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Samanta S, Chakraborty S, Bagchi D. Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Protective Role of Natural Bioactive Components. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024; 43:20-32. [PMID: 37186678 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2203235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a serious problem throughout the world. There are several causes of neurodegenerative diseases; these include genetic predisposition, accumulation of misfolded proteins, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and excitotoxicity. Oxidative stress increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that advance lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and neuroinflammation. The cellular antioxidant system (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and reduced glutathione) plays a crucial role in scavenging free radicals. An imbalance in the defensive actions of antioxidants and overproduction of ROS intensify neurodegeneration. The formation of misfolded proteins, glutamate toxicity, oxidative stress, and cytokine imbalance promote the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Antioxidants are now attractive molecules to fight against neurodegeneration. Certain vitamins (A, E, C) and polyphenolic compounds (flavonoids) show excellent antioxidant properties. Diet is the major source of antioxidants. However, diet medicinal herbs are also rich sources of numerous flavonoids. Antioxidants prevent ROS-mediated neuronal degeneration in post-oxidative stress conditions. The present review is focused on the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and the protective role of antioxidants. KEY TEACHING POINTSThis review shows that multiple factors are directly or indirectly associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.Failure to cellular antioxidant capacity increases oxidative stress that intensifies neuroinflammation and disease progression.Different vitamins, carotenoids, and flavonoids, having antioxidant capacity, can be considered protective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptadip Samanta
- Department of Physiology, Midnapore College, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjoy Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology/CUNY, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA
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Yang LC, Chang YC, Chiang CY, Huang FM, Su NY, Kuan YH. Protective effect of wogonin on inflammatory responses in BisGMA-treated macrophages through the inhibition of MAPK and NFκB pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:3007-3012. [PMID: 36178853 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Composites, resins, and sealants that are commonly used in orthopedics and dentistry are based on 2,2-bis[p-(2'-hydroxy-3'-methacryloxypropoxy)phenylene]propane (BisGMA), which induces proinflammatory responses in macrophages. The present study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory responses of wogonin, which is a natural dihydroxyl flavonoid compound, in BisGMA-treated macrophages. According to the findings, wogonin exhibits anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, anticancer, and antioxidative properties. The generation of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were noted to be inhibited by wogonin in BisGMA-treated macrophages. Furthermore, the production of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 was reduced. In addition, BisGMA-induced nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 phosphorylation and inhibitor of κB (IκB) degradation were inhibited. Finally, the BisGMA-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including p38 MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was inhibited. All these effects were induced by wogonin in the macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. Similar inhibitory effects of wogonin were observed on the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines, expression of iNOS, phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and MAPK, and degradation of IκB. These results indicated that rutin is a potential anti-inflammatory agent for BisGMA-treated macrophages that undergo NFκB p65 phosphorylation and IκB degradation through upstream MAPK phosphorylation. Therefore, wogonin inhibits BisGMA-induced proinflammatory responses in macrophages through the regulation of the NFκB pathway and its upstream factor, MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chiu Yang
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Chang
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Chiang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Mei Huang
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Yu Su
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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3
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Nuzzo G, Senese G, Gallo C, Albiani F, Romano L, d’Ippolito G, Manzo E, Fontana A. Antitumor Potential of Immunomodulatory Natural Products. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060386. [PMID: 35736189 PMCID: PMC9229642 DOI: 10.3390/md20060386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Anticancer drugs aim to block tumor growth by killing cancerous cells in order to prevent tumor progression and metastasis. Efficient anticancer drugs should also minimize general toxicity towards organs and healthy cells. Tumor growth can also be successfully restrained by targeting and modulating immune response. Cancer immunotherapy is assuming a growing relevance in the fight against cancer and has recently aroused much interest for its wider safety and the capability to complement conventional chemotherapeutic approaches. Natural products are a traditional source of molecules with relevant potential in the pharmacological field. The huge structural diversity of metabolites with low molecular weight (small molecules) from terrestrial and marine organisms has provided lead compounds for the discovery of many modern anticancer drugs. Many natural products combine chemo-protective and immunomodulant activity, thus offering the potential to be used alone or in association with conventional cancer therapy. In this review, we report the natural products known to possess antitumor properties by interaction with immune system, as well as discuss the possible immunomodulatory mechanisms of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genoveffa Nuzzo
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.S.); (C.G.); (F.A.); (L.R.); (G.d.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (E.M.); Tel.: +39-081-8675104 (G.N.); +39-081-8675177 (E.M.)
| | - Giuseppina Senese
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.S.); (C.G.); (F.A.); (L.R.); (G.d.); (A.F.)
| | - Carmela Gallo
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.S.); (C.G.); (F.A.); (L.R.); (G.d.); (A.F.)
| | - Federica Albiani
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.S.); (C.G.); (F.A.); (L.R.); (G.d.); (A.F.)
| | - Lucia Romano
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.S.); (C.G.); (F.A.); (L.R.); (G.d.); (A.F.)
| | - Giuliana d’Ippolito
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.S.); (C.G.); (F.A.); (L.R.); (G.d.); (A.F.)
| | - Emiliano Manzo
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.S.); (C.G.); (F.A.); (L.R.); (G.d.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (E.M.); Tel.: +39-081-8675104 (G.N.); +39-081-8675177 (E.M.)
| | - Angelo Fontana
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.S.); (C.G.); (F.A.); (L.R.); (G.d.); (A.F.)
