand recent study progresses on PLD for clinical practice and obtain potential directions for future researches, this review mainly focuses on the recent progress in PLD classification, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment. For information, we also provided medical treatment processes of PLD in our medical center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, Hunan Province, China
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12
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Watanabe TTN, Chaigneau FRC, Adaska JM, Doncel-Díaz B, Uzal FA. Polycystic liver in two adult llamas. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:280-283. [PMID: 30661455 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718824736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic liver is usually considered an incidental finding in human and veterinary medicine. Two unrelated adult llamas ( Lama glama) with a history of marked anorexia and weight loss were received for autopsy and diagnostic workup. The main gross change in the liver of both animals was multiple variably sized cysts randomly distributed throughout the parenchyma. Histologically, the cysts compressed the adjacent parenchyma and were lined by a single layer of cuboidal-to-columnar epithelium, surrounded by a fibrous collagen capsule. The lumen of the cysts contained finely granular-to-homogeneous basophilic material. The lining epithelium displayed strong immunoreactivity for pancytokeratin AE1/AE3 and cytokeratins 7, 8, 8/18, and 19, and was negative for vimentin, confirming the biliary epithelial origin of the cysts. No parasitic or infectious agents, or neoplastic changes, were detected. All other laboratory tests performed in both llamas were negative or non-diagnostic, suggesting that the congenital hepatic cysts described may have been at least partly responsible for clinical disease in both animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane T Negrão Watanabe
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (Negrão Watanabe).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino (Carvallo, Uzal) branches, University of California, Davis, CA.,Tulare (Adaska) branches, University of California, Davis, CA.,National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia (Doncel-Diaz)
| | - Francisco R Carvallo Chaigneau
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (Negrão Watanabe).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino (Carvallo, Uzal) branches, University of California, Davis, CA.,Tulare (Adaska) branches, University of California, Davis, CA.,National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia (Doncel-Diaz)
| | - John M Adaska
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (Negrão Watanabe).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino (Carvallo, Uzal) branches, University of California, Davis, CA.,Tulare (Adaska) branches, University of California, Davis, CA.,National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia (Doncel-Diaz)
| | - Benjamín Doncel-Díaz
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (Negrão Watanabe).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino (Carvallo, Uzal) branches, University of California, Davis, CA.,Tulare (Adaska) branches, University of California, Davis, CA.,National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia (Doncel-Diaz)
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (Negrão Watanabe).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino (Carvallo, Uzal) branches, University of California, Davis, CA.,Tulare (Adaska) branches, University of California, Davis, CA.,National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia (Doncel-Diaz)
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13
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Conca P, Cafaro G, Savastano S, Coppola A, Cimino E, Tarantino G. Suggestive hypothesis on a case report: Patient presenting with cyclical ovarian cysts coupled to increased cholestatic enzymes. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2018; 45:477-481. [PMID: 30393940 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe the case of a childbearing-age woman presenting with spontaneous recurrent functional ovarian cysts and, more interestingly, chronic and asymptomatic elevation of cholestatic parameters. The patient showed no history of chronic viral infections, immunological and metabolic disorders, alcohol abuse and environmental toxins exposition. Hepatic ultrasonography and cholangio-pancreatography-magnetic-resonance excluded any morphological and structural abnormalities, while liver biopsy evidenced only minimal and not specific features of inflammation. Cholestasis indices obtained prompt recovery after each cycle of synthetic hormone therapy, implanted to treat functional ovarian cysts. She has continuously experienced the off-therapy asynchronous recurrence of liver laboratory abnormalities and functional ovarian cysts. The favorable effect of the synthetic hormone therapy to obtaining a stable recovery of this unexplained long-lasting cholestatic syndrome could be likely explained by downregulation of an endogenous ovarian overproduction, although estrogen-regulated local intracellular transduction pathways cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Conca
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cafaro
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Coppola
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ernesto Cimino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
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14
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Kao TL, Kuan YP, Cheng WC, Chang WC, Jeng LB, Yeh S, Ma WL. Estrogen receptors orchestrate cell growth and differentiation to facilitate liver regeneration. Theranostics 2018; 8:2672-2682. [PMID: 29774067 PMCID: PMC5957001 DOI: 10.7150/thno.23624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Improving liver regeneration (LR) capacity and thereby liver function reserve is a critical bridging strategy for managing liver failure patients. Since estrogen signaling may participate in LR, our aim was to characterize the roles of ERα and ERβ in LR. Methods: LR capacity and estradiol levels following 2/3rd partial hepatectomy (PHx) were compared in ERα-KO or ERβ-KO vs. wildtype mice. The ERα- or ERβ-related transcriptome and interactome were analyzed from regenerating livers, and then bioinformatics was used for pathway discovery and analysis of interactome-transcriptome relationships. Human hepatic progenitors (HepRG cells) and mouse Hepa1-6 hepatocytes were used to elucidate molecular interactions and functions. Results: This paper demonstrated that estrogen signals orchestrate hepatic repopulation and differentiation via distinct transcriptome patterns governed by ERα or ERβ. Cell repopulation pathway was associated with the ERα-transcriptome, but cell differentiation and metabolic function were associated with the ERβ transcriptome. Mechanistic studies linking ERs interactomes and transcriptomes discovered that ERα-Chd1 interaction promoted cell growth by upregulating Ssxb6, Crygc, and Cst1; and, ERβ-Ube3a interaction facilitated hepatic progenitor cell differentiation to hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, specifically by upregulating Ifna5. Conclusions: ERα and ERβ orchestrate liver cell proliferation and differentiation respectively, thereby promoting LR.
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15
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Interactive role of diabetes mellitus and female sex in the risk of cholangiocarcinoma: A population-based nested case-control study. Oncotarget 2018; 8:6642-6651. [PMID: 28036262 PMCID: PMC5351659 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been associated with an increased risk of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). However, the role of DM in a population with a lower incidence of ECC remains unclear. We investigated the role of DM and other risk factors for ECC and ICC by conducting a population-based, nested, case–control study in Taiwan, a region with a lower incidence but a higher proportion of ICC. We identified patients who received a diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) from the Taiwan Cancer Registry between 2003 and 2009. A total of 6,093 CC cases (ICC: 4,695; ECC: 1,396) and 60,906 matched controls were included. Compared with the controls, the patients with ICC and ECC were more likely to have DM, with an adjusted OR of 1.22 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07–1.39] and 1.48 (95% CI: 1.18–1.85), respectively. DM was associated with an increased risk of CC in the women and patients without a history of biliary tract diseases. Moreover, compared with the controls, DM was not associated with an increased risk of ECC in the patients who received cholecystectomy. These findings strongly support the positive association between DM and the increased risk of both ICC and ECC; however, this association was not observed in the patients who received cholecystectomy.
