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Gederaas OA, Husebye H, Johnsson A, Callaghan S, Brunsvik A. In vitro and in vivo effects of HAL on porphyrin production in rat bladder cancer cells (AY27). J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aminolevulinic acid and hexyl-aminolevulinate serve as biological precursors to produce photosensitive porphyrins in cells via the heme biosynthetic pathway. This pathway is integral to porphyrin-based photodynamic diagnosis and therapy. By adding exogenous hexyl-aminolevulinate to rat bladder cancer cells (AY27, in vitro) and an animal bladder cancer model (in vivo), fluorescent endogenous porphyrin production was stimulated. Lipophilic protoporphyrin IX was identified as the dominant species by reverse high-pressure liquid chromatography. Subcellular porphyrin localization in the AY27 cells was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy and showed almost quantitative bleaching after 20 s. From this study, we ascertained that the protocol described herein is suitable for hexyl-aminolevulinate-mediated photodynamic therapy and diagnosis when protoporphyrin IX is the active agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odrun A. Gederaas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7489, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7489, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Harald Husebye
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7489, Trondheim, Norway
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7489, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Johnsson
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Susan Callaghan
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anders Brunsvik
- SINTEF Industry, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, N-7489, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Olav’s Hospital, N-7000 Trondheim, Norway
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2
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Holien T, Gederaas OA, Darvekar SR, Christensen E, Peng Q. Comparison between 8‐methoxypsoralen and 5‐aminolevulinic acid in killing T cells of photopheresis patients
ex vivo. Lasers Surg Med 2018; 50:469-475. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toril Holien
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineNTNU‐Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyN‐7491TrondheimNorway
- Department of HematologySt. Olav's University Hospital HFTrondheimN‐7491Norway
| | - Odrun Arna Gederaas
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineNTNU‐Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyN‐7491TrondheimNorway
- Department of ChemistryNTNU‐Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimN‐7489Norway
| | - Sagar Ramesh Darvekar
- Department of PathologyThe Norwegian Radium HospitalOslo University HospitalOsloN‐0379Norway
| | - Eidi Christensen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular MedicineNTNU‐Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyN‐7491TrondheimNorway
- Department of PathologyThe Norwegian Radium HospitalOslo University HospitalOsloN‐0379Norway
- Department of DermatologySt. Olav's University Hospital HFTrondheimN‐7491Norway
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of PathologyThe Norwegian Radium HospitalOslo University HospitalOsloN‐0379Norway
- Department of Optical Science and EngineeringSchool of Information Science and TechnologyFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Njumbe Ediage E, Dillen L, Vroman A, Diels L, Kunze A, Snoeys J, Verhaeghe T. Development of an LC–MS method to quantify coproporphyrin I and III as endogenous biomarkers for drug transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1073:80-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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4
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Di Martino A, Pavelkova A, Postnikov PS, Sedlarik V. Enhancement of 5-aminolevulinic acid phototoxicity by encapsulation in polysaccharides based nanocomplexes for photodynamic therapy application. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 175:226-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Chen YL, Huang YC, Wang CC. Direct assay of uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin in human urine by reverse-mode field amplified sample injection-sweeping and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Talanta 2015; 143:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Larion S, Caballes FR, Hwang SI, Lee JG, Rossman WE, Parsons J, Steuerwald N, Li T, Maddukuri V, Groseclose G, Finkielstein CV, Bonkovsky HL. Circadian rhythms in acute intermittent porphyria--a pilot study. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:727-39. [PMID: 23650938 PMCID: PMC3687345 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an inherited disorder of haem synthesis wherein a partial deficiency of porphobilinogen (PBG) deaminase (PBGD) with other factors may give rise to biochemical and clinical manifestations of disease. The biochemical hallmarks of active AIP are relative hepatic haem deficiency and uncontrolled up-regulation of hepatic 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase-1 (ALAS1) with over-production of ALA and PBG. The treatment of choice is intravenous haem, which restores the deficient regulatory haem pool of the liver and represses ALAS1. Recently, haem has been shown to influence circadian rhythms by controlling their negative feedback loops. We evaluated whether subjects with AIP exhibited an altered circadian profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS Over a 21-h period, we measured levels of serum cortisol, melatonin, ALA, PBG and mRNA levels (in peripheral blood mononuclear cells) of selected clock-controlled genes and genes involved in haem synthesis in 10 Caucasian (European-American) women who were either postmenopausal or had been receiving female hormone therapy, six of whom have AIP and four do not and are considered controls. RESULTS Four AIP subjects with biochemical activity exhibited higher levels of PBG and lower levels and dampened oscillation of serum cortisol, and a trend for lower levels of serum melatonin, than controls or AIP subjects without biochemical activity. Levels of clock-controlled gene mRNAs showed significant increases over baseline in all subjects at 5 a.m. and 11 p.m., whereas mRNA levels of ALAS1, ALAS2 and PBGD were increased only at 11 p.m. in subjects with active AIP. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study provides evidence for disturbances of circadian markers in women with active AIP that may trigger or sustain some common clinical features of AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Larion
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - F. Ryan Caballes
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Sun-Il Hwang
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Jin-Gyun Lee
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Whitney Ellefson Rossman
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Judy Parsons
- Department of Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Nury Steuerwald
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Ting Li
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Vinaya Maddukuri
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Gale Groseclose
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Carla V. Finkielstein
- The Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Herbert L. Bonkovsky
- The Liver-Biliary-Pancreatic Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
- Department of Research, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
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7
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Benton CM, Lim CK. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of haem biosynthetic intermediates: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:1009-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chang Kee Lim
- Clinical Biochemistry; King's College Hospital; Denmark Hill; London; SE5 9RS; UK
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Larsen ELP, Randeberg LL, Gederaas OA, Arum CJ, Hjelde A, Zhao CM, Chen D, Krokan HE, Svaasand LO. Monitoring of hexyl 5-aminolevulinate-induced photodynamic therapy in rat bladder cancer by optical spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:044031. [PMID: 19021358 DOI: 10.1117/1.2967909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of the tissue response to photodynamic therapy (PDT) can provide important information to help optimize treatment variables such as drug and light dose, and possibly predict treatment outcome. A urinary bladder cancer cell line (AY-27) was used to induce orthotopic transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) in female Fischer rats, and hexyl 5-aminolevulinate (HAL, 8 mM, 1 h)-induced PDT was performed on day 14 after instillation of the cancer cells (20 J/cm(2) fluence at 635 nm). In vivo optical reflectance and fluorescence spectra were recorded from bladders before and after laser treatment with a fiberoptic probe. Calculated fluorescence bleaching and oxygen saturation in the bladder wall were examined and correlated to histology results. Reflectance spectra were analyzed using a three-layer optical photon transport model. Animals with TCC treated with PDT showed a clear treatment response; decreased tissue oxygenation and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence photobleaching were observed. Histology demonstrated that 3 of 6 animals with treatment had no sign of the tumor 7 days after PDT treatment. The other 3 animals had significantly reduced the tumor size. The most treatment-responsive animals had the highest PpIX fluorescence prior to light irradiation. Thus, optical spectroscopy can provide useful information for PDT. The model has proved to be very suitable for bladder cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivind L P Larsen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway.
