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Xu S, Zheng Z, Pathak JL, Cheng H, Zhou Z, Chen Y, Wu Q, Wang L, Zeng M, Wu L. The Emerging Role of the Serine Incorporator Protein Family in Regulating Viral Infection. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:856468. [PMID: 35433679 PMCID: PMC9010877 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.856468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine incorporator (SERINC) proteins 1–5 (SERINC1-5) are involved in the progression of several diseases. SERINC2-4 are carrier proteins that incorporate the polar amino acid serine into membranes to facilitate the synthesis of phosphatidylserine and sphingolipids. SERINC genes are also differentially expressed in tumors. Abnormal expression of SERINC proteins occurs in human cancers of the breast, lung, colon, liver, and various glands, as well as in mouse testes. SERINC proteins also affect cleft lip and palate and nerve-related diseases, such as seizure Parkinsonism and borderline personality. Moreover, SERINC proteins have garnered significant interest as retroviral restriction factors, spurring efforts to define their function and elucidate the mechanisms through which they operate when associated with viruses. Human SERINC proteins possess antiviral potential against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARS-COV-2, murine leukemia virus (MLV), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Furthermore, the crystal structure is known, and the critical residues of SERINC5 that act against HIV have been identified. In this review, we discuss the most prevalent mechanisms by which SERINC3 and SERINC5 antagonize viruses and focus on the potential therapeutic applications of SERINC5/3 against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofen Xu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Zheng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Basic Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Janak L. Pathak
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Cheng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziliang Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Chen
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Qiuyu Wu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lihong Wu, ; Mingtao Zeng, ; Lijing Wang,
| | - Mingtao Zeng
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Lihong Wu, ; Mingtao Zeng, ; Lijing Wang,
| | - Lihong Wu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Basic Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lihong Wu, ; Mingtao Zeng, ; Lijing Wang,
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Lu W, Chen H, Liang B, Ou C, Zhang M, Yue Q, Xie J. Integrative Analyses and Verification of the Expression and Prognostic Significance for RCN1 in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:736947. [PMID: 34722631 PMCID: PMC8548715 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.736947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiform is a lethal primary brain tumor derived from astrocytic, with a poor prognosis in adults. Reticulocalbin-1 (RCN1) is a calcium-binding protein, dysregulation of which contributes to tumorigenesis and progression in various cancers. The present study aimed to identify the impact of RCN1 on the outcomes of patients with Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The study applied two public databases to require RNA sequencing data of Glioblastoma multiform samples with clinical data for the construction of a training set and a validation set, respectively. We used bioinformatic analyses to determine that RCN1 could be an independent factor for the overall survival of Glioblastoma multiform patients. In the training set, the study constructed a predictive prognostic model based on the combination of RCN1 with various clinical parameters for overall survival at 0.5-, 1.0-, and 1.5-years, as well as developed a nomogram, which was further validated by validation set. Pathways analyses indicated that RCN1 was involved in KEAS and MYC pathways and apoptosis. In vitro experiments indicated that RCN1 promoted cell invasion of Glioblastoma multiform cells. These results illustrated the prognostic role of RCN1 for overall survival in Glioblastoma multiform patients, indicated the promotion of RCN1 in cell invasion, and suggested the probability of RCN1 as a potential targeted molecule for treatment in Glioblastoma multiform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaopeng Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingwei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiuyuan Yue
- Department of Radiology, Fujian Cancer Hospital and Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingdun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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RCN1 induces sorafenib resistance and malignancy in hepatocellular carcinoma by activating c-MYC signaling via the IRE1α-XBP1s pathway. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:298. [PMID: 34663798 PMCID: PMC8523720 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is of great concern globally, but the molecular pathogenesis of these tumors remains unclear. Sorafenib is a first-line drug for the treatment of advanced HCC. However, the efficacy of sorafenib in improving patient survival is limited, and most patients inevitably develop resistance to this drug. Recent studies have demonstrated that the activation of the IRE1α–XBP1s pathway might play a protective role in the response to sorafenib and contribute to malignancy in HCC. Here, we found that RCN1, an endoplasmic reticulum resident protein, is significantly upregulated in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells and promotes tumor progression. Our analysis showed that RCN1 may be an independent predictor of tumor recurrence and overall survival. Mechanistically, RCN1 promotes the dissociation of GRP78 from IRE1α in sorafenib-resistant cells by interacting with GRP78 through its EFh1/2 domain. Subsequently, the IRE1α–XBP1s pathway, a branch of the unfolded protein response, is sustainably activated. Interestingly, IRE1α–XBP1s pathway activity is required for c-MYC signaling, one of the most highly activated oncogenic pathways in HCC. These results suggest that RCN1-targeted therapy might be a feasible strategy for the treatment of HCC.
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Ueda S, Hashimoto K, Miyabe S, Hasegawa S, Goto M, Shimizu D, Oh-Iwa I, Shimozato K, Nagao T, Nomoto S. Salivary NUS1 and RCN1 Levels as Biomarkers for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Diagnosis. In Vivo 2021; 34:2353-2361. [PMID: 32871760 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Oral cancer may become advanced because of delay in diagnosis. In order to promote oral cancer screening, simple and highly reliable screening methods that can be implemented at general dental clinics are required. Herein we investigated differential salivary gene expression between oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients and healthy volunteers (HV) to identify new biomarkers for OSCC detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Candidate genes were selected by microarrays, nuclear undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 (NUS1) and reticulocalbin 1 (RCN1) were selected for further investigation. We used real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) to determine NUS1 and RCN1 expression levels in saliva and tissues. RESULTS qRT-PCR analysis of clinical samples revealed that OSCC patients had significantly higher expression of salivary NUS1 and RCN1 than HV. CONCLUSION A combination of NUS1 and RCN1 accurately distinguished patients from controls, and this combination can be implemented as a screening test for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Ueda
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kengo Hashimoto
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyabe
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Hasegawa
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Goto
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dai Shimizu
- Department of Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ichiro Oh-Iwa
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shimozato
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toru Nagao
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuji Nomoto
- Department of Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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EGFRvIII Promotes Cell Survival during Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress through a Reticulocalbin 1-Dependent Mechanism. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061198. [PMID: 33801941 PMCID: PMC7999088 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A key molecule, EGFRvIII has been shown to provide several growth advantages for brain tumors. However, we have found a new mechanism in which the EGFRvIII provides increased survival to brain cancer cells when under sub-optimal conditions. Specifically, we have found that the EGFRvIII drives the expression of a molecule called Reticulocalbin 1 (RCN1) and that RCN1 blocks cell stress and cell death, thereby allowing cells to survive and proliferate. Importantly, these findings will allow for the generation of drugs that block the function of EGFRvIII and RCN1 with the hope that these drugs will induce brain cancer cell death. Abstract Reticulocalbin 1 (RCN1) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-residing protein, involved in promoting cell survival during pathophysiological conditions that lead to ER stress. However, the key upstream receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates RCN1 expression and its potential role in cell survival in the glioblastoma setting have not been determined. Here, we demonstrate that RCN1 expression significantly correlates with poor glioblastoma patient survival. We also demonstrate that glioblastoma cells with expression of EGFRvIII receptor also have high RCN1 expression. Over-expression of wildtype EGFR also correlated with high RCN1 expression, suggesting that EGFR and EGFRvIII regulate RCN1 expression. Importantly, cells that expressed EGFRvIII and subsequently showed high RCN1 expression displayed greater cell viability under ER stress compared to EGFRvIII negative glioblastoma cells. Consistently, we also demonstrated that RCN1 knockdown reduced cell viability and exogenous introduction of RCN1 enhanced cell viability following induction of ER stress. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the EGFRvIII-RCN1-driven increase in cell survival is due to the inactivation of the ER stress markers ATF4 and ATF6, maintained expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and reduced activity of caspase 3/7. Our current findings identify that EGFRvIII regulates RCN1 expression and that this novel association promotes cell survival in glioblastoma cells during ER stress.