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16
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Wong MY, McCaughan GW, Strasser SI. An update on the pathophysiology and management of polycystic liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:569-581. [PMID: 28317394 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1309280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is characterized by the presence of multiple cholangiocyte-derived hepatic cysts that progressively replace liver tissue. They are classified as an inherited ciliopathy /cholangiopathy as pathology exists at the level of the primary cilia of cholangiocytes. Aberrant expression of the proteins in primary cilia can impair their structures and functions, thereby promoting cystogenesis. Areas covered: This review begins by looking at the epidemiology of PLD and its natural history. It then describes the pathophysiology and corresponding potential treatment strategies for PLD. Expert commentary: Traditionally, therapies for symptomatic PLD have been limited to symptomatic management and surgical interventions. Such techniques are not completely effective, do not alter the natural history of the disease, and are linked with high rate of re-accumulation of cysts. As a result, there has been a push for drugs targeted at abnormal cellular signaling cascades to address deregulated proliferation, cell dedifferentiation, apoptosis and fluid secretion. Currently, the only available drug treatments that halt disease progression and improve quality of life in PLD patients are somatostatin analogues. Numerous preclinical studies suggest that targeting components of the signaling pathways that influence cyst development can ameliorate growth of hepatic cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Yw Wong
- a AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- a AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Simone I Strasser
- a AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre , Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
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17
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McGreal SR, Rumi K, Soares MJ, Woolbright BL, Jaeschke H, Apte U. Disruption of Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Rats Results in Faster Initiation of Compensatory Regeneration Despite Higher Liver Injury After Carbon Tetrachloride Treatment. Int J Toxicol 2017; 36:199-206. [PMID: 28481132 DOI: 10.1177/1091581817706067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) is 1 of the 2 intracellular receptors for estrogen and is expressed by hepatocytes in the liver. The role of ESR1 in the regulation of toxicant-induced liver injury and compensatory regeneration is not completely clear. We investigated the role of ESR1 in liver regeneration after carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury using wild type (WT) and ESR1 knockout (ESR1-KO) rats. Adult female WT and ESR1-KO rats were treated with 1 mL/kg CCl4 and euthanized over a time course of 0 to 48 hours. Liver injury measured by serum alanine amino transaminase, and histopathological analysis showed significantly higher liver injury in ESR1-KO as compared to WT rats. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed 2-fold higher necrosis and significant inflammatory cell infiltration in ESR1-KO rats. Chloracetate esterase staining revealed higher neutrophil infiltration in ESR1-KO rat livers. Interestingly, proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry showed that in spite of 2-fold higher liver injury, the ESR1-KO rats had equal liver regeneration as compared to WT rats. Western blot analysis of cyclin D1 and phosphorylated Rb, proteins involved in the initiation of the cell cycle, was significantly higher at all time points in ESR1-KO rats. Further analysis revealed faster activation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB signaling in ESR1-KO rats characterized by higher activated β-catenin and phosphorylated p65 at 12 hours after CCl4 treatment. Taken together, these data indicate that ESR1-mediated signaling inhibits liver regeneration by downregulation of Wnt signaling resulting in lower cyclin D1 activation after chemical-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R McGreal
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Karim Rumi
- 2 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Michael J Soares
- 2 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Benjamin L Woolbright
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Udayan Apte
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Kobayashi H, Yoshida S, Sun YJ, Shirasawa N, Naito A. 17β-Estradiol in the systemic circulation derives mainly from the parietal cells in cholestatic female rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2016; 39:389-400. [PMID: 26256408 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-015-0374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Estrogenic symptoms of liver disease patients including biliary tract disorder with high frequency is observed in clinical cases. However, the origin of 17β-estradiol which is abundant enough to cause symptoms remains uncertain. In male rats, it has been reported that the parietal cells which have an abundance of aromatase-synthesized 17β-estradiol, and a part of 17β-estradiol secreted into the portal vein, may flow into the systemic circulation under a pathophysiological condition of the liver including bile duct ligation (BDL). The aim of this study is to reveal the origin of 17β-estradiol increment in female rats and to investigate the effect of BDL on the ovary during the estrus cycle. METHODS Wistar female rats were used, and the common bile duct was ligated twice and transected completely at 7 days before termination. Serum portal venous and arterial 17β-estradiol levels, Cyp19a1 expressions, aromatase protein levels, and estrogen receptor (ER) α levels in the liver were measured during the estrus cycle. RESULTS Both arterial and portal venous 17β-estradiol levels increased 2.9 times at proestrus and maintained constant levels during the cycle. The expression of Cyp19a1 and aromatase protein in the stomach maintained constant levels, and significantly decreased during the estrus cycle in the ovary. Hepatic ERα protein and Esr1 expressions decrease by BDL in all stages. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the increment of serum 17β-estradiol levels in obstructive cholestasis induced by BDL is derived from 17β-estradiol secreted from the parietal cells in females as well as males.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Science, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Science, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Y-J Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Science, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - N Shirasawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Science and Welfare, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - A Naito
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Science, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
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Sun Y, Haapanen K, Li B, Zhang W, Van de Water J, Gershwin ME. Women and primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 48:285-300. [PMID: 25241227 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis occurs more frequently in women, and previous studies indicated that the average age of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) onset makes pregnancy in PBC patients uncommon. However, more recently, improved diagnostic testing has enabled detection of PBC in younger women, including those of childbearing age. This has led investigators to become increasingly interested in the relationship between the ontogeny of PBC and pregnancy. Published cases indicate that the typical age for pregnant women to be diagnosed with PBC is in the early 30s, and that during gestation, pruritus and jaundice are the most common symptoms. During gestation, susceptible women may experience onset of PBC resulting from the drastic changes in female hormones; this would include not only the mitochondrial damage due to accumulation of bile acids but also changes in the immune response during the different stages of pregnancy that might play an important role in the breakdown of self-tolerance. The mechanisms underlying the potential relationship between PBC and pregnancy warrant further investigation. For women first diagnosed with PBC during gestation, or those for whom first appearance of a flare up occurs during and postpartum, investigation of the immune response throughout gestation could provide new avenues for immunologic therapeutic intervention and the discovery of new treatment strategies for PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Pan X, Jeong H. Estrogen-Induced Cholestasis Leads to Repressed CYP2D6 Expression in CYP2D6-Humanized Mice. