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Luo X, Zhou H, Satriawan TW, Tian J, Zhao R, Keenan TF, Griffith DM, Sitch S, Smith NG, Still CJ. Mapping the global distribution of C 4 vegetation using observations and optimality theory. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1219. [PMID: 38336770 PMCID: PMC10858286 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants with the C4 photosynthesis pathway typically respond to climate change differently from more common C3-type plants, due to their distinct anatomical and biochemical characteristics. These different responses are expected to drive changes in global C4 and C3 vegetation distributions. However, current C4 vegetation distribution models may not predict this response as they do not capture multiple interacting factors and often lack observational constraints. Here, we used global observations of plant photosynthetic pathways, satellite remote sensing, and photosynthetic optimality theory to produce an observation-constrained global map of C4 vegetation. We find that global C4 vegetation coverage decreased from 17.7% to 17.1% of the land surface during 2001 to 2019. This was the net result of a reduction in C4 natural grass cover due to elevated CO2 favoring C3-type photosynthesis, and an increase in C4 crop cover, mainly from corn (maize) expansion. Using an emergent constraint approach, we estimated that C4 vegetation contributed 19.5% of global photosynthetic carbon assimilation, a value within the range of previous estimates (18-23%) but higher than the ensemble mean of dynamic global vegetation models (14 ± 13%; mean ± one standard deviation). Our study sheds insight on the critical and underappreciated role of C4 plants in the contemporary global carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhong Luo
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Center for Nature-based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Haoran Zhou
- School of Earth System Science, Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Tin W Satriawan
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiaqi Tian
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruiying Zhao
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Trevor F Keenan
- Department of Ecosystem Sciences, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel M Griffith
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Stephen Sitch
- Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicholas G Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Christopher J Still
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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2
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Hajek OL, Knapp AK. Signatures of autumn deluges revealed during spring drought in a semi-arid grassland. Oecologia 2024; 204:83-93. [PMID: 38108892 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Increases in extremely large precipitation events (deluges) and shifts in seasonal patterns of water availability with climate change will both have important consequences for ecosystem function, particularly in water-limited regions. While previous work in the semi-arid shortgrass steppe of northeastern Colorado has demonstrated this ecosystem's strong sensitivity to growing season deluges, our understanding of ecosystem responses to deluges during the dormant season is limited. Here, we imposed experimental 100 mm deluges (~ 30% of mean annual precipitation) in either September or October in a native C4-dominated shortgrass steppe ecosystem to evaluate the impact of this post-growing season shift in water availability during the autumn and the following growing season. Soil moisture for both deluge treatments remained elevated compared with ambient levels through April as spring precipitation was atypically low. Despite overall low levels of productivity with spring drought, these deluges from the previous autumn increased aboveground net primary production (ANPP), primarily due to increases with C4 grasses. C3 ANPP was also enhanced, largely due to an increase in the annual C3 grass, Vulpia octoflora, in the October deluge treatment. While spring precipitation has historically been the primary determinant of ecosystem function in this ecosystem, this combination of two climate extremes-an extremely wet autumn followed by a naturally-occurring spring drought-revealed the potential for meaningful carryover effects from autumn precipitation. With climate change increasing the likelihood of extremes during all seasons, experiments which create novel climatic conditions can provide new insight into the dynamics of ecosystem functioning in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L Hajek
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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3
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Lv G, Jin J, He M, Wang C. Soil Moisture Content Dominates the Photosynthesis of C 3 and C 4 Plants in a Desert Steppe after Long-Term Warming and Increasing Precipitation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2903. [PMID: 37631115 PMCID: PMC10459209 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant photosynthesis has a non-negligible influence on forage quality and ecosystem carbon sequestration. However, the influence of long-term warming, increasing precipitation, and their interactions on the photosynthesis of dominant species in desert steppe remains unclear, and the main factors regulating plant photosynthesis in desert steppes have remained unrevealed. Therefore, we measured the photosynthetic parameters and specific leaf area of the dominant species and calculated the water and nitrogen content of leaves and soil in a desert steppe after long-term warming and increasing precipitation (air temperature, W0, air temperature increases of 2 °C and 4 °C, W1 and W2; natural precipitation, P0, natural precipitation increases of 25% and 50%, P1 and P2). Results showed that warming and increasing precipitation significantly enhanced photosynthesis in C3 and C4 species (p < 0.05). Compared to W0P0, the net photosynthetic rate of C3 and C4 species in W2P2 increased by 159.46% and 178.88%, respectively. Redundancy analysis showed that soil water content significantly explained the photosynthesis of C3 and C4 plants (the degree of explanation was 48% and 67.7%), followed by soil-available nitrogen content (the degree of explanation was 19.6% and 5.3%). Therefore, our study found that climate change enhanced photosynthesis in C3 and C4 plants, and soil water content plays a critical role in regulating photosynthesis in desert steppes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (G.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Jing Jin
- Mengcao Ecological Environment (Group) Co., Ltd., Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010000, China;
| | - Mengting He
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (G.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Chengjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (G.L.); (M.H.)