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RabGEF1 functions as an oncogene in U251 glioblastoma cells and is involved in regulating AKT and Erk pathways. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 118:104571. [PMID: 33166495 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RabGEF1 is a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for RAB-5, which plays an oncogenic role in certain human cancers. However, the function of RabGEF1 in glioma has not been studied. Here, we report that the down-regulation of RabGEF1 inhibits the proliferation and metastasis, and induces autophagy of U251 glioblastoma cells. METHODS The expression of RabGEF1 in glioma and normal tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry. Four siRNAs targeting different sites of RabGEF1 were conducted and the interference efficiencies were verified by qRT-PCR assay. Western blot was used to detect the expression of interest proteins. Cell proliferation was detected using CCK-8 and clone formation assay. Cell migration and invasion were analyzed by scratch assay and transwell assay, respectively. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. RESULTS RabGEF1 was significantly up-regulated in human glioma tissues. RabGEF1 knockdown reduced cell viability, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in U251 cells. Cell migration and invasion were also inhibited when RabGEF1 silencing. Mechanism studies showed that Cyclin D1 and CDK4/6 were significantly down-regulated when RabGEF1 silencing. p53 and caspase mediated apoptotic pathway was activated by down-regulation of RabGEF1. Moreover, RabGEF1 knockdown also induced autophagy in glioma cells. The investigation of AKT and Erk pathways suggested that phosphorylated AKT, p70S6K and phosphorylated Erk were all decreased when RabGEF1 silencing. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our data suggest that RabGEF1 is up-regulated in human glioma and down-regulation of RabGEF1 inhibited cell proliferation and metastasis, and induced autophagy of U251 glioblastoma cells, which might be mediated by inactivation of AKT and Erk signaling pathways.
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Proteomic Characterization of Colorectal Cancer Cells versus Normal-Derived Colon Mucosa Cells: Approaching Identification of Novel Diagnostic Protein Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103466. [PMID: 32422974 PMCID: PMC7278953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the western world, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Survival is closely related to the stage of cancer at diagnosis striking the clinical need for biomarkers capable of early detection. To search for possible biological parameters for early diagnosis of CRC we evaluated protein expression for three CREC (acronym: Cab45, reticulocalbin, ERC-55, calumenin) proteins: reticulocalbin, calumenin, and ERC-55 in a cellular model consisting of a normal derived colon mucosa cell line, NCM460, and a primary adenocarcinoma cell line of the colon, SW480. Furthermore, this cellular model was analyzed by a top-down proteomic approach, 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for novel putative diagnostic markers by identification of differentially expressed proteins between the two cell lines. A different colorectal carcinoma cell line, HCT 116, was used in a bottom-up proteomic approach with label-free quantification (LFQ) LC-MS/MS. The two cellular models gave sets of putative diagnostic CRC biomarkers. Various of these novel putative markers were verified with increased expression in CRC patient neoplastic tissue compared to the expression in a non-involved part of the colon, including reticulocalbin, calumenin, S100A6 and protein SET. Characterization of these novel identified biological features for CRC patients may have diagnostic potential and therapeutic relevance in this malignancy characterized by a still unmet clinical need.
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Hidalgo-Estévez AM, Stamatakis K, Jiménez-Martínez M, López-Pérez R, Fresno M. Cyclooxygenase 2-Regulated Genes an Alternative Avenue to the Development of New Therapeutic Drugs for Colorectal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:533. [PMID: 32410997 PMCID: PMC7201075 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and recurrent types of cancer, with high mortality rates. Several clinical trials and meta-analyses have determined that the use of pharmacological inhibitors of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), the enzyme that catalyses the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of prostaglandins (PG) from arachidonic acid, can reduce the incidence of CRC as well as the risk of recurrence of this disease, when used together with commonly used chemotherapeutic agents. These observations suggest that inhibition of COX-2 may be useful in the treatment of CRC, although the current drugs targeting COX-2 are not widely used since they increase the risk of health complications. To overcome this difficulty, a possibility is to identify genes regulated by COX-2 activity that could give an advantage to the cells to form tumors and/or metastasize. The modulation of those genes as effectors of COX-2 may cancel the beneficial effects of COX-2 in tumor transformation and metastasis. A review of the available databases and literature and our own data have identified some interesting molecules induced by prostaglandins or COX-2 that have been also described to play a role in colon cancer, being thus potential pharmacological targets in colon cancer. Among those mPGES-1, DUSP4, and 10, Programmed cell death 4, Trop2, and many from the TGFβ and p53 pathways have been identified as genes upregulated in response to COX-2 overexpression or PGs in colon carcinoma lines and overexpressed in colon tumor tissue. Here, we review the available evidence of the potential roles of those molecules in colon cancer in the context of PG/COX signaling pathways that could be critical mediators of some of the tumor growth and metastasis advantage induced by COX-2. At the end, this may allow defining new therapeutic targets/drugs against CRC that could act specifically against tumor cells and would be effective in the prevention and treatment of CRC, lacking the unwanted side effects of COX-2 pharmacological inhibitors, providing alternative approaches in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantinos Stamatakis
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Sanitario de Investigación Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Jiménez-Martínez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo López-Pérez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Sanitario de Investigación Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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Zhang JZ, Wu ZH, Cheng Q. Screening and identification of key biomarkers in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Evidence from bioinformatic analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17997. [PMID: 31770211 PMCID: PMC6890310 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As for the lack of simple and effective diagnostic methods at the early of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the mortality rate of NPC still remains high. Therefore, it is meaningful to explore the precise molecular mechanisms involved in the proliferation, carcinogenesis, and recurrence of NPC and thus find an effective diagnostic way and make a better therapeutic strategy.Three gene expression data sets (GSE64634, GSE53819, and GSE12452) were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and analyzed using the online tool GEO2R to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene ontology functional analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis of the DEGs were performed in Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database was used to evaluate the interactions of DEGs and to construct a protein-protein interaction network using Cytoscape software. Hub genes were validated with the cBioPortal database.The overlap among the 3 data sets contained 306 genes were identified to be differentially expressed between NPC and non-NPC samples. A total of 13 genes (DNAAF1, PARPBP, TTC18, GSTA3, RCN1, MUC5AC, POU2AF1, FAM83B, SLC22A16, SPEF2, ERICH3, CCDC81, and IL33) were identified as hub genes with degrees ≥10.The present study was attempted to identify and functionally analyze the DEGs that may be involved in the carcinogenesis or progression of NPC by using comprehensive bioinformatics analyses and unveiled a series of hub genes and pathways. A total of 306 DEGs and 13 hub genes were identified and may be regarded as diagnostic biomarkers for NPC. However, more experimental studies are needed to carried out elucidate the biologic function of these genes results for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Zhou Zhang
- Graduate School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing
- Oncology Department, Wenzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Wenzhou
