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Arslan B, Zetterberg H, Ashton NJ. Blood-based biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease - moving towards a new era of diagnostics. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:1063-1069. [PMID: 38253262 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a primary cause of dementia globally, is traditionally diagnosed via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measures and positron emission tomography (PET). The invasiveness, cost, and limited accessibility of these methods have led to exploring blood-based biomarkers as a promising alternative for AD diagnosis and monitoring. Recent advancements in sensitive immunoassays have identified potential blood-based biomarkers, such as Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) species. This paper briefly evaluates the clinical utility and reliability of these biomarkers across various AD stages, highlighting challenges like refining plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 assays and enhancing the precision of p-tau, particularly p-tau181, p-tau217, and p-tau231. The discussion also covers other plasma biomarkers like neurofilament light (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and synaptic biomarkers, assessing their significance in AD diagnostics. The need for ongoing research and development of robust assays to match the performance of CSF and PET biomarkers is underscored. In summary, blood-based biomarkers are increasingly crucial in AD diagnosis, follow-up, prognostication, treatment response evaluation, and population screening, particularly in primary care settings. These developments are set to revolutionize AD diagnostics, offering earlier and more accessible detection and management options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Arslan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Institute Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley, NHS Foundation, London, UK
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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2
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Wu LY, Chai YL, Cheah IK, Chia RSL, Hilal S, Arumugam TV, Chen CP, Lai MKP. Blood-based biomarkers of cerebral small vessel disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 95:102247. [PMID: 38417710 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Age-associated cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) represents a clinically heterogenous condition, arising from diverse microvascular mechanisms. These lead to chronic cerebrovascular dysfunction and carry a substantial risk of subsequent stroke and vascular cognitive impairment in aging populations. Owing to advances in neuroimaging, in vivo visualization of cerebral vasculature abnormities and detection of CSVD, including lacunes, microinfarcts, microbleeds and white matter lesions, is now possible, but remains a resource-, skills- and time-intensive approach. As a result, there has been a recent proliferation of blood-based biomarker studies for CSVD aimed at developing accessible screening tools for early detection and risk stratification. However, a good understanding of the pathophysiological processes underpinning CSVD is needed to identify and assess clinically useful biomarkers. Here, we provide an overview of processes associated with CSVD pathogenesis, including endothelial injury and dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, perivascular neuronal damage as well as cardiovascular dysfunction. Then, we review clinical studies of the key biomolecules involved in the aforementioned processes. Lastly, we outline future trends and directions for CSVD biomarker discovery and clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Yun Wu
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuek Ling Chai
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Irwin K Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rachel S L Chia
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher P Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K P Lai
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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3
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Dias-Carvalho A, Sá SI, Carvalho F, Fernandes E, Costa VM. Inflammation as common link to progressive neurological diseases. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:95-119. [PMID: 37964100 PMCID: PMC10761431 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Life expectancy has increased immensely over the past decades, bringing new challenges to the health systems as advanced age increases the predisposition for many diseases. One of those is the burden of neurologic disorders. While many hypotheses have been placed to explain aging mechanisms, it has been widely accepted that the increasing pro-inflammatory status with advanced age or "inflammaging" is a main determinant of biological aging. Furthermore, inflammaging is at the cornerstone of many age-related diseases and its involvement in neurologic disorders is an exciting hypothesis. Indeed, aging and neurologic disorders development in the elderly seem to share some basic pathways that fundamentally converge on inflammation. Peripheral inflammation significantly influences brain function and contributes to the development of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Understanding the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of progressive neurological diseases is of crucial importance for developing effective treatments and interventions that can slow down or prevent disease progression, therefore, decreasing its social and economic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dias-Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- UCIBIO- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Susana Isabel Sá
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Marisa Costa
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- UCIBIO- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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4