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4
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Wang B, Badgley C. Carbon-isotope composition of artiodactyl tooth enamel and its implications for paleodiets. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.958859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The stable carbon-isotope composition of mammalian tooth enamel is a powerful tool for reconstructing paleodiet and paleoenvironment. Its application in the fossil record relies on a thorough understanding of the isotopic composition of mammalian diets in modern ecosystems. We compiled and evaluated a global dataset of the carbon-isotope values of artiodactyl tooth enamel, supplemented by new samples, for 79 extant species. After correcting for differences in atmospheric carbon-isotope composition, body mass, and digestive physiology, we compared the inferred carbon-isotope values of ingested forage (δ13Cdiet) among seven feeding categories. The artiodactyl herbivore dietary spectrum is expressed through a wide range of δ13Cdiet values, with the most depleted mean value in frugivores and the most enriched in obligate grazers. In general, grazing species have a broader range of isotope values than browsing species, suggesting a wider dietary niche breadth. Notably, variable grazers exhibit a bimodal distribution of δ13Cdiet values, with North American and Asian taxa consuming C3 diets and African taxa consuming C4 diets, reflecting the amount of C4 vegetation in the environment. Variation in δ13Cdiet values also occurs among terrestrial ecoregions and artiodactyl clades. Grassland ecoregions differ significantly from forest ecoregions. We detected a low but significant phylogenetic signal in the mean δ13Cdiet values of extant species, with some of the oldest ruminant lineages having maintained C3 feeding and pure C4 diets being restricted to two bovid clades. Determining variation in δ13Cdiet values in different feeding categories and lineages will help refine paleoecological and paleoenvironmental reconstructions from the rich fossil record of artiodactyls.
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Zhang Z, Bao T, Hautier Y, Yang J, Liu Z, Qing H. Intra-annual growing season climate variability drives the community intra-annual stability of a temperate grassland by altering intra-annual species asynchrony and richness in Inner Mongolia, China. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9385. [PMID: 36225823 PMCID: PMC9532246 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors that regulate the functioning of our ecosystems in response to environmental changes can help to maintain the stable provisioning of ecosystem services to mankind. This is especially relevant given the increased variability of environmental conditions due to human activities. In particular, maintaining a stable production and plant biomass during the growing season (intra-annual stability) despite pervasive and directional changes in temperature and precipitation through time can help to secure food supply to wild animals, livestock, and humans. Here, we conducted a 29-year field observational study in a temperate grassland to explore how the intra-annual stability of primary productivity is influenced by biotic and abiotic variables through time. We found that intra-annual precipitation variability in the growing season indirectly influenced the community intra-annual biomass stability by its negative effect on intra-annual species asynchrony. While the intra-annual temperature variability in the growing season indirectly altered community intra-annual biomass stability through affecting the intra-annual species richness. At the same time, although the intra-annual biomass stability of the dominant species and the dominant functional group were insensitive to climate variability, they also promoted the stable community biomass to a certain extent. Our results indicate that ongoing intra-annual climate variability affects community intra-annual biomass stability in the temperate grassland, which has important theoretical significance for us to take active measures to deal with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian PlateauInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland EcologySchool of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Tiejun Bao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian PlateauInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland EcologySchool of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Yann Hautier
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jie Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian PlateauInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland EcologySchool of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Zhongling Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian PlateauInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland EcologySchool of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Hua Qing
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian PlateauInner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland EcologySchool of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia UniversityHohhotChina
