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Petryszyn S, Saidi L, Gagnon D, Parent A, Parent M. The density of calretinin striatal interneurons is decreased in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:1879-1891. [PMID: 34018041 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interneurons play a significant role in the functional organization of the striatum and some of them display marked plastic changes in dopamine-depleted conditions. Here, we applied immunohistochemistry on brain sections from 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mouse model of Parkinson's disease and sham animals to characterize the regional distribution and the morphological and neurochemical changes of striatal interneurons expressing the calcium-binding protein calretinin (CR). Two morphological subtypes of calretinin-immunostained (CR +) interneurons referred, respectively, as small- and medium-sized CR + interneurons were detected in 6-OHDA- and sham-lesioned animals. The small cells (9-12 µm) prevail in the anterior and dorsal striatal regions; they stain intensely for CR and display a single slightly varicose and moderately arborized process. The medium-sized CR + interneurons (15-20 µm) are more numerous than the small CR + cells and rather uniformly distributed within the striatum; they stain weakly for CR and display 2-3 long, slightly varicose and poorly branched dendrites. The density of medium CR + interneurons is significantly decreased in the dopamine-depleted striatum (158 ± 15 neurons/mm3), when compared to sham animals (370 ± 41 neurons/mm3), whereas that of the small-sized CR + interneurons is unchanged (174 ± 46 neurons/mm3 in 6-OHDA-lesioned striatum and 164 ± 22 neurons/mm3 in sham-lesioned striatum). The nucleus accumbens is populated only by medium-sized CR + interneurons, which are distributed equally among the core and shell compartments and whose density is unaltered after dopamine denervation. Our results provide the first evidence that the medium-sized striatal interneurons expressing low level of CR are specifically targeted by dopamine denervation, while the small and intensely immunoreactive CR + cells remain unaffected. These findings suggest that high expression of the calcium-binding protein CR might protect striatal interneurons against an increase in intracellular calcium level that is believed to arise from altered glutamate corticostriatal transmission in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Petryszyn
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 2601, Chemin de la Canardière, Quebec City, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - L Saidi
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 2601, Chemin de la Canardière, Quebec City, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - D Gagnon
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 2601, Chemin de la Canardière, Quebec City, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - A Parent
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 2601, Chemin de la Canardière, Quebec City, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - M Parent
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 2601, Chemin de la Canardière, Quebec City, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada.
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Adorjan I, Sun B, Feher V, Tyler T, Veres D, Chance SA, Szele FG. Evidence for Decreased Density of Calretinin-Immunopositive Neurons in the Caudate Nucleus in Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:581685. [PMID: 33281566 PMCID: PMC7691639 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.581685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCH) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) share several common aetiological and symptomatic features suggesting they may be included in a common spectrum. For example, recent results suggest that excitatory/inhibitory imbalance is relevant in the etiology of SCH and ASD. Numerous studies have investigated this imbalance in regions like the ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). However, relatively little is known about neuroanatomical changes that could reduce inhibition in subcortical structures, such as the caudate nucleus (CN), in neuropsychiatric disorders. We recently showed a significant decrease in calretinin-immunopositive (CR-ip) interneuronal density in the CN of patients with ASD without significant change in the density of neuropeptide Y-immunopositive (NPY-ip) neurons. These subtypes together constitute more than 50% of caudate interneurons and are likely necessary for maintaining excitatory/inhibitory balance. Consequently, and since SCH and ASD share characteristic features, here we tested the hypothesis, that the density of CR-ip neurons in the CN is decreased in patients with SCH. We used immunohistochemistry and qPCR for CR and NPY in six patients with schizophrenia and six control subjects. As expected, small, medium and large CR-ip interneurons were detected in the CN. We found a 38% decrease in the density of all CR-ip interneurons (P < 0.01) that was driven by the loss of the small CR-ip interneurons (P < 0.01) in patients with SCH. The densities of the large CR-ip and of the NPY-ip interneurons were not significantly altered. The lower density detected could have been due to inflammation-induced degeneration. However, the state of microglial activation assessed by quantification of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)- and transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119)-immunopositive cells showed no significant difference between patients with SCH and controls. Our results warrant further studies focussing on the role of CR-ip neurons and on the striatum being a possible hub for information selection and regulation of associative cortical fields whose function have been altered in SCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Adorjan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Council (MRC) London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia Feher