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia–Bld. 7, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Sharifi-Rad J, Herrera-Bravo J, Salazar LA, Shaheen S, Abdulmajid Ayatollahi S, Kobarfard F, Imran M, Imran A, Custódio L, Dolores López M, Schoebitz M, Martorell M, Kumar M, Ansar Rasul Suleria H, Cho WC. The Therapeutic Potential of Wogonin Observed in Preclinical Studies. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:9935451. [PMID: 34221094 PMCID: PMC8221866 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9935451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Wogonin is a flavonoid found in different plants such as roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi distributed mainly in Asia and Europe. Dried root extracts of S. baicalensis with high content of wogonin, popularly known as "Huang-Qin" or Chinese or baical skullcap, have been used for long time in traditional Chinese medicine. Several health benefits are attributed to wogonin and derivatives showing anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, and antioxidant effects and more recently antineurodegenerative properties. Preclinical pharmacological activities of wogonin against diverse types of cancer such as breast, colorectal, and human gastric cancer will be presented in this review. In addition, studies on oxidative stress and bioavailability of wogonin will be discussed together with antineurodegenerative potential with special focus on Alzheimer's disease. Outcomes extracted from the last preclinical studies related to therapeutic applications of wogonin will be commented and updated in this review. The scientific evidence collected in this review aims to encourage transfer of the preclinical evidence of wogonin to new clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Jesús Herrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Luis A. Salazar
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | | | - Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Imran
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Imran
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition & Home Economics, Institute of Home and Food Sciences Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Luísa Custódio
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Building 7, Campus of Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - María Dolores López
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Universidad de Concepción, Avenida Vicente Mendez, 595, Chillán 3812120, Chile
| | - Mauricio Schoebitz
- Departamento de Suelos y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepción UDT, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR–Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | | | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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5
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Afshari AR, Mollazadeh H, Mohtashami E, Soltani A, Soukhtanloo M, Hosseini A, Jalili-Nik M, Vahedi MM, Roshan MK, Sahebkar A. Protective Role of Natural Products in Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Focus on Nitric Oxide Pathway. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:377-400. [PMID: 32000638 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200130104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In spite of therapeutic modalities such as surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) remains an incurable fatal disease. This necessitates further therapeutic options that could enhance the efficacy of existing modalities. Nitric Oxide (NO), a short-lived small molecule, has been revealed to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of GBM. Several studies have demonstrated that NO is involved in apoptosis, metastasis, cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and many other processes implicated in GBM pathobiology. Herein, we elaborate on the role of NO as a therapeutic target in GBM and discuss some natural products affecting the NO signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir R Afshari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Hamid Mollazadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Elmira Mohtashami
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arash Soltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azar Hosseini
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jalili-Nik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Vahedi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Karimi Roshan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Devi S, Kumar V, Singh SK, Dubey AK, Kim JJ. Flavonoids: Potential Candidates for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020099. [PMID: 33498503 PMCID: PMC7909525 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD), are the most concerning disorders due to the lack of effective therapy and dramatic rise in affected cases. Although these disorders have diverse clinical manifestations, they all share a common cellular stress response. These cellular stress responses including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, proteotoxicity, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress, which combats with stress conditions. Environmental stress/toxicity weakened the cellular stress response which results in cell damage. Small molecules, such as flavonoids, could reduce cellular stress and have gained much attention in recent years. Evidence has shown the potential use of flavonoids in several ways, such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic, yet their mechanism is still elusive. This review provides an insight into the potential role of flavonoids against cellular stress response that prevent the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Devi
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, India;
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
- Correspondence: (V.K.); (J.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-10-9668-3464 (J.-J.K.); Fax: +82-53-801-3464 (J.-J.K.)
| | | | | | - Jong-Joo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
- Correspondence: (V.K.); (J.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-10-9668-3464 (J.-J.K.); Fax: +82-53-801-3464 (J.-J.K.)
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Huynh DL, Ngau TH, Nguyen NH, Tran GB, Nguyen CT. Potential therapeutic and pharmacological effects of Wogonin: an updated review. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9779-9789. [PMID: 33165817 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05972-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are members of polyphenolic compounds, which are naturally presented in fruits, vegetables, and some medicinal plants. Traditionally, the root of Scutellaria baicalensis is widely used as Chinese herbal medicine and contains several major bioactive compounds such as Wogonin, Scutellarein, Baicalein, and Baicalin. Experimental and clinical evidence has been proving that Wogonin exhibits diverse biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, and treatment of bacterial and viral infections. In this review, we summarize and emphasize the benefits of Wogonin as a therapeutic adjuvant for anti-viral infection, anti-inflammation, neuroprotection as well as anxiolytic and anticonvulsant. Moreover, the molecular mechanism(s) how Wogonin mediates the cellular signal pathways and immune responses are also discussed and highlighted valuable properties of Wogonin in multiple therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Luong Huynh
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Tran Hoang Ngau
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh University of Food and Industry, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoai Nguyen
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, 97 Vo Van Tan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Gia-Buu Tran
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology and Food-Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Cuong Thach Nguyen
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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A review on anti-cancer properties of Quercetin in breast cancer. Life Sci 2020; 248:117463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Protective Effects of Wogonin against Alzheimer's Disease by Inhibition of Amyloidogenic Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:3545169. [PMID: 28680449 PMCID: PMC5478820 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3545169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the pathogenic systems of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the formation of β-amyloid plaques in the brains of patients, and amyloidogenic activity becomes one of the therapeutic targets. Here, we report wogonin, one of the major active constituting components in Scutellaria baicalensis, which has the neuroprotective effects on amyloid-β peptides- (Aβ-) induced toxicity. Oral wogonin treatment improved the performance of triple transgenic AD mice (h-APPswe, h-Tau P301L, and h-PS1 M146V) on the Morris water maze, Y-maze, and novel object recognition. Furthermore, wogonin activated the neurite outgrowth of AD cells by increasing neurite length and complexity of Tet-On Aβ42-GFP SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells (AD cells) and attenuated amyloidogenic pathway by decreasing the levels of β-secretase, APP β-C-terminal fragment, Aβ-aggregation, and phosphorylated Tau. Wogonin also increased mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ψm) and protected against apoptosis by reducing the expression of Bax and cleaved PARP. Collectively, these results conclude that wogonin may be a promising multifunctional drug candidate for AD.
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Chen F, Qin X, Xu G, Gou S, Jin X. Reversal of cisplatin resistance in human gastric cancer cells by a wogonin-conjugated Pt(IV) prodrug via attenuating Casein Kinase 2-mediated Nuclear Factor-κB pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 135:50-68. [PMID: 28288821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pt(IV) prodrugs, with two additional coordination sites in contrast to Pt(II) drugs, have been actively studied nowadays, for they can perform well in enhancing the accumulation and retention of the corresponding Pt(II) drugs in cancer cells. Our designed Pt(II) drug, DN604, was recently found to exhibit significant anticancer activity and low toxicity, while, wogonin, a naturally O-methylated flavones, has been widely investigated for its tumor therapeutic potential. Thus, two Pt(IV)-based prodrugs were derived by addition of a wogonin unit to the axial position of DN604 and its analogue DN603 via a linker group. In vitro cytotoxicity assay indicated that the resulting compound 8 not only inherited the genotoxicity of DN604 on gastric cancer cells, but also obtained the COX inhibitory property arising from wogonin. Further studies revealed that compound 8 caused the accumulation of ROS production and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). The CK2α kinase activity assay, ChIP and luciferase assays showed that CK2 plays an important role in the blockade of compound 8 on activated NF-κB survival pathways, which were established for sensitivity of cancer cells to platinum drugs. Similarly in vivo, in nude mice with SGC-7901/cDDP xenografts, compound 8 improved the effectiveness of DN604 via reversing tumor resistance and maintaining low toxicity. Overall, compound 8 is a promising Pt(IV) prodrug, which could be used to promote the anticancer activity of its counterpart Pt(II) species and reverse drug resistance via attenuating CK2-mediated NF-κB pathways during platinum-based chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihong Chen
