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Lee SG, Ham S, Lee J, Jang Y, Suk J, Lee YI, Lee JH. Evaluation of the anti-aging effects of Zinc-α2-glycoprotein peptide in clinical and in vitro study. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13609. [PMID: 38419415 PMCID: PMC10902615 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin aging, characterized by the deterioration of skin density and elasticity, is a common concern among individuals seeking to maintain a youthful appearance. Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is secreted by various body fluids, and is associated with lipolysis and identified as an atopic dermatitis biomarker. This study evaluated the potential of ZAG peptides, which exert multiple benefits such as anti-aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a 4-week clinical trial on patients with noticeable periorbital wrinkles (n = 22) using a ZAG peptide-containing product. The effects of the products on skin density, elasticity, and the depth of periorbital wrinkles were evaluated using Cutometer Dual MPA580, Ultrascan, and Antera 3D CS, respectively. The effect of ZAG peptides on UVB-treated keratinocyte cells was evaluated in vitro to understand the mechanisms underlying its effects against impaired skin barrier function, collagen degradation, and senescence. In addition, the effects of ZAG peptides on cell viability and expression of aging and skin barrier-related genes were assessed using cell counting kit assay and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS The patients demonstrated improved skin density, elasticity, and reduced periorbital wrinkles. Further, more than 85% patients scored the product as satisfactory regarding anti-aging effects. Furthermore, ZAG peptides reduced SA-β-gal staining, downregulated the senescence-related genes, and upregulated the skin barrier function-related genes in UVB-irradiated keratinocyte cells. CONCLUSIONS Our clinical and in vitro findings showed that ZAG peptides exert anti-aging effects and improve skin barrier functions, suggesting their promising potential as therapeutic agents to combat skin aging and improve skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Gyu Lee
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Seoyoon Ham
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Joohee Lee
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yujin Jang
- Department of Pharmacology & TherapeuticsMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Jangmi Suk
- Global Medical Research CenterSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Young In Lee
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Scar Laser and Plastic Surgery CenterYonsei Cancer HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology Research InstituteYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Scar Laser and Plastic Surgery CenterYonsei Cancer HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
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2
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The Therapeutic Potential of Zinc-Alpha2-Glycoprotein (AZGP1) in Fibrotic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020646. [PMID: 35054830 PMCID: PMC8775758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a long-term loss of kidney function and, in most cases, by progressive fibrosis. Zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein (AZGP1) is a secreted protein, which is expressed in many different tissues and has been associated with a variety of functions. In a previous study, we have shown in cell culture and in AZGP1 deficient mice that AZGP1 has protective anti-fibrotic effects. In the present study, we tested the therapeutic potential of an experimental increase in AZGP1 using two different strategies. (1) C57Bl/6J mice were treated systemically with recombinant AZGP1, and (2) a transgenic mouse strain was generated to overexpress AZGP1 conditionally in proximal tubular cells. Mice underwent unilateral uretic obstruction as a pro-fibrotic kidney stress model, and kidneys were examined after 14 days. Recombinant AZGP1 treatment was accompanied by better preservation of tubular integrity, reduced collagen deposition, and lower expression of injury and fibrosis markers. Weaker but similar tendencies were observed in transgenic AZGP1 overexpressing mice. Higher AZGP1 levels led to a significant reduction in stress-induced accumulation of tubular lipid droplets, which was paralleled by improved expression of key players in lipid metabolism and fatty acid oxidation. Together these data show beneficial effects of elevated AZGP1 levels in fibrotic kidney disease and highlight a novel link to tubular cell lipid metabolism, which might open up new opportunities for CKD treatment.