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:106-12. [PMID: 25943116 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.098822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis activates bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and subsequently enhances hepatic expression of small heterodimer partner (SHP). We previously demonstrated that SHP represses the transactivation of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) promoter by hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 4α. In this study, we investigated the effects of estrogen-induced cholestasis on CYP2D6 expression. Estrogen-induced cholestasis occurs in subjects receiving estrogen for contraception or hormone replacement, or in susceptible women during pregnancy. In CYP2D6-humanized transgenic (Tg-CYP2D6) mice, cholestasis triggered by administration of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) at a high dose led to 2- to 3-fold decreases in CYP2D6 expression. This was accompanied by increased hepatic SHP expression and subsequent decreases in the recruitment of HNF4α to CYP2D6 promoter. Interestingly, estrogen-induced cholestasis also led to increased recruitment of estrogen receptor (ER) α, but not that of FXR, to Shp promoter, suggesting a predominant role of ERα in transcriptional regulation of SHP in estrogen-induced cholestasis. EE2 at a low dose (that does not cause cholestasis) also increased SHP (by ∼ 50%) and decreased CYP2D6 expression (by 1.5-fold) in Tg-CYP2D6 mice, the magnitude of differences being much smaller than that shown in EE2-induced cholestasis. Taken together, our data indicate that EE2-induced cholestasis increases SHP and represses CYP2D6 expression in Tg-CYP2D6 mice in part through ERα transactivation of Shp promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Pan
- Departments of Pharmacy Practice (H.J.) and Biopharmaceutical Sciences (X.P., H.J.), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hyunyoung Jeong
- Departments of Pharmacy Practice (H.J.) and Biopharmaceutical Sciences (X.P., H.J.), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
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Mvondo MA, Njamen D, Kretzschmar G, Imma Bader M, Tanee Fomum S, Wandji J, Vollmer G. Alpinumisoflavone and abyssinone V 4'-methylether derived from Erythrina lysistemon (Fabaceae) promote HDL-cholesterol synthesis and prevent cholesterol gallstone formation in ovariectomized rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 67:990-6. [PMID: 25683903 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Erythrina lysistemon was found to improve lipid profile in ovariectomized rats. Alpinumisoflavone (AIF) and abyssinone V 4'-methylether (AME) derived from this plant induced analogous effects on lipid profile and decreased atherogenic risks. To highlight the molecular mechanism of action of these natural products, we evaluated their effects on the expression of some estrogen-sensitive genes associated with cholesterol synthesis (Esr1 and Apoa1) and cholesterol clearance (Ldlr, Scarb1 and Cyp7a1). METHODS Ovariectomized rats were subcutaneously treated for three consecutive days with either compound at the daily dose of 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg body weight (BW). Animals were sacrificed thereafter and their liver was collected. The mRNA of genes of interest was analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. KEY FINDINGS Both compounds downregulated the mRNA expression of Esr1, a gene associated with cholesterogenesis and cholesterol gallstone formation. AME leaned the Apoa1/Scarb1 balance in favour of Apoa1, an effect promoting high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol formation. It also upregulated the mRNA expression of Ldlr at 1 mg/kg/BW per day (25%) and 10 mg/kg/BW per day (133.17%), an effect favouring the clearance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol. Both compounds may also promote the conversion of cholesterol into bile acids as they upregulated Cyp7a1 mRNA expression. CONCLUSION AIF and AME atheroprotective effects may result from their ability to upregulate mechanisms promoting HDL-cholesterol and bile acid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A Mvondo
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Dieudonné Njamen
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Georg Kretzschmar
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuela Imma Bader
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephen Tanee Fomum
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Jean Wandji
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Günter Vollmer
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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Dianat N, Dubois-Pot-Schneider H, Steichen C, Desterke C, Leclerc P, Raveux A, Combettes L, Weber A, Corlu A, Dubart-Kupperschmitt A. Generation of functional cholangiocyte-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells and HepaRG cells. Hepatology 2014; 60:700-14. [PMID: 24715669 PMCID: PMC4315871 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholangiocytes are biliary epithelial cells, which, like hepatocytes, originate from hepatoblasts during embryonic development. In this study we investigated the potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to differentiate into cholangiocytes and we report a new approach, which drives differentiation of hESCs toward the cholangiocytic lineage using feeder-free and defined culture conditions. After differentiation into hepatic progenitors, hESCs were differentiated further into cholangiocytes using growth hormone, epidermal growth factor, interleukin-6, and then sodium taurocholate. These conditions also allowed us to generate cholangiocytes from HepaRG-derived hepatoblasts. hESC- and HepaRG-derived cholangiocyte-like cells expressed markers of cholangiocytes including cytokeratin 7 and osteopontin, and the transcription factors SOX9 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 6. The cells also displayed specific proteins important for cholangiocyte functions including cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, secretin receptor, and nuclear receptors. They formed primary cilia and also responded to hormonal stimulation by increase of intracellular Ca(2+) . We demonstrated by integrative genomics that the expression of genes, which signed hESC- or HepaRG-cholangiocytes, separates hepatocytic lineage from cholangiocyte lineage. When grown in a 3D matrix, cholangiocytes developed epithelial/apicobasal polarity and formed functional cysts and biliary ducts. In addition, we showed that cholangiocyte-like cells could also be generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells, demonstrating the efficacy of our approach with stem/progenitor cells of diverse origins. CONCLUSION We have developed a robust and efficient method for differentiating pluripotent stem cells into cholangiocyte-like cells, which display structural and functional similarities to bile duct cells in normal liver. These cells will be useful for the in vitro study of the molecular mechanisms of bile duct development and have important potential for therapeutic strategies, including bioengineered liver approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Dianat
- INSERM, U972, Paul Brousse HospitalVillejuif, France,Université Paris Sud, UMR-S 972Villejuif, France,IFR 93, Bicêtre HospitalKremlin-Bicêtre, France,DHU Hepatinov, Paul Brousse HospitalVillejuif, France
| | | | - Clara Steichen
- INSERM, U972, Paul Brousse HospitalVillejuif, France,Université Paris Sud, UMR-S 972Villejuif, France,IFR 93, Bicêtre HospitalKremlin-Bicêtre, France,DHU Hepatinov, Paul Brousse HospitalVillejuif, France
| | - Christophe Desterke
- INSERM, U972, Paul Brousse HospitalVillejuif, France,Université Paris Sud, UMR-S 972Villejuif, France,DHU Hepatinov, Paul Brousse HospitalVillejuif, France