| | - Zeng-Hong Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Cheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Xu C, Meng LB, Duan YC, Cheng YJ, Zhang CM, Zhou X, Huang CB. Screening and identification of biomarkers for systemic sclerosis via microarray technology. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1753-1770. [PMID: 31545397 PMCID: PMC6777682 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of SSc is currently unclear, although like other rheumatic diseases its pathogenesis is complicated. However, the ongoing development of bioinformatics technology has enabled new approaches to research this disease using microarray technology to screen and identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the skin of patients with SSc compared with individuals with healthy skin. Publicly available data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and intra-group data repeatability tests were conducted using Pearson's correlation test and principal component analysis. DEGs were identified using an online tool, GEO2R. Functional annotation of DEGs was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Finally, the construction and analysis of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and identification and analysis of hub genes was carried out. A total of 106 DEGs were detected by the screening of SSc and healthy skin samples. A total of 10 genes [interleukin-6, bone morphogenetic protein 4, calumenin (CALU), clusterin, cysteine rich angiogenic inducer 61, serine protease 23, secretogranin II, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), tenascin C] were identified as hub genes with degrees ≥10, and which could sensitively and specifically predict SSc based on receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. GO and KEGG analysis showed that variations in hub genes were mainly enriched in positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic processes, negative regulation of apoptotic processes, extracellular regions, extracellular spaces, cytokine activity, chemo-attractant activity, and the phosphoinositide 3 kinase-protein kinase B signaling pathway. In summary, bioinformatics techniques proved useful for the screening and identification of biomarkers of disease. A total of 106 DEGs and 10 hub genes were linked to SSc, in particular the TLR4 and CALU genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Bing Meng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Chen Duan
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Jing Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Mei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Ci-Bo Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Vaes N, Schonkeren SL, Brosens E, Koch A, McCann CJ, Thapar N, Hofstra RM, van Engeland M, Melotte V. A combined literature and in silico analysis enlightens the role of the NDRG family in the gut. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2140-2151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chen X, Shao W, Huang H, Feng X, Yao S, Ke H. Overexpression of RCN1 correlates with poor prognosis and progression in non-small cell lung cancer. Hum Pathol 2018; 83:140-148. [PMID: 30172915 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the expression of reticulocalbin-1 (RCN1) and its prognostic significance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). RCN1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis with tissue microarrays in NSCLC tissues and matched adjacent noncancerous tissues. Furthermore, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were also used to examine the expression of RCN1. Moreover, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, clone formation, and transwell assays were used to measure cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Lastly, we used the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test to compare overall survival rates between the RCN1-high expression group and the RCN1-low expression group. In this study, immunohistochemistry by tissue microarray at RCN1 expression was significantly up-regulated in NSCLC tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. We further confirmed the up-regulation of RCN1 by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assay. RCN1 expression level was closely related to lymph node metastasis (P < .001) and TNM stage (P = .012). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that high RCN1 expression was remarkably associated with poor prognosis with NSCLC patients. A suppression of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion was obtained in A549 cells treated with RCN1 small interfering RNA. Our data indicate that RCN1 expression may have an vital role at promoting the occurrence of NSCLC, and it may be a vital molecular marker in the diagnosis and prognosis of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiwei Shao
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng 224001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaochun Feng
- Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sumei Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Honggang Ke
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Liu X, Zhang N, Wang D, Zhu D, Yuan Q, Zhang X, Qian L, Niu H, Lu Y, Ren G, Tian K, Yuan H. Downregulation of reticulocalbin-1 differentially facilitates apoptosis and necroptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:1147-1157. [PMID: 29453900 PMCID: PMC5891187 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticulocalbin 1 (RCN1), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐resident Ca2+‐binding protein, is dysregulated in cancers, but its pathophysiological roles are largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate that RCN1 is overexpressed in clinical prostate cancer (PCa) samples, associated with cyclin B, not cyclin D1 expression, compared to that of benign tissues in a Chinese Han population. Downregulation of endogenous RCN1 significantly suppresses PCa cell viability and arrests the cell cycles of DU145 and LNCaP cells at the S and G2/M phases, respectively. RCN1 depletion causes ER stress, which is evidenced by induction of GRP78, activation of PERK and phosphorylation of eIF2α in PCa cells. Remarkably, RCN1 loss triggers DU145 cell apoptosis in a caspase‐dependent manner but mainly causes necroptosis in LNCaP cells. An animal‐based analysis confirms that RCN1 depletion suppresses cell proliferation and promotes cell death. Further investigations reveal that RCN1 depletion leads to elevation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and inactivation of AKT in DU145 cells. Silencing of PTEN partially restores apoptotic cells upon RCN1 loss. In LNCaP cells, predominant activation of CaMKII is important for necroptosis in response to RCN1 depletion. Thus, RCN1 may promote cell survival and serve as a useful target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Nianzhao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Deyu Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiulei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lilin Qian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huanmin Niu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guijie Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Keli Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huiqing Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
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Reticulocalbin-2 enhances hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation via modulating the EGFR-ERK pathway. Oncogene 2017; 36:6691-6700. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Xu S, Xu Y, Chen L, Fang Q, Song S, Chen J, Teng J. RCN1 suppresses ER stress-induced apoptosis via calcium homeostasis and PERK-CHOP signaling. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e304. [PMID: 28319095 PMCID: PMC5533947 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is caused by the disturbance of ER homeostasis and leads to the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which alleviates stress at an early stage and triggers apoptosis if homeostasis fails over a prolonged timeframe. Here, we report that reticulocalbin 1 (RCN1), a member of the CREC family, is transactivated by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) during ER stress and inhibits ER stress-induced apoptosis. The depletion of RCN1 increases the UPR during drug-induced ER stress by activating PRKR-like ER kinase–CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (PERK–CHOP) signaling, thus inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that the first two EF-hand calcium-binding motifs of RCN1 specifically interact with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor type 1 (IP3R1) on loop 3 of its ER luminal domain and inhibit ER calcium release and apoptosis. Together, these data indicate that RCN1, a target of NF-κB, suppresses ER calcium release by binding to IP3R1 and decreases the UPR, thereby inhibiting ER stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - L Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Q Fang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - S Song
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - J Teng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Suri A, Jagadish N, Saini S, Gupta N. Targeting cancer testis antigens for biomarkers and immunotherapy in colorectal cancer: Current status and challenges. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 7:492-502. [PMID: 26691579 PMCID: PMC4678396 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v7.i12.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer ranks third among the estimated cancer cases and cancer related mortalities in United States in 2014. Early detection and efficient therapy remains a significant clinical challenge for this disease. Therefore, there is a need to identify novel tumor associated molecules to target for biomarker development and immunotherapy. In this regard, cancer testis antigens have emerged as a potential targets for developing novel clinical biomarkers and immunotherapy for various malignancies. These germ cell specific proteins exhibit aberrant expression in cancer cells and contribute in tumorigenesis. Owing to their unique expression profile and immunogenicity in cancer patients, cancer testis antigens are clinically referred as the most promising tumor associated antigens. Several cancer testis antigens have been studied in colorectal cancer but none of them could be used in clinical practice. This review is an attempt to address the promising cancer testis antigens in colorectal cancer and their possible clinical implications as biomarkers and immunotherapeutic targets with particular focus on challenges and future interventions.
