1
|
Yilmaz A, Guerrera C, Waeckel-Énée E, Lipecka J, Bertocci B, van Endert P. Insulin-Degrading Enzyme Interacts with Mitochondrial Ribosomes and Respiratory Chain Proteins. Biomolecules 2023; 13:890. [PMID: 37371470 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a highly conserved metalloprotease that is mainly localized in the cytosol. Although IDE can degrade insulin and some other low molecular weight substrates efficiently, its ubiquitous expression suggests additional functions supported by experimental findings, such as a role in stress responses and cellular protein homeostasis. The translation of a long full-length IDE transcript has been reported to result in targeting to mitochondria, but the role of IDE in this compartment is unknown. To obtain initial leads on the function of IDE in mitochondria, we used a proximity biotinylation approach to identify proteins interacting with wild-type and protease-dead IDE targeted to the mitochondrial matrix. We find that IDE interacts with multiple mitochondrial ribosomal proteins as well as with proteins involved in the synthesis and assembly of mitochondrial complex I and IV. The mitochondrial interactomes of wild type and mutant IDE are highly similar and do not reveal any likely proteolytic IDE substrates. We speculate that IDE could adopt similar additional non-proteolytic functions in mitochondria as in the cytosol, acting as a chaperone and contributing to protein homeostasis and stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Yilmaz
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, CNRS, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Chiara Guerrera
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, Proteomics Platform, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, CNRS, F-75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Joanna Lipecka
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, Proteomics Platform, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, CNRS, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Barbara Bertocci
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, CNRS, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Peter van Endert
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, CNRS, F-75015 Paris, France
- Service Immunologie Biologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lesire L, Leroux F, Deprez-Poulain R, Deprez B. Insulin-Degrading Enzyme, an Under-Estimated Potential Target to Treat Cancer? Cells 2022; 11:cells11071228. [PMID: 35406791 PMCID: PMC8998118 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a multifunctional protease due to the variety of its substrates, its various cellular locations, its conservation between species and its many non-proteolytic functions. Numerous studies have successfully demonstrated its implication in two main therapeutic areas: metabolic and neuronal diseases. In recent years, several reports have underlined the overexpression of this enzyme in different cancers. Still, the exact role of IDE in the physiopathology of cancer remains to be elucidated. Known as the main enzyme responsible for the degradation of insulin, an essential growth factor for healthy cells and cancer cells, IDE has also been shown to behave like a chaperone and interact with the proteasome. The pharmacological modulation of IDE (siRNA, chemical compounds, etc.) has demonstrated interesting results in cancer models. All these results point towards IDE as a potential target in cancer. In this review, we will discuss evidence of links between IDE and cancer development or resistance, IDE's functions, catalytic or non-catalytic, in the context of cell proliferation, cancer development and the impact of the pharmacomodulation of IDE via cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
|
3
|
Modulation of Insulin Sensitivity by Insulin-Degrading Enzyme. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010086. [PMID: 33477364 PMCID: PMC7830943 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed metalloprotease that degrades insulin and several other intermediate-size peptides. For many decades, IDE had been assumed to be involved primarily in hepatic insulin clearance, a key process that regulates availability of circulating insulin levels for peripheral tissues. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that IDE has several other important physiological functions relevant to glucose and insulin homeostasis, including the regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. Investigation of mice with tissue-specific genetic deletion of Ide in the liver and pancreatic β-cells (L-IDE-KO and B-IDE-KO mice, respectively) has revealed additional roles for IDE in the regulation of hepatic insulin action and sensitivity. In this review, we discuss current knowledge about IDE’s function as a regulator of insulin secretion and hepatic insulin sensitivity, both evaluating the classical view of IDE as an insulin protease and also exploring evidence for several non-proteolytic functions. Insulin proteostasis and insulin sensitivity have both been highlighted as targets controlling blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes, so a clearer understanding the physiological functions of IDE in pancreas and liver could led to the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of this disease.