| | | | - Aurélien Raveux
- INSERM, U972, Paul Brousse HospitalVillejuif, France,Université Paris Sud, UMR-S 972Villejuif, France,IFR 93, Bicêtre HospitalKremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurent Combettes
- DHU Hepatinov, Paul Brousse HospitalVillejuif, France,INSERM UMR-S 757UPS-Orsay, Orsay, France
| | - Anne Weber
- INSERM, U972, Paul Brousse HospitalVillejuif, France,Université Paris Sud, UMR-S 972Villejuif, France,IFR 93, Bicêtre HospitalKremlin-Bicêtre, France,DHU Hepatinov, Paul Brousse HospitalVillejuif, France
| | - Anne Corlu
- INSERM, UMR-S 991, Pontchaillou HospitalRennes, France,University of Rennes 1Rennes, France,
Address reprint requests to: Anne Corlu, Ph.D., INSERM, UMR-S 991, Pontchaillou Hospital, Rennes F-35033, France. E-mail: ; or Anne Dubart-Kupperschmitt, M.D., INSERM, U972, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, F-94807, France. ; fax: +33 (0)1 47 26 03 19, +33 (0)2 99 54 01 37
| | - Anne Dubart-Kupperschmitt
- INSERM, U972, Paul Brousse HospitalVillejuif, France,Université Paris Sud, UMR-S 972Villejuif, France,IFR 93, Bicêtre HospitalKremlin-Bicêtre, France,DHU Hepatinov, Paul Brousse HospitalVillejuif, France
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23
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Li W, Ning M, Koh KH, Kim H, Jeong H. 17β-Estradiol induces sulfotransferase 2A1 expression through estrogen receptor α. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:796-802. [PMID: 24492894 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfotransferase (SULT) 2A1 catalyzes sulfonation of drugs and endogenous compounds and plays an important role in xenobiotic metabolism as well as in the maintenance of steroid and lipid homeostasis. A recent study showed that 17β-estradiol (E2) increases the mRNA levels of SULT2A1 in human hepatocytes. Here we report the underlying molecular mechanisms. E2 enhanced SULT2A1 expression in human hepatocytes and HepG2-ER cells (HepG2 stably expressing ERα). SULT2A1 induction by E2 was abrogated by antiestrogen ICI 182,780, indicating a key role of ERα in the induction. Results from deletion and mutation assays of SULT2A1 promoter revealed three cis-elements located within -257/+140 region of SULT2A1 that are potentially responsible for the induction. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay verified the recruitment of ERα to the promoter region. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that AP-1 proteins bind to one of the cis-elements. Interestingly, SULT2A1 promoter assays using ERα mutants revealed that the DNA-binding domain of ERα is indispensable for SULT2A1 induction by E2, suggesting that direct ERα binding to the SULT2A1 promoter is also necessary for the induction. Taken together, our results indicate that E2 enhances SULT2A1 expression by both the classical and nonclassical mechanisms of ERα action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (W.L., K.H.K., H.K., H.J.) and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (M.N., H.J.), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China (W.L.)
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Abstract
We recently introduced the concept of the infectome as a means of studying all infectious factors which contribute to the development of autoimmune disease. It forms the infectious part of the exposome, which collates all environmental factors contributing to the development of disease and studies the sum total of burden which leads to the loss of adaptive mechanisms in the body. These studies complement genome-wide association studies, which establish the genetic predisposition to disease. The infectome is a component which spans the whole life and may begin at the earliest stages right up to the time when the first symptoms manifest, and may thus contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmunity at the prodromal/asymptomatic stages. We provide practical examples and research tools as to how we can investigate disease-specific infectomes, using laboratory approaches employed from projects studying the “immunome” and “microbiome”. It is envisioned that an understanding of the infectome and the environmental factors that affect it will allow for earlier patient-specific intervention by clinicians, through the possible treatment of infectious agents as well as other compounding factors, and hence slowing or preventing disease development.
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Kobayashi H, Yoshida S, Sun YJ, Shirasawa N, Naito A. Gastric estradiol-17β (E2) and liver ERα correlate with serum E2 in the cholestatic male rat. J Endocrinol 2013; 219:39-49. [PMID: 23881936 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis is associated with changes in hepatic cholesterol metabolism and serum estrogen levels. Ueyama and colleagues reported that the gastric estradiol-17β (E2) level in the portal vein is several times higher than that in the artery. This study aimed to clarify the relationships between gastric E2, hepatic estrogen receptor (ER) α and cholesterol metabolism in cholestatic male rats induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). After BDL, serum E2 levels in the portal vein and artery were measured by ELISA. The gene expression of gastric estrogen-synthesizing enzymes and various hepatic enzymes for cholesterol metabolism were measured by real-time RT-PCR, and gastric aromatase and hepatic ERα proteins were determined by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Portal E2 levels increased by 4.9, 5.0, and 3.6 times that of controls at 2 days after BDL (BDL2d), BDL4d, and BDL7d respectively. The change in arterial E2 levels was positively correlated with that in the portal vein. Under these conditions, the expression of hepatic Ers1 (ERα) mRNA and protein was significantly reduced in a negative correlation with serum E2 levels in the portal vein after BDL. The expression of hepatic male-specific cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes Cyp2c55 and Cyp3a2 decreased and female-specific Cyp2c12 increased after BDL. It is postulated that the increase in gastric E2 levels, which occurs after BDL, results in the reduction of hepatic ERα, the elevation of arterial E2 level and leads to cholesterol metabolism becoming sex steroid dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Science, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Onori P, Mancinelli R, Franchitto A, Carpino G, Renzi A, Brozzetti S, Venter J, Francis H, Glaser S, Jefferson DM, Alpini G, Gaudio E. Role of follicle-stimulating hormone on biliary cyst growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Liver Int 2013; 33:914-25. [PMID: 23617956 PMCID: PMC4064944 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common genetic disorder characterized by the progressive development of renal and hepatic cysts. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) has been demonstrated to be a trophic factor for biliary cells in normal rats and experimental cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). AIMS To assess the effect of FSH on cholangiocyte proliferation during ADPKD using both in vivo and in vitro models. METHODS Evaluation of FSH receptor (FSHR), FSH, phospho-extracellular-regulated kinase (pERK) and c-myc expression in liver fragments from normal patients and patients with ADPKD. In vitro, we studied proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cAMP levels in a human immortalized, non-malignant cholangiocyte cell line (H69) and in an immortalized cell line obtained from the epithelium lining the hepatic cysts from the patients with ADPKD (LCDE) with or without transient silencing of the FSH gene. RESULTS Follicle-stimulating hormone is linked to the active proliferation of the cystic wall and to the localization of p-ERK and c-myc. This hormone sustains the biliary growth by activation of the cAMP/ERK signalling pathway. CONCLUSION These results showed that FSH has an important function in cystic growth acting on the cAMP pathway, demonstrating that it provides a target for medical therapy of hepatic cysts during ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Rome, Italy,Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Health Science, University of Rome ‘Foro Italico’, Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Brozzetti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - Julie Venter