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Brunelli S, Giannella E, Bizzaglia M, De Angelis D, Sancesario GM. Secondary neurodegeneration following Stroke: what can blood biomarkers tell us? Front Neurol 2023; 14:1198216. [PMID: 37719764 PMCID: PMC10502514 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1198216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and the primary source of disability in adults, resulting in neuronal necrosis of ischemic areas, and in possible secondary degeneration of regions surrounding or distant to the initial damaged area. Secondary neurodegeneration (SNDG) following stroke has been shown to have different pathogenetic origins including inflammation, neurovascular response and cytotoxicity, but can be associated also to regenerative processes. Aside from focal neuronal loss, ipsilateral and contralateral effects distal to the lesion site, disruptions of global functional connectivity and a transcallosal diaschisis have been reported in the chronic stages after stroke. Furthermore, SNDG can be observed in different areas not directly connected to the primary lesion, such as thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, substantia nigra, corpus callosum, bilateral inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and superior longitudinal fasciculus, which can be highlighted by neuroimaging techniques. Although the clinical relevance of SNDG following stroke has not been well understood, the identification of specific biomarkers that reflect the brain response to the damage, is of paramount importance to investigate in vivo the different phases of stroke. Actually, brain-derived markers, particularly neurofilament light chain, tau protein, S100b, in post-stroke patients have yielded promising results. This review focuses on cerebral morphological modifications occurring after a stroke, on associated cellular and molecular changes and on state-of-the-art of biomarkers in acute and chronic phase. Finally, we discuss new perspectives regarding the implementation of blood-based biomarkers in clinical practice to improve the rehabilitation approaches and post stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Brunelli
- NeuroRehabilitation Unit 4, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Giannella
- Clinical Neurochemistry Unit and Biobank, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirko Bizzaglia
- Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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Abboud T, Rohde V, Mielke D. Mini review: Current status and perspective of S100B protein as a biomarker in daily clinical practice for diagnosis and prognosticating of clinical outcome in patients with neurological diseases with focus on acute brain injury. BMC Neurosci 2023; 24:38. [PMID: 37474905 PMCID: PMC10360330 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-023-00807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prognosticating the clinical outcome of neurological diseases is essential to guide treatment and facilitate decision-making. It usually depends on clinical and radiological findings. Biomarkers have been suggested to support this process, as they are deemed objective measures and can express the extent of tissue damage or reflect the degree of inflammation. Some of them are specific, and some are not. Few of them, however, reached the stage of daily application in clinical practice. This mini review covers available applications of the S100B protein in prognosticating clinical outcome in patients with various neurological disorders, particularly in those with traumatic brain injury, spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage and ischemic stroke. The aim is to provide an understandable picture of the clinical use of the S100B protein and give a brief overview of the current limitations that require future solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammam Abboud
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Veit Rohde
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Mielke
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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Delaby C, Hirtz C, Lehmann S. Overview of the blood biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: Promises and challenges. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:161-172. [PMID: 36371265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number of people with advanced Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a significant psychological and financial cost to the world population. Accurate detection of the earliest phase of preclinical AD is of major importance for the success of preventive and therapeutic strategies (Cullen et al., 2021). Advances in analytical techniques have been essential for the development of sensitive, specific and reliable diagnostic tests for AD biomarkers in biological fluids (cerebrospinal fluid and blood). Blood biomarkers hold promising potential for early and minimally invasive detection of AD, but also for differential diagnosis of dementia and for monitoring the course of the disease. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of current blood biomarkers of AD, from tau proteins and amyloid peptides to biomarkers of neuronal degeneration and inflammation, reactive and metabolic factors. We thus discuss the informative value of currently candidate blood biomarkers and their potential to be integrated into clinical practice for the management of AD in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Delaby
- LBPC-PPC, Université Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INM Inserm, Montpellier, France; Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Hirtz
- LBPC-PPC, Université Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INM Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - S Lehmann
- LBPC-PPC, Université Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INM Inserm, Montpellier, France.
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7
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Glial Cell-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810572. [PMID: 36142483 PMCID: PMC9502483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder; it is the most common cause of dementia and has no treatment. It is characterized by two pathological hallmarks, the extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) and the intraneuronal deposits of Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Yet, those two hallmarks do not explain the full pathology seen with AD, suggesting the involvement of other mechanisms. Neuroinflammation could offer another explanation for the progression of the disease. This review provides an overview of recent advances on the role of the immune cells’ microglia and astrocytes in neuroinflammation. In AD, microglia and astrocytes become reactive by several mechanisms leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines that cause further neuronal damage. We then provide updates on neuroinflammation diagnostic markers and investigational therapeutics currently in clinical trials to target neuroinflammation.