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xiaodong Qin
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Xiufeng Jin
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Qin X, Xu G, Chen F, Fang L, Gou S. Novel platinum(IV) complexes conjugated with a wogonin derivative as multi-targeted anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2507-2517. [PMID: 28314511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Platinum-based complexes like cisplatin and oxaliplatin are well known the mainstay of chemotherapy regimens on clinic. Wogonin, a natural product that possesses wide biological activities, is now in phase I clinical test as an anticancer agent in China. Herein reported are a series of novel Pt(IV) complexes that conjugated a wogonin derivative (compound 3) to the axial position via a linker group. After being tethered to the platinum(IV) complexes, the wogonin derivative provided multiple anticancer effects, especially in compound 10, a fusion containing wogonin and cisplatin units. Compound 10 not only inherited the genotoxicity from cisplatin, but also obtained the COX inhibitory property from the wogonin derivative. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that compound 10 caused the accumulation of ROS, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and then activated the p53 pathway. Overall, the research demonstrates that the "integrative" prodrug can be an effective strategy to promote the anticancer potency of Pt-based drugs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Qin
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Feihong Chen
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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The flavonoid apigenin from Croton betulaster Mull inhibits proliferation, induces differentiation and regulates the inflammatory profile of glioma cells. Anticancer Drugs 2016; 27:960-9. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Huang L, Fuchino H, Kawahara N, Narukawa Y, Hada N, Kiuchi F. Application of a new method, orthogonal projection to latent structure (OPLS) combined with principal component analysis (PCA), to screening of prostaglandin E2 production inhibitory flavonoids in Scutellaria Root. J Nat Med 2016; 70:731-9. [PMID: 27164908 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new method consisting of orthogonal projection to latent structure (OPLS) and modified principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to a screening of bioactive compounds from natural products. In this report, extracts of 52 Scutellaria Root (the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their inhibitory activities towards prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in a murine macrophage-like cell line J774.1 were examined. Wogonin and oroxylin A were predicted to be strong inhibitors of PGE2 production by OPLS analysis of the data. However, 6-methoxywogonin, which has been reported to have inhibitory activity, was omitted. Modified PCA was then applied to these data as a filter to exclude compounds less relevant to the activity, and OPLS analysis was applied to the modified data. As a result, this method predicted wogonin, oroxylin A and 6-methoxywogonin to be strong inhibitors of PGE2 production without any prior knowledge. The predictions by the OPLS combined with PCA method of PGE2 production inhibitory activities of 52 samples showed good agreement with the actual data. This method is simple and effective and can be used in screening of bioactive natural compounds without any prior knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Huang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fuchino
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaragi, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kawahara
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, Ibaragi, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Yuji Narukawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Hada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Kiuchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
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Lee AY, Wu TT, Hwang BR, Lee J, Lee MH, Lee S, Cho EJ. The Neuro-Protective Effect of the Methanolic Extract of Perilla frutescens var. japonicaand Rosmarinic Acid against H₂O₂-Induced Oxidative Stress in C6 Glial Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:338-45. [PMID: 27133263 PMCID: PMC4859798 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are often associated with oxidative damage in neuronal cells. This study was conducted to investigate the neuro-protective effect of methanolic (MeOH) extract of Perilla frutescens var. japonica and its one of the major compounds, rosmarinic acid, under oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in C6 glial cells. Exposure of C6 glial cells to H2O2 enhanced oxidative damage as measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance assays. The MeOH extract and rosmarinic acid prevented oxidative stress by increasing cell viability and inhibiting cellular lipid peroxidation. In addition, the MeOH extract and rosmarinic acid reduced H2O2-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the transcriptional level. Moreover, iNOS and COX-2 protein expression was down-regulated in H2O2-indcued C6 glial cells treated with the MeOH extract and rosmarinic acid. These findings suggest that P. frutescens var. japonica and rosmarinic acid could prevent the progression of neurodegenerative diseases through attenuation of neuronal oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Young Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ting Ting Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ra Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Lee
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Hee Lee
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 50424, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Velagapudi R, Aderogba M, Olajide OA. Tiliroside, a dietary glycosidic flavonoid, inhibits TRAF-6/NF-κB/p38-mediated neuroinflammation in activated BV2 microglia. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3311-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Vauzour D. Effect of flavonoids on learning, memory and neurocognitive performance: relevance and potential implications for Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1042-1056. [PMID: 24338740 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has indicated that a group of plant-derived compounds known as flavonoids may exert particularly powerful actions on mammalian cognition and may reverse age-related declines in memory and learning. In addition, growing evidence is also suggestive that flavonoids may delay the development of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology, suggestive of potential dietary strategies in dementia. Although these low-molecular-weight phytochemicals are absorbed to only a limited degree, they have been found to counteract age-related cognitive declines possibly via their ability to interact with the cellular and molecular architecture of the brain responsible for memory. However, the majority of the research has been carried out at rather supraphysiological concentrations and only a few studies have investigated the neuromodulatory effects of physiologically attainable flavonoid concentrations. This review will summarize the evidence for the effects of flavonoids and their metabolites in age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Mechanisms of actions will be discussed and include those activating signalling pathways critical in controlling synaptic plasticity, reducing neuroinflammation and inducing vascular effects potentially capable of causing new nerve cell growth in the hippocampus. Altogether, these processes are known to be important in maintaining optimal neuronal function, to limit neurodegeneration and to prevent or reverse age-dependent deteriorations in cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vauzour
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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Natural Compounds (Small Molecules) as Potential and Real Drugs of Alzheimer's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63281-4.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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18
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Li WC, Jiang R, Jiang DM, Zhu FC, Su B, Qiao B, Qi XT. Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning attenuates apoptotic processes and improves neuropathologic changes after spinal cord injury in rats. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:585-92. [PMID: 24205811 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.864289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We have shown earlier that administration of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly contributed to recovery of motor function after traumatic spinal cord injury in the adult female rat. Using the same standardized animal model, we have now designed a set of experiments to test the hypothesis that LPS preconditioning attenuates stress-related apoptotic processes early after spinal cord trauma. The lower thoracic spinal cord injury in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats was caused by a 10 g weight rod drop from 25 mm on the dural surface of the exposed spinal cord at T10. The rats were randomly assigned to three groups: Sham injury, control (received normal saline alone), and LPS preconditioning (0.2 mg/kg, ip; 72 h prior to the injury). The animals were euthanized at 72 h postinjury. Neuropathologic changes were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. SCI-induced apoptosis were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 were examined with immunohistochemistry or Western blotting. Compared with the control group, LPS preconditioning group showed significant improvement in the SCI-induced morphology changes. Furthermore, LPS preconditioning reduced the expressions of apoptotic markers caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax, upregulated the expression of antiapoptotic marker Bcl-2 in the samples of spinal cord. Low-dose LPS attenuated the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the proliferation of glial cells in the site of injury. LPS preconditioning has neuroprotective effects against TSCI in rats due to its antiapoptosis properties as shown by the inhibition of caspase pathway and the upregulation of antiapoptotic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chao Li