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | | | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
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Srivastava A, Mishra A, Singh R, Rai R, Srivastava N, Mittal B. Multi-analytic approach elucidates significant role of hormonal and hepatocanalicular transporter genetic variants in gallstone disease in North Indian population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59173. [PMID: 23577061 PMCID: PMC3620121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cholesterol gallstone disease (CGD) is a multifactorial and multistep disease. Apart from female gender and increasing age being the documented non-modifiable risk factor for gallstones the pathobiological mechanisms underlying the phenotypic expression of CGD appear to be rather complex, and one or more variations in genes could play critical roles in the diverse pathways further progressing to cholesterol crystal formation. In the present study we performed genotyping score, Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) and Classification and Regression Tree analysis (CART) to identify combinations of alleles among the hormonal, hepatocanalicular transporter and adipogenesis differentiation pathway genes in modifying the risk for CGD. Design The present case-control study recruited total of 450 subjects, including 230 CGD patients and 220 controls. We analyzed common ESR1, ESR2, PGR, ADRB3, ADRA2A, ABCG8, SLCO1B1, PPARγ2, and SREBP2 gene polymorphisms to find out combinations of genetic variants contributing to CGD risk, using multi-analytical approaches (G-score, MDR, and CART). Results Single locus analysis by logistic regression showed association of ESR1 IVS1-397C>T (rs2234693), IVS1-351A>G (rs9340799) PGR ins/del (rs1042838) ADRB3-190 T>C (rs4994) ABCG8 D19H (rs11887534), SLCO1B1 Exon4 C>A (rs11045819) and SREBP2 1784G>C (rs2228314) with CGD risk. However, the MDR and CART analysis revealed ESR1 IVS1-397C>T (rs2234693) ADRB3-190 T>C (rs4994) and ABCG8 D19H (rs11887534) polymorphisms as the best polymorphic signature for discriminating between cases and controls. The overall odds ratio for the applied multi-analytical approaches ranged from 4.33 to 10.05 showing an incremental risk for cholesterol crystal formation. In conclusion, our muti-analytical approach suggests that, ESR1, ADRB3, in addition to ABCG8 genetic variants confer significant risk for cholesterol gallstone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Srivastava
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avshesh Mishra
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajan Singh
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajani Rai
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neena Srivastava
- Department of Physiology, King George’s Medical University (KGMU) Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Balraj Mittal
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
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Bogdanos DP, Smyk DS, Invernizzi P, Rigopoulou EI, Blank M, Pouria S, Shoenfeld Y. Infectome: a platform to trace infectious triggers of autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 12:726-40. [PMID: 23266520 PMCID: PMC7105216 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The "exposome" is a term recently used to describe all environmental factors, both exogenous and endogenous, which we are exposed to in a lifetime. It represents an important tool in the study of autoimmunity, complementing classical immunological research tools and cutting-edge genome wide association studies (GWAS). Recently, environmental wide association studies (EWAS) investigated the effect of environment in the development of diseases. Environmental triggers are largely subdivided into infectious and non-infectious agents. In this review, we introduce the concept of the "infectome", which is the part of the exposome referring to the collection of an individual's exposures to infectious agents. The infectome directly relates to geoepidemiological, serological and molecular evidence of the co-occurrence of several infectious agents associated with autoimmune diseases that may provide hints for the triggering factors responsible for the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. We discuss the implications that the investigation of the infectome may have for the understanding of microbial/host interactions in autoimmune diseases with long, pre-clinical phases. It may also contribute to the concept of the human body as a superorganism where the microbiome is part of the whole organism, as can be seen with mitochondria which existed as microbes prior to becoming organelles in eukaryotic cells of multicellular organisms over time. A similar argument can now be made in regard to normal intestinal flora, living in symbiosis within the host. We also provide practical examples as to how we can characterise and measure the totality of a disease-specific infectome, based on the experimental approaches employed from the "immunome" and "microbiome" projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London, UK.
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Srivastava A, Sharma KL, Srivastava N, Misra S, Mittal B. Significant role of estrogen and progesterone receptor sequence variants in gallbladder cancer predisposition: a multi-analytical strategy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40162. [PMID: 22808109 PMCID: PMC3393738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoma of gallbladder (GBC) is an aggressive malignancy. The higher incidence of gallbladder cancer in women has been partly attributed to hormonal factors. Therefore the present study was designed to explore the role of genetic variants in estrogen (ESR1, ESR2) and progesterone (PGR) receptors in conferring risk of gallbladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present case-control study recruited total of 860 subjects, including 410 GBC patients, 230 gallstone patients and 220 controls. We examined the associations of 6 selected polymorphisms in three genes: ESR1 (rs2234693, rs9340799, rs1801132), ESR2 (rs1271572, rs1256049) and PGR (rs1042838) with GBC risk. Genotyping for all the polymorphisms was done using PCR-RFLP. Multifactor dimensionality reduction and classification and regression tree approaches were combined with logistic regression to discover high-order gene-gene interactions in hormonal pathway. RESULTS On comparing the genotype frequency distribution in gallstone and GBC patients with that of healthy subjects, the homozygous variant genotypes of ESR1-397TT (rs2234693) polymorphism showed significant risk for developing gallstone [odds ratio: OR = 2.9] and GBC [OR = 1.8] respectively. Detailed haplotypes analysis suggested that ESR1 T( rs2234693)G( rs9340799)C( rs1801132) have significant association in conferring risk for both gallstones [OR = 2.2] and GBC [OR = 3.0]. However, the variant-containing genotypes (DI+II) of PGR (rs1042838) showed low risk in both GBC [OR = 0.4] and gallstone patients [OR = 0.4].On performing the MDR analysis, ESR1 IVS1-397C>T, ESR1 IVS1-351A>G, and ESR2-789 A>C yielded the highest testing accuracy of 0.634. These results were further supported by the CART analysis which revealed that individuals with the combined genotypes of ESR1-397 CT or TT, ESR1-351 AG or GG and ESR2 -789 AA had the highest risk for GBC [OR = 3.9]. CONCLUSION Using multi-analytical approaches, our study showed important role of ESR1 IVS1-397C>T, ESR1 IVS1-351A>G, and ESR2-789 A>C variants in GBC susceptibility and the risk appears to be mediated through gallstone dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Srivastava
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Kiran Lata Sharma
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Neena Srivastava
- Department of Physiology, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University (CSMMU), Lucknow, India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Surgical Oncology, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University (CSMMU), Lucknow, India
| | - Balraj Mittal
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
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Mahringer A, Fricker G. BCRP at the blood-brain barrier: genomic regulation by 17β-estradiol. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1835-47. [PMID: 20735085 DOI: 10.1021/mp1001729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