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Aune Westergaard Hansen G, Ludvigsen M, Jacobsen C, Cangemi C, Melholt Rasmussen L, Vorum H, Honoré B. Fibulin-1C, C1 Esterase Inhibitor and Glucose Regulated Protein 75 Interact with the CREC Proteins, Calumenin and Reticulocalbin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132283. [PMID: 26161649 PMCID: PMC4498735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Affinity purification, immunoprecipitation, gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were used to identify fibulin-1C, C1 esterase inhibitor and glucose regulated protein 75, grp75, as binding partners of the CREC proteins, calumenin and reticulocalbin. Surface plasmon resonance was used to verify the interaction of all three proteins with each of the CREC proteins. Fibulin-1C interacts with calumenin and reticulocalbin with an estimated dissociation constant around 50-60 nM. The interaction, at least for reticulocalbin, was not dependent upon the presence of Ca2+. C1 esterase inhibitor interacted with both proteins with an estimated dissociation constant at 1 μM for reticulocalbin and 150 nM for calumenin. The interaction, at least for calumenin, was dependent upon the presence of Ca2+ with strong interaction at 3.5 mM while no detectable interaction could be found at 0.1 mM. Grp75 binds with an affinity of approximately 3-7 nM with reticulocalbin as well as with calumenin. These interactions suggest functional participation of the CREC proteins in chaperone activity, cell proliferation and transformation, cellular aging, haemostasis and thrombosis as well as modulation of the complement system in fighting bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maja Ludvigsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Ole Worms Allé 3, Building 1182, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian Jacobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Ole Worms Allé 3, Building 1182, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Claudia Cangemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vorum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18–22, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Bent Honoré
- Department of Biomedicine, Ole Worms Allé 3, Building 1182, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Zhang F, Zhang M, Hu G, Cai Q, Xu T. Elevated RABEX-5 protein expression predicts poor prognosis in combined small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8287-93. [PMID: 26002576 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RABEX-5 has been studied in various solid tumors, but its role in combined small cell lung cancer (C-SCLC) remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the expression, the potential relevance to clinicopathological characters and prognostic significance of RABEX-5 in patients with C-SCLC. Fifty-two C-SCLC patients who received radical surgery were enrolled in our study. The clinicalpathological data and survival time were reviewed. The mRNA and protein expression of RABEX-5 from the paired tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues were determined, and its relationship with clinicalpathological variables and prognosis was analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate the prognostic significance of RABEX-5 for C-SCLC. The mRNA and protein expression level of RABEX-5 was significantly elevated in C-SCLC tissues. The increased RABEX-5 protein expression was correlated with clinical stage (p = 0.011) and tumor recurrence (p = 0.006). The median OS and DFS was significantly shorter in the high RABEX-5 expression group compared to low RABEX-5 expression group (OS: 12.0 vs. 21.7 months, p = 0.014; DFS: 6.7 vs. 11.8 months, p = 0.005). Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that high RABEX-5 protein expression was an independent prognostic factor for OS and DFS (p < 0.001). RABEX-5 is a potential useful indicator and predicts a poor long-term prognosis for C-SCLC, which should be considered in defining the prognosis with other well-known prognosticators in C-SCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuliang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Hospital of ITCWM, Nankai Hospital, Sanwei Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300100, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of ICU, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of TCM, Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Guohua Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Hospital of ITCWM, Nankai Hospital, Sanwei Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Qiling Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Hospital of ITCWM, Nankai Hospital, Sanwei Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Tongbai Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Hospital of ITCWM, Nankai Hospital, Sanwei Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300100, China
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Ding Y, Caberoy NB, Guo F, LeBlanc ME, Zhang C, Wang W, Wang F, Chen R, Li W. Reticulocalbin-1 facilitates microglial phagocytosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126993. [PMID: 25992960 PMCID: PMC4436338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is critical to the clearance of apoptotic cells, cellular debris and deleterious metabolic products for tissue homeostasis. Phagocytosis ligands directly recognizing deleterious cargos are the key to defining the functional roles of phagocytes, but are traditionally identified on a case-by-case basis with technical challenges. As a result, extrinsic regulation of phagocytosis is poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that microglial phagocytosis ligands can be systematically identified by a new approach of functional screening. One of the identified ligands is reticulocalbin-1 (Rcn1), which was originally reported as a Ca2+-binding protein with a strict expression in the endoplasmic reticulum. Our results showed that Rcn1 can be secreted from healthy cells and that secreted Rcn1 selectively bound to the surface of apoptotic neurons, but not healthy neurons. Independent characterization revealed that Rcn1 stimulated microglial phagocytosis of apoptotic but not healthy neurons. Ingested apoptotic cells were targeted to phagosomes and co-localized with phagosome marker Rab7. These data suggest that Rcn1 is a genuine phagocytosis ligand. The new approach described in this study will enable systematic identification of microglial phagocytosis ligands with broad applicability to many other phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ding
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Dept. of Ophthalmology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States of America
| | - Nora B. Caberoy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, United States of America
| | - Feiye Guo
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Dept. of Ophthalmology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States of America
| | - Michelle E. LeBlanc
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Dept. of Ophthalmology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States of America
| | - Chenming Zhang
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Dept. of Ophthalmology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States of America
- Jinan 2 People’s Hospital, Jinan, 250001, China
| | - Weiwen Wang
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Dept. of Ophthalmology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States of America
| | - Feng Wang
- Dept. of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, United States of America
| | - Rui Chen
- Dept. of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, United States of America
| | - Wei Li
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Dept. of Ophthalmology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States of America
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang S, Lu A, Chen X, Wei L, Ding J. RABEX-5 is upregulated and plays an oncogenic role in gastric cancer development by activating the VEGF signaling pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113891. [PMID: 25427001 PMCID: PMC4245226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RABEX-5, a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RAB-5, is implicated in tumorigenesis and in the development of certain human cancers. Here, we report that RABEX-5 promotes tumor growth and the metastatic ability of gastric cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Expression of RABEX-5 is significantly higher in gastric cancer tissues and is associated with tumor size and lymph node metastasis. In addition, targeted silencing of RABEX-5 reduced gastric cancer cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro via the induction of a G0/G1 phase arrest, and stimulated gastric cancer cell apoptosis. Knockdown of RABEX-5 also inhibited wound healing, migration and the invasive abilities of gastric cancer cells. The results of in vivo animal experiments were also consistent with these in vitro findings. Silencing of RABEX-5 led to decreased expression of VEGF. These results indicate that RABEX-5 is upregulated and plays an oncogenic role in gastric cancer development by activating the VEGF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Central Hospital of Taian, Taian, Shangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Aixia Lu
- Department of Nursing, The Central Hospital of Taian, Taian, Shangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangming Chen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Central Hospital of Taian, Taian, Shangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Central Hospital of Taian, Taian, Shangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiqiang Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Cancer Prevention and Control Hospital of Taian, Taian, Shangdong, People's Republic of China
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Expression of RABEX-5 and its clinical significance in prostate cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:31. [PMID: 24716822 PMCID: PMC3996945 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background While recent research has shown that expression of RABEX-5 in breast cancer and colorectal cancer has a crucial impact on tumor development, there is little information regarding RABEX-5 expression in prostate cancer. This study investigated the expression of RABEX-5 in prostate cancer by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and evaluated its association with clinicopathological variables, including prostate cancer patient prognosis. Methods A total of 180 patients with primary prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy were enrolled. Real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was utilized to investigate mRNA expression level of RABEX-5 in 180 paired prostate cancer/adjacent non-cancerous tissues. RABEX-5 mRNA expression was divided into high expression group and low expression group and correlations between RABEX-5 mRNA and clinicopathological factors were then evaluated. Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to analyze the association between RABEX-5 mRNA expression and prognosis of patients with prostate cancer. Results Our study showed that RABEX-5 mRNA was significantly upregulated in prostate cancer tissues. The data indicated that high expression of RABEX-5 mRNA was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001), clinical stage (P = 0.004), biochemical recurrence (P = 0.009), preoperative prostate-specific antigen (P < 0.001), and Gleason score (P < 0.001). High RABEX-5 mRNA expression was a significant predictor of poor biochemical recurrence free survival and overall survival both in univariate and multivariate analysis. Conclusion This is to our knowledge the first report investigating tumor RABEX-5 mRNA expression level in prostate cancer. We have shown that high RABEX-5 mRNA expression is a strong predictor of poor prognosis in prostate cancer patients treated by radical prostatectomy, and multivariate analysis confirmed RABEX-5 mRNA as an independent prognostic factor.
