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Zhu H, Wang M, Xiong X, Du Y, Li D, Wang Z, Ge W, Zhu Y. Plasma metabolomic profiling reveals factors associated with dose-adjusted trough concentration of tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1045843. [PMID: 36386159 PMCID: PMC9659571 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1045843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter- and intrapatient variability of tacrolimus exposure is a vital prognostic risk factor for the clinical outcome of liver transplantation. New factors or biomarkers characterizing tacrolimus disposition is essential for optimal dose prediction in recipients of liver transplant. The aim of the study was to identify potential plasma metabolites associated with the dose-adjusted trough concentration of tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients by using a global metabolomic approach. A total of 693 plasma samples were collected from 137 liver transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus and regular therapeutic drug monitoring. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Univariate and multivariate analyses with a mixed linear model were conducted, and the results showed that the dose-adjusted tacrolimus trough concentration was associated with 31 endogenous metabolites, including medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines such as stearoylcarnitine (β = 0.222, p = 0.001), microbiota-derived uremic retention solutes such as indolelactic acid (β = 0.194, p = 0.007), bile acids such as taurohyodeoxycholic acid (β = -0.056, p = 0.002), and steroid hormones such as testosterone (β = 0.099, p = 0.001). A multiple linear mixed model including 11 metabolites and clinical information was established with a suitable predictive performance (correlation coefficient based on fixed effects = 0.64 and correlation coefficient based on fixed and random effects = 0.78). These data demonstrated that microbiota-derived uremic retention solutes, bile acids, steroid hormones, and medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines were the main metabolites associated with the dose-adjusted trough concentration of tacrolimus in liver transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaijun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Medical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Medical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofu Xiong
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yao Du
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Medical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
| | - Danying Li
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Medical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Weihong Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Medical Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
| | - Yizhun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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2
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Chang N, Zhao Y, Ge N, Qian L. A pH/ROS cascade-responsive and self-accelerating drug release nanosystem for the targeted treatment of multi-drug-resistant colon cancer. Drug Deliv 2021; 27:1073-1086. [PMID: 32706272 PMCID: PMC7470062 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1797238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents for colon cancer treatment is limited by multidrug resistance (MDR) and insufficient intracellular release of the administered nanomedicine. To overcome these limitations, we constructed a pH/ROS cascade-responsive and self-accelerating drug release nanoparticle system (PLP-NPs) for the treatment of multidrug-resistant colon cancer. The PLP-NPs comprised a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive polymeric paclitaxel (PTX) prodrug (DEX-TK-PTX), a pH-sensitive poly(l-histidine) (PHis), and beta-lapachone (Lapa), a ROS-generating agent. We found that PLP-NPs could accumulate in tumor tissue through enhancement of the permeability and retention (EPR) effect, and were subsequently internalized by cancer cells via the endocytic pathway. Within the acidic endo-lysosomal environment, PHis protonation facilitated the escape of the PLP-NPs from the lysosome and release of Lapa. The released Lapa generated a large amount of ROS, consumed ATP, and downregulated P-glycoprotein (P-gp) production through the activity of NQO1, an enzyme that is specifically overexpressed in tumor cells. In addition, the generated ROS promoted the release of PTX from DEX-TK-PTX to kill cancer cells, while ATP depletion inhibited P-gp-mediated MDR. In vitro and in vivo experiments subsequently confirmed that PLP-NPs induced tumor-specific cytotoxicity and overcame the MDR of colon cancer. Our findings indicate that the use of the PLP-NPs system represents a promising strategy to counter MDR in the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China), Hefei, China
| | - Yufei Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China), Hefei, China
| | - Ning Ge
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China), Hefei, China
| | - Liting Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China), Hefei, China
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3
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Buravchenko GI, Scherbakov AM, Dezhenkova LG, Monzote L, Shchekotikhin AE. Synthesis of 7-amino-6-halogeno-3-phenylquinoxaline-2-carbonitrile 1,4-dioxides: a way forward for targeting hypoxia and drug resistance of cancer cells. RSC Adv 2021; 11:38782-38795. [PMID: 35493230 PMCID: PMC9044171 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07978f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
New water-soluble hypoxia activated 7-aminoquinoxaline 1,4-dioxides, prepared by the regioselective Beirut reaction, acted as HIF-1α suppressors and induced apoptosis in hypoxic and MDR cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina I. Buravchenko
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119021, Russia
- Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125190, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Scherbakov
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 24 Kashirskoye Sh., Moscow 115522, Russia