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8
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Polyakova M, Mueller K, Arelin K, Lampe L, Rodriguez FS, Luck T, Kratzsch J, Hoffmann KT, Riedel-Heller S, Villringer A, Schoenknecht P, Schroeter ML. Increased Serum NSE and S100B Indicate Neuronal and Glial Alterations in Subjects Under 71 Years With Mild Neurocognitive Disorder/Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:788150. [PMID: 35910248 PMCID: PMC9329528 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.788150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered a pre-stage of different dementia syndromes. Despite diagnostic criteria refined by DSM-5 and a new term for MCI – “mild neurocognitive disorder” (mild NCD) – this diagnosis is still based on clinical criteria. Methods To link mild NCD to the underlying pathophysiology we assessed the degree of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in the brain and peripheral biomarkers for neuronal integrity (neuron-specific enolase, NSE), plasticity (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF), and glial function (S100B) in 158 community-dwelling subjects with mild NCD and 82 healthy controls. All participants (63–79 years old) were selected from the Leipzig-population-based study of adults (LIFE). Results Serum S100B levels were increased in mild NCD in comparison to controls (p = 0.007). Serum NSE levels were also increased but remained non-significant after Bonferroni-Holm correction (p = 0.04). Furthermore, age by group interaction was significant for S100B. In an age-stratified sub-analysis, NSE and S100B were higher in younger subjects with mild NCD below 71 years of age. Some effects were inconsistent after controlling for potentially confounding factors. The discriminatory power of the two biomarkers NSE and S100B was insufficient to establish a pathologic threshold for mild NCD. In subjects with mild NCD, WMH load correlated with serum NSE levels (r = 0.20, p = 0.01), independently of age. Conclusion Our findings might indicate the presence of neuronal (NSE) and glial (S100B) injury in mild NCD. Future studies need to investigate whether younger subjects with mild NCD with increased biomarker levels are at risk of developing major NCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna Polyakova
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE–Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Maryna Polyakova
| | - Karsten Mueller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Arelin
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE–Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leonie Lampe
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE–Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Francisca S. Rodriguez
- LIFE–Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Research Group Psychosocial Epidemiology and Public Health, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tobias Luck
- LIFE–Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Applied Social Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- LIFE–Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Steffi Riedel-Heller
- LIFE–Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE–Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Clinic, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Schoenknecht
- LIFE–Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Affiliated Hospital Arnsdorf, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias L. Schroeter
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE–Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Garland EF, Hartnell IJ, Boche D. Microglia and Astrocyte Function and Communication: What Do We Know in Humans? Front Neurosci 2022; 16:824888. [PMID: 35250459 PMCID: PMC8888691 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.824888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia and astrocytes play essential roles in the central nervous system contributing to many functions including homeostasis, immune response, blood–brain barrier maintenance and synaptic support. Evidence has emerged from experimental models of glial communication that microglia and astrocytes influence and coordinate each other and their effects on the brain environment. However, due to the difference in glial cells between humans and rodents, it is essential to confirm the relevance of these findings in human brains. Here, we aim to review the current knowledge on microglia-astrocyte crosstalk in humans, exploring novel methodological techniques used in health and disease conditions. This will include an in-depth look at cell culture and iPSCs, post-mortem studies, imaging and fluid biomarkers, genetics and transcriptomic data. In this review, we will discuss the advantages and limitations of these methods, highlighting the understanding these methods have brought the field on these cells communicative abilities, and the knowledge gaps that remain.