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Krieg RC, Messmann H, Rauch J, Seeger S, Knuechel R. Metabolic Characterization of Tumor Cell-specific Protoporphyrin IX Accumulation After Exposure to 5-Aminolevulinic Acid in Human Colonic Cells¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760518mcotcs2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Selbo PK, Kaalhus O, Sivam G, Berg K. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-based Photochemical Internalization of the Immunotoxin MOC31-gelonin Generates Synergistic Cytotoxic Effects In Vitro¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740303aabpio2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Gederaas OA, Holroyd A, Brown SB, Vernon D, Moan J, Berg K. 5-Aminolaevulinic Acid Methyl Ester Transport on Amino Acid Carriers in a Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cell Line¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730164aameto2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Nowakowska J. The retention behavior of selected porphyrins on silica gel, polyamide, and cellulose TLC plates. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2006. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.19.2006.5.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Li Q, Chang CK, Huie CW. Investigation of solvent effects in capillary electrophoresis for the separation of biological porphyrin methyl esters. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3349-59. [PMID: 16080211 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The effects of organic solvents on the capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation of a number of important biological porphyrin methyl esters - six weakly basic, hydrophobic cyclic tetrapyrroles possessing two and four to eight methyl ester groups around the periphery of the porphyrin ring - were investigated in the mode of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC), and nonaqueous CE. In aqueous MEKC, partial separation of the six neutral porphyrin methyl esters was obtained with an organic modifier (acetonitrile) in the concentration range between 20 and 40%, in which sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) molecules might be present in the form of SDS micelles and/or SDS micelle-like aggregates. Relatively stable SDS micelles can be formed in nonaqueous MEKC using formamide as the separation medium, but the separation of the target analytes remained unsatisfactory. Improved resolution of all six porphyrin methyl esters was obtained using MEEKC with the running buffer consisting of 0.8% w/w n-heptane (oil phase), 2.25% w/w SDS and 1.0% w/w Brij 35 (mixed surfactant), 6.6% w/w 1-butanol (cosurfactant), and 30% v/v 2-propanol (second cosurfactant), but reproducibility in terms of peak areas for certain porphyrins (especially uroporphyrin I octamethyl ester) was found to be very poor. Best separation performances were achieved with nonaqueous CE separations in which the weakly basic porphyrin methyl esters were protonated under strongly acidic conditions (e.g., using 10 mM perchloric acid) in mixed organic solvents. For example, using a 50:50 mixture of methanol and acetonitrile as the separation medium, baseline separation of all six (positively charged) porphyrin methyl esters can be obtained within 3 min and the average precision (RSD, N = 13) in terms of migration time and peak area were 0.55 and 2.16%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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14
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Gederaas OA, Schønberg SA, Ramstad S, Berg K, Johnsson A, Krokan HE. Cell specific effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on 5-aminolevulinic acid based photosensitization. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 4:383-9. [PMID: 15803209 DOI: 10.1039/b502000j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine whether the dietary components n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may potentiate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in human cancer cell lines by enhancing the lipid peroxidation. The effects of the porphyrin precursor 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and light (320 < lambda < 440 nm, 33 W m(-2)), with or without docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or arachidonic acid (AA), were tested in the colon carcinoma cell lines SW480 and WiDr, the glioblastoma cell line A-172 and the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A-427. The production of endogenous protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) varied substantially between the cell lines and was approximately 4-fold higher in WiDr as compared with SW480. Cell killing by 5-ALA-PDT also varied between the cell lines, but without clear correlation with PpIX levels. Treatment with DHA or AA (10 or 70 microM, 48 or 72 h) in combination with 5-ALA-PDT (1 or 2 mM) enhanced the cytotoxic effect in A-172 and A-427 cells, but not in SW480 and WiDr cells. While 5-ALA-PDT alone increased the lipid peroxidation in A-172 and WiDr cells only, 5-ALA-PDT plus PUFAs increased the lipid peroxidation substantially in all four cell lines. Interestingly, alpha-tocopherol (50 microM, 48 h) strongly reduced lipid peroxidation after all treatments in all cell lines, while cytotoxicity was only reduced substantially in A-427 cells. This demonstrates that induction of lipid peroxidation is not a general mechanism responsible for the cytotoxicity of 5-ALA-PDT, although it may be important in cell lines with an inherent sensitivity to lipid peroxidation products. Thus, the mechanisms of cell growth inhibition/cell killing by PDT are complex and cell specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odrun Arna Gederaas
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres gt. 3, N-7489, Trondheim, Norway.