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Wang T, Gao J, Yu J, Shen L. Synergistic inhibitory effect of wogonin and low-dose paclitaxel on gastric cancer cells and tumor xenografts. Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 25:505-13. [PMID: 24255573 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2013.08.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the synergistic inhibitory effects of wogonin (WOG) and chemotherapeutic drugs on growth of gastric cancer cells and tumor xenografts. METHODS The IC50 values of WOG, cisplatin (CDDP) and paclitaxel (PTX) in four gastric cancer cell lines were determined by MTS assay. Hoechst staining and the median effect method of Chou-Talalay were used to assess the apoptosis of cells and the interaction of two drugs, respectively. BGC-823-derived xenografts in nude mice were established to investigate the effects of WOG combined with chemotherapeutic drugs in vivo. RESULTS WOG, CDDP and PTX inhibited the growth of BGC-823, MGC-803, MKN-45 and HGC-27 gastric cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. WOG combined with CDDP or PTX synergistically inhibited the growth of all gastric cancer cell lines in vitro. In BGC-823, MGC-803, HGC-27 and MKN-45 cell lines, synergisms between WOG and PTX were shown when the fraction affected (Fa) values were <0.45, <0.90, <0.85 and <0.60. While WOG and CDDP had a synergistic inhibitory effect when the Fa values were >0, >0, >0.65 and >0.10. From the results of in vivo experiments using tumor xenografts, WOG and low-dose PTX showed better efficacy than either drug alone. The inhibitory percentages of tumor weight were 61.58%, 20.29%, and 22.28% for the combination, WOG-alone, and low-dose PTX-alone groups, respectively. Notably, WOG combined with CDDP displayed very high toxicity. CONCLUSIONS A synergistic inhibitory effect on growth was observed when WOG was combined with low-dose PTX in gastric cancer cells and tumor xenografts. These findings provide evidence for the design of a clinical trial to test the combination of WOG with low-dose PTX in human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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Attia SM, Ahmad SF, Harisa GI, Mansour AM, El Sayed ESM, Bakheet SA. Wogonin attenuates etoposide-induced oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis via suppression of oxidative DNA stress and modulation of OGG1 expression. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:724-30. [PMID: 23872129 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Damage to DNA can lead to many different acute and chronic pathophysiological conditions, ranging from cancer to endothelial damage. The current study has been initiated to determine whether the flavonoid wogonin can attenuate etoposide-induced oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in mouse bone marrow cells. We found that oral administration of wogonin before etoposide injection significantly attenuates etoposide-induced oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. Etoposide induced a significant down-regulation of mRNA expression of the OGG1 repair gene and marked biochemical alterations characteristic of oxidative DNA stress, including increased 8-OHdG, enhanced lipid peroxidation and reduction in reduced glutathione. Prior administration of wogonin ahead of etoposide challenge restored these altered parameters. Importantly, wogonin had no antagonizing effect on etoposide-induce topoisomerase-II inhibition. Conclusively, our study indicates that wogonin has a protective role in the abatement of etoposide-induced oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in the bone marrow cells of mice via suppression of oxidative DNA stress and enhancing DNA repair through modulation of OGG1 repair gene expression. Therefore, wogonin can be a promising chemoprotective agent and might be useful to avert secondary leukemia and other drug-related cancers in cured cancer patients and medical personnel exposing to the potent carcinogen etoposide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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21
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Bellik Y, Boukraâ L, Alzahrani HA, Bakhotmah BA, Abdellah F, Hammoudi SM, Iguer-Ouada M. Molecular mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities of phytochemicals: an update. Molecules 2012; 18:322-53. [PMID: 23271469 PMCID: PMC6269762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18010322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The resort worldwide to edible medicinal plants for medical care has increased significantly during the last few years. Currently, there is a renewed interest in the search for new phytochemicals that could be developed as useful anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic agents to reduce the risk of many diseases. The activation of nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) has now been linked to a variety of inflammatory diseases, while data from numerous studies underline the importance of phytochemicals in inhibiting the pathway that activates this transcription factor. Moreover, the incidence of type I allergic disorders has been increasing worldwide, particularly, the hypersensitivity to food. Thus, a good number of plant products with anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activity have been documented, but very few of these compounds have reached clinical use and there is scant scientific evidence that could explain their mode of action. Therefore, this paper intends to review the most salient recent reports on the anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties of phytochemicals and the molecular mechanisms underlying these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuva Bellik
- Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products, Ibn-Khaldoun University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria; E-Mails: (Y.B.); (F.A.); (S.M.H.)
- Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Abderrahmane Mira University, Béjaia 06000, Algeria; E-Mail:
| | - Laïd Boukraâ
- Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products, Ibn-Khaldoun University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria; E-Mails: (Y.B.); (F.A.); (S.M.H.)
- Mohammad Hussein Al Amoudi Chair for Diabetic Foot Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (H.A.A.); (B.A.B.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +213-795-306-930
| | - Hasan A. Alzahrani
- Mohammad Hussein Al Amoudi Chair for Diabetic Foot Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (H.A.A.); (B.A.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Balkees A. Bakhotmah
- Mohammad Hussein Al Amoudi Chair for Diabetic Foot Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (H.A.A.); (B.A.B.)
- Department of Nutrition Food Sciences, Arts and Design College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatiha Abdellah
- Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products, Ibn-Khaldoun University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria; E-Mails: (Y.B.); (F.A.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Si M. Hammoudi
- Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products, Ibn-Khaldoun University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria; E-Mails: (Y.B.); (F.A.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Mokrane Iguer-Ouada
- Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Abderrahmane Mira University, Béjaia 06000, Algeria; E-Mail:
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Hayasaka S, Kodama T, Ohira A. Traditional Japanese Herbal (Kampo) Medicines and Treatment of Ocular Diseases: A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 40:887-904. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x12500668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Herbal medicines have been used clinically in Eastern Asia, and traditional Japanese herbal (Kampo) formulas are approved as ethical drugs. The Kampo formulas are mixtures of the crude extracts of several herbs, each of which contains multiple components. Numerous investigators have reported that some herbal medicines are efficacious for treating several human diseases. We reviewed the literature on traditional herbal medicines and treatment of ocular diseases. Oral Orengedoku-to and Kakkon-to inhibit postoperative uveitis in humans. Oral Goshajinki-gan improved ocular surface disorders in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Oral Hachimijio-gan increased retinal blood flow. Keishi-bukuryo-gan Sho might be associated with vitreoretinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Oral Hachimijio-gan and Goshajinki-gan delayed lens opacification in rats and mice. Oral Sairei-to, Orengedoku-to, Senkanmeimoku-to, Scutellariae radix extract, Gardeniae fructus extract, topical Liguisticum wallichii rhizoma extract, and intravenous injection of tetramethylpyrazine, baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, and crocetin inhibited some forms of experimental uveitis in rabbits. Topical glycyrrhizinate improved allergic conjunctivitis in humans and rats. Oral crocetin improved eyestrain in humans. Oral berberine diminished experimental uveitis in rats. Baicalein, wogonin, berberine, and berberrubine inhibited in vitro expression of several cytokines in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Some Kampo formulas are efficacious for treating several ocular diseases in humans and animals. Some herbal extracts and their components inhibit some forms of experimental uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatsuo Kodama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohira
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
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Dietary polyphenols as modulators of brain functions: biological actions and molecular mechanisms underpinning their beneficial effects. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:914273. [PMID: 22701758 PMCID: PMC3372091 DOI: 10.1155/2012/914273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that diet and lifestyle can play an important role in delaying the onset or halting the progression of age-related health disorders and to improve cognitive function. In particular, polyphenols have been reported to exert their neuroprotective actions through the potential to protect neurons against injury induced by neurotoxins, an ability to suppress neuroinflammation, and the potential to promote memory, learning, and cognitive function. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the biology of polyphenols, they are still mistakenly regarded as simply acting as antioxidants. However, recent evidence suggests that their beneficial effects involve decreases in oxidative/inflammatory stress signaling, increases in protective signaling and neurohormetic effects leading to the expression of genes that encode antioxidant enzymes, phase-2 enzymes, neurotrophic factors, and cytoprotective proteins. Specific examples of such pathways include the sirtuin-FoxO pathway, the NF-κB pathway, and the Nrf-2/ARE pathway. Together, these processes act to maintain brain homeostasis and play important roles in neuronal stress adaptation and thus polyphenols have the potential to prevent the progression of neurodegenerative pathologies.