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Teadora Tyler
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Veres
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Steven A Chance
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francis G Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Ehling P, Melzer N, Budde T, Meuth SG. CD8(+) T Cell-Mediated Neuronal Dysfunction and Degeneration in Limbic Encephalitis. Front Neurol 2015; 6:163. [PMID: 26236280 PMCID: PMC4502349 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune inflammation of the limbic gray matter structures of the human brain has recently been identified as major cause of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with interictal temporal epileptiform activity and slowing of the electroencephalogram, progressive memory disturbances, as well as a variety of other behavioral, emotional, and cognitive changes. Magnetic resonance imaging exhibits volume and signal changes of the amygdala and hippocampus, and specific anti-neuronal antibodies binding to either intracellular or plasma membrane neuronal antigens can be detected in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. While effects of plasma cell-derived antibodies on neuronal function and integrity are increasingly becoming characterized, potentially contributing effects of T cell-mediated immune mechanisms remain poorly understood. CD8+ T cells are known to directly interact with major histocompatibility complex class I-expressing neurons in an antigen-specific manner. Here, we summarize current knowledge on how such direct CD8+ T cell–neuron interactions may impact neuronal excitability, plasticity, and integrity on a single cell and network level and provide an overview on methods to further corroborate the in vivo relevance of these mechanisms mainly obtained from in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Ehling
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster , Münster , Germany ; Institute of Physiology I - Neuropathophysiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University , Münster , Germany
| | - Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-University , Münster , Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster , Münster , Germany ; Institute of Physiology I - Neuropathophysiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University , Münster , Germany
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Liu YQ, Yu F, Liu WH, He XH, Peng BW. Dysfunction of hippocampal interneurons in epilepsy. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:985-998. [PMID: 25370443 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)-containing interneurons are crucial to both development and function of the brain. Down-regulation of GABAergic inhibition may result in the generation of epileptiform activity. Loss, axonal sprouting, and dysfunction of interneurons are regarded as mechanisms involved in epileptogenesis. Recent evidence suggests that network connectivity and the properties of interneurons are responsible for excitatory-inhibitory neuronal circuits. The balance between excitation and inhibition in CA1 neuronal circuitry is considerably altered during epileptic changes. This review discusses interneuron diversity, the causes of interneuron dysfunction in epilepsy, and the possibility of using GABAergic neuronal progenitors for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qiang Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wan-Hong Liu
- Department of Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiao-Hua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bi-Wen Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Lee CH, Kim JM, Kim DH, Park SJ, Liu X, Cai M, Hong JG, Park JH, Ryu JH. Effects of Sun Ginseng on Memory Enhancement and Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Phytother Res 2012; 27:1293-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul; 151-742; Republic of Korea
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Park SJ, Park DH, Kim DH, Lee S, Yoon BH, Jung WY, Lee KT, Cheong JH, Ryu JH. The memory-enhancing effects of Euphoria longan fruit extract in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 128:160-5. [PMID: 20064595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The fruit of Euphoria longan (Lour.) Steud. (Sapindaceae) is sweet and edible. Dried Euphoria longan fruit is prescribed as a tonic and for the treatment of forgetfulness, insomnia, or palpitations caused by fright in traditional Chinese medicine. The effects of aqueous extract of Euphoria longan fruit (ELE) on learning and memory and their underlying mechanisms were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous extract of Euphoria longan fruit (ELE) was administered to ICR mice for 14 days. Piracetam was used as a positive control for its known memory-enhancing effects. Memory performances were assessed using the passive avoidance task. The expressions of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) 1/2, phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), doublecortin (DCX) and the incorporation of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) in hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA1 regions were investigated using immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS The step-through latency in the ELE-treated group was significantly increased compared with that in the vehicle-treated controls (P<0.05) in the passive avoidance task. Piracetam-treated group also showed enhanced cognitive performaces in the passive avoidance task. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that the number of cells immunopositive for BDNF, pCREB, or pERK 1/2 was significantly increased in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA1 regions after ELE treatment for 14 days (P<0.05). DCX and BrdU immunostaining also revealed that ELE significantly enhanced immature neuronal survival, but not neuronal cell proliferation in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that subchronic administration of aqueous extract of Euphoria longan fruit enhances learning and memory, and that its beneficial effects are mediated, in part, by BDNF expression and immature neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Park