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Munroe SEM, McInerney FA, Guerin GR, Andrae JW, Welti N, Caddy-Retalic S, Atkins R, Sparrow B. Plant families exhibit unique geographic trends in C4 richness and cover in Australia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271603. [PMID: 35994485 PMCID: PMC9394836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have analysed the relationship between C4 plant cover and climate. However, few have examined how different C4 taxa vary in their response to climate, or how environmental factors alter C4:C3 abundance. Here we investigate (a) how proportional C4 plant cover and richness (relative to C3) responds to changes in climate and local environmental factors, and (b) if this response is consistent among families. Proportional cover and richness of C4 species were determined at 541 one-hectare plots across Australia for 14 families. C4 cover and richness of the most common and abundant families were regressed against climate and local parameters. C4 richness and cover in the monocot families Poaceae and Cyperaceae increased with latitude and were strongly positively correlated with January temperatures, however C4 Cyperaceae occupied a more restricted temperature range. Seasonal rainfall, soil pH, soil texture, and tree cover modified proportional C4 cover in both families. Eudicot families displayed considerable variation in C4 distribution patterns. Proportional C4 Euphorbiaceae richness and cover were negatively correlated with increased moisture availability (i.e. high rainfall and low aridity), indicating they were more common in dry environments. Proportional C4 Chenopodiaceae richness and cover were weakly correlated with climate and local environmental factors, including soil texture. However, the explanatory power of C4 Chenopodiaceae models were poor, suggesting none of the factors considered in this study strongly influenced Chenopodiaceae distribution. Proportional C4 richness and cover in Aizoaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Portulacaceae increased with latitude, suggesting C4 cover and richness in these families increased with temperature and summer rainfall, but sample size was insufficient for regression analysis. Results demonstrate the unique relationships between different C4 taxa and climate, and the significant modifying effects of environmental factors on C4 distribution. Our work also revealed C4 families will not exhibit similar responses to local perturbations or climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. M. Munroe
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Francesca A. McInerney
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Greg R. Guerin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jake W. Andrae
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nina Welti
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stefan Caddy-Retalic
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel Atkins
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ben Sparrow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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7
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Ahmed M, Hayat R, Ahmad M, ul-Hassan M, Kheir AMS, ul-Hassan F, ur-Rehman MH, Shaheen FA, Raza MA, Ahmad S. Impact of Climate Change on Dryland Agricultural Systems: A Review of Current Status, Potentials, and Further Work Need. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT PRODUCTION 2022; 16:341-363. [PMID: 35614974 PMCID: PMC9122557 DOI: 10.1007/s42106-022-00197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dryland agricultural system is under threat due to climate extremes and unsustainable management. Understanding of climate change impact is important to design adaptation options for dry land agricultural systems. Thus, the present review was conducted with the objectives to identify gaps and suggest technology-based intervention that can support dry land farming under changing climate. Careful management of the available agricultural resources in the region is a current need, as it will play crucial role in the coming decades to ensure food security, reduce poverty, hunger, and malnutrition. Technology based regional collaborative interventions among Universities, Institutions, Growers, Companies etc. for water conservation, supplemental irrigation, foliar sprays, integrated nutrient management, resilient crops-based cropping systems, artificial intelligence, and precision agriculture (modeling and remote sensing) are needed to support agriculture of the region. Different process-based models have been used in different regions around the world to quantify the impacts of climate change at field, regional, and national scales to design management options for dryland cropping systems. Modeling include water and nutrient management, ideotype designing, modification in tillage practices, application of cover crops, insect, and disease management. However, diversification in the mixed and integrated crop and livestock farming system is needed to have profitable, sustainable business. The main focus in this work is to recommend different agro-adaptation measures to be part of policies for sustainable agricultural production systems in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Agronomy, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300 Pakistan
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rifat Hayat
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Water Conservation, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300 Pakistan
| | - Munir Ahmad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University , Rawalpindi, 46300 Pakistan
| | - Mahmood ul-Hassan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University , Rawalpindi, 46300 Pakistan
| | - Ahmed M. S. Kheir
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, China
- Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 9 Cairo University Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fayyaz ul-Hassan
- Department of Agronomy, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Habib ur-Rehman
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, INRES) University, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Agronomy, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef Agriculture University, Multan, 60800 Pakistan
| | - Farid Asif Shaheen
- Department of Entomology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800 Pakistan