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Reactive oxygen species and inhibitors of inflammatory enzymes, NADPH oxidase, and iNOS in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:823902. [PMID: 22577256 PMCID: PMC3346999 DOI: 10.1155/2012/823902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROSs) are emerging as important players in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD). Out of several ROS-generating systems, the inflammatory enzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were believed to play major roles. Mounting evidence suggests that activation of NADPH oxidase and the expression of iNOS are directly linked to the generation of highly reactive ROS which affects various cellular components and preferentially damage midbrain dopaminergic neurons in PD. Therefore, appropriate management or inhibition of ROS generated by these enzymes may represent a therapeutic target to reduce neuronal degeneration seen in PD. Here, we have summarized recently developed agents and patents claimed as inhibitors of NADPH oxidase and iNOS enzymes in experimental models of PD.
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Spencer JPE, Vafeiadou K, Williams RJ, Vauzour D. Neuroinflammation: modulation by flavonoids and mechanisms of action. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 33:83-97. [PMID: 22107709 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory processes are known to contribute to the cascade of events culminating in the neuronal damage that underpins neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Recently, there has been much interest in the potential neuroprotective effects of flavonoids, a group of plant secondary metabolites known to have diverse biological activity in vivo. With respect to the brain, flavonoids, such as those found in cocoa, tea, berries and citrus, have been shown to be highly effective in preventing age-related cognitive decline and neurodegeneration in both animals and humans. Evidence suggests that flavonoids may express such ability through a multitude of physiological functions, including an ability to modulate the brains immune system. This review will highlight the evidence for their potential to inhibit neuroinflammation through an attenuation of microglial activation and associated cytokine release, iNOS expression, nitric oxide production and NADPH oxidase activity. We will also detail the current evidence indicting that their regulation of these immune events appear to be mediated by their actions on intracellular signaling pathways, including the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) cascade and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. As such, flavonoids represent important precursor molecules in the quest to develop of a new generation of drugs capable of counteracting neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P E Spencer
- Molecular Nutrition Group, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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Spilsbury A, Vauzour D, Spencer JP, Rattray M. Regulation of NF-κB activity in astrocytes: effects of flavonoids at dietary-relevant concentrations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:578-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Chen CC, Hung TH, Wang YH, Lin CW, Wang PY, Lee CY, Chen SF. Wogonin improves histological and functional outcomes, and reduces activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling after experimental traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30294. [PMID: 22272328 PMCID: PMC3260265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates a neuroinflammatory cascade that contributes to neuronal damage and behavioral impairment. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of wogonin, a flavonoid with potent anti-inflammatory properties, on functional and histological outcomes, brain edema, and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)- and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-related signaling pathways in mice following TBI. Methodology/Principal Findings Mice subjected to controlled cortical impact injury were injected with wogonin (20, 40, or 50 mg·kg−1) or vehicle 10 min after injury. Behavioral studies, histology analysis, and measurement of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and brain water content were carried out to assess the effects of wogonin. Levels of TLR4/NF-κB-related inflammatory mediators were also examined. Treatment with 40 mg·kg−1 wogonin significantly improved functional recovery and reduced contusion volumes up to post-injury day 28. Wogonin also significantly reduced neuronal death, BBB permeability, and brain edema beginning at day 1. These changes were associated with a marked reduction in leukocyte infiltration, microglial activation, TLR4 expression, NF-κB translocation to nucleus and its DNA binding activity, matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, and expression of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, and cyclooxygenase-2. Conclusions/Significance Our results show that post-injury wogonin treatment improved long-term functional and histological outcomes, reduced brain edema, and attenuated the TLR4/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response in mouse TBI. The neuroprotective effects of wogonin may be related to modulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Wang CZ, Mehendale SR, Calway T, Yuan CS. Botanical flavonoids on coronary heart disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2011; 39:661-71. [PMID: 21721147 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x1100910x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is one of the leading causes of death in Western countries. Prevention rather than treatment of heart disease can significantly improve patients' quality of life and reduce health care costs. Flavonoids are widely distributed in vegetables, fruits and herbal medicines. Regularly consuming botanicals, especially those containing flavonoids, has been associated with a reduction in cardiovascualar disease; thus, it is important to investigate how flavonoids improve cardiac resistance to heart disease and their related mechanisms of action. It has been shown that cardiomyocyte injury and death can result from ischemia-reperfusion, which is pathognomonic of ischemic heart disease. Massive reactive oxygen species (ROS) release at the onset of reperfusion produces cell injury and death. "Programming" the heart to either generate less ROS or to increase strategic ROS removal could reduce reperfusion response. Additionally, profuse nitric oxide (NO) release at reperfusion could be protective in "preconditioning" models. Botanical flavonoids induce preconditioning of the heart, thereby protecting against ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this article, we will discuss two herbs containing potent flavonoids, Scutellaria baicalensis and grape seed proanthocyanidin, which can potentially offer cardiac protection against ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Departments of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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The neuroprotective potential of flavonoids: a multiplicity of effects. GENES AND NUTRITION 2011; 3:115-26. [PMID: 18937002 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-008-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids exert a multiplicity of neuroprotective actions within the brain, including a potential to protect neurons against injury induced by neurotoxins, an ability to suppress neuroinflammation, and the potential to promote memory, learning and cognitive function. These effects appear to be underpinned by two common processes. Firstly, they interact with critical protein and lipid kinase signalling cascades in the brain leading to an inhibition of apoptosis triggered by neurotoxic species and to a promotion of neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity. Secondly, they induce beneficial effects on the vascular system leading to changes in cerebrovascular blood flow capable of causing angiogenesis, neurogenesis and changes in neuronal morphology. Through these mechanisms, the consumption of flavonoid-rich foods throughout life holds the potential to limit neurodegeneration and to prevent or reverse age-dependent loses in cognitive performance. The intense interest in the development of drugs capable of enhancing brain function means that flavonoids may represent important precursor molecules in the quest to develop of a new generation of brain enhancing drugs.