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hartman K, Mielczarek P, Smoluch M, Silberring J. Inhibitors of neuropeptide peptidases engaged in pain and drug dependence. Neuropharmacology 2020; 175:108137. [PMID: 32526240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Owing to a broad spectrum of functions performed by neuropeptides, this class of signaling molecules attracts an increasing interest. One of the key steps in the regulation of biological activity of neuropeptides is proteolytic conversion or degradation by proteinases that change or terminate biological activity of native peptides. These enzymes, in turn, are regulated by inhibitors, which play integral role in controlling many metabolic pathways. Thus, the search for selective inhibitors and detailed knowledge on the mechanisms of binding of these substances to enzymes, could be of importance for designing new pharmacological approaches. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the inhibitors of enzymes that convert selected groups of neuropeptides, such as dynorphins, enkephalins, substance P and NPFF fragments. The importance of these substances in pathophysiological processes involved in pain and drug addiction, have been discussed. This article is part of the special issue on Neuropeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Hartman
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Mielczarek
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Smetna 12, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Marek Smoluch
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Silberring
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bellia F, Lanza V, Ahmed IMM, Garcia-Vinuales S, Veiss E, Arizzi M, Calcagno D, Milardi D, Grasso G. Site directed mutagenesis of insulin-degrading enzyme allows singling out the molecular basis of peptidase versus E1-like activity: the role of metal ions. Metallomics 2020; 11:278-281. [PMID: 30627720 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00288f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Four specifically designed IDE mutants have been used to unveil the molecular basis of peptidase versus E1-like activity of the enzyme. We have found that physiological concentrations of copper(ii) ions inhibit the proteolytic activity of the enzyme towards small and large substrates but have no effect on the E1-like activity of the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellia
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Catania, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar D, Kumar P. Integrated Mechanism of Lysine 351, PARK2, and STUB1 in AβPP Ubiquitination. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 68:1125-1150. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-181219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Neyazi N, Motevaseli E, Khorramizadeh MR, Mohammadi Farsani T, Nouri Z, Nasli Esfahani E, Ghahremani MH. Inhibition of Insulin Degrading Enzyme and Insulin Degradation by UV-Killed Lactobacillus acidophilus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 6:medsci6020036. [PMID: 29751685 PMCID: PMC6024763 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics have beneficial effects on management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The major hallmarks of T2D are insulin deficiency and insulin resistance which emphasize insulin therapy in onset of disease. Lactobacilli such as Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) have well known properties on prevention of T2D and insulin resistance but not on insulin degradation. Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) degrades insulin in the human body. We studied the effects of cell-free supernatant (CFS) and ultraviolet (UV)-killed L. acidophilus (ATCC 314) on IDE activity and insulin degradation in vitro. Cell growth inhibition by CFS and UV-killed L. acidophilus (ATCC 314) was studied and Western blotting and a fluoregenic assay was performed to determine IDE expression and its activity, respectively. Insulin degradation was evaluated by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). IDE expression and activity was reduced by CFS and UV-killed L. acidophilus (ATCC 314). Although, decreased enzyme expression and activity was not significant for CFS in contrast to MRL (MRS with same pH as CFS). Also, reduction in IDE activity was not statistically considerable when compared to IDE expression. Insulin degradation was increased by CFS but decreased by UV-killed L. acidophilus (ATCC 314).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Neyazi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran.
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus (TUMS-IC), Tehran 1416753955, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Khorramizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran.
| | - Taiebeh Mohammadi Farsani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran.
| | - Zahra Nouri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran.