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Poropatich K, Paunesku T, Zander A, Wray B, Schipma M, Dalal P, Agulnik M, Chen S, Lai B, Antipova O, Maxey E, Brown K, Wanzer MB, Gursel D, Fan H, Rademaker A, Woloschak GE, Mittal BB. Elemental Zn and its Binding Protein Zinc-α2-Glycoprotein are Elevated in HPV-Positive Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16965. [PMID: 31740720 PMCID: PMC6861298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is biologically distinct from HPV-negative HNSCC. Outside of HPV-status, few tumor-intrinsic variables have been identified that correlate to improved survival. As part of exploratory analysis into the trace elemental composition of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), we performed elemental quanitification by X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) on a small cohort (n = 32) of patients with HPV-positive and -negative OPSCC and identified in HPV-positive cases increased zinc (Zn) concentrations in tumor tissue relative to normal tissue. Subsequent immunohistochemistry of six Zn-binding proteins—zinc-α2-glycoprotein (AZGP1), Lipocalin-1, Albumin, S100A7, S100A8 and S100A9—revealed that only AZGP1 expression significantly correlated to HPV-status (p < 0.001) and was also increased in tumor relative to normal tissue from HPV-positive OPSCC tumor samples. AZGP1 protein expression in our cohort significantly correlated to a prolonged recurrence-free survival (p = 0.029), similar to HNSCC cases from the TCGA (n = 499), where highest AZGP1 mRNA levels correlated to improved overall survival (p = 0.023). By showing for the first time that HPV-positive OPSCC patients have increased intratumoral Zn levels and AZGP1 expression, we identify possible positive prognostic biomarkers in HNSCC as well as possible mechanisms of increased sensitivity to chemoradiation in HPV-positive OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Poropatich
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alia Zander
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Wray
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Schipma
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Prarthana Dalal
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mark Agulnik
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Si Chen
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Barry Lai
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Olga Antipova
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Evan Maxey
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Koshonna Brown
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Beau Wanzer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Demirkan Gursel
- Northwestern University Pathology Core Facility, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hanli Fan
- Northwestern University Pathology Core Facility, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alfred Rademaker
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gayle E Woloschak
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bharat B Mittal
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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4
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Tang H, Wu Y, Qin Y, Wang H, Wang L, Guan X, Luo S, Wang Q. Reduction of AZGP1 predicts poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients in Northern China. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:85-94. [PMID: 28053542 PMCID: PMC5189973 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s113932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a key regulator in lipid mobilization, AZGP1 has been reported to play a significant role in various cancers. This study was carried out to investigate the role of AZGP1 in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients in Northern China. MATERIALS AND METHODS Through the application of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining, AZGP1 expression in ESCC tissues from Northern China was examined. RESULTS Decreased expression of AZGP1 was observed in ~60% ESCC patients. AZGP1 downregulation was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.035), advanced clinical stage (P=0.018), poor prognosis for 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS; P<0.001), local recurrence-free survival (LRFS; P=0.016), and metastasis-free survival (MeFS; P=0.014). In addition, Cox multivariate analysis revealed that AZGP1 downregulation remained to be an independent prognosticator for shorter DSS (P=0.001), LRFS (P=0.011), and MeFS (P=0.004). CONCLUSION AZGP1 might be a candidate tumor suppressor and a potential novel prognostic biomarker for ESCC patients in Northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Tang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital
| | - Yufeng Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital
| | - Yanru Qin
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital
| | - Xinyuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital
| | - Qiming Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital
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5
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Sörensen-Zender I, Bhayana S, Susnik N, Rolli V, Batkai S, Baisantry A, Bahram S, Sen P, Teng B, Lindner R, Schiffer M, Thum T, Melk A, Haller H, Schmitt R. Zinc-α2-Glycoprotein Exerts Antifibrotic Effects in Kidney and Heart. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2659-68. [PMID: 25788525 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014050485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (AZGP1) is a secreted protein synthesized by epithelial cells and adipocytes that has roles in lipid metabolism, cell cycling, and cancer progression. Our previous findings in AKI indicated a new role for AZGP1 in the regulation of fibrosis, which is a unifying feature of CKD. Using two models of chronic kidney injury, we now show that mice with genetic AZGP1 deletion develop significantly more kidney fibrosis. This destructive phenotype was rescued by injection of recombinant AZGP1. Exposure of AZGP1-deficient mice to cardiac stress by thoracic aortic constriction revealed that antifibrotic effects were not restricted to the kidney but were cardioprotective. In vitro, recombinant AZGP1 inhibited kidney epithelial dedifferentiation and antagonized fibroblast activation by negatively regulating TGF-β signaling. Patient sera with high levels of AZGP1 similarly attenuated TGF-β signaling in fibroblasts. Taken together, these findings indicate a novel role for AZGP1 as a negative regulator of fibrosis progression, suggesting that recombinant AZGP1 may have translational effect for treating fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Veronique Rolli
- Immunogénétique Moléculaire Humaine, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; and