At the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the ABC transporter breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) actively extrudes a variety of therapeutic drugs, including cytostatics, and diminishes their pharmacological efficacy in the brain. Consequently, new strategies to circumvent BCRP-mediated multidrug resistance in the CNS are required. One major approach to increase brain drug levels is to manipulate signaling mechanisms that control transporter expression and function. In the present study, we investigated the long-term effect of 17β-estradiol on BCRP in an ex vivo model of isolated rat brain capillaries. BCRP function and protein expression were decreased after 6 h of incubation with nanomolar concentrations of 17β-estradiol in capillaries from male and female rats. Concomitantly, levels of BCRP mRNA were also reduced by 17β-estradiol suggesting that the transporter is down-regulated via a genomic pathway. Additionally, we identified the presence of both estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes α and β at the rat BBB. Experiments using selective ER agonists and antagonists revealed that ER subtype β is responsible for the hormone-induced reduction of BCRP function and protein expression. These findings were confirmed by the use of ERKO mice. Blocking the proteasome-dependent degradation by lactacystin reversed the 17β-estradiol-mediated decrease of BCRP supposing that transcriptional down-regulation of the efflux transporter is paralleled by protein degradation. This study demonstrates that 17β-estradiol induces the down-regulation of BCRP on transcriptional and translational levels via the activation of ERβ in rat brain capillaries after 6 h. These results could help to improve brain targeting of BCRP substrates in the treatment of CNS diseases such as brain tumors and also contribute to an enlarged understanding of BCRP-drug interactions at a chronic intake of phytoestrogens and oral contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mahringer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Mancinelli R, Onori P, DeMorrow S, Francis H, Glaser S, Franchitto A, Carpino G, Alpini G, Gaudio E. Role of sex hormones in the modulation of cholangiocyte function. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2010; 1:50-62. [PMID: 21607142 PMCID: PMC3097944 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v1.i2.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, cholangiocytes, the cells that line the biliary tree, have been considered an important object of study for their biological properties which involves bile formation, proliferation, injury repair, fibrosis and angiogenesis. Cholangiocyte proliferation occurs in all pathologic conditions of liver injury where it is associated with inflammation and regeneration. During these processes, biliary cells start to secrete different cytokines, growth factors, neuropeptides and hormones which represent potential mechanisms for cross talk with other liver cells. Several studies suggest that hormones, and in particular, sex hormones, play a fundamental role in the modulation of the growth of this compartment in the injured liver which functionally conditions the progression of liver disease. Understanding the mechanisms of action and the intracellular pathways of these compounds on cholangiocyte pathophysiology will provide new potential strategies for the management of chronic liver diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent findings on the role of sex hormones in cholangiocyte proliferation and biology.
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Torrice A, Cardinale V, Gatto M, Semeraro R, Napoli C, Onori P, Alpini G, Gaudio E, Alvaro D. Polycystins play a key role in the modulation of cholangiocyte proliferation. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42:377-85. [PMID: 19897428 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 09/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystin-1 and -2 (PC-1 and PC-2) are critical components of primary cilia, which act as mechanosensors and drive cell response to injury. PC-1 activation involves the cleavage/processing of PC-1 cytoplasmic tail, driven by regulated intramembrane proteolysis or ubiquitine/proteasome, translocation in the nucleus and activation of transcription factors. Mutations of PC-1 or PC-2 occur in polycystic liver where cholangiocyte proliferation is enhanced. AIM We evaluated the involvement of PC-1 and PC-2 in modulating cholangiocyte proliferation. METHODS We investigated rat cholangiocytes induced to proliferate by 17beta-oestradiol. Proliferation was evaluated by PCNA immunoblotting or [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA. PC-1 silencing was performed by siRNA, while inhibition of regulated intramembrane proteolysis or proteasome by gamma-secretase inhibitor, leupeptin or MG115. RESULTS Cholangiocyte proliferation was associated with decreased PC-1 and PC-2 expression, which was inversely correlated with enhanced PCNA. The selective silencing of PC-1 induced activation of cholangiocyte proliferation in association with decreased PC-1 expression. Two different regulated intramembrane proteolysis inhibitors, gamma-secretase-inhibitor and leupeptin, and the proteasome inhibitor, MG115, abolished the 17beta-oestradiol proliferative effect. CONCLUSIONS PC-1 and PC-2 play a major role as modulators of cholangiocyte proliferation suggesting that primary cilia may act as sensors of cell injury driving, when activated, a proliferative cholangiocyte response to trigger the reparative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Torrice
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Rome, Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Park SK, Andreotti G, Rashid A, Chen J, Rosenberg PS, Yu K, Olsen J, Gao YT, Deng J, Sakoda LC, Zhang M, Shen MC, Wang BS, Han TQ, Zhang BH, Yeager M, Chanock SJ, Hsing AW. Polymorphisms of estrogen receptors and risk of biliary tract cancers and gallstones: a population-based study in Shanghai, China. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:842-6. [PMID: 20172949 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancer encompasses tumors of the gallbladder, bile duct and ampulla of Vater. Gallbladder cancer is more common in women, whereas bile duct cancer is more common in men, suggesting that sex hormones may play a role in the etiology of these cancers. The intracellular action of estrogens is regulated by the estrogen receptor (ESR); thus, we examined the role of common genetic variants in ESR genes on the risk of biliary tract cancers and stones in a population-based case-control study in Shanghai, China (411 cancer cases, 895 stone cases and 786 controls). We genotyped six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), four in ESR1 (rs2234693, rs3841686, rs2228480 and rs1801132) and two in ESR2 (rs1256049 and rs4986938). In all participants, the ESR1 rs1801132 (P325P) G allele was associated with excess risks of bile duct [odds ratio (OR) = 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.8] and ampulla of Vater cancers (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 0.9-4.9) compared with the CC genotype. The association with bile duct cancer was apparent among men (OR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.7) but not among women (P-heterogeneity = 0.01). Also, the ESR2 rs4986938 (38 bp 3' of STP) GG genotype was associated with a higher risk of bile duct cancer (OR = 3.3, 95% CI 1.3-8.7) compared with the AA genotype, although this estimate was based on a small number of subjects. None of the other SNPs examined was associated with biliary tract cancers or stones. False discovery rate-adjusted P-values were not significant (P > 0.1). No association was found for ESR1 haplotype based on four SNPs. These preliminary results suggest that variants in ESR genes could play a role in the etiology of biliary tract cancers, especially bile duct cancer in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue K Park
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, EPS-MSC 7234, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892-7234, USA