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Yu JS, Kim AK. Wogonin induces apoptosis by activation of ERK and p38 MAPKs signaling pathways and generation of reactive oxygen species in human breast cancer cells. Mol Cells 2011; 31:327-35. [PMID: 21448585 PMCID: PMC3933962 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Wogonin is a one of the bioactive compounds of Scutellaria baicalensi Georgi which has been shown to have antiinflammatory, anticancer, antiviral and neuroprotective effects. However, the underlying mechanisms by which wogonin induces apoptosis in cancer cells still remain speculative. Here we investigated the potential activation of MAPKs and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by wogonin on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. These results showed that wogonin induced mitochondria and death-receptor-mediated apoptotic cell death, which was characterized by activation of several caspases, induction of PARP cleavage, change of antiapoptotic/proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member ratios and cleavage of Bid. We also found that generation of ROS was an important mediator in wogonin-induced apoptosis. Further investigation revealed that wogonin activated ERK and p38 MAPKs, which was inhibited by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, indicating that wogonin-induced ROS are associated with MAPKs activation. These data demonstrate that wogonin may be a novel anticancer agent for treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - An Keun Kim
- Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
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31
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Potential therapeutic agents against Alzheimer’s disease from natural sources. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1589-609. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Iriti M, Vitalini S, Fico G, Faoro F. Neuroprotective herbs and foods from different traditional medicines and diets. Molecules 2010; 15:3517-55. [PMID: 20657497 PMCID: PMC6263339 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15053517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites include an array of bioactive constituents form both medicinal and food plants able to improve human health. The exposure to these phytochemicals, including phenylpropanoids, isoprenoids and alkaloids, through correct dietary habits, may promote health benefits, protecting against the chronic degenerative disorders mainly seen in Western industrialized countries, such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we briefly deal with some plant foods and herbs of traditional medicines and diets, focusing on their neuroprotective active components. Because oxidative stress and neuroinflammation resulting from neuroglial activation, at the level of neurons, microglial cells and astrocytes, are key factors in the etiopathogenesis of both neurodegenerative and neurological diseases, emphasis will be placed on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity exerted by specific molecules present in food plants or in remedies prescribed by herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Iriti
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento Agroalimentare, CNR-IVV, Milano, Italy; E-Mail (F.F.)
| | - Sara Vitalini
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Orto Botanico ‘GE Ghirardi’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Toscolano Maderno, Brescia, Italy; E-Mail: (S.V.)
| | - Gelsomina Fico
- Orto Botanico ‘GE Ghirardi’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Toscolano Maderno, Brescia, Italy; E-Mail: (S.V.)
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; E-Mail: (G.F.)
| | - Franco Faoro
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento Agroalimentare, CNR-IVV, Milano, Italy; E-Mail (F.F.)
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Gurung SK, Lim H, Kim HP, Park HI. Structural Alterations of Wogonin Significantly Reduce the Inhibitory Activity against COX-2 Catalyzed PGE 2Production from LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2009. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2009.17.4.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Yune TY, Lee JY, Cui CM, Kim HC, Oh TH. Neuroprotective effect of Scutellaria baicalensis on spinal cord injury in rats. J Neurochem 2009; 110:1276-87. [PMID: 19519665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has been known to play an important role in the pathogenesis after spinal cord injury (SCI). Microglia are activated after injury and produce a variety of proinflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, cyclooxygenase-2, and reactive oxygen species leading to apoptosis of neurons and oligodendrocytes. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of total ethanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis (EESB), after SCI. Using primary microglial cultures, EESB treatment significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of such inflammatory mediators as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production were significantly attenuated by EESB treatment. For in vivo study, rats that had received a moderate spinal cord contusion injury at T9 received EESB orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg. EESB inhibited expression of proinflammatory factors and protein carbonylation and nitration after SCI. EESB also inhibited microglial activation at 4 h after injury. Furthermore, EESB significantly inhibited apoptotic cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes and improved functional recovery after SCI. Lesion cavity and myelin loss were also reduced following EESB treatment. Thus, our data suggest that EESB significantly improve functional recovery by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Y Yune
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Xie JT, Wang CZ, Li XL, Ni M, Fishbein A, Yuan CS. Anti-diabetic effect of American ginseng may not be linked to antioxidant activity: comparison between American ginseng and Scutellaria baicalensis using an ob/ob mice model. Fitoterapia 2009; 80:306-11. [PMID: 19358881 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants have been considered as a useful remedy in diabetes therapeutics, and thus, herbal medicines with antioxidant properties may play major role in treating diabetes. In this report, we performed a comparative study using American ginseng and Scutellaria baicalensis to test whether the anti-diabetic effect of American ginseng is associated with its antioxidant activity. We used a simple water extraction procedure to prepare American ginseng root extract (AGE) and S. baicalensis extract (SbE), and utilized these two antioxidant herbs to evaluate their anti-diabetic effect in obese diabetic ob/ob mice. HPLC analysis was used to identify major constituents in the AGE and SbE. After 12 days of daily intraperitoneal injection, AGE at 300 mg/kg showed significant effects on fasting blood glucose levels (P<0.01) and glucose tolerance test (P<0.01) compared to vehicle-treated mice. Animal body weights also reduced significantly after 12-day treatment (P<0.01). However, SbE, a very strong antioxidant extract, administered at 5-50 mg/kg (based on our previous studies without adverse events) for 12 days did not show any significant effects on blood glucose and body weight changes. No effects were shown when baicalein, an effective antioxidant constituent in SbE, was administered at 1-5 mg/kg. It appears that the anti-diabetic effect of American ginseng may not be linked to its antioxidant actions. The mechanisms of American ginseng's effects on reducing high blood glucose levels and body weight remain to be investigated in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Tian Xie
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Błach-Olszewska Z, Jatczak B, Rak A, Lorenc M, Gulanowski B, Drobna A, Lamer-Zarawska E. Production of cytokines and stimulation of resistance to viral infection in human leukocytes by Scutellaria baicalensis flavones. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2009; 28:571-81. [PMID: 18771341 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2008.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis display a wide spectrum of antiviral activity. It was of great interest to check the effect of baicalein and wogonin preparations on two important mechanisms of innate immunity: the secretion of cytokines and the natural resistance of human leukocytes to viral infection. To study the effect of S. baicalensis extracts on interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin (IL) production and virus replication, uninfected and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-infected human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) were used. Four pulverized preparations obtained from roots of Scutellaria and a Sigma-Aldrich preparation of purified baicalein were used in the study. RPMI extracts containing different amounts of baicalein and wogonin were used to study the effect on VSV replication in PBLs. PBLs express ex vivo individually differentiated cytokine-dependent resistance/innate immunity to viral infections. The degree of resistance was estimated on the basis of VSV replication in PBLs. The results obtained indicate that baicalein- and wogonin-containing extracts modulate cytokine production, that is inhibit IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma and stimulate TNF-alpha and IL (IL-12, IL-10) production. They also augment the resistance of PBLs to VSV. Extract from S. baicalensis containing baicalein and wogonin regulates the innate antiviral immunity by modulation of cytokine production and stimulation of human leukocyte resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Błach-Olszewska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland. itd.pan.wroc.pl
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Li-Weber M. New therapeutic aspects of flavones: the anticancer properties of Scutellaria and its main active constituents Wogonin, Baicalein and Baicalin. Cancer Treat Rev 2008; 35:57-68. [PMID: 19004559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines have been recently recognized as a new source of anticancer drugs and new chemotherapy adjuvant to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and to ameliorate the side effects of cancer chemotherapies however their healing mechanisms are still largely unknown. Scutellaria baicalensis is one of the most popular and multi-purpose herb used in China traditionally for treatment of inflammation, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and bacterial and viral infections. Accumulating evidence demonstrate that Scutellaria also possesses potent anticancer activities. The bioactive components of Scutellaria have been confirmed to be flavones. The major constituents of Scutellaria baicalensis are Wogonin, Baicalein and Baicalin. These phytochemicals are not only cytostatic but also cytotoxic to various human tumor cell lines in vitro and inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Most importantly, they show almost no or minor toxicity to normal epithelial and normal peripheral blood and myeloid cells. The antitumor functions of these flavones are largely due to their abilities to scavenge oxidative radicals, to attenuate NF-kappaB activity, to inhibit several genes important for regulation of the cell cycle, to suppress COX-2 gene expression and to prevent viral infections. The tumor-selectivity of Wogonin has recently been demonstrated to be due to its ability to differentially modulate the oxidation-reduction status of malignant vs. normal lymphocytic cells and to preferentially induce phospholipase C gamma 1, a key enzyme involved in Ca(2+) signaling, through H(2)O(2) signaling in malignant lymphocytes. This review is aimed to summarize the research results obtained since the last 20 years and to highlight the recently discovered molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li-Weber