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Zhang X, Min J, Wang Y, Li Y, Li H, Liu Q, Liang X, Mu P, Li H. RABEX-5 plays an oncogenic role in breast cancer by activating MMP-9 pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:52. [PMID: 23941575 PMCID: PMC3751292 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RABEX-5, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RAB-5, plays an important role in cell mobility and altered expression associated with tumor metastasis. This study aimed to investigate the role of RABEX-5 in proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer in vitro and ex vivo. METHODS RABEX-5 expression was examined in breast cancer, benign tumor and normal breast tissues by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Two stable cell lines were established, the MCF-7/NC negative control cell line and the MCF-7/KD cell line, which stably expressed an RNA interference (RNAi) construct that induced downregulation of RABEX-5 expression. These cell lines were utilized to evaluate the role of RABEX-5 in cell proliferation and migration in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. The possible role of RABEX-5 in the regulation of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) was evaluated using western blot and real-time PCR. RESULTS RABEX-5 expression was found to be significantly higher in breast cancer tissues compared with benign tumor and normal breast tissues. High levels of RABEX-5 expression were associated with axillary lymph node metastasis. In addition, RABEX-5 silencing significantly reduced cancer cell proliferation, colony formation and migration ability in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. RABEX -5 knockdown also attenuated the migration of breast cancer cells via modulation of MMP-9 transcriptional activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that RABEX-5 plays an oncogenic role in breast cancer by modulating the proliferation and metastasis potential of breast cancer cells. Thus, RABEX-5 is a promising prognostic indicator for patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
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Giribaldi G, Barbero G, Mandili G, Daniele L, Khadjavi A, Notarpietro A, Ulliers D, Prato M, Minero VG, Battaglia A, Allasia M, Bosio A, Sapino A, Gontero P, Frea B, Fontana D, Destefanis P. Proteomic identification of Reticulocalbin 1 as potential tumor marker in renal cell carcinoma. J Proteomics 2013; 91:385-92. [PMID: 23916412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) biomarkers are necessary for diagnosis and prognosis. They serve to monitor therapy response and follow-up, as drug targets, and therapy predictors in personalized treatments. Proteomics is a suitable method for biomarker discovery. Here we investigate differential protein expression in RCC, and we evaluate Reticulocalbin 1 (RCN1) use as a new potential marker. Neoplastic and healthy tissue samples were collected from 24 RCC patients during radical nephrectomy. Seven specimens were firstly processed by proteomic analysis (2-DE and MALDI-TOF) and 18 differentially expressed proteins from neoplastic and healthy renal tissues were identified. Among them, RCN1 was over-expressed in all cancer specimens analyzed by proteomics. Consequently RCN1 use as a potential marker was further evaluated in all 24 donors. RCN1 expression was verified by Western blotting (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). WB analysis confirmed RCN1 over-expression in 21 out of 24 tumor specimens, whereas IHC displayed focal or diffuse expression of RCN1 in all 24 RCC tissues. Thus RCN1 appears as a potential marker for clinical approaches. A larger histopathological trial will clarify the prognostic value of RCN1 in RCC. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The present work aimed at finding new biomarkers for RCC - a life-threatening disease characterized by high incidence in Western countries - by performing differential proteomic analysis of neoplastic and normal renal tissues obtained from a small cohort of RCC patients. Some of the identified proteins have been previously associated to renal cancer however data confirming the possible use of these proteins in clinical practice are not available to date. By IHC we demonstrated that RCN1 could be easily employed in clinical practice, confirming RCN1 over-expression in RCC tissues of all examined patients, and weak protein expression in healthy renal tissues only in correspondence to the renal tubule section. These data indicate a promising role of RCN1 as a possible marker in RCC and indicate the proximal convoluted renal tubule as a putative origin point for RCC. Since IHC staining displayed different grades of intensity in tested tissues, we hypothesized that RCN1 could also be employed as a prognostic marker or as a response predictor for RCC-targeted therapy. To test such a hypothesis, a larger retrospective trial on paraffin-embedded tissues obtained from radical or partial nephrectomy of RCC patients is planned to be performed by our group.
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Denev PN, Kratchanov CG, Ciz M, Lojek A, Kratchanova MG. Bioavailability and Antioxidant Activity of Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) Polyphenols: in vitro and in vivo Evidences and Possible Mechanisms of Action: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Li JD, Feng QC, Li JS. Differential gene expression profiling of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma by DNA microarray and bioinformatics analysis. J Int Med Res 2011; 38:1904-12. [PMID: 21226993 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential gene expression profiling was carried out on primary tumour tissues and adjacent non-neoplastic tissues from patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). RNA extracted from ESCC tissues and matched normal oesophageal epithelium of four ESCC patients was analysed using whole-genome microarrays. Bioinformatics analysis was also carried out to ascertain which genes and pathways may be important in the carcinogenesis of ESCC. A total of 570 genes were identified that differed significantly in expression: 303 genes were up-regulated and 267 genes were down-regulated in ESCC tissues compared with normal oesophageal epithelium. Gene ontology analysis showed that the primary molecular functions of these genes were related to the extracellular region, collagen and endopeptidase inhibitor activity. Pathway analysis revealed seven pathways or networks highly associated with the differential expression profile. Gene set analysis showed that the POD1_KO_UP gene set was significantly enriched, containing 15 matching genes. Thus, a large number of genes are involved in the carcinogenesis of ESCC and participate in various cell processes and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Li
- Department of Digestive Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Angst E, Dawson DW, Stroka D, Gloor B, Park J, Candinas D, Reber HA, Hines OJ, Eibl G. N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 expression correlates with reduced pancreatic cancer growth and increased apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Surgery 2011; 149:614-24. [PMID: 21236457 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1) in cancer has recently gained interest, as potential regulator of cell death and tumor suppressor. Although its normal function in the pancreas is largely unknown, loss of NDRG1 expression is associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype and poor outcome in pancreatic cancer patients. METHODS NDRG1 expression was determined in human pancreatic cancer samples and across a panel of 6 pancreatic cancer cell lines. HPAF-II cells were stably transfected with full-length NDRG1 (HP(NDRG1)) or the empty vector (HP(NEG)). BxPC-3 cells were silenced for NDRG1. These cells were analyzed for cell growth, cell cycle, apoptosis, and pro-apoptotic gene expression. They were transduced with lentiviral vector expressing luciferase to establish an orthotopic xenograft model. In vivo tumor growth was assessed by bioluminescence imaging. RESULTS Growth of HP(NDRG1) was impaired in anchorage-dependent and abolished in anchorage-independent assays respectively. These results were confirmed in BxPC-3 silenced for NDRG1. Growth inhibition was induced by enhanced apoptosis. Seven pro-apoptotic genes were up-regulated in HP(NDRG1) cells. In vivo, HP(NDRG1) tumors showed no growth over 6 weeks, while HP(NEG) tumors grew prominently, correlating with a 325-fold increase in light emission. CONCLUSION In this model we found that expression of NDRG1 correlates with decreased growth in human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The observation that NDRG1 completely inhibited growth in anchorage-independent assays and in vivo supports a biological function as a tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Angst
- Hirshberg Laboratories for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Department of Surgery, UCLA Center for Excellence in Pancreatic Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Honoré B. The rapidly expanding CREC protein family: members, localization, function, and role in disease. Bioessays 2009; 31:262-77. [PMID: 19260022 DOI: 10.1002/bies.200800186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although many aspects of the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms remain unknown, recent advances in our knowledge suggest that the CREC proteins are promising disease biomarkers or targets for therapeutic intervention in a variety of diseases. The CREC family of low affinity, Ca2+-binding, multiple EF-hand proteins are encoded by five genes, RCN1, RCN2, RCN3, SDF4, and CALU, resulting in reticulocalbin, ER Ca2+-binding protein of 55 kDa (ERC-55), reticulocalbin-3, Ca2+-binding protein of 45 kDa (Cab45), and calumenin. Alternative splicing increases the number of gene products. The proteins are localized in the cytosol, in various parts of the secretory pathway, secreted to the extracellular space or localized on the cell surface. The emerging functions appear to be highly diverse. The proteins interact with several different ligands. Rather well-described functions are attached to calumenin with the inhibition of several proteins in the endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, the vitamin K(1) 2,3-epoxide reductase, the gamma-carboxylase, the ryanodine receptor, and the Ca2+-transporting ATPase. Other functions concern participation in the secretory process, chaperone activity, signal transduction as well as participation in a large variety of disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bent Honoré
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Localization of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 in gastric cancer tissue. Dig Liver Dis 2009; 41:96-103. [PMID: 18602353 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2008] [Revised: 03/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 is detected in normal tissue but is down-regulated in cancer tissue. Furthermore, research has suggested that co-expression with p53 is necessary for induction of p53-mediated apoptosis. This study sought to investigate the clinicopathological significance of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 and p53 expression in gastric cancer tissue. PATIENTS AND METHODS Immunohistochemical detection of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 and p53 was performed with tissue samples from 96 cases of gastric cancer, and the relationship between expression profiles of proteins and clinicopathological characteristics was statistically analysed. RESULTS Positive staining of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 was observed in the cytoplasm (22 of 96 cases, 22.9%) and/or nucleus (29 of 96 cases, 30.2%) of cancer cells. In 15 cases (15.6%), both cytoplasm-positive cells and nucleus-positive cells were observed in the cancerous region. The nuclear localization of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 was frequently observed in the region of cancerous invasion and was significantly related to lymph node metastasis. In addition, accumulation of p53 protein in the nucleus of cancer cells significantly coincided with the nuclear localization of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1. CONCLUSIONS Localization of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 and its significant correlation with p53 expression may play an important role in cancer progression.