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Churchill AC, Zhang H, Fuller KJ, Amiji B, Anderson IC, Barton CVM, Carrillo Y, Catunda KLM, Chandregowda MH, Igwenagu C, Jacob V, Kim GW, Macdonald CA, Medlyn BE, Moore BD, Pendall E, Plett JM, Post AK, Powell JR, Tissue DT, Tjoelker MG, Power SA. Pastures and Climate Extremes: Impacts of Cool Season Warming and Drought on the Productivity of Key Pasture Species in a Field Experiment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:836968. [PMID: 35321443 PMCID: PMC8937038 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.836968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Shifts in the timing, intensity and/or frequency of climate extremes, such as severe drought and heatwaves, can generate sustained shifts in ecosystem function with important ecological and economic impacts for rangelands and managed pastures. The Pastures and Climate Extremes experiment (PACE) in Southeast Australia was designed to investigate the impacts of a severe winter/spring drought (60% rainfall reduction) and, for a subset of species, a factorial combination of drought and elevated temperature (ambient +3°C) on pasture productivity. The experiment included nine common pasture and Australian rangeland species from three plant functional groups (C3 grasses, C4 grasses and legumes) planted in monoculture. Winter/spring drought resulted in productivity declines of 45% on average and up to 74% for the most affected species (Digitaria eriantha) during the 6-month treatment period, with eight of the nine species exhibiting significant yield reductions. Despite considerable variation in species' sensitivity to drought, C4 grasses were more strongly affected by this treatment than C3 grasses or legumes. Warming also had negative effects on cool-season productivity, associated at least partially with exceedance of optimum growth temperatures in spring and indirect effects on soil water content. The combination of winter/spring drought and year-round warming resulted in the greatest yield reductions. We identified responses that were either additive (Festuca), or less-than-additive (Medicago), where warming reduced the magnitude of drought effects. Results from this study highlight the sensitivity of diverse pasture species to increases in winter and spring drought severity similar to those predicted for this region, and that anticipated benefits of cool-season warming are unlikely to be realized. Overall, the substantial negative impacts on productivity suggest that future, warmer, drier climates will result in shortfalls in cool-season forage availability, with profound implications for the livestock industry and natural grazer communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber C. Churchill
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Kathryn J. Fuller
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Burhan Amiji
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian C. Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Craig V. M. Barton
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Yolima Carrillo
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen L. M. Catunda
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Chioma Igwenagu
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Vinod Jacob
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Gil Won Kim
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Catriona A. Macdonald
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Belinda E. Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben D. Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan M. Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison K. Post
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
- The Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Jeff R. Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - David T. Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
- Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark G. Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Sally A. Power
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
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9
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Hajek OL, Knapp AK. Shifting seasonal patterns of water availability: ecosystem responses to an unappreciated dimension of climate change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:119-125. [PMID: 34506636 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal patterns of water availability can differ dramatically among ecosystems, with well-known consequences for ecosystem structure and functioning. Less appreciated is that climate change can shift the seasonality of water availability (e.g. to wetter springs, drier summers), resulting in both subtle and profound ecological impacts. Here we (1) review evidence that the seasonal availability of water is being altered in ecosystems worldwide, (2) explore several mechanisms potentially driving these changes, and (3) highlight the breadth of ecological consequences resulting from shifts in the seasonality of water availability. We conclude that seasonal patterns of water availability are changing globally, but in regionally specific ways requiring more rigorous and nuanced assessments of ecosystem vulnerability as well as the ecological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L Hajek
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Alan K Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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10