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Everson GT, Helmke SM, Doctor B. Advances in management of polycystic liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 2:563-76. [PMID: 19072404 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2.4.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this review is polycystic liver disease, a genetic disorder characterized by multiple macroscopic liver cysts that initially bud from biliary epithelium but subsequently lack communication with the biliary tree. There are two main clinical presentations: polycystic liver associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and isolated polycystic liver disease. Both of these forms of polycystic liver disease exhibit an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations of polycystic liver disease are related to either mass effect of the volume of hepatic cysts or to complications arising within the cysts. Polycystic liver disease rarely progresses to hepatic failure or clinical complications of portal hypertension. Management is directed at counseling patients and families, treating complications and reducing cyst load by surgical techniques: cyst fenestration, hepatic resection or, rarely, hepatic transplantation. Recent research suggests that blockade of cyst secretion or inhibition of epithelial cells might be useful in halting progression of disease--these observations are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Everson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, UCH AOP, PO Box 6510, 1635 N Ursula, B-154, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Alvaro D, Onori P, Alpini G, Franchitto A, Jefferson DM, Torrice A, Cardinale V, Stefanelli F, Mancino MG, Strazzabosco M, Angelico M, Attili A, Gaudio E. Morphological and functional features of hepatic cyst epithelium in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:321-32. [PMID: 18202196 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the morphological and functional features of hepatic cyst epithelium in adult autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). In six ADPKD patients, we investigated the morphology of cyst epithelium apical surface by scanning electron microscopy and the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), IGF1 receptors (IGF1-R), growth hormone receptor, the proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and pAKT by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Proliferation of liver cyst-derived epithelial cells was evaluated by both MTS proliferation assay and [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. The hepatic cyst epithelium displayed heterogeneous features, being normal in small cysts (<1 cm), characterized by rare or shortened cilia in 1- to 3-cm cysts, and exhibiting the absence of both primary cilia and microvilli in large cysts (>3 cm). Cyst epithelium showed marked immunohistochemical expression of ER, growth hormone receptor, IGF1, IGF1-R, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and pAKT. IGF1 was 10-fold more enriched in the hepatic cyst fluid than in serum. Serum-deprived liver cyst-derived epithelial cells proliferated when exposed to 17beta-estradiol and IGF1 and when exposed to human cyst fluid. ER or IGF1-R antagonists inhibited the proliferative effect of serum readmission, cyst fluid, 17beta-estradiol, and IGF1. Our findings could explain the role of estrogens in accelerating the progression of ADPKD and may suggest a potential benefit of therapeutic strategies based on estrogen antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, via R. Rossellini 51, 00137 Rome, Italy. domenico.alvaro@uniroma1
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Soric S, Belanger MP, Askin N, Wittnich C. Impact of female sex hormones on liver tissue lactic acidosis during ischemia. Transplantation 2007; 84:763-70. [PMID: 17893610 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000280542.61123.ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower liver transplant success is observed when the donor is female. Intracellular acidosis during ischemia is proposed to contribute to the injury sustained by the transplanted organ and its role in livers obtained from nonheartbeating donors is unclear. Research has shown that livers of female rats develop a greater degree of intracellular acidosis during ischemia than males. This work explores the role of sex hormones in mediating this sex difference. METHODS Subgroups of neutered female rats were given 17 beta-estradiol (E), progesterone (P), or combination (E+P). To compare the effects of female sex hormones in males, subgroups of intact and castrated males received 17 beta-estradiol. In vivo and ischemic liver biopsies were taken and analyzed for lactate and H. RESULTS Although there was no effect of hormone therapy on baseline metabolic parameters, during ischemia compared to neutered females, livers from E females significantly (P<0.01) increased lactate by 56% and H+ by 71%, while E+P significantly increased only lactate (39%; P<0.05). Livers from neutered males given 17 beta-estradiol showed significantly greater (P<0.001) accumulation of lactate (80%) and H+ (79%). This was even shown in intact males, where despite a blunted response, 17 beta-estradiol, significantly (P<0.05) increased lactate by 39% and H+ by 25%. CONCLUSION This study illustrates the mechanisms for the sex difference in the liver's metabolic response to ischemia are estrogen mediated, which is seen even in the presence of male hormones, thus offering one explanation for the lower liver transplant success when the donor is female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stjepan Soric
- Department of Physiology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Alvaro D, Mancino MG, Glaser S, Gaudio E, Marzioni M, Francis H, Alpini G. Proliferating cholangiocytes: a neuroendocrine compartment in the diseased liver. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:415-31. [PMID: 17241889 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last 15 years, the intrahepatic biliary tree has become the object of extensive studies, which highlighted the extraordinary biologic properties of cholangiocytes involved in bile formation, proliferation, injury repair, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and regulation of blood flow. Proliferation is a "typical" property of cholangiocytes and is key as a mechanism of repair responsible for maintaining the integrity of the biliary tree. Cholangiocyte proliferation occurs virtually in all pathologic conditions of liver injury where it is associated with inflammation, regeneration, and repair, thus conditioning the evolution of liver damage. Interestingly, proliferating cholangiocytes acquire the phenotype of neuroendocrine cells, and secrete different cytokines, growth factors, neuropeptides, and hormones, which represent potential mechanisms for cross talk with other liver cells. Many studies suggest the generation of a neuroendocrine compartment in the injured liver, mostly constituted by cells with cholangiocyte features, which functionally conditions the progression of liver disease. These insights on cholangiocyte pathophysiology will provide new potential strategies for the management of chronic liver diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent findings on the mechanisms regulating cholangiocyte proliferation and the significance of the neuroendocrine regulation of cholangiocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Alvaro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University La Sapienza, via R. Rossellini 51, 00137 Rome, Italy.
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Ostroukhova TY, Kulikov AV, Rozenkrants AA, Smirnova OV. Overexpression of prolactin receptors during intrahepatic transplantation of RS1 rat cholangiocellular carcinoma cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 2006; 141:364-7. [PMID: 17073161 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-006-0172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical study showed that expression of prolactin receptors in intrahepatically transplanted cells of RS1 cholangiocellular carcinoma 2-fold exceeds that in cholangiocytes of intact rats. The number of prolactin receptors significantly increased in tumor cell nuclei of male and female animals. The RS1 transplant induced overexpression of prolactin receptors in hepatocytes and increased their number in nuclei of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yu Ostroukhova
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Biological Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University.