| | - Lyubov G. Dezhenkova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119021, Russia
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Department of Parasitology, Pedro Kouri Tropical Medicine Institute, Havana, Cuba
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4
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Discovery of derivatives of 6(7)-amino-3-phenylquinoxaline-2-carbonitrile 1,4-dioxides: novel, hypoxia-selective HIF-1α inhibitors with strong antiestrogenic potency. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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5
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Tinoush B, Shirdel I, Wink M. Phytochemicals: Potential Lead Molecules for MDR Reversal. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:832. [PMID: 32636741 PMCID: PMC7317022 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the main impediments in the treatment of cancers. MDR cancer cells are resistant to multiple anticancer drugs. One of the major mechanisms of MDR is the efflux of anticancer drugs by ABC transporters. Increased activity and overexpression of these transporters are important causes of drug efflux and, therefore, resistance to cancer chemotherapy. Overcoming MDR is a fundamental prerequisite for developing an efficient treatment of cancer. To date, various types of ABC transporter inhibitors have been employed but no effective anticancer drug is available at present, which can completely overcome MDR. Phytochemicals can reverse MDR in cancer cells via affecting the expression or activity of ABC transporters, and also through exerting synergistic interactions with anticancer drugs by addressing additional molecular targets. We have listed numerous phytochemicals which can affect the expression and activity of ABC transporters in MDR cancer cell lines. Phytochemicals in the groups of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, carotenoids, stilbenoids, lignans, polyketides, and curcuminoids have been examined for MDR-reversing activity. The use of MDR-reversing phytochemicals with low toxicity to human in combination with effective anticancer agents may result in successful treatment of chemotherapy-resistant cancer. In this review, we summarize and discuss published evidence for natural products with MDR modulation abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boshra Tinoush
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Iman Shirdel
- Marine Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Wang Y, Li Y, Shang D, Efferth T. Interactions between artemisinin derivatives and P-glycoprotein. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 60:152998. [PMID: 31301971 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemisinin was isolated and identified in 1972, which was the starting point for a new era in antimalarial drug therapy. Furthermore, numerous studies have demonstrated that artemisinin and its derivatives exhibit considerable anticancer activity both in vitro, in vivo, and even in clinical Phase I/II trials. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated multi-drug resistance (MDR) is one of the most serious causes of chemotherapy failure in cancer treatment. Interestingly, many artemisinin derivatives exhibit excellent ability to overcome P-gp mediated MDR and even show collateral sensitivity against MDR cancer cells. Furthermore, some artemisinin derivatives show P-gp-mediated MDR reversal activity. Therefore, the interaction between P-gp and artemisinin derivatives is important to develop novel combination treatment protocols with artemisinin derivatives and established anticancer drugs that are P-gp substrates. PURPOSE This systematic review provides an updated overview on the interaction between artemisinin derivatives and P-gp and the effect of artemisinin derivatives on the P-gp expression level. RESULTS Artemisinin derivatives exhibit multi-specific interactions with P-gp. The currently used artemisinin derivatives are not transported by P-gp. However, some of novel synthetized artemisinin derivatives exhibit P-gp substrate properties. Furthermore, many artemisinin derivatives act as P-gp inhibitors, which exhibit the potential to reverse MDR towards clinically used anticancer drugs. CONCLUSION Therefore, studies on the interaction between artemisinin derivatives and P-gp provide important information for the development of novel anti-cancer artemisinin derivatives to reverse P-gp mediated MDR and for the design of rational artemisinin-based combination therapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Dong Shang
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian China; College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, Johannes Gutenberg University 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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7
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Cui Q, Cai CY, Gao HL, Ren L, Ji N, Gupta P, Yang Y, Shukla S, Ambudkar SV, Yang DH, Chen ZS. Glesatinib, a c-MET/SMO Dual Inhibitor, Antagonizes P-glycoprotein Mediated Multidrug Resistance in Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2019; 9:313. [PMID: 31106148 PMCID: PMC6494935 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the leading causes of treatment failure in cancer chemotherapy. One major mechanism of MDR is the overexpressing of ABC transporters, whose inhibitors hold promising potential in antagonizing MDR. Glesatinib is a dual inhibitor of c-Met and SMO that is under phase II clinical trial for non-small cell lung cancer. In this work, we report the reversal effects of glesatinib to P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated MDR. Glesatinib can sensitize paclitaxel, doxorubicin, colchicine resistance to P-gp overexpressing KB-C2, SW620/Ad300, and P-gp transfected Hek293/ABCB1 cells, while has no effect to their corresponding parental cells and negative control drug cisplatin. Glesatinib suppressed the efflux function of P-gp to [3H]-paclitaxel and it didn't impact both the expression and cellular localization of P-gp based on Western blot and immunofluorescent analysis. Furthermore, glesatinib can stimulate ATPase in a dose-dependent manner. The docking study indicated that glesatinib interacted with human P-gp through several hydrogen bonds. Taken together, c-Met/SMO inhibitor glesatinib can antagonize P-gp mediated MDR by inhibiting its cell membrane transporting functions, suggesting new application in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Cui