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Munroe SEM, McInerney FA, Andrae J, Welti N, Guerin GR, Leitch E, Hall T, Szarvas S, Atkins R, Caddy-Retalic S, Sparrow B. The photosynthetic pathways of plant species surveyed in Australia's national terrestrial monitoring network. Sci Data 2021; 8:97. [PMID: 33795698 PMCID: PMC8016977 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The photosynthetic pathway of plants is a fundamental trait that influences terrestrial environments from the local to global level. The distribution of different photosynthetic pathways in Australia is expected to undergo a substantial shift due to climate change and rising atmospheric CO2; however, tracking change is hindered by a lack of data on the pathways of species, as well as their distribution and relative cover within plant communities. Here we present the photosynthetic pathways for 2428 species recorded across 541 plots surveyed by Australia's Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) between 2011 and 2017. This dataset was created to facilitate research exploring trends in vegetation change across Australia. Species were assigned a photosynthetic pathway using published literature and stable carbon isotope analysis of bulk tissue. The photosynthetic pathway of species can be extracted from the dataset individually, or used in conjunction with vegetation surveys to study the occurrence and abundance of pathways across the continent. This dataset will be updated as TERN's plot network expands and new information becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E M Munroe
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| | - Francesca A McInerney
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Jake Andrae
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Nina Welti
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Greg R Guerin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Emrys Leitch
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Tony Hall
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Steve Szarvas
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Urrbrae, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel Atkins
- School of Physical Sciences and the Sprigg Geobiology Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Stefan Caddy-Retalic
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ben Sparrow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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11
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Resolving the Dust Bowl paradox of grassland responses to extreme drought. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22249-22255. [PMID: 32839346 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 1930s Dust Bowl drought in the central United States, species with the C3 photosynthetic pathway expanded throughout C4-dominated grasslands. This widespread increase in C3 grasses during a decade of low rainfall and high temperatures is inconsistent with well-known traits of C3 vs. C4 pathways. Indeed, water use efficiency is generally lower, and photosynthesis is more sensitive to high temperatures in C3 than C4 species, consistent with the predominant distribution of C3 grasslands in cooler environments and at higher latitudes globally. We experimentally imposed extreme drought for 4 y in mixed C3/C4 grasslands in Kansas and Wyoming and, similar to Dust Bowl observations, also documented three- to fivefold increases in C3/C4 biomass ratios. To explain these paradoxical responses, we first analyzed long-term climate records to show that under nominal conditions in the central United States, C4 grasses dominate where precipitation and air temperature are strongly related (warmest months are wettest months). In contrast, C3 grasses flourish where precipitation inputs are less strongly coupled to warm temperatures. We then show that during extreme drought years, precipitation-temperature relationships weaken, and the proportion of precipitation falling during cooler months increases. This shift in precipitation seasonality provides a mechanism for C3 grasses to respond positively to multiyear drought, resolving the Dust Bowl paradox. Grasslands are globally important biomes and increasingly vulnerable to direct effects of climate extremes. Our findings highlight how extreme drought can indirectly alter precipitation seasonality and shift ecosystem phenology, affecting function in ways not predictable from key traits of C3 and C4 species.
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12
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Drought sensitivity of aboveground productivity in Leymus chinensis meadow steppe depends on drought timing. Oecologia 2019; 191:685-696. [PMID: 31535253 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is limited understanding of the combined effects of discrete climate extremes and chronic environmental changes on ecosystem processes and functioning. We assessed the interactions of extreme drought timing (45 days, in spring or summer) and nitrogen (N) addition in a full factorial field experiment in a Leymus chinensis-dominated meadow steppe in northeast China. We evaluated the resistance and recovery of the grassland (calculated in terms of aboveground biomass) to these two drought events. The spring drought reduced aboveground biomass by 28% in the unfertilized plots and by 33% in the fertilized plots, and the effects persisted during the subsequent post-drought period within the same growing season; however, the summer drought had no significant influence on aboveground biomass. Although there were no significant interactive effects between drought timing and N addition, we observed a potential trend of N addition increasing the proportion of aboveground biomass suppressed by spring drought but not summer drought. Moreover, the drought resistance of the aboveground biomass was positively correlated with the response of the belowground biomass to drought. One year after the extreme drought events, the spring drought effects on aboveground and belowground biomass were negligible. Our results indicate that the drought sensitivity of productivity likely depends on the phenological and morphological traits of the single highly dominant species (Leymus chinensis) in this meadow steppe.