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10
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A Gadd D, I McGeachan R, F Hillary R, L McCartney D, E Harris S, A Sherwood R, Abbott NJ, R Cox S, E Marioni R. The genetic and epigenetic profile of serum S100β in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 and its relationship to Alzheimer’s disease. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:306. [PMID: 35028426 PMCID: PMC8686327 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17322.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Circulating S100 calcium-binding protein (S100β) is a marker of brain inflammation that has been associated with a range of neurological conditions. To provide insight into the molecular regulation of S100β and its potential causal associations with Alzheimer’s disease, we carried out genome- and epigenome-wide association studies (GWAS/EWAS) of serum S100β levels in older adults and performed Mendelian randomisation with Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: GWAS (N=769, mean age 72.5 years, sd = 0.7) and EWAS (N=722, mean age 72.5 years, sd = 0.7) of S100β levels were performed in participants from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Conditional and joint analysis (COJO) was used to identify independent loci. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analyses were performed for lead loci that had genome-wide significant associations with S100β. Bidirectional, two-sample Mendelian randomisation was used to test for causal associations between S100β and Alzheimer’s disease. Colocalisation between S100β and Alzheimer’s disease GWAS loci was also examined. Results: We identified 154 SNPs from chromosome 21 that associated (P<5x10-8) with S100β protein levels. The lead variant was located in the S100β gene (rs8128872, P=5.0x10-17). We found evidence that two independent causal variants existed for both transcription of S100β and S100β protein levels in our eQTL analyses. No CpG sites were associated with S100β levels at the epigenome-wide significant level (P<3.6x10-8); the lead probe was cg06833709 (P=5.8x10-6), which mapped to the LGI1 gene. There was no evidence of a causal association between S100β levels and Alzheimer’s disease or vice versa and no evidence for colocalisation between S100β and Alzheimer’s disease loci. Conclusions: These data provide insight into the molecular regulators of S100β levels. This context may aid in understanding the role of S100β in brain inflammation and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni A Gadd
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Robert I McGeachan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Robert F Hillary
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Daniel L McCartney
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Roy A Sherwood
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, Other (Non-U.S.), SE5 9RS, UK
| | - N Joan Abbott
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, Other (Non-U.S.), WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Simon R Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH4 2XU, UK
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11
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A Gadd D, I McGeachan R, F Hillary R, L McCartney D, E Harris S, A Sherwood R, Abbott NJ, R Cox S, E Marioni R. The genetic and epigenetic profile of serum S100β in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 and its relationship to Alzheimer's disease. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:306. [PMID: 35028426 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17322.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Circulating S100 calcium-binding protein (S100β) is a marker of brain inflammation that has been associated with a range of neurological conditions. To provide insight into the molecular regulation of S100β and its potential causal associations with Alzheimer's disease, we carried out genome- and epigenome-wide association studies (GWAS/EWAS) of serum S100β levels in older adults and performed Mendelian randomisation with Alzheimer's disease. Methods: GWAS (N=769, mean age 72.5 years, sd = 0.7) and EWAS (N=722, mean age 72.5 years, sd = 0.7) of S100β levels were performed in participants from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Conditional and joint analysis (COJO) was used to identify independent loci. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analyses were performed for lead loci that had genome-wide significant associations with S100β. Bidirectional, two-sample Mendelian randomisation was used to test for causal associations between S100β and Alzheimer's disease. Colocalisation between S100β and Alzheimer's disease GWAS loci was also examined. Results: We identified 154 SNPs from chromosome 21 that associated (P<5x10 -8) with S100β protein levels. The lead variant was located in the S100β gene (rs8128872, P=5.0x10 -17). We found evidence that two independent causal variants existed for both transcription of S100β and S100β protein levels in our eQTL analyses . No CpG sites were associated with S100β levels at the epigenome-wide significant level (P<3.6x10 -8); the lead probe was cg06833709 (P=5.8x10 -6), which mapped to the LGI1 gene. There was no evidence of a causal association between S100β levels and Alzheimer's disease or vice versa and no evidence for colocalisation between S100β and Alzheimer's disease loci. Conclusions: These data provide insight into the molecular regulators of S100β levels. This context may aid in understanding the role of S100β in brain inflammation and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni A Gadd