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Chao-Yun Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Hai-Ling Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Liang Ren
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States.,Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Pranav Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Suneet Shukla
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Suresh V Ambudkar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dong-Hua Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
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8
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Karimabad MN, Mahmoodi M, Jafarzadeh A, Darekordi A, Hajizadeh MR, Hassanshahi G. Molecular Targets, Anti-cancer Properties and Potency of Synthetic Indole-3-carbinol Derivatives. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:540-554. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666181116120145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The indole-3-carbinol (I3C) displays anti-cancer/proliferative activities against human cancer cells. Cellular proliferation is an event associated with the progress and its continuation. This manifest is described by variation in expression and/or functions of genes that are related with cell cycle relevant proteins. The constitutive activation of several signal transduction pathways stimulates cells proliferation as well. The immediate stages in cancer development are accompanied by a fibrogenic response and the progression of the hypoxic environment is in favor of survival and proliferatory functions of cancer stem cells. A main part for prevention of in cancer cells death may manifest through altering cell metabolism. Cellular proliferation and metastasis are reported to be supported with increased generation of responsible hormones (in hormone dependent malignancies), and further promotion the angiogenesis, with epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This may be facilitated by progression of autophagy phenomenon, as well as via taking cues from neighboring stromal cells. Several signaling pathways in association with various factors specific for cellular viability, including hypoxia inducible factor 1, NF-κB, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor, Human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF-1), phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Akt, Wnt, cell cycle related protein, with androgen and estrogen receptor signaling are reported to be inhibited by I3C. These evidences, in association with bioinformatics data represent very important information for describing signaling pathways in parallel with molecular targets that may serve as markers for early diagnosis and/or critical targets for designing and development of novel therapeutic regimes alone or combined with drugs, to prevent tumor formation and further progression. In particular, I3C and DIM have been extensively investigated for their importance against numbers human cancers both in vitro and in vivo. We aimed the present manuscript, current study, to review anticancer properties and the miscellaneous mechanisms underlying the antitumorigenicity in an in-depth study for broadening the I3C treating marvel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Noroozi Karimabad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mahmoodi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abdolah Jafarzadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Darekordi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Hajizadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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9
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Karimabad MN, Falahati-Pour SK, Hassanshahi G, Koochakzadeh L. WITHDRAWN: The anti-cancer properties in parallel with toxic effects of indole-3-carbinol derivatives. Immunol Lett 2017:S0165-2478(17)30138-4. [PMID: 28851630 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Lili Koochakzadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Pistachio Safety Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Joshi P, Vishwakarma RA, Bharate SB. Natural alkaloids as P-gp inhibitors for multidrug resistance reversal in cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:273-292. [PMID: 28675836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The biggest challenge associated with cancer chemotherapy is the development of cross multi-drug resistance to almost all anti-cancer agents upon chronic treatment. The major contributing factor for this resistance is efflux of the drugs by the p-glycoprotein pump. Over the years, inhibitors of this pump have been discovered to administer them in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. The clinical failure of first and second generation P-gp inhibitors (such as verapamil and cyclosporine analogs) has led to the discovery of third generation potent P-gp inhibitors (tariquidar, zosuquidar, laniquidar). Most of these inhibitors are nitrogenous compounds and recently a natural alkaloid CBT-01® (tetrandrine) has advanced to the clinical phase. CBT-01 demonstrated positive results in Phase-I study in combination with paclitaxel, which warranted conducting it's Phase II/III trial. Apart from this, there exist a large number of natural alkaloids possessing potent inhibition of P-gp efflux pump and other related pumps responsible for the development of resistance. Despite the extensive contribution of alkaloids in this area, has never been reviewed. The present review provides a comprehensive account on natural alkaloids possessing P-gp inhibition activity and their potential for multidrug resistance reversal in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Joshi
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy and Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy and Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Sandip B Bharate
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy and Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.