- Tumor Immunology Program D030, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Piao HZ, Choi IY, Park JS, Kim HS, Cheong JH, Son KH, Jeon SJ, Ko KH, Kim WK. Wogonin inhibits microglial cell migration via suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1658-62. [PMID: 18725324 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we and others have demonstrated that wogonin, an active component from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has a neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemic insult. The neuroprotective effect of wogonin may at least in part be due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Microglial cells, well-known residential macrophages in the central nervous system, migrate to the ischemic lesion and play a pivotal role in the development of chronic inflammation. In the present study, we observed that wogonin potently inhibited microglial migration toward a chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). The anti-migratory effect of wogonin was provoked at nanomolar concentrations, at which wogonin did not significantly inhibit the production of cytokines and chemokines. NF-kappaB has previously shown to regulate microglial cell migration, and activation of cAMP-signaling pathway has also been associated with inhibition of microglial cell motility. In the present study, wogonin at low micromolar concentrations completely suppressed the activity of NF-kappaB in MCP-1-stimulated microglia, and NF-kappaB inhibitors such as N-acetyl cysteine and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate inhibited the MCP-1-induced migration of microglial cells. However, wogonin did not stimulate the production of cAMP in microglial cells. Our results indicate that the anti-inflammatory activity of wogonin is exerted at least in part by suppressing microglial cell motility via inhibition of NF-kappaB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zi Piao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
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39
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Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids: genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein inhibit STAT-1 and NF-kappaB activations, whereas flavone, isorhamnetin, naringenin, and pelargonidin inhibit only NF-kappaB activation along with their inhibitory effect on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2008; 2007:45673. [PMID: 18274639 PMCID: PMC2220047 DOI: 10.1155/2007/45673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In inflammation, bacterial products and proinflammatory cytokines induce the formation of large amounts of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and compounds that inhibit NO production have anti-inflammatory effects.
In the present study, we systematically investigated the effects of 36 naturally occurring flavonoids and related compounds on NO production in macrophages exposed to an inflammatory stimulus (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), and evaluated the mechanisms of action of the effective compounds.
Flavone, the isoflavones daidzein and genistein, the flavonols isorhamnetin, kaempferol and quercetin, the flavanone naringenin, and the anthocyanin pelargonidin inhibited iNOS protein and mRNA expression and also NO production in a dose-dependent manner. All eight active compounds inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which is a significant transcription factor for iNOS. Genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein also inhibited the activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1), another important transcription factor for iNOS.
The present study characterises the effects and mechanisms of naturally occurring phenolic compounds on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages. The results partially explain the pharmacological efficacy of flavonoids as anti-inflammatory compounds.
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Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that dietary phytochemicals, in particular flavonoids, may exert beneficial effects on the central nervous system by protecting neurons against stress-induced injury, by suppressing neuroinflammation and by improving cognitive function. It is likely that flavonoids exert such effects, through selective actions on different components of a number of protein kinase and lipid kinase signalling cascades, such as the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt, protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. This review explores the potential inhibitory or stimulatory actions of flavonoids within these pathways, and describes how such interactions are likely to underlie neurological effects through their ability to affect the activation state of target molecules and/or by modulating gene expression. Future research directions are outlined in relation to the precise site(s) of action of flavonoids within signalling pathways and the sequence of events that allow them to regulate neuronal function.
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Spencer JPE. The interactions of flavonoids within neuronal signalling pathways. GENES AND NUTRITION 2007; 2:257-73. [PMID: 18850181 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-007-0056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that dietary phytochemicals, in particular flavonoids, may exert beneficial effects in the central nervous system by protecting neurons against stress-induced injury, by suppressing neuroinflammation and by promoting neurocognitive performance, through changes in synaptic plasticity. It is likely that flavonoids exert such effects in neurons, through selective actions on different components within a number of protein kinase and lipid kinase signalling cascades, such as phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt, protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase. This review details the potential inhibitory or stimulatory actions of flavonoids within these pathways, and describes how such interactions are likely to affect cellular function through changes in the activation state of target molecules and/or by modulating gene expression. Although, precise sites of action are presently unknown, their abilities to: (1) bind to ATP binding sites on enzymes and receptors; (2) modulate the activity of kinases directly; (3) affect the function of important phosphatases; (4) preserve neuronal Ca(2+) homeostasis; and (5) modulate signalling cascades lying downstream of kinases, are explored. Future research directions are outlined in relation to their precise site(s) of action within the signalling pathways and the sequence of events that allow them to regulate neuronal function in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P E Spencer
- Molecular Nutrition Group, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, RG2 6AP, UK,
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Wattanapitayakul SK, Suwatronnakorn M, Chularojmontri L, Herunsalee A, Niumsakul S, Charuchongkolwongse S, Chansuvanich N. Kaempferia parviflora ethanolic extract promoted nitric oxide production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 110:559-62. [PMID: 17113256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) (Zingiberaceae) have been used in Thai traditional medicine for health promotion and for the treatment of digestive disorders and gastric ulcer. This study investigated effect of KP on endothelial function. Studies in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) showed that KP dose-dependently increased nitrite concentrations in culture media after 48 h incubation. eNOS mRNA and protein expression were also enhanced. The induction of eNOS mRNA was detected at 4 h and plateau at 48 h while iNOS expression was not observed. These data demonstrate that KP has a great potential for a supplemental use in vascular endothelial health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvara K Wattanapitayakul
- Department of Pharmacology, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
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Kim HP. Molecular Events on Experimental Skin Inflammation and Modulation by Topical Anti-inflammatory Flavonoids. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2007. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2007.15.1.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Lee E, Enomoto R, Suzuki C, Ohno M, Ohashi T, Miyauchi A, Tanimoto E, Maeda K, Hirano H, Yokoi T, Sugahara C. Wogonin, a Plant Flavone, Potentiates Etoposide-Induced Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1095:521-6. [PMID: 17404065 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1397.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Etoposide, a podophylotoxin anticancer agent, induces apoptotic cell death in normal and cancer cells. Etoposide-induced apoptosis plays a role in not only anticancer effect but also adverse reaction, such as myelosuppression. Since we have found that wogonin, a flavone found in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, prevents thymocyte apoptosis induced by various compounds including etoposide, we examined the effect of this flavone on etoposide-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Although 100 muM wogonin itself significantly increased DNA fragmentation in HL-60 cells, this change was not observed in Jurkat cells. On the other hand, this flavone significantly potentiated etoposide-induced apoptosis in Jurkat and HL-60 cells. Similarly, wogonin accelerated etoposide-induced cell death in lung cancer cells. Since wogonin had no effect on the action of other anticancer agents, such as 5-FU and cisplatin, this flavone seems to accelerate only etoposide-induced apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. These results suggest that the modification of etoposide-induced apoptosis by wogonin may be available to reduce the adverse reaction of this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eibai Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2180, Japan.