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Cooper CR, Graves B, Pruitt F, Chaib H, Lynch JE, Cox AK, Sequeria L, van Golen KL, Evans A, Czymmek K, Bullard RS, Donald CD, Sol-Church K, Gendernalik JD, Weksler B, Farach-Carson MC, Macoska JA, Sikes RA, Pienta KJ. Novel surface expression of reticulocalbin 1 on bone endothelial cells and human prostate cancer cells is regulated by TNF-alpha. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:2298-309. [PMID: 18561328 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An unbiased cDNA expression phage library derived from bone-marrow endothelial cells was used to identify novel surface adhesion molecules that might participate in metastasis. Herein we report that reticulocalbin 1 (RCN1) is a cell surface-associated protein on both endothelial (EC) and prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines. RCN1 is an H/KDEL protein with six EF-hand, calcium-binding motifs, found in the endoplasmic reticulum. Our data indicate that RCN1 also is expressed on the cell surface of several endothelial cell lines, including human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMVECs), bone marrow endothelial cells (BMEC), and transformed human bone marrow endothelial cells (TrHBMEC). While RCN1 protein levels were highest in lysates from HDMVEC, this difference was not statistically significant compared BMEC and TrHBMEC. Given preferential adhesion of PCa to bone-marrow EC, these data suggest that RCN1 is unlikely to account for the preferential metastasis of PCa to bone. In addition, there was not a statistically significant difference in total RCN1 protein expression among the PCa cell lines. RCN1 also was expressed on the surface of several PCa cell lines, including those of the LNCaP human PCa progression model and the highly metastatic PC-3 cell line. Interestingly, RCN1 expression on the cell surface was upregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment of bone-marrow endothelial cells. Taken together, we show cell surface localization of RCN1 that has not been described previously for either PCa or BMEC and that the surface expression on BMEC is regulated by pro-inflammatory TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlton R Cooper
- Center for Translational Cancer Research and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
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Hansen GAW, Vorum H, Jacobsen C, Honoré B. Calumenin but not reticulocalbin forms a Ca2+-dependent complex with thrombospondin-1. A potential role in haemostasis and thrombosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 320:25-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vlad A, Röhrs S, Klein-Hitpass L, Müller O. The first five years of the Wnt targetome. Cell Signal 2008; 20:795-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Mazzucchelli GD, Gabelica V, Smargiasso N, Fléron M, Ashimwe W, Rosu F, De Pauw-Gillet MC, Riou JF, De Pauw E. Proteome alteration induced by hTERT transfection of human fibroblast cells. Proteome Sci 2008; 6:12. [PMID: 18419814 PMCID: PMC2386453 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-6-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Telomerase confers cellular immortality by elongating telomeres, thereby circumventing the Hayflick limit. Extended-life-span cells have been generated by transfection with the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene. hTERT transfected cell lines may be of outstanding interest to monitor the effect of drugs targeting the telomerase activity. The incidence of hTERT gene transfection at the proteome level is a prerequisite to that purpose. The effect of the transfection has been studied on the proteome of human fibroblast (WI38). Cytosolic and nuclear fractions of WI38 cells, empty vector transfected WI38 (WI38-HPV) and hTERT WI38 cells were submitted to a 2D-DIGE (Two-Dimensional Differential In-Gel Electrophoresis) analysis. Only spots that had a similar abundance in WI38 and WI38-HPV, but were differentially expressed in WI38 hTERT were selected for MS identification. This method directly points to the proteins linked with the hTERT expression. Number of false positive differentially expressed proteins has been excluded by using control WI38-HPV cells. The proteome alteration induced by hTERT WI38 transfection should be taken into account in subsequent use of the cell line for anti-telomerase drugs evaluation. Results 2D-DIGE experiment shows that 57 spots out of 2246 are significantly differentially expressed in the cytosolic fraction due to hTERT transfection, and 38 were confidently identified. In the nuclear fraction, 44 spots out of 2172 were selected in the differential proteome analysis, and 14 were identified. The results show that, in addition to elongating telomeres, hTERT gene transfection has other physiological roles, among which an enhanced ER capacity and a potent cell protection against apoptosis. Conclusion We show that the methodology reduces the complexity of the proteome analysis and highlights proteins implicated in other processes than telomere elongation. hTERT induced proteome changes suggest that telomerase expression enhances natural cell repair mechanisms and stress resistance probably required for long term resistance of immortalized cells. Thus, hTERT transfected cells can not be only consider as an immortal equivalent to parental cells but also as cells which are over-resistant to stresses. These findings are the prerequisite for any larger proteomics aiming to evaluate anti-telomerase drugs proteome alteration and thus therapeutics induced cell reactions.