| | - Sandor Batkai
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arpita Baisantry
- Departments of Nephrology and Hypertension, Pediatric Kidney, Liver, and Metabolic Diseases, and
| | - Siamak Bahram
- Immunogénétique Moléculaire Humaine, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; and
| | - Payel Sen
- Departments of Nephrology and Hypertension
| | - Beina Teng
- Departments of Nephrology and Hypertension
| | | | | | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anette Melk
- Pediatric Kidney, Liver, and Metabolic Diseases, and
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6
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Kurita S, Takeuchi K, Hayashi Y, Ueyama H, Zankov DP, Pang X, Otsuka T, Ohkubo I, Ogikubo O, Ogita H. Significance of serum Zn-α2-glycoprotein for the regulation of blood pressure. Hypertens Res 2014; 38:244-51. [PMID: 25427682 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Zn-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) (molecular weight=41 kDa) is one component in the α2 fraction of human plasma, and is reported to be associated with several diseases, such as cancers and metabolic syndromes. ZAG is also considered to be an important modulator of lipid metabolism. However, little is known about the correlation of serum ZAG levels with indicators of metabolic syndrome. Serum ZAG concentrations analyzed by enzyme-linked immunoassay were positively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 326 subjects (236 males and 90 females) aged 17-79 years who had an annual health examination. By luciferase reporter and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, the core promoter region to regulate the ZAG gene expression was found to exist between -110 and -101. The transcription factor Sp1 interacted with this region, and Sp1 knockdown experiments showed that Sp1 critically regulated ZAG expression. Furthermore, ZAG increased the active form of RhoA, which was determined by pull-down assay. Increased serum ZAG concentrations induced, at least partly, by Sp1 may cause an increase in vascular tone through the activation of RhoA and contribute to elevated blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souichi Kurita
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takeuchi
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Hayashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisao Ueyama
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Dimitar P Zankov
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Xiaoling Pang
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takanobu Otsuka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Iwao Ohkubo
- 1] Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan [2] Department of Nutrition, Tenshi College, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Osamu Ogikubo
- 1] Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan [2] Department of Orthopedics, Nagoya City Rehabilitation Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Ogita
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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7
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Parris TZ, Kovács A, Aziz L, Hajizadeh S, Nemes S, Semaan M, Forssell-Aronsson E, Karlsson P, Helou K. Additive effect of the AZGP1, PIP, S100A8 and UBE2C molecular biomarkers improves outcome prediction in breast carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1617-29. [PMID: 24114735 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The deregulation of key cellular pathways is fundamental for the survival and expansion of neoplastic cells, which in turn can have a detrimental effect on patient outcome. To develop effective individualized cancer therapies, we need to have a better understanding of which cellular pathways are perturbed in a genetically defined subgroup of patients. Here, we validate the prognostic value of a 13-marker signature in independent gene expression microarray datasets (n = 1,141) and immunohistochemistry with full-faced FFPE samples (n = 71). The predictive performance of individual markers and panels containing multiple markers was assessed using Cox regression analysis. In the external gene expression dataset, six of the 13 genes (AZGP1, NME5, S100A8, SCUBE2, STC2 and UBE2C) retained their prognostic potential and were significantly associated with disease-free survival (p < 0.001). Protein analyses refined the signature to a four-marker panel [AZGP1, Prolactin-inducible protein (PIP), S100A8 and UBE2C] significantly correlated with cycling, high grade tumors and lower disease-specific survival rates. AZGP1 and PIP were found in significantly lower levels in invasive breast tissue as compared with adjacent normal tissue, whereas elevated levels of S100A8 and UBE2C were observed. A predictive model containing the four-marker panel in conjunction with established clinical variables outperformed a model containing the clinical variables alone. Our findings suggest that deregulated AZGP1, PIP, S100A8 and UBE2C are critical for the aggressive breast cancer phenotype, which may be useful as novel therapeutic targets for drug development to complement established clinical variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshima Z Parris
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Huang CY, Zhao JJ, Lv L, Chen YB, Li YF, Jiang SS, Wang W, Pan K, Zheng Y, Zhao BW, Wang DD, Chen YM, Yang L, Zhou ZW, Xia JC. Decreased expression of AZGP1 is associated with poor prognosis in primary gastric cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69155. [PMID: 23935945 PMCID: PMC3720544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 2-Zinc-glycoprotein 1 (AZGP1) is a multidisciplinary protein that participates in many important functions in the human body, including fertilization, immunoregulation and lipid mobilization. Recently, it has been shown that AZGP1 is also involved in carcinogenesis and tumor differentiation. In this study, we investigated the expression levels and prognostic value of AZGP1 in primary gastric cancers. Methods and Results We examined the expression of AZGP1 in 35 paired cancerous and matched adjacent noncancerous gastric mucosa tissues by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. Furthermore, we analyzed AZGP1 expression in 248 patients who underwent resection procedures between 2005 and 2007 using immunohistochemistry. The relationships between the AZGP1 expression levels, the clinicopathological factors, and patient survival were investigated. AZGP1 expression was significantly reduced at both the mRNA (P = 0.023) and protein levels (P = 0.019) in tumor tissue samples, compared with expression in matched adjacent non-tumor tissue samples. The immunohistochemical staining data showed that AZGP1 expression was significantly decreased in 52.8% (131/248) of gastric adenocarcinoma cases. Clinicopathological analysis showed that the reduced expression of AZGP1 was significantly correlated with tumor location (P = 0.011), histological grade (P = 0.005) and T stage (P = 0.008). Kaplan–Meier survival curves revealed that the reduced expression of AZGP1 was associated with a poor prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma patients (P = 0.009). Multivariate Cox analysis identified AZGP1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival of gastric adenocarcinoma patients (HR = 1.681, 95% CI = 1.134–2.494, P = 0.011). Conclusions Our study suggests that AZGP1 might serve as a candidate tumor suppressor and a potential prognostic biomarker in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-yu Huang