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Hoeki-dong, Dongdaemoon-Ku, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Shin JS, Hyun SY, Kim DH, Lee S, Jung JW, Choi JW, Ko KH, Kim JM, Ryu JH. Chronic hypoperfusion increases claudin-3 immunoreactivity in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2008; 445:144-8. [PMID: 18782597 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 08/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hypoperfusion-induced changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) tight junction components have not been well studied. In the present study, we investigated the temporal profiles of claudin-3 (a BBB tight junction element) and myleoperoxidase (MPO, a marker of neutrophil infiltration) in the cortical and thalamic regions of rat brain subjected to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was induced by an occlusion of two common carotid arteries and the immunoreactivity of claudin-3 or MPO was determined at 1, 2, 3, or 6 weeks after the occlusion. A typical pattern of BBB breakdown was observed from 2 weeks of the occlusion in cortical and thalamic regions based on Evans Blue leakage. Claudin-3 immunoreactivity was increased only in cortical regions after 2 weeks of occlusion. However, after 3 weeks of occlusion, marked increases in claudin-3 immunoreactivity were observed in both cortical and thalamic regions (P<0.05), which persisted for at least 6 weeks after the occlusion despite a slight reduction. In contrast, MPO immunoreactivity was increased only in the thalamic regions after 2 weeks of occlusion. But the pattern of MPO immunoreactivity at 3 and 6 weeks after the occlusion was same as claudin-3. At these time points, MPO immunoreactivity was significantly increased in both cortical and thalamic regions (P<0.05). These results show that chronic cerebral hypoperfusion increases the immunoreactivity of claudin-3 and neutrophil infiltration in cortical and thalamic regions of the brain, and demonstrate changes in BBB tight junction status during chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Seon Shin
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science and Kyunghee East-West Pharmaceutical Institute, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Hoeki-dong, Dongdaemoon-Ku, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Monory K, Massa F, Egertová M, Eder M, Blaudzun H, Westenbroek R, Kelsch W, Jacob W, Marsch R, Ekker M, Long J, Rubenstein JL, Goebbels S, Nave KA, During M, Klugmann M, Wölfel B, Dodt HU, Zieglgänsberger W, Wotjak CT, Mackie K, Elphick MR, Marsicano G, Lutz B. The endocannabinoid system controls key epileptogenic circuits in the hippocampus. Neuron 2006; 51:455-66. [PMID: 16908411 PMCID: PMC1769341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Balanced control of neuronal activity is central in maintaining function and viability of neuronal circuits. The endocannabinoid system tightly controls neuronal excitability. Here, we show that endocannabinoids directly target hippocampal glutamatergic neurons to provide protection against acute epileptiform seizures in mice. Functional CB1 cannabinoid receptors are present on glutamatergic terminals of the hippocampal formation, colocalizing with vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1). Conditional deletion of the CB1 gene either in cortical glutamatergic neurons or in forebrain GABAergic neurons, as well as virally induced deletion of the CB1 gene in the hippocampus, demonstrate that the presence of CB1 receptors in glutamatergic hippocampal neurons is both necessary and sufficient to provide substantial endogenous protection against kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures. The direct endocannabinoid-mediated control of hippocampal glutamatergic neurotransmission may constitute a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of disorders associated with excessive excitatory neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Monory
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Federico Massa
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Egertová
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eder
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Blaudzun
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth Westenbroek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Wolfgang Kelsch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Jacob
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Marsch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Ekker
- Department of Biology, Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jason Long
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - John L. Rubenstein
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Matthew During
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland School of Medicine, Auckland 92019, New Zealand
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland School of Medicine, Auckland 92019, New Zealand
| | - Barbara Wölfel
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Dodt
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Carsten T. Wotjak
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Maurice R. Elphick
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: (G.M.); (B.L.)
| | - Beat Lutz
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: (G.M.); (B.L.)