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13
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Determining Optimal New Generation Satellite Derived Metrics for Accurate C3 and C4 Grass Species Aboveground Biomass Estimation in South Africa. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10040564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Witwicki DL, Munson SM, Thoma DP. Effects of climate and water balance across grasslands of varying C
3
and C
4
grass cover. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dana L. Witwicki
- National Park Service Inventory and Monitoring Program P.O. Box 848 Moab Utah 84532 USA
| | - Seth M. Munson
- U.S. Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center 2255 N. Gemini Drive Flagstaff Arizona 86001 USA
| | - David P. Thoma
- National Park Service Inventory and Monitoring Program 2327 University Way Bozeman Montana 59715 USA
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15
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An analysis of global terrestrial carbon, water and energy dynamics using the carbon–nitrogen coupled CLASS-CTEMN+ model. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Mueller KE, Blumenthal DM, Pendall E, Carrillo Y, Dijkstra FA, Williams DG, Follett RF, Morgan JA. Impacts of warming and elevated CO2 on a semi-arid grassland are non-additive, shift with precipitation, and reverse over time. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:956-66. [PMID: 27339693 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear how elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) and the corresponding shifts in temperature and precipitation will interact to impact ecosystems over time. During a 7-year experiment in a semi-arid grassland, the response of plant biomass to eCO2 and warming was largely regulated by interannual precipitation, while the response of plant community composition was more sensitive to experiment duration. The combined effects of eCO2 and warming on aboveground plant biomass were less positive in 'wet' growing seasons, but total plant biomass was consistently stimulated by ~ 25% due to unique, supra-additive responses of roots. Independent of precipitation, the combined effects of eCO2 and warming on C3 graminoids became increasingly positive and supra-additive over time, reversing an initial shift toward C4 grasses. Soil resources also responded dynamically and non-additively to eCO2 and warming, shaping the plant responses. Our results suggest grasslands are poised for drastic changes in function and highlight the need for long-term, factorial experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Mueller
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - D M Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - E Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Y Carrillo
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - F A Dijkstra
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - D G Williams
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - R F Follett
- Soil Plant and Nutrient Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - J A Morgan
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
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17
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Busso CA, Montenegro OA, Torres YA, Giorgetti HD, Rodriguez GD. The Influence of Disturbance Type on Precipitation - Use Efficiency at Functional Group and Species Scales in an Arid Habitat. POLISH JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.3161/15052249pje2016.64.2.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Scottá FC, da Fonseca EL. Multiscale Trend Analysis for Pampa Grasslands Using Ground Data and Vegetation Sensor Imagery. SENSORS 2015. [PMID: 26197320 PMCID: PMC4541953 DOI: 10.3390/s150717666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate changes in the aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of grasslands in the Pampa biome by using experimental plots and changes in the spectral responses of similar vegetation communities obtained by remote sensing and to compare both datasets with meteorological variations to validate the transition scales of the datasets. Two different geographic scales were considered in this study. At the local scale, an analysis of the climate and its direct influences on grassland ANPP was performed using data from a long-term experiment. At the regional scale, the influences of climate on the grassland reflectance patterns were determined using vegetation sensor imagery data. Overall, the monthly variations of vegetation canopy growth analysed using environmental changes (air temperature, total rainfall and total evapotranspiration) were similar. The results from the ANPP data and the NDVI data showed the that variations in grassland growth were similar and independent of the analysis scale, which indicated that local data and the relationships of local data with climate can be considered at the regional scale in the Pampa biome by using remote sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C Scottá
- Department of Geography, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
| | - Eliana L da Fonseca
- Department of Geography, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil.