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11
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Khan M, Maryam A, Mehmood T, Zhang Y, Ma T. Enhancing Activity of Anticancer Drugs in Multidrug Resistant Tumors by Modulating P-Glycoprotein through Dietary Nutraceuticals. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:6831-9. [PMID: 26514453 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.16.6831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance is a principal mechanism by which tumors become resistant to structurally and functionally unrelated anticancer drugs. Resistance to chemotherapy has been correlated with overexpression of p-glycoprotein (p-gp), a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of membrane transporters. P-gp mediates resistance to a broad-spectrum of anticancer drugs including doxorubicin, taxol, and vinca alkaloids by actively expelling the drugs from cells. Use of specific inhibitors/blocker of p-gp in combination with clinically important anticancer drugs has emerged as a new paradigm for overcoming multidrug resistance. The aim of this paper is to review p-gp regulation by dietary nutraceuticals and to correlate this dietary nutraceutical induced-modulation of p-gp with activity of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China E-mail :
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12
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Licznerska B, Baer-Dubowska W. Indole-3-Carbinol and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 928:131-154. [PMID: 27671815 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a common phytochemical in cruciferous vegetables, and its condensation product, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) exert several biological activities on cellular and molecular levels, which contribute to their well-recognized chemoprevention potential. Initially, these compounds were classified as blocking agents that increase drug-metabolizing enzyme activity. Now it is widely accepted that I3C and DIM affect multiple signaling pathways and target molecules controlling cell division, apoptosis, or angiogenesis deregulated in cancer cells. Although most of the current data support the role of I3C and DIM in prevention of hormone-dependent cancers, it seems that their application in prevention of the other cancer as well as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes reduction is also possible. This chapter summarizes the current experimental data on the I3C and DIM activity and the results of clinical studies indicating their role in prevention of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Licznerska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wanda Baer-Dubowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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13
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Hodaei D, Baradaran B, Valizadeh H, Zakeri-Milani P. Effects of polyethylene glycols on intestinal efflux pump expression and activity in Caco-2 cells. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502015000300026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was planned to investigate the influence of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) on the activity and expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Sub-toxic concentrations of PEGs in Caco-2 cells were determined using the MTT test assay. Then the measurement of Rhodamine-123 (Rho-123) uptake, a P-gp fluorescence substrate, in Caco-2 cells confronting PEG 400 (1% and 2% w/v), PEG 4000 (2% and 4% w/v), PEG 6000 (2% and 4% w/v), PEG 10000 (2% and 4% w/v), PEG 15000 (1% and 2% w/v), and PEG 35000 (2% and 4% w/v) overnight was taken to elucidate whether non-toxic concentrations of PEGs are able to impact P-gp activity. Furthermore, western blotting was carried out to investigate P-gp protein expression. The results showed that PEG 400 at concentrations of 1% (w/v) and 2% (w/v) and PEG 6000 at the concentration of 4% (w/v) are notably capable of blocking P-gp. Based on the obtained results it is concluded that the mentioned excipients could be used to obstruct P-gp efflux transporter in order to increase the bioavailability of co-administered substrate drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Hodaei
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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14