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Materna V, Surowiak P, Kaplenko I, Spaczyński M, Duan Z, Zabel M, Dietel M, Lage H. Taxol-resistance-associated gene-3 (TRAG-3/CSAG2) expression is predictive for clinical outcome in ovarian carcinoma patients. Virchows Arch 2007; 450:187-94. [PMID: 17216190 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-006-0346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An obstacle in chemotherapy of ovarian cancer is the development of drug resistance. Taxol (paclitaxel)-resistance-associated gene-3 (TRAG-3/CSAG2) was found to be overexpressed in a paclitaxel-resistant ovarian carcinoma cell line. However, clinical impact of TRAG-3 in ovarian carcinoma has not been demonstrated previously. For demonstration of potential clinical impact of TRAG-3, immunohistochemistry was applied to determine TRAG-3 protein expression in specimens obtained from ovarian carcinoma patients (n=37) who received a paclitaxel-based chemotherapy at two different time points, initial laparotomy before chemotherapy, and secondary cytoreduction after chemotherapy. The TRAG-3-specific immunohistochemical staining was correlated with clinical outcome. In ovarian carcinoma specimens obtained at the initial laparotomy, an advantage in overall (P < 0.001) and progression-free (P = 0.003) survival for patients with weak TRAG-3 expression could be demonstrated. Tumor specimens excised at secondary cytoreduction procedure were not predictive for clinical outcome. In summary, TRAG-3 was found to be a prognostic factor for the prediction of clinical outcome after the application of paclitaxel-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Materna
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Chen W, Zhang HL, Shao XJ, Jiang YG, Zhao XG, Gao X, Li JH, Yang J, Zhang YF, Liu BL, Sun MY. Gene Expression Profile of Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Associated with Perineural Invasion. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2007; 212:319-34. [PMID: 17592219 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.212.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a common salivary gland malignancy characterized by slow but progressive clinical course, proclivity for hematogenous spread and perineural invasion (PNI) that exhibits inherent resistance to complete surgical resection, systemic chemotherapy and conventional radiotherapy. The molecular alterations that underlie its PNI are poorly characterized. We report the combined use of laser capture microdissection (LCM) and high-throughput cDNA microarray to monitor in vivo gene expression profile of salivary ACC and to correlate the profile with PNI. Consecutive section staining with hematoxylin & eosin was applied to 15 cancerous tissues, among which 6 were judged as PNI. Pure cancer cells adjacent to the nerve tracts from 6 cancerous tissues judged as PNI were laser captured, and pure cancer cells from the same 6 tumors distant from the nerve tracts were also procured. Total RNA was extracted, amplified and subjected to cDNA microarray-based expression analysis. The patterns of gene expression were verified by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. As to the result of 6 arrays, a total of 53 genes were identified as being 2-fold or more differentially expressed in PNI cancer cell group as compared to non-PNI cancer cell control. Out of the 53 genes found consistently differentially expressed, 38 were up-regulated and 15 down-regulated. The combined use of LCM and cDNA microarray analysis provides a powerful new approach to monitor the in vivo molecular events of PNI in salivary ACC. These identified novel genes deserve further investigations to elucidate their clinicopathological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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Ostergaard M, Hansen GAW, Vorum H, Honoré B. Proteomic profiling of fibroblasts reveals a modulating effect of extracellular calumenin on the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Proteomics 2006; 6:3509-19. [PMID: 16691550 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CREC proteins constitute a family of EF-hand calcium binding proteins localized to the secretory pathway. Calumenin is the only member known to be secreted. Recently, it was shown that thrombin-activated thrombocytes liberate calumenin, which also is found in atherosclerotic lesions but not in normal vasculature. To study the possible effects of calumenin extracellularly, we used proteomic profiling of fibroblasts cultured in absence and in presence of calumenin. Using 2-DE and MS/MS, we show that normal fibroblasts contain several 28-29-kDa N-terminal and a 16-kDa C-terminal fragment of beta- or gamma-actin. Extracellularly added calumenin decreases the levels of both the N-terminal and C-terminal actin fragments, and, in addition, decreases the expression level of septin 2, which interacts with the actin cytoskeleton and is involved in cytokinesis. Labeling of S-phase fibroblasts with bromo-2'deoxy-uridine indicates that calumenin added to the medium also modulates the cell cycle. Our study thus indicates that calumenin may have an autocrine or a paracrine effect on the cells in its vicinity, and, therefore, may be involved in the pathophysiology of thrombosis or in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Ostergaard
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Ole Worms Allé, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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Hunter M, Angelicheva D, Tournev I, Ingley E, Chan DC, Watts GF, Kremensky I, Kalaydjieva L. NDRG1 interacts with APO A-I and A-II and is a functional candidate for the HDL-C QTL on 8q24. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 332:982-92. [PMID: 15922294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/07/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy Lom (HMSNL) is a severe autosomal recessive peripheral neuropathy, the most common form of demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease in the Roma (Gypsy) population. The mutated gene, N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), is widely expressed and has been implicated in a range of processes and pathways. To gain an insight into NDRG1 function we performed yeast two-hybrid screening and identified interacting proteins whose known functions suggest involvement in cellular trafficking. Further analyses, focusing on apolipoproteins A-I and A-II, confirmed their interaction with NDRG1 in mammalian cells and suggest a defect in Schwann cell lipid trafficking as a major pathogenetic mechanism in HMSNL. At the same time, the chromosomal location of NDRG1 coincides with a reported HDL-C QTL in humans and in mice. A putative role of NDRG1 in the general mechanisms of HDL-mediated cholesterol transport was supported by biochemical studies of blood lipids, which revealed an association between the Gypsy founder mutation, R148X, and decreased HDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hunter
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
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JIANG PZ, GAN M, HUANG H, SHEN XM, WANG S, YAO KT. Proteomics-based Identification of Proteins with Altered Expression Induced by 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma CNE2 Cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2005.00016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Zhao C, Giusti MM, Malik M, Moyer MP, Magnuson BA. Effects of commercial anthocyanin-rich extracts on colonic cancer and nontumorigenic colonic cell growth. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:6122-6128. [PMID: 15453676 DOI: 10.1021/jf049517a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Commercially prepared grape (Vitis vinifera), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), and chokeberry (Aronia meloncarpa E.) anthocyanin-rich extracts (AREs) were investigated for their potential chemopreventive activity against colon cancer. The growth of colon-cancer-derived HT-29 and nontumorigenic colonic NCM460 cells exposed to semipurified AREs (10-75 microg of monomeric anthocyanin/mL) was monitored for up to 72 h using a sulforhodamine B assay. All extracts inhibited the growth of HT-29 cells, with chokeberry ARE being the most potent inhibitor. HT-29 cell growth was inhibited approximately 50% after 48 h of exposure to 25 microg/mL chokeberry ARE. Most importantly, the growth of NCM460 cells was not inhibited at lower concentrations of all three AREs, illustrating greater growth inhibition of colon cancer, as compared to nontumorigenic colon cells. Extracts were semipurified and characterized by high-pressure liquid chromatography, spectrophotometry, and colorimetry. Grape anthocyanins were the glucosylated derivatives of five different anthocyanidin molecules, with or without p-coumaric acid acylation. Bilberry contained five different anthocyanidins glycosylated with galactose, glucose, and arabinose. Chokeberry anthocyanins were cyanidin derivatives, monoglycosylated mostly with galactose and arabinose. The varying compositions and degrees of growth inhibition suggest that the anthocyanin chemical structure may play an important role in the growth inhibitory activity of commercially available AREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiwei Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, 0112 Skinner Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-7521, USA
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Stein S, Thomas EK, Herzog B, Westfall MD, Rocheleau JV, Jackson RS, Wang M, Liang P. NDRG1 is necessary for p53-dependent apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:48930-40. [PMID: 15377670 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400386200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a number of target genes for the tumor suppressor p53 have been described, the mechanism of p53-dependent apoptosis is incompletely understood. Thus, it is essential to identify and characterize additional target genes that could mediate apoptosis. In the study reported here, we isolated a p53-regulated gene named NDRG1 (N-Myc down-regulated gene 1). Its expression is induced by DNA damage in a p53-dependent fashion. The promoter region of the NDRG1 gene contains a p53 binding site that confers p53-dependent transcriptional activation via a heterologous reporter. RNA interference and inducible gene expression approaches suggest that NDRG1 is necessary but not sufficient for p53-mediated caspase activation and apoptosis. This report further supports the notion that p53 controls a network of genes that are required for its apoptotic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Stein