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Robert I McGeachan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Robert F Hillary
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Daniel L McCartney
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH8 9JZ, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Roy A Sherwood
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, Other (Non-U.S.), SE5 9RS, UK
| | - N Joan Abbott
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, Other (Non-U.S.), WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Simon R Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH8 9JZ, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Other (Non-U.S.), EH4 2XU, UK
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12
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Mikuła E. Recent Advancements in Electrochemical Biosensors for Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers Detection. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:4049-4073. [PMID: 33176635 PMCID: PMC8287894 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666201111141341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background It is estimated that the average time between the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the patient’s death is 5-9 years. Therefore, both the initial phase of the disease and the preclinical state can be included in the critical period in disease diagnosis. Accordingly, huge progress has recently been observed in biomarker research to identify risk factors for dementia in older people with normal cognitive functions and mild cognitive impairments. Methods Electrochemical biosensors are excellent analytical tools that are used in the detection of AD biomarkers as they are easy to use, portable, and can do analysis in real time. Results This review presents the analytical techniques currently used to determine AD biomarkers in terms of their advantages and disadvantages; the most important clinical biomarkers of AD and their role in the disease. All recently used biorecognition molecules in electrochemical biosensor development, i.e., receptor protein, antibodies, aptamers and nucleic acids, are summarized for the first time. Novel electrochemical biosensors for AD biomarker detection, as ideal analytical platforms for point-of-care diagnostics, are also reviewed. Conclusion The article focuses on various strategies of biosensor chemical surface modifications to immobilize biorecognition molecules, enabling specific, quantitative AD biomarker detection in synthetic and clinical samples. In addition, this is the first review that presents innovative single-platform systems for simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers and other important AD-associated biological species based on electrochemical techniques. The importance of these platforms in disease diagnosis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Mikuła
- Department of Biosensors, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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13
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Wang J, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Gao X, Liu Z, Hong G, Yao L, Yin J, Gu X, Li K. S100B gene polymorphisms are associated with the S100B level and Alzheimer's disease risk by altering the miRNA binding capacity. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:13954-13967. [PMID: 33982673 PMCID: PMC8202836 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To examine the role of S100B in genetic susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we conducted a case-control study to analyze four polymorphism loci (rs2839364, rs1051169, rs2300403, and rs9722) of the S100B gene and AD risk. We found an independent increased risk of AD in ApoE ε4(-) subjects carrying the rs9722 AA-genotype (OR = 2.622, 95% CI = 1.399–4.915, P = 0.003). Further investigation revealed the serum S100B levels to be lower in rs9722 GG carriers than in rs9722 AA carriers (P = 0.003). We identified three miRNAs (miR-340-3p, miR-593-3p, miR-6827-3p) in which the seed match region covered locus rs9722. Luciferase assays indicated that the rs9722 G allele has a higher binding affinity to miR-6827-3p than the rs9722 A allele, leading to a significantly decreased fluorescence intensity. Subsequent western blot analysis showed that the S100B protein level of SH-SY5Y cells, which carry the rs9722 G allele, decreased significantly following miR-6827-3p stimulation (P = 0.009). The present study suggests that the rs9722 polymorphism may upregulate the expression of S100B by altering the miRNA binding capacity and may thus increase the AD risk. This finding would be of great help for the early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Wang
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yulan Zhou
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yixia Yang
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhibin Liu
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanhao Hong
- Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Lifen Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingwen Yin
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xuefeng Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Keshen Li
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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14