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Wink M, Ashour ML, El-Readi MZ. Secondary Metabolites from Plants Inhibiting ABC Transporters and Reversing Resistance of Cancer Cells and Microbes to Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Agents. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:130. [PMID: 22536197 PMCID: PMC3332394 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal, bacterial, and cancer cells can develop resistance against antifungal, antibacterial, or anticancer agents. Mechanisms of resistance are complex and often multifactorial. Mechanisms include: (1) Activation of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, such as P-gp, which pump out lipophilic compounds that have entered a cell, (2) Activation of cytochrome p450 oxidases which can oxidize lipophilic agents to make them more hydrophilic and accessible for conjugation reaction with glucuronic acid, sulfate, or amino acids, and (3) Activation of glutathione transferase, which can conjugate xenobiotics. This review summarizes the evidence that secondary metabolites (SM) of plants, such as alkaloids, phenolics, and terpenoids can interfere with ABC transporters in cancer cells, parasites, bacteria, and fungi. Among the active natural products several lipophilic terpenoids [monoterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes (including saponins), steroids (including cardiac glycosides), and tetraterpenes] but also some alkaloids (isoquinoline, protoberberine, quinoline, indole, monoterpene indole, and steroidal alkaloids) function probably as competitive inhibitors of P-gp, multiple resistance-associated protein 1, and Breast cancer resistance protein in cancer cells, or efflux pumps in bacteria (NorA) and fungi. More polar phenolics (phenolic acids, flavonoids, catechins, chalcones, xanthones, stilbenes, anthocyanins, tannins, anthraquinones, and naphthoquinones) directly inhibit proteins forming several hydrogen and ionic bonds and thus disturbing the 3D structure of the transporters. The natural products may be interesting in medicine or agriculture as they can enhance the activity of active chemotherapeutics or pesticides or even reverse multidrug resistance, at least partially, of adapted and resistant cells. If these SM are applied in combination with a cytotoxic or antimicrobial agent, they may reverse resistance in a synergistic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University Heidelberg, Germany
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Li Y, Revalde JL, Reid G, Paxton JW. Interactions of dietary phytochemicals with ABC transporters: possible implications for drug disposition and multidrug resistance in cancer. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 42:590-611. [PMID: 20433315 DOI: 10.3109/03602531003758690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Common foods, such as fruits and vegetables, contain a large variety of secondary metabolites known as phytochemicals, many of which have been associated with health benefits. However, there is a limited knowledge of the processes by which these, mainly charged, phytochemicals (and/or their metabolites) are absorbed into the body, reach their biological target, and how they are eliminated. Recent studies have indicated that some of these phytochemicals are substrates and modulators of specific members of the superfamily of ABC transporting proteins. In this review, we present the reported interactions between the different classes of phytochemicals and ABC transporters and the mechanism by which they modulate the activity of these transporters. We also discuss the implications that such interactions may have on the pharmacokinetics of xenobiotics and the possible role of phytochemicals in the reversal of multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Zhang W, Han Y, Lim SL, Lim LY. Dietary regulation of P-gp function and expression. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 5:789-801. [PMID: 19545213 DOI: 10.1517/17425250902997967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Food-drug interactions have been associated with clinically important pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes of a drug. The aim of this paper is to review the regulation of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) by dietary components and to correlate the changes in cellular P-gp function and expression with drug bioavailability. In summary, the published literature has provided extensive data supporting the modulation of drug bioavailability through P-gp regulation by components in food groups such as fruit juices, spices, herbs, cruciferous vegetables and green tea. Most of these data were, however, derived from in vitro cell models and, except for the St John's wort, the clinical significance of most reported interactions remains to be clarified. Studies on piperine and capsaicin have underscored an often poor correlation between in vivo and in vitro data, whereas experiments involving curcumin highlighted differences between acute and chronic consumption of a dietary component on P-gp function and expression in vivo. A better understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of the dietary components will aid in addressing these knowledge gaps.