| | - Ensieh Nasli Esfahani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Ciaccio C, Grasso G, Gioia M, Coletta A, Polticelli F, Di Pierro D, Milardi D, Van Endert P, Marini S, Coletta M. Multiple functions of insulin-degrading enzyme: a metabolic crosslight? Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28635330 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1337707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a ubiquitous zinc peptidase of the inverzincin family, which has been initially discovered as the enzyme responsible for insulin catabolism; therefore, its involvement in the onset of diabetes has been largely investigated. However, further studies on IDE unraveled its ability to degrade several other polypeptides, such as β-amyloid, amylin, and glucagon, envisaging the possible implication of IDE dys-regulation in the "aggregopathies" and, in particular, in neurodegenerative diseases. Over the last decade, a novel scenario on IDE biology has emerged, pointing out a multi-functional role of this enzyme in several basic cellular processes. In particular, latest advances indicate that IDE behaves as a heat shock protein and modulates the ubiquitin-proteasome system, suggesting a major implication in proteins turnover and cell homeostasis. In addition, recent observations have highlighted that the regulation of glucose metabolism by IDE is not merely based on its largely proposed role in the degradation of insulin in vivo. There is increasing evidence that improper IDE function, regulation, or trafficking might contribute to the etiology of metabolic diseases. In addition, the enzymatic activity of IDE is affected by metals levels, thus suggesting a role also in the metal homeostasis (metallostasis), which is thought to be tightly linked to the malfunction of the "quality control" machinery of the cell. Focusing on the physiological role of IDE, we will address a comprehensive vision of the very complex scenario in which IDE takes part, outlining its crucial role in interconnecting several relevant cellular processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grazia R Tundo
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy
| | - Diego Sbardella
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy.,c Center for TeleInfrastructures, University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy
| | - Chiara Ciaccio
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grasso
- d Department of Chemistry , University of Catania , Catania , Italy.,e CNR IBB , Catania , Italy
| | - Magda Gioia
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy
| | - Andrea Coletta
- f Department of Chemistry , University of Aarhus , Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | - Donato Di Pierro
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy
| | | | - Peter Van Endert
- h Université Paris Descartes, INSERM, U1151, CNRS , Paris , France
| | - Stefano Marini
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy.,c Center for TeleInfrastructures, University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- a Department of Clinical Sciences and Translation Medicine , University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy.,b CIRCMSB , Bari , Italy.,c Center for TeleInfrastructures, University of Roma Tor Vergata , Roma , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pivovarova O, Höhn A, Grune T, Pfeiffer AFH, Rudovich N. Insulin-degrading enzyme: new therapeutic target for diabetes and Alzheimer's disease? Ann Med 2016; 48:614-624. [PMID: 27320287 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1197416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a major enzyme responsible for insulin degradation. In addition to insulin, IDE degrades many targets including glucagon, atrial natriuretic peptide, and beta-amyloid peptide, regulates proteasomal degradation and other cell functions. IDE represents a pathophysiological link between type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Potent and selective modulators of IDE activity are potential drugs for therapies of both diseases. Acute treatment with a novel IDE inhibitor was recently tested in a mouse study as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of T2DM. In contrast, effective IDE activators can be used for the AD treatment. However, because of the pleiotropic IDE action, the sustained treatment with systemic IDE modulators should be carefully tested in animal studies. Development of substrate-selective IDE modulators could overcome possible adverse effects of IDE modulators associated with multiplicity of IDE targets. KEY MESSAGES Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) represents a pathophysiological link between type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Selective modulators of IDE activity are potential drugs for both T2DM and AD treatment. Development of substrate-selective IDE modulators could overcome possible adverse effects of IDE modulators associated with multiplicity of IDE targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Pivovarova
- a Department of Clinical Nutrition , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal , Germany.,b Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition , Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany.,c German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , München , Germany
| | - Annika Höhn