- Department of Endoscopy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Gastric and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing-jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yi-bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Gastric and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shan-shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Gastric and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ke Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Gastric and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bai-wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Gastric and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dan-dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yong-ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Gastric and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Gastric and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Gastric and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (JCX); (ZWZ)
| | - Jian-chuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Department of Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (JCX); (ZWZ)
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9
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Huang Y, Li LZ, Zhang CZY, Yi C, Liu LL, Zhou X, Xie GB, Cai MY, Li Y, Yun JP. Decreased expression of zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma associates with poor prognosis. J Transl Med 2012; 10:106. [PMID: 22625427 PMCID: PMC3476987 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein (AZGP1, ZAG) was recently demonstrated to be an important factor in tumor carcinogenesis. However, AZGP1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its significance remain largely unknown. Methods Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied to determine mRNA level of AZGP1 in 20 paired fresh HCC tissues. Clinical and pathological data of 246 HCC patients were collected. Tissue-microarray-based immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to examine AZGP1 expression in HCC samples. Relationship between AZGP1 expression and clinicopathological features was analyzed by Chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results AZGP1 expression was significantly lower in 80.0% (16/20) of tumorous tissues than that in the corresponding adjacent nontumorous liver tissues (P < 0.001). Consistently, IHC data revealed that decreased expression of AZGP1 was present in 80.1% (197/246) of HCC patient tissues (P < 0.001). Furthermore, AZGP1 expression in HCC significantly associated with several clinicopathological parameters, including serum AFP level (P = 0.013), liver cirrhosis (P = 0.002) and tumor differentiation (P = 0.025). Moreover, HCC patients with high AZGP1 expression survived longer, with better overall survival (P = 0.006) and disease-free survival (P = 0.025). In addition, low AZGP1 expression associated with worse relapse-free survival (P = 0.046) and distant metastatic progression-free survival (P = 0.036). Conclusion AZGP1 was downregulated in HCC and could be served as a promising prognostic marker for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Vanni H, Kazeros A, Wang R, Harvey BG, Ferris B, De BP, Carolan BJ, Hübner RH, O'Connor TP, Crystal RG. Cigarette smoking induces overexpression of a fat-depleting gene AZGP1 in the human. Chest 2009; 135:1197-1208. [PMID: 19188554 DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokers weigh less and have less body fat than nonsmokers. Increased body fat and weight gain are observed following smoking cessation. To assess a possible molecular mechanism underlying the inverse association between smoking and body weight, we hypothesized that smoking may induce the expression of a fat-depleting gene in the airway epithelium, the cell population that takes the brunt of the stress of cigarette smoke. METHODS To assess whether smoking up-regulates expression in the airway epithelium of genes associated with weight loss, microarray analysis was used to evaluate genes associated with fat depletion in large airway epithelial samples obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy from healthy smokers and healthy nonsmokers. As a candidate gene we further evaluated the expression of alpha(2)-zinc-glycoprotein 1 (AZGP1), a soluble protein that stimulates lipolysis, induces a reduction in body fat in mice, is associated with the cachexia related to cancer, and is known to be expressed in secretory cells of lung epithelium. AZGP1 protein expression was assessed by Western analysis and localization in the large airway epithelium by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Both microarray and TaqMan analysis demonstrated that AZGP1 messenger RNA levels were higher in the large airway epithelium of healthy smokers compared to healthy nonsmokers (p < 0.05, all comparisons). Western analysis of airway biopsy specimens from smokers compared with those from nonsmokers demonstrated up-regulation of AZGP1 at the protein level, and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated up-regulation of AZGP1 in secretory as well as neuroendocrine cells of smokers. CONCLUSIONS In the context that AZGP1 is involved in lipolysis and fat loss, its overexpression in the airway epithelium of chronic smokers may represent one mechanism for the weight difference in smokers vs nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Vanni
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Angeliki Kazeros
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Rui Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Ben-Gary Harvey
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Barbara Ferris
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Bishnu P De
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Brendan J Carolan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Ralf-Harto Hübner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Timothy P O'Connor
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY.