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Harris KE, Jeffery EH. Sulforaphane and erucin increase MRP1 and MRP2 in human carcinoma cell lines. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19:246-54. [PMID: 17618109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters have been termed the Phase III detoxification system because they not only export endogenous metabolites but provide protection from xenobiotic insult by actively secreting foreign compounds and their metabolites from tissues. However, MDR overexpression in tumors can lead to drug resistance, a major obstacle in the treatment of many cancers, including lung cancer. Isothiocyanates from cruciferous vegetables, such as sulforaphane (SF) and erucin (ER), are known to enhance the expression of Phase II detoxification enzymes. Here we evaluated the ability of SF and ER to modulate MDR mRNA and protein expressions, as well as transporter activity. The expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) in liver (HepG2), colon (Caco-2) and lung (A549) cancer cells treated with ER or SF was analyzed by Western blotting. Neither SF nor ER affected P-gp expression in any of the cell lines tested. Both SF and ER increased the protein levels of MRP1 and MRP2 in HepG2 cells and of MRP2 in Caco-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In A549 lung cancer cells, SF increased MRP1 and MRP2 mRNA and protein levels; ER caused a similar yet smaller increase in MRP1 and MRP2 mRNA. In addition, SF and ER increased MRP1-dependent efflux of 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate in A549 cells, although again the effect of SF was substantially greater than that of ER. The implication of these findings is that dietary components that modulate detoxification systems should be studied carefully before being recommended for use during chemotherapy, as these compounds may have additional influences on the disposition of chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Harris
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Weng JR, Tsai CH, Kulp SK, Chen CS. Indole-3-carbinol as a chemopreventive and anti-cancer agent. Cancer Lett 2008; 262:153-63. [PMID: 18314259 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
During the course of oncogenesis and tumor progression, cancer cells constitutively upregulate signaling pathways relevant to cell proliferation and survival as a strategy to overcome genomic instability and acquire resistance phenotype to chemotherapeutic agents. In light of this clinical and molecular heterogeneity of human cancers, it is desirable to concomitantly target these genetic abnormalities by using an agent with pleiotropic mode of action. Indole-3-carbinol and its metabolite 3,3'-diindoylmethane (DIM) target multiple aspects of cancer cell-cycle regulation and survival including Akt-NF kappa B signaling, caspase activation, cyclin-dependent kinase activities, estrogen metabolism, estrogen receptor signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and BRCA gene expression. This broad spectrum of anti-tumor activities in conjunction with low toxicity underscores the translational value of indole-3-carbinol and its metabolites in cancer prevention/therapy. Furthermore, novel anti-tumor agents with overlapping underlying mechanisms have emerged via structural optimization of indole-3-carbinol and DIM, which may provide considerable therapeutic advantages over the parental compounds with respect to chemical stability and anti-tumor potency. Together, these agents might foster new strategies for cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ru Weng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taiwan
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Howells LM, Moiseeva EP, Neal CP, Foreman BE, Andreadi CK, Sun YY, Hudson EA, Manson MM. Predicting the physiological relevance of in vitro cancer preventive activities of phytochemicals. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1274-304. [PMID: 17723163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the ability of phytochemicals to prevent chronic diseases, such as cancer and heart disease. However, some of these agents have poor bioavailability and many of the in-depth studies into their mechanisms of action have been carried out in vitro using doses which are unachievable in humans. In order to optimize the design of chemopreventive treatment, it is important to determine which of the many reported mechanisms of action are clinically relevant. In this review we consider the physiologically achievable doses for a few of the best studied agents (indole-3-carbinol, diindolylmethane, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate and resveratrol) and summarize the data derived from studies using these low concentrations in cell culture. We then cite examples of in vitro effects which have been observed in vivo. Finally, the ability of agent combinations to act synergistically or antagonistically is considered. We conclude that each of the compounds shows an encouraging range of activities in vitro at concentrations which are likely to be physiologically relevant. There are also many examples of in vivo studies which validate in vitro observations. An important consideration is that combinations of agents can result in significant activity at concentrations where any single agent is inactive. Thus, for each of the compounds reviewed here, in vitro studies have provided useful insights into their mechanisms of action in humans. However, data are lacking on the full range of activities at low doses in vitro and the benefits or otherwise of combinations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne M Howells