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Hilton GD, Ndubuizu A, Nunez JL, McCarthy MM. Simultaneous glutamate and GABA(A) receptor agonist administration increases calbindin levels and prevents hippocampal damage induced by either agent alone in a model of perinatal brain injury. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 159:99-111. [PMID: 16125793 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal brain injury is associated with the release of amino acids, principally glutamate and GABA, resulting in massive increases in intracellular calcium and eventual cell death. We have previously demonstrated that independent administration of kainic acid (KA), an AMPA/kainate receptor agonist, or muscimol, a GABA(A) receptor agonist, to newborn rats results in hippocampal damage [Hilton, G.D., Ndubuizu, A., and McCarthy, M.M., 2004. Neuroprotective effects of estradiol in newborn female rat hippocampus. Dev. Brain Res. 150, 191-198; Hilton, G. D., Nunez, J.L. and McCarthy, M.M., 2003. Sex differences in response to kainic acid and estradiol in the hippocampus of newborn rats. Neuroscience. 116, 383-391; Nunez, J.L. and McCarthy, M.M., 2003. Estradiol exacerbates hippocampal damage in a model of preterm infant brain injury. Endocrinology. 144, 2350-2359; Nunez, J.L., Alt, J.J. and McCarthy, M.M., 2003. A new model for prenatal brain damage. I. GABA(A) receptor activation induces cell death in developing rat hippocampus. Exp. Neurol. 181, 258-269]. We now report that KA or muscimol alone administered to immature hippocampal neurons in culture induces significant cell death as evidenced by TUNEL assay. Surprisingly, simultaneous administration of equimolar quantities of these two agonists blocks the effect of either one alone. Moreover, treatment of newborn pups results in less damage compared to either muscimol or KA alone. We further observed that immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding protein, calbindin D(28K), is increased in the brains of pups simultaneously administered KA and muscimol as compared to either alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genell D Hilton
- Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Fuentes-Santamaría V, Cantos R, Alvarado JC, García-Atarés N, López DE. Morphologic and neurochemical abnormalities in the auditory brainstem of the genetically epilepsy-prone hamster (GPG/Vall). Epilepsia 2005; 46:1027-45. [PMID: 16026555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.68104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was performed to evaluate whether audiogenic seizures, in a strain of genetically epilepsy-prone hamsters (GPG/Vall), might be associated with morphologic alterations in the cochlea and auditory brainstem. In addition, we used parvalbumin as a marker of neurons with high levels of activity to examine changes within neurons. METHODS Cochlear histology as well as parvalbumin immunohistochemistry were performed to assess possible abnormalities in the GPG/Vall hamster. Densitometry also was used to quantify levels of parvalbumin immunostaining within neurons and fibers in auditory nuclei. RESULTS In the present study, missing outer hair cells and spiral ganglion cells were observed in the GPG/Vall hamster. In addition, an increase was noted in the size of spiral ganglion cells as well as a decrease in the volume and cell size of the cochlear nucleus (CN), the superior olivary complex nuclei (SOC), and the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus (LL) and the inferior colliculus (IC). These alterations were accompanied by an increase in levels of parvalbumin immunostaining within CN, SOC, and LL neurons, as well as within parvalbumin-immunostained fibers in the CN and IC. CONCLUSIONS These data are consistent with a cascade of atrophic changes starting in the cochlea and extending along the auditory brainstem in an animal model of inherited epilepsy. Our data also show an upregulation in parvalbumin immunostaining in the neuropil of the IC that may reflect a protective mechanism to prevent cell death in the afferent sources to this nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Fuentes-Santamaría
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, U.S.A.
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Agerman K, Ernfors P. Differential influence of BDNF and NT3 on the expression of calcium binding proteins and neuropeptide Y in vivo. Neuroreport 2003; 14:2183-7. [PMID: 14625444 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200312020-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins enhance and maintain some neuronal phenotypes and suppress others by influencing the expression of neuropeptides and calcium binding proteins, thereby affecting many different physiological functions of the brain. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT3) show different effects on neuronal phenotypes despite largely overlapping expression of their respective receptors, TrkB and TrkC. Using BDNF null mutant (BDNF-/-) mice and mice where the protein coding DNA sequence of BDNF has been replaced by NT3 (BDNFNT3/NT3 mice), we have analysed the roles of BDNF and NT3 in controlling neuropeptide and calcium binding protein expression in the brain. Our results show that NT3 expressed emporally and spatially in the place of BDNF is sufficient in some neuronal populations to compensate for the loss of BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Agerman
- Unit of Molecular Neurobiology, MBB Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Huh Y, Jung JW, Park C, Ryu JR, Shin CY, Kim WK, Ryu JH. Microglial activation and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the substantia nigral region following transient focal ischemia in rats. Neurosci Lett 2003; 349:63-7. [PMID: 12946587 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The temporal profiles of the changes of dopaminergic cells and microglial activation induced by transient cerebral ischemia were investigated in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) located outside ischemic areas of rat brain. Transient cerebral ischemia was induced by intraluminal occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery for 2 h and reperfusion was continued for 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 14, 28, 60, and 120 days. Dopaminergic cells immunostained with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-antibody in the ipsilateral SNc were significantly decreased at 7 days post-ischemia compared with those in the contralateral side (P<0.05). However, at 60 and 120 days, there were no significant differences between ipsilateral and contralateral side of the SNc. Unlike the TH immunoreactivity, activated microglial cells immunostained with OX-42 antibody were significantly increased at 2 and 3 days and then decreased gradually until 10 days post-ischemia. Activated microglial cells were increased at 2 weeks post-ischemia, and this pattern remained until 60 days. These results suggest that the transient changes of TH-immunoreactive cells in the SNc caused by transient focal ischemia are correlated with a biphasic microglial cell activation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbuhm Huh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoeki-dong, Dongdeamoon-ku, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
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