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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Kim KT, Ongusaha PP, Hong YK, Kurdistani SK, Nakamura M, Lu KP, Lee SW. Function of Drg1/Rit42 in p53-dependent mitotic spindle checkpoint. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:38597-602. [PMID: 15247272 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400781200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Drg1/RTP/Rit42 gene are commonly identified in hereditary neuropathies of the motor and sensory systems. This gene was also identified as a p53 target gene and a differentiation-related, putative metastatic suppressor gene in human colon and prostate cancer. In this study, we show that the Rit42 protein is a microtubule-associated protein that localizes to the centrosomes and participates in the spindle checkpoint in a p53-dependent manner. When ectopically expressed and exposed to spindle inhibitors, Rit42 inhibited polyploidy in several p53-deficient tumor cell lines and increased the population of cells in mitotic arrest. Blocking endogenous Rit42 expression by small interfering RNA in normal human mammary epithelial cells resulted in the disappearance of astral microtubules, and dividing spindle fiber formation was rarely detected. Moreover, these cells underwent microtubule inhibitor-induced reduplication, leading to a polyploidy state. Our findings imply that Rit42 plays a role in the regulation of microtubule dynamics and the maintenance of euploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Tae Kim
- Cancer Biology Program, Hematology and Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Yao X, Hu JF, Li T, Yang Y, Sun Z, Ulaner GA, Vu TH, Hoffman AR. Epigenetic regulation of the taxol resistance-associated gene TRAG-3 in human tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 151:1-13. [PMID: 15120907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2003.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2003] [Revised: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 08/28/2003] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
TRAG-3, originally identified as a taxol resistance-associated gene from an ovarian carcinoma cell line, is upregulated in many human tumors. Like many tumor antigens, TRAG-3 mRNA is not detectable or is expressed at very low levels in normal fetal and adult human tissues except for testis, where TRAG-3 mRNA transcripts are detected abundantly. TRAG-3 mRNA is frequently overexpressed in tumors but is rarely detected in adjacent normal tissues. To delineate the transcriptional regulation of this tumor antigen, we cloned and sequenced the TRAG-3 promoter. A 539-base pair fragment upstream of the initiation site, which contains two unusual CT repeat stretches, was sufficient to drive the maximum activity of a luciferase reporter gene. Sodium bisulfite sequencing of genomic DNA revealed that the amount of DNA methylation in exon 2 and in the promoter regions is inversely correlated with gene expression. In normal tissues, TRAG-3 is hypermethylated and is thus transcriptionally silenced. In those tumors where TRAG-3 is actively transcribed, the TRAG-3 promoter and exon 2 are hypomethylated. Treatment of a TRAG-3-silenced cell line H23 with the demethylating reagent 5-aza-cytosine reduced DNA methylation and induced TRAG-3 expression in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that DNA demethylation is an important epigenetic mechanism that regulates the TRAG-3 tumor antigen in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Yao
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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Lee JY, Eom EM, Kim DS, Ha-Lee YM, Lee DH. Analysis of gene expression profiles of gastric normal and cancer tissues by SAGE. Genomics 2003; 82:78-85. [PMID: 12809678 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to understand the molecular bases of gastric cancer progression, we have analyzed the differentially expressed genes in gastric cancer by SAGE. Four SAGE cDNA tag libraries were constructed from two sets of gastric cancer and normal tissues and 241,127 tags were obtained. By comparing the tags from cancer and normal tissues, 414 differentially expressed tags, representing 383 genes, were identified in cancer tissues (p </= 0.01). Of the 414 tags, 50 tags were previously unidentified and potentially novel genes. Although each gastric cancer tissue revealed more than 200 differentially expressed genes compared to the respective normal tissue, the number of genes with consistent regulation patterns in both cancer tissues was 51: 12 up-regulated and 39 down-regulated genes. The genes that showed consistent regulation patterns included well-known genes such as Trefoil factor 3, RegIV, gastric intrinsic factor, and lactotransferrin as well as a few novel candidates. Interestingly, the expression of several genes, such as osteoglycin, prostate stem cell antigen, and histone deacetylase 3, was variable in the two normal tissues but similar in the cancer tissues. The expression profiles of these genes in normal tissues, possibly due to genetic background, could greatly affect individual sensitivity to cancer development and/or progression. The genes identified in this study will provide useful target genes for diagnosis and molecular treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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43
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Tan ZJ, Hu XG, Cao GS, Tang Y. Analysis of gene expression profile of pancreatic carcinoma using cDNA microarray. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:818-23. [PMID: 12679940 PMCID: PMC4611457 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i4.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To identify new diagnostic markers and drug targets, the gene expression profiles of pancreatic cancer were compared with that of adjacent normal tissues utilizing cDNA microarray analysis.
METHODS: cDNA probes were prepared by labeling mRNA from samples of six pancreatic carcinoma tissues with Cy5-dUTP and mRNA from adjacent normal tissues with Cy3-dUTP respectively through reverse transcription. The mixed probes of each sample were then hybridized with 12800 cDNA arrays (12648 unique human cDNA sequences), and the fluorescent signals were scanned by ScanArray 3000 scanner (General Scanning, Inc.). The values of Cy5-dUTP and Cy3-dUTP on each spot were analyzed and calculated by ImaGene 3.0 software (BioDiscovery, Inc.). Differentially expressed genes were screened according to the criterion that the absolute value of natural logarithm of the ratio of Cy5-dUTP to Cy3-dUTP was greater-than 0.69.
RESULTS: Among 6 samples investigated, 301 genes, which accounted for 2.38% of genes on the microarry slides, exhibited differentially expression at least in 5. There were 166 over-expressed genes including 136 having been registered in Genebank, and 135 under-expressed genes including 79 in Genebank in cancerous tissues.
CONCLUSION: Microarray analysis may provide invaluable information on disease pathology, progression, resistance to treatment, and response to cellular microenvironments of pancreatic carcinoma and ultimately may lead to improving early diagnosis and discovering innovative therapeutic approaches for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Lin C, Mak S, Meitner PA, Wolf JM, Bluman EM, Block JA, Terek RM. Cancer/testis antigen CSAGE is concurrently expressed with MAGE in chondrosarcoma. Gene 2002; 285:269-78. [PMID: 12039054 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Differential display-polymerase chain reaction was used to compare gene expression between human chondrosarcoma cell lines and normal cartilage. A new gene, CSAGE, has been cloned and belongs to a gene family that includes the taxol resistance associated gene (TRAG)-3. CSAGE, like TRAG-3, does not confer resistance to taxol when transfected in vitro. Both genes have alternatively spliced variants. CSAGE and TRAG-3 are expressed in chondrosarcoma, melanoma, and cartilage and testis, but not in other normal tissues. TRAG-3 has been reported to be a cancer/testis antigen. Our results suggest that CSAGE belongs to the growing list of cancer/testis antigens as well. In all of the CSAGE positive samples, the melanoma antigen gene family was also expressed. This is the first report on the expression of cancer/testis antigens in chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuzhao Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
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45
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Nimmrich I, Erdmann S, Melchers U, Chtarbova S, Finke U, Hentsch S, Hoffmann I, Oertel M, Hoffmann W, Müller O. The novel ependymin related gene UCC1 is highly expressed in colorectal tumor cells. Cancer Lett 2001; 165:71-9. [PMID: 11248421 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Normal cells differ from malignant tumor cells in the transcription levels of many different genes. Two colorectal tumor cell lines were compared with a normal colorectal cell line by differential display reverse transcription PCR to screen for tumor cell specific differentially transcribed genes. By this strategy the upregulation of a novel gene was detected designated as 'upregulated in colorectal cancer gene-1' (UCC1). The UCC1 gene transcript level is increased in cultured tumor cells and in two out of three analyzed colorectal tumor tissue specimens compared to normal cultured cells and to corresponding normal tissue samples. Remarkably, the UCC1 protein shows significant sequence similarity to the highly divergent piscine glycoproteins termed ependymins which are synthesized by leptomeningeal fibroblasts and secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nimmrich
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Strabetae 11, D-44227, Dortmund, Germany
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