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Zhou S, Zong Y, Ney PA, Nair G, Stewart CF, Sorrentino BP. Increased expression of the Abcg2 transporter during erythroid maturation plays a role in decreasing cellular protoporphyrin IX levels. Blood 2004; 105:2571-6. [PMID: 15546952 PMCID: PMC4757428 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-04-1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCG2/BCRP is a member of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family and is expressed in intestine, kidney, and liver, where it modulates the absorption and excretion of xenobiotic compounds. ABCG2 is also expressed in hematopoietic stem cells and erythroid cells; however, little is known regarding its role in hematopoiesis. Abcg2 null mice have increased levels of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) in erythroid cells, yet the mechanism for this remains uncertain. We have found that Abcg2 mRNA expression was up-regulated in differentiating erythroid cells, coinciding with increased expression of other erythroid-specific genes. This expression pattern was associated with significant amounts of ABCG2 protein on the membrane of mature peripheral blood erythrocytes. Erythroid cells engineered to express ABCG2 had significantly lower intracellular levels of PPIX, suggesting the modulation of PPIX level by ABCG2. This modulating activity was abrogated by treatment with a specific ABCG2 inhibitor, Ko143, implying that PPIX may be a direct substrate for the transporter. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ABCG2 plays a role in regulating PPIX levels during erythroid differentiation and suggest a potential role for ABCG2 as a genetic determinant in erythropoietic protoporphyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhou
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology/Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yang Zong
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology/Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Paul A. Ney
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Geeta Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Clinton F. Stewart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Brian P. Sorrentino
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology/Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Nowakowska J. Use of HPTLC with non-aqueous binary mobile phases for determination of selected porphyrins. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2004. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.17.2004.5.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Johansson A, Möller C, Harper P. Correction of the biochemical defect in porphobilinogen deaminase deficient cells by non-viral gene delivery. Mol Cell Biochem 2003; 250:65-71. [PMID: 12962144 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024946216776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), the third enzyme in the biosynthesis of heme, is deficient in acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). AIP is a genetic disease characterized by neurovisceral and psychiatric disturbances. Despite a palliative treatment, it may still be lethal. An initial step towards gene therapy was recently taken by showing that PBGD could be expressed to correct the enzyme deficiency in AIP fibroblasts. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the biochemical defect can be corrected by using non-viral gene delivery. The biochemical defect in human and mouse PBGD deficient fibroblasts was demonstrated by analyzing synthesis of the heme precursor, protoporphyrin (PP), after addition of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Human AIP fibroblasts synthesized 21% and mouse PBGD deficient fibroblasts only 11% of the PP amount synthesized in respective control cells. Gene delivery increased the PBGD activity 88-200 fold in human AIP fibroblasts and synthesis of PP was increased from 21-152% of normal after ALA incubation. Similar results were obtained in mouse PBGD deficient cells, although the PP levels were several-fold lower as compared to human cells. HPLC analysis confirmed that PP was the main porphyrin intermediate that was formed. Addition of porphobilinogen (PBG) resulted in 3-7 fold lower synthesis of PP as compared to ALA addition. These results show that non-viral gene delivery of plasmids encoding PBGD results in a high expression of functional PBGD shown by induced synthesis of PP in PBGD deficient cells after supplementation of ALA and PBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Johansson
- Porphyria Centre Sweden, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Technology, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Dalbasti T, Cagli S, Kilinc E, Oktar N, Ozsoz M. Online electrochemical monitoring of nitric oxide during photodynamic therapy. Nitric Oxide 2002; 7:301-5. [PMID: 12446180 DOI: 10.1016/s1089-8603(02)00121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a novel treatment modality, is based on the use of a photosensitizing agent with an excitation light source for the treatment of various malignancies. Its effect is mediated through reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO), which are shown to be present in apoptosis. Individual differences among patients and even in different areas of the same tumor in one patient may cause a major problem with PDT: dose calculation during application of the light. An electrochemical sensor is proposed for online monitoring of NO generation as a solution of this problem. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was administered as the photosensitizer in rat cerebellum. An amperometric sensor, selective to NO, was designed and tested both in vitro and in vivo during PDT. ALA-mediated PDT resulted in rapid generation of NO, starting as early as the application of light on the tissue. Simultaneous amperometric recordings have been carried out for 5 min during PDT. The progressive increase in NO concentration peaked at 1.10 min and then the response current began to decrease until it reached a plateau at around 70% of its peak value. This study, for the first time, electrochemically demonstrates the generation of NO during PDT. Rapid and stable responses obtained by the experimental setup confirmed that this method could be used as an online monitoring system for PDT-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayfun Dalbasti
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