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19
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Effects of water and nitrogen addition on ecosystem carbon exchange in a meadow steppe. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127695. [PMID: 26010888 PMCID: PMC4444226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A changing precipitation regime and increasing nitrogen deposition are likely to have profound impacts on arid and semiarid ecosystem C cycling, which is often constrained by the timing and availability of water and nitrogen. However, little is known about the effects of altered precipitation and nitrogen addition on grassland ecosystem C exchange. We conducted a 3-year field experiment to assess the responses of vegetation composition, ecosystem productivity, and ecosystem C exchange to manipulative water and nitrogen addition in a meadow steppe. Nitrogen addition significantly stimulated aboveground biomass and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), which suggests that nitrogen availability is a primary limiting factor for ecosystem C cycling in the meadow steppe. Water addition had no significant impacts on either ecosystem C exchange or plant biomass, but ecosystem C fluxes showed a strong correlation with early growing season precipitation, rather than whole growing season precipitation, across the 3 experimental years. After we incorporated water addition into the calculation of precipitation regimes, we found that monthly average ecosystem C fluxes correlated more strongly with precipitation frequency than with precipitation amount. These results highlight the importance of precipitation distribution in regulating ecosystem C cycling. Overall, ecosystem C fluxes in the studied ecosystem are highly sensitive to nitrogen deposition, but less sensitive to increased precipitation.
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20
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Wang Z, Li Y, Hao X, Zhao M, Han G. Responses of plant community coverage to simulated warming and nitrogen addition in a desert steppe in Northern China. Ecol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-015-1265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Germination shifts of C3 and C4 species under simulated global warming scenario. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105139. [PMID: 25137138 PMCID: PMC4138113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research efforts around the world have been increasingly devoted to investigating changes in C3 and C4 species' abundance or distribution with global warming, as they provide important insight into carbon fluxes and linked biogeochemical cycles. However, changes in the early life stage (e.g. germination) of C3 and C4 species in response to global warming, particularly with respect to asymmetric warming, have received less attention. We investigated germination percentage and rate of C3 and C4 species under asymmetric (+3/+6°C at day/night) and symmetric warming (+5/+5°C at day/night), simulated by alternating temperatures. A thermal time model was used to calculate germination base temperature and thermal time constant. Two additional alternating temperature regimes were used to test temperature metrics effect. The germination percentage and rate increased continuously for C4 species, but increased and then decreased with temperature for C3 species under both symmetric and asymmetric warming. Compared to asymmetric warming, symmetric warming significantly overestimated the speed of germination percentage change with temperature for C4 species. Among the temperature metrics (minimum, maximum, diurnal temperature range and average temperature), maximum temperature was most correlated with germination of C4 species. Our results indicate that global warming may favour germination of C4 species, at least for the C4 species studied in this work. The divergent effects of asymmetric and symmetric warming on plant germination also deserve more attention in future studies.
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22
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Pau S, Edwards EJ, Still CJ. Improving our understanding of environmental controls on the distribution of C3 and C4 grasses. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:184-96. [PMID: 23504730 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have demonstrated the ecological sorting of C3 and C4 grasses along temperature and moisture gradients. However, previous studies of C3 and C4 grass biogeography have often inadvertently compared species in different and relatively unrelated lineages, which are associated with different environmental settings and distinct adaptive traits. Such confounded comparisons of C3 and C4 grasses may bias our understanding of ecological sorting imposed strictly by photosynthetic pathway. Here, we used MaxEnt species distribution modeling in combination with satellite data to understand the functional diversity of C3 and C4 grasses by comparing both large clades and closely related sister taxa. Similar to previous work, we found that C4 grasses showed a preference for regions with higher temperatures and lower precipitation compared with grasses using the C3 pathway. However, air temperature differences were smaller (2 °C vs. 4 °C) and precipitation and % tree cover differences were larger (1783 mm vs. 755 mm, 21.3% vs. 7.7%, respectively) when comparing C3 and C4 grasses within the same clade vs. comparing all C4 and all C3 grasses (i.e., ignoring phylogenetic structure). These results were due to important differences in the environmental preferences of C3 BEP and PACMAD clades (the two main grass clades). Winter precipitation was found to be more important for understanding the distribution and environmental niche of C3 PACMADs in comparison with both C3 BEPs and C4 taxa, for which temperature was much more important. Results comparing closely related C3 -C4 sister taxa supported the patterns derived from our modeling of the larger clade groupings. Our findings, which are novel in comparing the distribution and niches of clades, demonstrate that the evolutionary history of taxa is important for understanding the functional diversity of C3 and C4 grasses, and should have implications for how grasslands will respond to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Pau
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA.