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Fan J, Shen H, Sun Y, Li P, Burczynski F, Namaka M, Gong Y. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 mediates bile duct ligation induced liver fibrosis through activation of Smad1 and ERK1/2 in rat hepatic stellate cells. J Cell Physiol 2006; 207:499-505. [PMID: 16447265 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the important cytokine involving in cell differentiation especially in bone morphogenesis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) undergo a trans-differentiation during their activation after liver injury. Although it has been demonstrated that BMP2 and BMP4 significantly increased the abundance of smooth muscle alpha actin (alpha-SMA) in cultured HSCs, the expression of BMPs has not been examined during the activation of HSCs. In current study, we documented the expression of BMP4 in bile duct ligation (BDL) rats and HSCs in culture. We have found that the expression of BMP4 was significantly elevated in the liver of BDL rats. The increase in BMP4 protein showed two peaks during 6 weeks after BDL. The expression and phosphorylation of Smad1, ERK1/2 and p38 were also elevated after BDL. Moreover, there was a gradual elevation of BMP4 mRNA abundance during 24 days' in vitro culture of HSCs. Furthermore, BMP4 stimulated phosphorylation of Smad1 and ERK1/2 in HSCs. In conclusion, BMP4 expression was significantly increased in the liver of BDL rats and HSCs in culture. These findings indicate that BMP4 may mediate HSC activation through activation of Smad1 and ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Fan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Alvaro D, Mancino MG, Onori P, Franchitto A, Alpini G, Francis H, Glaser S, Gaudio E. Estrogens and the pathophysiology of the biliary tree. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:3537-45. [PMID: 16773710 PMCID: PMC4087569 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i22.3537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific framework concerning estrogen effects on different tissues has expanded enormously during the last decades, when estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes were identified. Estrogens are not only essential for the female reproductive system, but they also control fundamental functions in other tissues including the cardiovascular system, bone, brain and liver. Recently, estrogens have been shown to target the biliary tree, where they modulate the proliferative and secretory activities of cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining bile ducts. By acting on both estrogen receptors (ER-α) and (ER-β) subtypes, and by activating either genomic or non-genomic pathways, estrogens play a key role in the complex loop of growth factors and cytokines, which modulates the proliferative response of cholangiocytes to damage. Specifically, estrogens activate intracellular signalling cascades [ERK1/2 (extracellular regulated kinases 1/2, PI3- kinase/AKT (phosphatidylinositol-3’ kinase/AKT)] typical of growth factors such as insulin like growth factor (IGF1), nerve growth factor (NGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), thus potentiating their action. In addition, estrogens stimulate the secretion of different growth factors in proliferating cholangiocytes. This review specifically deals with the recent advances related to the role and mechanisms by which estrogens modulate cholangiocyte functions in normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Alvaro
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Rome, La Sapienza, via R. Rossellini 51, 00137 Rome, Italy.
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Svegliati-Baroni G, Ghiselli R, Marzioni M, Alvaro D, Mocchegiani F, Saccomanno S, Sisti V, Ugili L, Orlando F, Alpini G, Saba V, Benedetti A. Estrogens maintain bile duct mass and reduce apoptosis after biliodigestive anastomosis in bile duct ligated rats. J Hepatol 2006; 44:1158-66. [PMID: 16481066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Disapperacence of bile ducts (ductopenia) represents the terminal, common stage of human cholangiopathies, and estrogens exert a major role in stimulating cholangiocyte proliferation. We thus evaluated whether estrogen administration protect from the bile duct loss induced by the biliary-digestive diversion in bile duct ligated (BDL) rats. METHODS After 3 weeks of BDL, rats were subjected to biliary-digestive diversion and treated with daily injections of 17beta-estradiol or a control solution. RESULTS Both after 7 and 14 days from the biliary-digestive diversion a marked increase of the number of apoptotic cholangiocytes was observed. In contrast, 17beta-estradiol significantly reduced cholangiocyte apoptosis. 17beta-estradiol also prevented the biliary-digestive diversion-induced loss of PCNA-positive cholangiocytes and of the bile duct mass. Biliary-digestive diversion determined a marked reduction of ERK1/2 phopsphorylation in cholangiocytes that was reversed by the administration of 17beta-estradiol. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that estrogens prevent the increase of cholangiocyte apoptosis and loss of cholangiocyte proliferation induced by the biliary-digestive diversion in the BDL rat. In parallel, 17beta-estradiol also enhanced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which is instead strongly reduced by the biliary-digestive diversion. These novel findings suggest that estrogens could prevent the evolution of cholangiopathies toward ductopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Svegliati-Baroni
- Clinica di Gastroenterologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, INRCA, IRCCS, Via Tronto, Ancona, 60020, Italy.
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Abstract
In 50% of cases, polycystic liver disease is associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, which is caused by mutations in the PKD1 and PKD2 genes that encode polycystin-1 and -2, respectively. These proteins form a polycystin-1/2 complex on the plasma membrane, including that localized on the surface of primary cilia, where they act as mechanosensors. Polycystin-1 acts as a (mechano)receptor of environmental signals, and polycystin-2 as a calcium channel mediating intracellular transduction. Isolated autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease is caused by mutations in PRKCSH that encodes hepatocystin, a protein of the endoplasmic reticulum, which may participate in the N-glycosylation and maturation of proteins addressed to the cell surface. Congenital hepatic fibrosis whether it is accompanied by bile duct dilatations (Caroli's syndrome) or not, may be associated with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, which is caused by mutations in PKHD1 that encodes fibrocystin, a protein of primary cilia. Genetic defects in fibrocystin cause ciliary dysfunction, presently considered as a major pathogenic event in cystogenesis. Excessive cell proliferation, a hallmark of cystic biliary epithelium, occurs in combination with deregulation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and probably also estrogen receptors. EGF receptor antagonists inhibit kidney and liver cyst development in animal models, and are currently under investigation in phase I and II clinical trials in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Housset
- INSERM U 680, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie et Service de Biochimie Hormonologie, Hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, Paris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Lazaridis
- Centr for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Tietz P, LaRusso NF. Cholangiocyte biology. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2003; 19:264-9. [PMID: 15703567 DOI: 10.1097/00001574-200305000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes are of considerable intrinsic biologic interest, particularly with regard to their roles in the transport of water, ions, and solutes, and to their heterogeneity and proliferative capacity. Cholangiocytes represent an important target of study in the cholangiopathies, a group of genetic developmental and acquired diseases of the liver. New biologic concepts continue to evolve through the use of experimental models (eg, knockout mice and selective gene silencing) and enhanced approaches to three-dimensional modeling and microscopy. The role of the cholangiocyte cytoskeleton in transport and intracellular trafficking has been recently recognized. These paradigms provide a framework for further understanding the mechanisms modulating normal cholangiocyte growth, transport, and signaling, and the abnormalities that result in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Tietz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Medical School, and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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