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Enomoto R, Sugahara C, Suzuki C, Nagase I, Takamura Y, Yoshikawa A, Hosoda A, Hirano H, Yokoi T, Lee E. Wogonin Prevents Glucocorticoid-Induced Thymocyte Apoptosis Without Diminishing Its Anti-inflammatory Action. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 104:355-65. [PMID: 17690528 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0061501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of wogonin, a flavone highly purified from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis, on apoptotic cell death was re-evaluated in rat thymocytes. This flavone inhibited glucocorticoid-induced apoptotic changes such as DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine translocation, and nuclear condensation in rat thymocytes. Similar inhibition was also observed in apoptosis induced by other inducers such as etoposide. No significant changes of these apoptotic features were observed in rat thymocytes treated with wogonin alone, suggesting that this flavone protects against glucocorticoid-mediated immunosuppression caused by thymocyte apoptosis. Wogonin was reported to possess anti-inflammatory action in some previous studies, but this flavone had no effect on carrageenan-induced paw edema in this study. The simultaneous treatment of wogonin and glucocorticoid neither enhanced nor reduced the anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoid. These results indicate that wogonin is likely to prevent the immunosuppression of glucocorticoid without diminishing its drug efficacy as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyo Enomoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
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Fas SC, Baumann S, Zhu JY, Giaisi M, Treiber MK, Mahlknecht U, Krammer PH, Li-Weber M. Wogonin sensitizes resistant malignant cells to TNFα- and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Blood 2006; 108:3700-6. [PMID: 16931628 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-011973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTNFα has previously been used in anticancer therapy. However, the therapeutic application of TNFα was largely limited due to its general toxicity and the fact that it activates the NF-κB–family transcription factors, which are proinflammatory and antiapoptotic. To overcome this problem in vitro, specific NF-κB inhibitors or transcription or protein synthesis inhibitors such as actinomycin D and cycloheximide are usually used in combination to increase TNFα killing of tumor cells. However, these agents also cause harmful side effects in vivo. We show here that wogonin, derived from the popular Chinese herb Huang-Qin, attenuates NF-κB activity by shifting TNFα-induced free radical ·O2– to a more reduced nonradical product, H2O2, and thereby sensitizes TNFα-resistant leukemia cells to TNFα-induced apoptosis. Importantly, wogonin does not affect the viability of normal peripheral blood T cells. Wogonin also sensitizes TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Our data suggest a potential use of wogonin as a TNFα or TRAIL adjuvant for cancer treatment. Our data also demonstrate how a herbal compound enhances killing of tumor cells with reduced side effects compared with other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie C Fas
- Tumor Immunology Program D030, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Tai MC, Tsang SY, Chang LYF, Xue H. Therapeutic potential of wogonin: a naturally occurring flavonoid. CNS DRUG REVIEWS 2005; 11:141-50. [PMID: 16007236 PMCID: PMC6741757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3458.2005.tb00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The search for flavonoids with novel therapeutic effects has been intense. Wogonin, as a naturally existing monoflavonoid, has been shown to have therapeutic potential in vitro and in vivo. Methods for its extraction from herbs and its chemical synthesis have been developed. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown a rapid tissue distribution and prolonged plasma elimination phase of wogonin. It has been shown experimentally that wogonin exerts anti-oxidant activity, which may, in part, underlie its antiinflammatory, anti-cancer, antiviral and neuroprotective actions. The recent discovery of its anxiolytic activity suggests a new mechanism of action, involving interaction with the benzodiazepine (BZD) binding site of the GABA(A) receptor and modulation of this receptor activity. Although the safety record of wogonin is remarkable and voluminous literature about its pharmacological effects is available, it has not been used in Western medicine in the form of a pure chemical. In this article we review its therapeutic effects, its sources and pharmacokinetic profile to highlight its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Chun Tai
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shui Ying Tsang
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lawrence Y. F. Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Xue
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
Traditional Eastern Medicine (TEM) has a long history in stroke therapy and its therapeutic efficacy has been confirmed by clinical studies. Extensive experience and abundant clinical data on TEM in stroke treatment have been accumulated over the past thousand years. Basic and clinical research in TEM constitutes a potentially rich source for new drug discovery and development with the integration of TEM and Western pharmacology. In recent years, many attempts have been made to document research data from extracts of composite formulas, single herbs, or single compounds from TEM herbs, according to orthodox pharmacological actions. This article reviews herbs and prescriptions that have been documented to have a neuroprotective effect in in vitro and in vivo ischemic model systems, and the neuroprotective compounds isolated from them. I also discuss the neuroprotective mechanisms of prescriptions, herbs, and single compounds relevant to the treatment of brain ischemia, including anti-oxidant, anti-excitotoxic, and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hocheol Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
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Suk K. Regulation of Neuroinflammation by Herbal Medicine and Its Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurosignals 2005; 14:23-33. [PMID: 15956812 DOI: 10.1159/000085383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal medicine has long been used to treat neural symptoms. Although the precise mechanisms of action of herbal drugs have yet to be determined, some of them have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and/or anti-oxidant effects in a variety of peripheral systems. Now, as increasing evidence indicates that neuroglia-derived chronic inflammatory responses play a pathological role in the central nervous system, anti-inflammatory herbal medicine and its constituents are being proved to be a potent neuroprotector against various brain pathologies. Structural diversity of medicinal herbs makes them valuable source of novel lead compounds against therapeutic targets that are newly discovered by genomics, proteomics, and high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain and Neural Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Kim HP, Son KH, Chang HW, Kang SS. Anti-inflammatory plant flavonoids and cellular action mechanisms. J Pharmacol Sci 2004; 96:229-45. [PMID: 15539763 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.crj04003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant flavonoids show anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo. Although not fully understood, several action mechanisms are proposed to explain in vivo anti-inflammatory action. One of the important mechanisms is an inhibition of eicosanoid generating enzymes including phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenases, and lipoxygenases, thereby reducing the concentrations of prostanoids and leukotrienes. Recent studies have also shown that certain flavonoids, especially flavone derivatives, express their anti-inflammatory activity at least in part by modulation of proinflammatory gene expression such as cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and several pivotal cytokines. Due to these unique action mechanisms and significant in vivo activity, flavonoids are considered to be reasonable candidates for new anti-inflammatory drugs. To clearly establish the therapeutic value in inflammatory disorders, in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, and action mechanism of varieties of flavonoids need to be further elucidated. This review summarizes the effect of flavonoids on eicosanoid and nitric oxide generating enzymes and the effect on expression of proinflammatory genes. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity is also discussed. As natural modulators of proinflammatory gene expression, certain flavonoids have a potential for new anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Pyo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea.
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