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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Wink M. Molecular modes of action of cytotoxic alkaloids: from DNA intercalation, spindle poisoning, topoisomerase inhibition to apoptosis and multiple drug resistance. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2007; 64:1-47. [PMID: 18085328 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(07)64001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Yan YE, Wang H, Wang T, Zeng HG. Indole-3-carbinol alters placental cytochrome P450 1A1 and P-glycoprotein levels in rats: A potential role in intensifying fetal intrauterine growth-retardation produced by tobacco smoke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 58:39-47. [PMID: 16806864 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the deleterious effects and possible mechanism of prenatal indole-3-carbinol (I3C) treatment on normal and tobacco-induced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in rats, prenatal development toxicity in rats was studied. Expression of rat placental cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) and P-glycoprotein (Pgp), including mdr1a and mdr1b, were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Results showed that prenatal oral I3C had no significant effects on corpora lutea counts, implantation or the number of live, dead and resorbed fetuses in normal rats. Fetal malformations, sex ratio, neonatal body weights and physical developmental indices were also unchanged after prenatal I3C treatment. However, the offspring in the tobacco + I3C (4 mg kg(-1)) group showed lower average body weights (3.98+/-0.29 g) than tobacco control (4.48+/-0.11 g), and body and tail lengths lagged significantly behind those of the tobacco-smoke exposure only group. Expression of placental CYP1A1 mRNA by RT-PCR was not detected in the normal group, but was detected in the I3C, tobacco and tobacco + I3C groups. The level of CYP1A1 mRNA expression in the tobacco + I3C group was higher than in tobacco control. The level of mdr1a mRNA increased significantly in the I3C group when compared to normal control, and no obvious difference was detected between tobacco and tobacco + I3C groups. Expression of mdr1b mRNA was increased in the I3C and tobacco + I3C groups compared to their respective controls. Immunohistochemistry results showed that placental Pgp expression was enhanced in the I3C, tobacco and tobacco + I3C groups when compared to the normal control. The results suggest that prenatal oral I3C had no developmental toxicity but intensified fetal IUGR produced by prenatal tobacco-smoke exposure in rats. Up-regulations of placental CYP1A1 and Pgp by I3C might underlie the toxic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-E Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical College of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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D'Incalci M, Steward WP, Gescher AJ. Use of cancer chemopreventive phytochemicals as antineoplastic agents. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6:899-904. [PMID: 16257798 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(05)70425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A lot of information has been gathered on cellular mechanisms by which chemopreventive phytochemicals, such as curcumin (a spice in curry) or epigallocatechin gallate (extracted from tea), interfere with carcinogenesis. A comparison of this knowledge with what we know about molecularly targeted chemotherapeutic agents suggests that it might be worthwhile to investigate the usefulness of such phytochemicals in the treatment of established malignant diseases. Phytochemicals use a plethora of antisurvival mechanisms, boost the host's anti-inflammatory defence, and sensitise malignant cells to cytotoxic agents. The restricted systemic availability of agents such as curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate, needs to be taken into account if they are to be developed as cochemotherapeutic drugs.
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Kim YS, Milner JA. Targets for indole-3-carbinol in cancer prevention. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 16:65-73. [PMID: 15681163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Revised: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mounting preclinical and clinical evidence indicate that indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a key bioactive food component in cruciferous vegetables, has multiple anticarcinogenic and antitumorigenic properties. Evidence that p21, p27, cyclin-dependent kinases, retinoblastoma, Bax/Bcl-2, cytochrome P-450 1A1 and GADD153 are targets for I3C already exists. Modification of nuclear transcription factors including Sp1, estrogen receptor, nuclear factor kappaB and aryl hydrocarbon receptor may represent a common site of action to help explain downstream cellular responses to dietary I3C and, ultimately, to its anticancer properties. While the current information is intriguing, future I3C research needs to focus on why these changes in nuclear transcription factors occur and how they relate to phenotypic responses and the quantity and duration of exposure to I3C and its dimer 3,3'-diindolylmethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young S Kim
- Nutritional Science Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Shukla Y, Kalra N, Katiyar S, Siddiqui IA, Arora A. Chemopreventive Effect of Indole-3-Carbinol on Induction of Preneoplastic Altered Hepatic Foci. Nutr Cancer 2004; 50:214-20. [PMID: 15623469 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5002_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a cleavage product of glucobrassicanin, a natural compound present in a wide variety of plant food substances including members of the family Cruciferae. I3C is known to possess cancer-chemopreventive potential in various animal models. The present study reveals the protective effect of I3C on the development of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-initiated and 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF)-promoted preneoplastic, altered hepatic foci (AHF) in Wistar rats. I3C was given at dose levels of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg body weight for five consecutive days along with DEN and AAF. AHF were scored and analyzed by quantitative stereology using the Image Analysis System from frozen liver sections stained for positive and negative biological markers of AHF, that is, glutathione S-transferase (GST-P), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), and alkaline phosphatase (AlkPase). Results revealed the chemopreventive effect of I3C on the DEN-initiated AHF in Wistar rats. The expression of G6Pase, ATPase, and AlkPase was restored in the I3C-supplemented animal. Similarly the induced expression GST-P and GGT also decreased in the animals with I3C administration. The recovery of altered levels of these biomarkers was of comparatively higher magnitude in the animals given a higher dose of I3C (1 mg/kg body weight) in comparison with the animals given 0.5 mg/kg body weight dose of I3C, although no dose-dependence pattern was recorded in I3C-supplemented groups. These results thus suggest the chemopreventive effect of I3C in rat hepatocarcinogenesis by suppressing DEN- and AAF-induced AHF development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeshwer Shukla
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow, India.
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