- c German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , München , Germany.,d Department of Molecular Toxicology , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal , Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- c German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , München , Germany.,d Department of Molecular Toxicology , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal , Germany.,e German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- a Department of Clinical Nutrition , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal , Germany.,b Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition , Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany.,c German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , München , Germany
| | - Natalia Rudovich
- a Department of Clinical Nutrition , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal , Germany.,b Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition , Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany.,c German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , München , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Neyazi N, Mohammadi Farsani T, Nouri Z, Ghahremani MH, Khorramizadeh MR, Tajerian R, Motevaseli E. Potential efficacy of Lactobacillus casei IBRC_M10711 on expression and activity of insulin degrading enzyme but not insulin degradation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 53:12-19. [PMID: 27573410 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a condition with insufficient insulin production or in the setting of insulin resistance with many origins including intestinal microbiota-related molecular mechanism. Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is responsible for insulin breakdown in various tissues and is known as a potential drug target for T2D. Here, we assessed the effects of cell-free supernatant (CFS) and UV-killed Lactobacillus casei IBRC_M10711 on IDE expression, IDE activity, and insulin degradation in Caco-2 cell line. It was found that CFS and UV-killed L. casei IBRC_M10711 led to lower expression of IDE. UV-killed L. casei IBRC_M10711 significantly inhibited IDE activity but CFS did not. Insulin degradation was affected with none of them. In conclusion, L. casei IBRC_M10711 is effective on IDE expression and its activity, but not on insulin degradation. Future studies are recommended to explore the effect of this probiotic on other substrates of IDE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Neyazi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Oncology, Kabul Medical University, Jamal Mena, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Taiebeh Mohammadi Farsani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Nouri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khorramizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinilogy and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, EMRI, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roksana Tajerian
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Grasso G, Lanza V, Malgieri G, Fattorusso R, Pietropaolo A, Rizzarelli E, Milardi D. The insulin degrading enzyme activates ubiquitin and promotes the formation of K48 and K63 diubiquitin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15724-7. [PMID: 26364617 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06786c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We report an ATP-dependent ubiquitin conjugation with IDE which, in turn, promotes Ub-Ub linkages in tube tests. We propose a novel function for IDE as a non-canonical ubiquitin activating enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Grasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ralat LA, Kalas V, Zheng Z, Goldman RD, Sosnick TR, Tang WJ. Ubiquitin is a novel substrate for human insulin-degrading enzyme. J Mol Biol 2010; 406:454-66. [PMID: 21185309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) can degrade insulin and amyloid-β, peptides involved in diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, respectively. IDE selects its substrates based on size, charge, and flexibility. From these criteria, we predict that IDE can cleave and inactivate ubiquitin (Ub). Here, we show that IDE cleaves Ub in a biphasic manner, first, by rapidly removing the two C-terminal glycines (k(cat)=2 s(-1)) followed by a slow cleavage between residues 72 and 73 (k(cat)=0.07 s(-1)), thereby producing the inactive 1-74 fragment of Ub (Ub1-74) and 1-72 fragment of Ub (Ub1-72). IDE is a ubiquitously expressed cytosolic protein, where monomeric Ub is also present. Thus, Ub degradation by IDE should be regulated. IDE is known to bind the cytoplasmic intermediate filament protein nestin with high affinity. We found that nestin potently inhibits the cleavage of Ub by IDE. In addition, Ub1-72 has a markedly increased affinity for IDE (∼90-fold). Thus, the association of IDE with cellular regulators and product inhibition by Ub1-72 can prevent inadvertent proteolysis of cellular Ub by IDE. Ub is a highly stable protein. However, IDE instead prefers to degrade peptides with high intrinsic flexibility. Indeed, we demonstrate that IDE is exquisitely sensitive to Ub stability. Mutations that only mildly destabilize Ub (ΔΔG<0.6 kcal/mol) render IDE hypersensitive to Ub with rate enhancements greater than 12-fold. The Ub-bound IDE structure and IDE mutants reveal that the interaction of the exosite with the N-terminus of Ub guides the unfolding of Ub, allowing its sequential cleavages. Together, our studies link the control of Ub clearance with IDE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Ralat