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19
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Krieg RC, Messmann H, Rauch J, Seeger S, Knuechel R. Metabolic characterization of tumor cell-specific protoporphyrin IX accumulation after exposure to 5-aminolevulinic acid in human colonic cells. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76:518-25. [PMID: 12462647 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0518:mcotcs>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) fluorescence has been shown to have high tumor cell selectivity in various organs, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. To better understand and to possibly find new approaches to therapeutic application, we investigated the uptake kinetics and consequent metabolism of ALA and PPIX, respectively. Three colon carcinoma (CaCo2, HT29, SW480) and a stromal cell line (fibroblast, CCD18) were chosen to mimic important aspects of malignant mucosa of the GI tract. Because differential PPIX concentrations in these cell lines represented the in vivo observations (ratio tumor vs normal 10:1-20:1), we analyzed the ALA uptake, mitochondrial properties and key molecules of PPIX metabolism (porphobilinogen deaminase [PBGD], ferrochelatase [FC], iron content, transferrin receptor content). The tumor-preferential PPIX accumulation is strongly influenced, but not solely determined, by activity differences between the PPIX-producing PBGD and the PPIX-converting FC, when compared with fibroblasts. Tumor-specific PPIX accumulation is generated by ALA conversion rather than by initial ALA uptake because no significant overall difference in uptake (about 0.6 microg ALA/mg protein) of ALA is seen. In conclusion, further research of tumor cell selectivity of PPIX fluorescence should focus on the mechanisms responsible for an altered PPIX metabolism to find tumor-specific target molecules, thus leading to an improved clinical practicability of ALA application and consequent endoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- René C Krieg
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Selbo PK, Kaalhus O, Sivam G, Berg K. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-based photochemical internalization of the immunotoxin MOC31-gelonin generates synergistic cytotoxic effects in vitro. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:303-10. [PMID: 11547569 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0303:aabpio>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a novel method for the endosomal or lysosomal release of membrane-impermeable molecules into the cytosol of target cells. This novel technology is based on the photodynamically induced rupture of endocytic vesicles preloaded with molecules of therapeutic interest. PCI of the ribosome-inactivating plant toxin gelonin and the immunotoxin monoclonal antibody 31 (MOC31) gelonin has been performed previously by the use of the endocytic vesicle-localizing photosensitizers TPPS2a and AIPcS2a and light, demonstrating synergistic toxicity against the more than 20 different cell lines tested, most of them of neoplastic origin. In this study we demonstrate that 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is also capable of inducing PCI of MOC31-gelonin in the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line WiDr. The cells were incubated with 1 mM 5-ALA for up to 8 h in serum-free medium and from 24 to 96 h in serum-containing medium. Fluorescence microscopical studies indicate a partial plasma membrane localization of PpIX when 5-ALA was applied under serum-free conditions. This plasma membrane localization was not seen when 5-ALA was given in the presence of serum. There was a granular component of the PpIX localization in addition to a diffuse cytoplasmic localization. The granular component resembled the localization of the fluorescent dye conjugate Alexa-gelonin and the lysosomal localizing dye acridine orange. Our present results provide evidence for an endocytic vesicle-associated fraction of PpIX after 5-ALA incubation of the WiDr cells. We demonstrate that PCI, by combining 5-ALA, MOC31-gelonin and light, induces a synergistic cytotoxic effect against the WiDr cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Selbo
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Gederaas OA, Holroyd A, Brown SB, Vernon D, Moan J, Berg K. 5-Aminolaevulinic acid methyl ester transport on amino acid carriers in a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 73:164-9. [PMID: 11272730 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0164:aameto>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The transport mechanisms of 5-aminolevulinic acid methyl ester (5-ALA-ME) have been studied in a human adenocarcinoma cell line (WiDr) by means of 14[C]-labeled 5-ALA-ME. The transport was found to be partly Na+ dependent, while the extracellular Cl- concentration did not affect the uptake. The transport of 5-ALA-ME into WiDr cells was dependent on the incubation temperature and was found to be completely blocked by the inhibitors of energy metabolism, 2-deoxyglucose and sodium azide. WiDr cells were treated with 10 mM of 14 different amino acids and the substrate specificity of the 5-ALA-ME transporter(s) was analyzed by treating the cells with 23 microM or 1 mM 14[C]-labeled 5-ALA-ME. The transport of 5-ALA-ME was found to be inhibited to the highest extent, i.e. about 60%, by the nonpolar amino acids L-alanine, L-methionine, L-tryptophan and glycine. The uptake of 5-ALA-ME followed an exponential decay with increasing concentration of glycine, reaching a maximum inhibition of uptake of 5-ALA-ME of 55%. Sarcosine, a specific inhibitor of system Gly, did not significantly inhibit 5-ALA-ME transport. In contrast to transport of 5-ALA, 5-ALA-ME does not seem to be taken up by system BETA transporters. In conclusion, the cellular uptake of 5-ALA-ME into WiDr cells seems to be due to active transport mechanisms, involving transporters of nonpolar amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Gederaas
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Norwegain University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Berg K. Chapter 8 Basic principles of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy. COMPREHENSIVE SERIES IN PHOTOSCIENCES 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1568-461x(01)80112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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