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Hassan MI, Waheed A, Yadav S, Singh TP, Ahmad F. Zinc alpha 2-glycoprotein: a multidisciplinary protein. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:892-906. [PMID: 18567794 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zinc alpha 2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is a protein of interest because of its ability to play many important functions in the human body, including fertilization and lipid mobilization. After the discovery of this molecule, during the last 5 decades, various studies have been documented on its structure and functions, but still, it is considered as a protein with an unknown function. Its expression is regulated by glucocorticoids. Due to its high sequence homology with lipid-mobilizing factor and high expression in cancer cachexia, it is considered as a novel adipokine. On the other hand, structural organization and fold is similar to MHC class I antigen-presenting molecule; hence, ZAG may have a role in the expression of the immune response. The function of ZAG under physiologic and cancerous conditions remains mysterious but is considered as a tumor biomarker for various carcinomas. There are several unrelated functions that are attributed to ZAG, such as RNase activity, regulation of melanin production, hindering tumor proliferation, and transport of nephritic by-products. This article deals with the discussion of the major aspects of ZAG from its gene structure to function and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
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12
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Mitra A, Fillmore RA, Metge BJ, Rajesh M, Xi Y, King J, Ju J, Pannell L, Shevde LA, Samant RS. Large isoform of MRJ (DNAJB6) reduces malignant activity of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R22. [PMID: 18328103 PMCID: PMC2397520 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mammalian relative of DnaJ (MRJ [DNAJB6]), a novel member of the human DnaJ family, has two isoforms. The smaller isoform, MRJ(S), is studied mainly for its possible role in Huntington's disease. There are no reports of any biologic activity of the longer isoform, MRJ(L). We investigated whether this molecule plays any role in breast cancer. Our studies were prompted by interesting observations we made regarding the expression of MRJ in breast cancer cell lines and breast cancer tissue microarrays, as described below. Methods Expression of MRJ(L) from several breast cancer cell lines was evaluated using real-time PCR. Relative levels of the small and large isoforms in breast cancer cell lines were studied using Western blot analysis. A breast cancer progression tissue microarray was probed using anti-MRJ antibody. MRJ(L) was ectopically expressed in two breast cancer cell lines. These cell lines were evaluated for their in vitro correlates of tumor aggressiveness, such as invasion, migration, and anchorage independence. The cell lines were also evaluated for in vivo tumor growth and metastasis. The secreted proteome of the MRJ(L) expressors was analyzed to elucidate the biochemical changes brought about by re-expression of MRJ(L). Results We found that MRJ(L) is expressed at a significantly lower level in aggressive breast cancer cell lines compared with normal breast. Furthermore, in clinical cases of breast cancer expression of MRJ is lost as the grade of infiltrating ductal carcinoma advances. Importantly, MRJ staining is lost in those cases that also had lymph node metastasis. We report that MRJ(L) is a protein with a functional nuclear localization sequence. Expression of MRJ(L) via an exogenous promoter in breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and in MDA-MB-435 (a cell line that metastasizes from the mammary fat pad) decreases their migration and invasion, reduces their motility, and significantly reduces orthotopic tumor growth in nude mice. Moreover, the secreted proteome of the MRJ(L)-expressing cells exhibited reduced levels of tumor progression and metastasis promoting secreted proteins, such as SPP1 (osteopontin), AZGP1 (zinc binding α2-glycoprotein 1), SPARC (osteonectin), NPM1 (nucleophosmin) and VGF (VGF nerve growth factor inducible). On the other hand, levels of the secreted metastasis-suppressor KiSS1 (melanoma metastasis suppressor) were increased in the secreted proteome of the MRJ(L)-expressing cells. We confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis that the secreted profile reflected altered transcription of the respective genes. Conclusion Collectively, our data indicate an important role for a totally uncharacterized isoform of DNAJB6 in breast cancer. We show that MRJ(L) is a nuclear protein that is lost in breast cancer, that regulates several key players in tumor formation and metastasis, and that is functionally able to retard tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Mitra