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Reduced neuronal expression of insulin-degrading enzyme in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients with haloperidol-treated, chronic schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43:1095-105. [PMID: 19394958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a neutral thiol metalloprotease, which cleaves insulin with high specificity. Additionally, IDE hydrolyzes Abeta, glucagon, IGF I and II, and beta-endorphin. We studied the expression of IDE protein in postmortem brains of patients with schizophrenia and controls because: (1) the gene encoding IDE is located on chromosome 10q23-q25, a gene locus linked to schizophrenia; (2) insulin resistance with brain insulin receptor deficits/receptor dysfunction was reported in schizophrenia; (3) the enzyme cleaves IGF-I and IGF-II which are implicated in the pathophysiology of the disease; and (4) brain gamma-endorphin levels, liberated from beta-endorphin exclusively by IDE, have been reported to be altered in schizophrenia. We counted the number of IDE immunoreactive neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, and the basal nucleus of Meynert of 14 patients with schizophrenia and 14 matched control cases. Patients had long-term haloperidol treatment. In addition, relative concentrations of IDE protein in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were estimated by Western blot analysis. There was a significantly reduced number of IDE expressing neurons and IDE protein content in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia compared with controls, but not in other brain areas investigated. Results of our studies on the influence of haloperidol on IDE mRNA expression in SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cells, as well as the effect of long-term treatment with haloperidol on the number of IDE immunoreactive neurons in rat brain, indicate that haloperidol per se, is not responsible for the decreased neuronal expression of the enzyme in schizophrenics. Haloperidol however, might exert some effect on IDE, through changes of the expression levels of its substrates IGF-I and II, insulin and beta-endorphin. Reduced cortical IDE expression might be part of the disturbed insulin signaling cascades found in schizophrenia. Furthermore, it might contribute to the altered metabolism of certain neuropeptides (IGF-I and IGF-II, beta-endorphin), in schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
14
|
Pivovarova O, Gögebakan O, Pfeiffer AFH, Rudovich N. Glucose inhibits the insulin-induced activation of the insulin-degrading enzyme in HepG2 cells. Diabetologia 2009; 52:1656-64. [PMID: 19396426 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Hepatic insulin degradation decreases in type 2 diabetes. Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) plays a key role in insulin degradation and its gene is located in a diabetes-associated chromosomal region. We hypothesised that IDE may be regulated by insulin and/or glucose in a liver cell model. To validate the observed regulation of IDE in vivo, we analysed biopsies of human adipose tissue during different clamp experiments in men. METHODS Human hepatoma HepG2 cells were incubated in normal (1 g/l) or high (4.5 g/l) glucose medium and treated with insulin for 24 h. Catalytic activity, mRNA and protein levels of IDE were assessed. IDE mRNA levels were measured in biopsies of human subcutaneous adipose tissue before and at 240 min of hyperinsulinaemic, euglycaemic and hyperglycaemic clamps. RESULTS In HepG2 cells, insulin increased IDE activity under normal glucose conditions with no change in IDE mRNA or protein levels. Under conditions of high glucose, insulin increased mRNA levels of IDE without changes in IDE activity. Both in normal and high glucose medium, insulin increased levels of the catalytically more active 15a IDE isoform compared with the 15b isoform. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, IDE mRNA levels were not significantly upregulated after euglycaemic or hyperglycaemic clamps. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Insulin increases IDE activity in HepG2 cells in normal but not in high glucose conditions. This disturbance cannot be explained by corresponding alterations in IDE protein levels or IDE splicing. The loss of insulin-induced regulation of IDE activity under hyperglycaemia may contribute to the reduced insulin extraction and peripheral hyperinsulinaemia in type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Pivovarova
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cabrol C, Huzarska MA, Dinolfo C, Rodriguez MC, Reinstatler L, Ni J, Yeh LA, Cuny GD, Stein RL, Selkoe DJ, Leissring MA. Small-molecule activators of insulin-degrading enzyme discovered through high-throughput compound screening. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5274. [PMID: 19384407 PMCID: PMC2668070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypocatabolism of the amyloid β-protein (Aβ) by insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD), making pharmacological activation of IDE an attractive therapeutic strategy. However, it has not been established whether the proteolytic activity of IDE can be enhanced by drug-like compounds. Methodology/Principal Findings Based on the finding that ATP and other nucleotide polyphosphates modulate IDE activity at physiological concentrations, we conducted parallel high-throughput screening campaigns in the absence or presence of ATP and identified two compounds—designated Ia1 and Ia2—that significantly stimulate IDE proteolytic activity. Both compounds were found to interfere with the crosslinking of a photoaffinity ATP analogue to IDE, suggesting that they interact with a bona fide ATP-binding domain within IDE. Unexpectedly, we observed highly synergistic activation effects when the activity of Ia1 or Ia2 was tested in the presence of ATP, a finding that has implications for the mechanisms underlying ATP-mediated activation of IDE. Notably, Ia1 and Ia2 activated the degradation of Aβ by ∼700% and ∼400%, respectively, albeit only when Aβ was presented in a mixture also containing shorter substrates. Conclusions/Significance This study describes the first examples of synthetic small-molecule activators of IDE, showing that pharmacological activation of this important protease with drug-like compounds is achievable. These novel activators help to establish the putative ATP-binding domain as a key modulator of IDE proteolytic activity and offer new insights into the modulatory action of ATP. Several larger lessons abstracted from this screen will help inform the design of future screening campaigns and facilitate the eventual development of IDE activators with therapeutic utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Cabrol