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Clark I, Vissel B. Broader Insights into Understanding Tumor Necrosis Factor and Neurodegenerative Disease Pathogenesis Infer New Therapeutic Approaches. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:931-948. [PMID: 33459706 PMCID: PMC7990436 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), with its now appreciated key roles in neurophysiology as well as neuropathophysiology, are sufficiently well-documented to be useful tools for enquiry into the natural history of neurodegenerative diseases. We review the broader literature on TNF to rationalize why abruptly-acquired neurodegenerative states do not exhibit the remorseless clinical progression seen in those states with gradual onsets. We propose that the three typically non-worsening neurodegenerative syndromes, post-stroke, post-traumatic brain injury (TBI), and post cardiac arrest, usually become and remain static because of excess cerebral TNF induced by the initial dramatic peak keeping microglia chronically activated through an autocrine loop of microglial activation through excess cerebral TNF. The existence of this autocrine loop rationalizes post-damage repair with perispinal etanercept and proposes a treatment for cerebral aspects of COVID-19 chronicity. Another insufficiently considered aspect of cerebral proinflammatory cytokines is the fitness of the endogenous cerebral anti-TNF system provided by norepinephrine (NE), generated and distributed throughout the brain from the locus coeruleus (LC). We propose that an intact LC, and therefore an intact NE-mediated endogenous anti-cerebral TNF system, plus the DAMP (damage or danger-associated molecular pattern) input having diminished, is what allows post-stroke, post-TBI, and post cardiac arrest patients a strong long-term survival advantage over Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease sufferers. In contrast, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease patients remorselessly worsen, being handicapped by sustained, accumulating, DAMP and PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) input, as well as loss of the LC-origin, NE-mediated, endogenous anti-cerebral TNF system. Adrenergic receptor agonists may counter this.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.A. Clark
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - B. Vissel
- Centre for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Grotegut P, Perumal N, Kuehn S, Smit A, Dick HB, Grus FH, Joachim SC. Minocycline reduces inflammatory response and cell death in a S100B retina degeneration model. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:375. [PMID: 33317557 PMCID: PMC7737388 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies noted that intravitreal injection of S100B triggered a glaucoma-like degeneration of retina and optic nerve as well as microglia activation after 14 days. The precise role of microglia in our intravitreal S100B model is still unclear. Hence, microglia were inhibited through minocycline. The aim is to investigate whether microglia have a significant influence on the degeneration process or whether they are only a side effect in the model studied here. METHODS Minocycline was applied daily in rats by intraperitoneal injection using two different concentrations (13.5 mg/kg body weight, 25 mg/kg body weight). One day after treatment start, S100B or PBS was intravitreally injected in one eye per rat. The naïve groups received no injections. This resulted in a total of five groups (naïve n = 14, PBS n = 14, S100B n = 13, 13.5 mg/kg mino n = 15, 25 mg/kg mino n = 15). At day 14, electroretinogram measurements were performed, followed by immunofluorescence and label-free quantitative proteomics analysis. The focus of these investigations was on the survival of RGCs as well as their axons, the response of the microglia, and the identification of further pathological modes of action of S100B. RESULTS The best signal transmission was detected via ERG in the 13.5 mg/kg mino group. The inhibition of the microglia protected optic nerve neurofilaments and decreased the negative impact of S100B on RGCs. However, the minocycline treatment could not trigger complete protection of RGCs. Furthermore, in retina and optic nerve, the minocycline treatment reduced the number and activity of S100B-triggered microglia in a concentration-dependent manner. Proteomics analysis showed that S100B application led to numerous metabolic functions and cellular stress, mainly an increased inflammatory response, glycolysis, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which caused oxidative stress in the retina. Importantly, the protective capability of lower dose of minocycline was unraveled by suppressing the apoptotic, inflammatory, and the altered metabolic processes caused by S100B insult in the retina. CONCLUSION Intravitreally injected S100B not only led to a pro-inflammatory microglial reaction, but also a mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction. Also, these results suggest that an excessive microglial response may be a significant degenerative factor, but not the only trigger for increased cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Grotegut
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Natarajan Perumal
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sandra Kuehn
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Smit
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - H Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Franz H Grus
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany.