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, N University Blvd, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA
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Schliephake H. Prognostic relevance of molecular markers of oral cancer--a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003; 32:233-45. [PMID: 12767868 DOI: 10.1054/ijom.2002.0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present article was to review the current knowledge on the prognostic value of tumour marker in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The literature of the past 5 years (1997-August 2002) was screened. One hundred and sixty-nine articles were included in this review, twenty-nine molecular markers of relevance were identified. Tumour markers were allocated to four groups according to their function: (i) Enhancement of Tumour Growth: Cell cycle acceleration and proliferation, (ii) Tumour Suppression and Anti-Tumour Defence: Immune response and apoptosis, (iii) Angiogenesis, (iv) Tumour Invasion and Metastatic Potential: Adhesion molecules and matrix degradation. Data showed that the prognostic relevance of most tumour markers is still not quite clear. Only 12 of 23 reports on the prognostic relevance of markers for cell cycle acceleration and proliferation indicated a significant association with prognosis while 20 of 29 studies on markers for tumour suppression and anti-tumour response showed prognostic relevance. Markers of angiogenesis exhibited only minor importance for the prognosis and treatment of OSCC. Results on markers of tumour invasion and metastatic potential appeared to be too premature for a statement regarding their prognostic value. In general, the location of markers within the tumour and not their quantitative assessment as such is emphasized. Particularly, the analysis of the invasive front of the tumour with regard to the occurrence of molecular markers is supposed to be of great importance for prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schliephake
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, George Augusta University, Göttingen, Germany
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He N, Brysk H, Tyring SK, Ohkubo I, Brysk MM. Zinc-?2-glycoprotein hinders cell proliferation and reducescdc2 expression. J Cell Biochem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chen SH, Arany I, Apisarnthanarax N, Rajaraman S, Tyring SK, Horikoshi T, Brysk H, Brysk MM. Response of keratinocytes from normal and psoriatic epidermis to interferon-gamma differs in the expression of zinc-alpha(2)-glycoprotein and cathepsin D. FASEB J 2000; 14:565-71. [PMID: 10698972 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.14.3.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a T cell-mediated inflammatory disease characterized by hyperproliferation and by aberrant differentiation. We found cathepsin D and zinc-alpha(2)-glycoprotein, two catalytic enzymes associated with apoptosis and desquamation, to be present in the stratum corneum of the normal epidermis but absent from the psoriatic plaque. Psoriasis is characterized by an altered response to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), including the induction of apoptosis in normal but not in psoriatic keratinocytes, often with opposite effects on gene expression of suprabasal proteins. We found that IFN-gamma binding and signaling were attenuated in psoriasis: The IFN-gamma receptor, the signal transducer and activator of transcription STAT-1, and the interferon regulatory factor IRF-1 were strongly up-regulated by IFN-gamma in normal keratinocytes, but not in psoriatic ones. IFN-gamma strongly up-regulated the expression of the catalytic enzymes cathepsin D and zinc-alpha(2)-glycoprotein in normal keratinocytes but down-regulated them in psoriatic ones; the reverse was true of the apoptotic suppressor bcl-2. We believe that the aberrant response to IFN-gamma plays a central role in the pathophysiology of psoriasis, particularly the disruption of apoptosis and desquamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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Lei G, Brysk H, Arany I, Tyring SK, Srinivasan G, Brysk MM. Characterization of zinc-?2-glycoprotein as a cell adhesion molecule that inhibits the proliferation of an oral tumor cell line. J Cell Biochem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19991001)75:1<160::aid-jcb16>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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