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Malwina A. Huzarska
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christopher Dinolfo
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Maria C. Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lael Reinstatler
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jake Ni
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Li-An Yeh
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Cuny
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ross L. Stein
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dennis J. Selkoe
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Malcolm A. Leissring
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nitric oxide inhibits insulin-degrading enzyme activity and function through S-nitrosylation. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:1064-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
Grasso G, Rizzarelli E, Spoto G. How the binding and degrading capabilities of insulin degrading enzyme are affected by ubiquitin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:1122-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
18
|
Llovera RE, de Tullio M, Alonso LG, Leissring MA, Kaufman SB, Roher AE, de Prat Gay G, Morelli L, Castaño EM. The Catalytic Domain of Insulin-degrading Enzyme Forms a Denaturant-resistant Complex with Amyloid β Peptide. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:17039-48. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706316200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
19
|
Bernstein HG, Lendeckel U, Bukowska A, Ansorge S, Ernst T, Stauch R, Trübner K, Steiner J, Dobrowolny H, Bogerts B. Regional and cellular distribution patterns of insulin-degrading enzyme in the adult human brain and pituitary. J Chem Neuroanat 2007; 35:216-24. [PMID: 18226493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The regional distribution and cellular localization of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) was studied in adult human brain and pituitary by means of immunhistochemistry. We show that the enzyme is widely but unevenly distributed in human brain, with hypothalamic neurons showing the strongest immunoreaction. Strong to moderate immunostaining for the enzyme was observed in multiple cortical areas, hippocampus, cerebellum, and brain stem. Cellularly, IDE was mainly confined to neurons, but it was also present in oligodendrocytes, choroid plexus, and some blood vessel endothelial cells. A strong immunoreaction was seen in a subset of adenohypophysial cells. Some immunolabeling was also present in the neurohypophysis. The putative importance of the distribution of the enzyme in brain and pituitary is discussed in relation to its main known substrates, insulin, Abeta, and beta-endorphin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Gert Bernstein
- HansDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Im H, Manolopoulou M, Malito E, Shen Y, Zhao J, Neant-Fery M, Sun CY, Meredith SC, Sisodia SS, Leissring MA, Tang WJ. Structure of substrate-free human insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and biophysical analysis of ATP-induced conformational switch of IDE. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25453-63. [PMID: 17613531 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701590200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a zinc metalloprotease that hydrolyzes amyloid-beta (Abeta) and insulin, which are peptides associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) and diabetes, respectively. Our previous structural analysis of substrate-bound human 113-kDa IDE reveals that the N- and C-terminal domains of IDE, IDE-N and IDE-C, make substantial contact to form an enclosed catalytic chamber to entrap its substrates. Furthermore, IDE undergoes a switch between the closed and open conformations for catalysis. Here we report a substrate-free IDE structure in its closed conformation, revealing the molecular details of the active conformation of the catalytic site of IDE and new insights as to how the closed conformation of IDE may be kept in its resting, inactive conformation. We also show that Abeta is degraded more efficiently by IDE carrying destabilizing mutations at the interface of IDE-N and IDE-C (D426C and K899C), resulting in an increase in Vmax with only minimal changes to Km. Because ATP is known to activate the ability of IDE to degrade short peptides, we investigated the interaction between ATP and activating mutations. We found that these mutations rendered IDE less sensitive to ATP activation, suggesting that ATP might facilitate the transition from the closed state to the open conformation. Consistent with this notion, we found that ATP induced an increase in hydrodynamic radius, a shift in electrophoretic mobility, and changes in secondary structure. Together, our results highlight the importance of the closed conformation for regulating the activity of IDE and provide new molecular details that will facilitate the development of activators and inhibitors of IDE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hookang Im