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23
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Powell RL, Yoo EH, Still CJ. Vegetation and soil carbon-13 isoscapes for South America: integrating remote sensing and ecosystem isotope measurements. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es12-00162.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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24
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Jung M, Reichstein M, Margolis HA, Cescatti A, Richardson AD, Arain MA, Arneth A, Bernhofer C, Bonal D, Chen J, Gianelle D, Gobron N, Kiely G, Kutsch W, Lasslop G, Law BE, Lindroth A, Merbold L, Montagnani L, Moors EJ, Papale D, Sottocornola M, Vaccari F, Williams C. Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance, satellite, and meteorological observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 785] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Chamaillé-Jammes S, Bond WJ. Will global change improve grazing quality of grasslands? A call for a deeper understanding of the effects of shifts from C4 to C3 grasses for large herbivores. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.19070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Mahaney WM, Smemo KA, Gross KL. Impacts of C4 grass introductions on soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in C3-dominated successional systems. Oecologia 2008; 157:295-305. [PMID: 18493798 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
While recent research has focused on the effects of exotic plant species on ecosystem properties, less is known about how restoring individual native plant species, differing in biomass and tissue chemistry, may impact ecosystems. We examined how three native C(4) prairie grasses affected soil C and N cycling 11 years after reintroduction into successional old-field communities dominated by non-native C(3) grasses. The species examined in this study differ in traits that are expected to influence soil C and N cycling (biomass and tissue chemistry). Thus, we hypothesized that cycling rates would decrease, thereby increasing pool sizes in soils under C(4) species compared under C(3) species. As predicted, the C(4) species had greater biomass and more recalcitrant tissue [higher C:N, acid detergent fiber (ADF):N] compared to the dominant C(3) species. The three C(4) species did not differ in tissue C:N, ADF:N, or root biomass, but Andropogon had more than twice the shoot biomass of Schizachyrium and Sorghastrum. Soils under the C(4) species did not differ in inorganic N levels, but levels were lower than in soils under the C(3) species, and soils under Andropogon had slightly lower in situ net N mineralization rates compared to those under C(3) species. We found little evidence of larger surface soil C pools under C(4) species versus C(3) species after 11 years and no differences in subsurface soil C or N among species. The C(4) species contributed a significant amount of C to both soil depths after 11 years. Our results demonstrate that C(4) species reintroduction into old-fields can alter C and N cycling on relatively short timescales, and that individual C(4) species differ in the magnitude of these effects. Improving our understanding of how species influence ecosystem properties is essential to predicting the ecosystem-level consequences of plant community alterations due to land use changes, global change, and species introductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M Mahaney
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, WK Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI, USA.
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27
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MURPHY BRETTP, BOWMAN DAVIDMJS. Kangaroo metabolism does not cause the relationship between bone collagen ?15N and water availability. Funct Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Niu S, Yuan Z, Zhang Y, Liu W, Zhang L, Huang J, Wan S. Photosynthetic responses of C3 and C4 species to seasonal water variability and competition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2005; 56:2867-76. [PMID: 16203757 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eri281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the impacts of seasonal water variability and interspecific competition on the photosynthetic characteristics of a C3 (Leymus chinensis) and a C4 (Chloris virgata) grass species. Plants received the same amount of water but in three seasonal patterns, i.e. the one-peak model (more water in the summer than in the spring and autumn), the two-peak model (more water in the spring and autumn than in the summer), and the average model (water evenly distributed over the growing season). The effects of water variability on the photosynthetic characteristics of the C3 and C4 species were dependent on season. There were significant differences in the photosynthetic characteristics of the C4 species in the summer and the C3 species in the autumn among the three water treatments. Interspecific competition exerted negative impacts on the C3 species in August and September but had no effects on the C4 species in any of the four measuring dates. The relative competitive capability of the two species was not altered by water availability. The assimilation rate, the maximum quantum yield of net CO2 assimilation, and the maximum rate of carboxylation of the C3 species were 13-56%, 5-11%, and 11-48% greater, respectively, in a monoculture than in a mixture in August and September. The results demonstrated that the photosynthetic characteristics of the C3 and C4 species were affected by water availability, but the effects varied considerably with season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Niu
- Laboratory of Quantitative Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
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