- Ben-May Department for Cancer Research, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim M, Hersh LB, Leissring MA, Ingelsson M, Matsui T, Farris W, Lu A, Hyman BT, Selkoe DJ, Bertram L, Tanzi RE. Decreased Catalytic Activity of the Insulin-degrading Enzyme in Chromosome 10-Linked Alzheimer Disease Families. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:7825-32. [PMID: 17244626 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609168200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a zinc metalloprotease that degrades the amyloid beta-peptide, the key component of Alzheimer disease (AD)-associated senile plaques. We have previously reported evidence for genetic linkage and association of AD on chromosome 10q23-24 in the region harboring the IDE gene. Here we have presented the first functional assessment of IDE in AD families showing the strongest evidence of the genetic linkage. We have examined the catalytic activity and expression of IDE in lymphoblast samples from 12 affected and unaffected members of three chromosome 10-linked AD pedigrees in the National Institute of Mental Health AD Genetics Initiative family sample. We have shown that the catalytic activity of cytosolic IDE to degrade insulin is reduced in affected versus unaffected subjects of these families. Further, we have shown the decrease in activity is not due to reduced IDE expression, suggesting the possible defects in IDE function in these AD families. In attempts to find potential mutations in the IDE gene in these families, we have found no coding region substitutions or alterations in splicing of the canonical exons and exon 15b of IDE. We have also found that total IDE mRNA levels are not significantly different in sporadic AD versus age-matched control brains. Collectively, our data suggest that the genetic linkage of AD in this set of chromosome 10-linked AD families may be the result of systemic defects in IDE activity in the absence of altered IDE expression, further supporting a role for IDE in AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
López-Avalos MD, Duvivier-Kali VF, Xu G, Bonner-Weir S, Sharma A, Weir GC. Evidence for a role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in pancreatic islets. Diabetes 2006; 55:1223-31. [PMID: 16644676 DOI: 10.2337/db05-0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is crucial for protein turnover. Part of the pathway involves deubiquitination, which is carried out by cystein proteases known as ubiquitin COOH-terminal hydrolases. The isoform Uch-L1 was found to be present in large amounts in rat islets by immunostaining, Western blot analysis, and RT-PCR. Culturing islets in high glucose concentrations (16.7 mmol/l) for 24 h led to decreased gene expression. Exposure to chronic hyperglycemia following 90% partial pancreatectomy also led to reduced Uch-L1 expression. Expression of other members of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway studied after culturing islets at high glucose concentrations revealed little change except for modest declines in parkin, human ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 5 (UbcH5), and beta-TRCP (transducin repeat-containing protein). With the pancreatectomy model, expression of polyubiquitin-B and c-Cbl were increased and E6-associated protein was reduced. Further insight about the proteasome pathway was obtained with the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin, which in short-term 2-h experiments enhanced glucose-induced insulin secretion. An important role for the ubiquitin-proteasome pathways in beta-cells is suggested by the findings that changes in glucose concentration influence expression of genes in the pathway and that blockade of the proteasome degradation machinery enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María D López-Avalos
- Section on Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Morelli L, Llovera RE, Mathov I, Lue LF, Frangione B, Ghiso J, Castaño EM. Insulin-degrading Enzyme in Brain Microvessels. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:56004-13. [PMID: 15489232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407283200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid beta (Abeta) in the walls of small vessels in the cerebral cortex is associated with diseases characterized by dementia or stroke. These include Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, and sporadic and hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathies (CAAs) related to mutations within the Abeta sequence. A higher tendency of Abeta to aggregate, a defective clearance to the systemic circulation, and insufficient proteolytic removal have been proposed as mechanisms that lead to Abeta accumulation in the brain. By using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we show that insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) from isolated human brain microvessels was capable of degrading (125)I-insulin and cleaved Abeta-(1-40) wild type and the genetic variants Abeta A21G (Flemish), Abeta E22Q (Dutch), and Abeta E22K (Italian) at the predicted sites. In microvessels from Alzheimer's disease cases with CAA, IDE protein levels showed a 44% increase as determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. However, the activity of IDE upon radiolabeled insulin was significantly reduced in CAA as compared with age-matched controls. These results support the notion that a defect in Abeta proteolysis by IDE contributes to the accumulation of this peptide in the cortical microvasculature. Moreover they raise the possibility that IDE inhibition or inactivation is a pathogenic mechanism that may open novel strategies for the treatment of cerebrovascular Abeta amyloidoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morelli
- IQUIFIB/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|