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16
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Christl J, Verhülsdonk S, Pessanha F, Menge T, Seitz RJ, Kujovic M, Höft B, Supprian T, Lange-Asschenfeldt C. Association of Cerebrospinal Fluid S100B Protein with Core Biomarkers and Cognitive Deficits in Prodromal and Mild Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:1119-1127. [PMID: 31683478 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased expression of the astroglial Ca2+-binding protein S100B has been observed in various neurodegenerative diseases and also seems to play a role in the unfolding of pathophysiological events at early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To examine the association of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of S100B with 1) established CSF core biomarkers total tau (tau), hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), and amyloid β1-42 (Aβ1-42) as well as neuron-specific enolase (NSE) CSF levels and 2) cognition in early AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD (MCI-AD). METHODS Retrospective study assessing 49 pooled charts of Memory Clinic and inpatients diagnosed with AD (N = 26) and MCI-AD (N = 23) according to the National Institute of Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Association (NIA-AA) criteria. Neuropsychological testing was performed with the Consortium to Establish a Registry for AD (CERAD)-Plus battery. RESULTS CSF levels of S100B correlated with NSE, but not the other CSF parameters. Stepwise multiple linear regression, adjusted for age, sex, and educational level, revealed that only increased CSF S100B was independently associated with lower CERAD-Plus total and Mini-Mental Status Examination scores together with poorer performance in wordlist learning (delayed recall and overall performance). We found no independent associations with other CSF biomarkers or cognitive domains. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that CSF S100B may have a diagnostic value particularly at early stages of AD reflecting the significance of neuroinflammatory/astroglial processes. Thus, CSF S100B may complement the established array of available AD biomarkers to improve early stage diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Christl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sandra Verhülsdonk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Francesca Pessanha
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Til Menge
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger J Seitz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Milenko Kujovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Barbara Höft
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tillmann Supprian
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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Feng YS, Tan ZX, Wu LY, Dong F, Zhang F. The involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 64:101192. [PMID: 33059089 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, and it is characterised by progressive deterioration in cognitive and memory abilities, which can severely influence the elderly population's daily living abilities. Although researchers have made great efforts in the field of AD, there are still no well-established strategies to prevent and treat this disease. Therefore, better clarification of the molecular mechanisms associated with the onset and progression of AD is critical to provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. Currently, it is generally believed that neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of AD. Inflammasome, a multiprotein complex, is involved in the innate immune system, and it can mediate inflammatory responses and pyroptosis, which lead to neurodegeneration. Among the various types of inflammasomes, the NLRP3 inflammasome is the most characterised in neurodegenerative diseases, especially in AD. The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome causes the generation of caspase-1-mediated interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 in microglia cells, where neuroinflammation is involved in the development and progression of AD. Thus, the NLRP3 inflammasome is likely to be a crucial therapeutic molecular target for AD via regulating neuroinflammation. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the role and regulatory mechanisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenic mechanisms of AD. We also focus on a series of potential therapeutic treatments targeting NLRP3 inflammasome for AD. Further clarification of the regulatory mechanisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome in AD may provide more useful clues to develop novel AD treatment strategies.
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18
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Bistaffa E, Tagliavini F, Matteini P, Moda F. Contributions of Molecular and Optical Techniques to the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E815. [PMID: 33153223 PMCID: PMC7692713 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. The distinctive neuropathological feature of AD is the intracerebral accumulation of two abnormally folded proteins: β-amyloid (Aβ) in the form of extracellular plaques, and tau in the form of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. These proteins are considered disease-specific biomarkers, and the definite diagnosis of AD relies on their post-mortem identification in the brain. The clinical diagnosis of AD is challenging, especially in the early stages. The disease is highly heterogeneous in terms of clinical presentation and neuropathological features. This phenotypic variability seems to be partially due to the presence of distinct Aβ conformers, referred to as strains. With the development of an innovative technique named Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC), traces of Aβ strains were found in the cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients. Emerging evidence suggests that different conformers may transmit their strain signature to the RT-QuIC reaction products. In this review, we describe the current challenges for the clinical diagnosis of AD and describe how the RT-QuIC products could be analyzed by a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based systems to reveal the presence of strain signatures, eventually leading to early diagnosis of AD with the recognition of individual disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Bistaffa
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Division of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Scientific Directorate, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Paolo Matteini
- IFAC-CNR, Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”, National Research Council, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Fabio Moda
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Division of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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19
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Woollacott IO, Nicholas JM, Heller C, Foiani MS, Moore KM, Russell LL, Paterson RW, Keshavan A, Schott JM, Warren JD, Heslegrave A, Zetterberg H, Rohrer JD. Cerebrospinal Fluid YKL-40 and Chitotriosidase Levels in Frontotemporal Dementia Vary by Clinical, Genetic and Pathological Subtype. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2020; 49:56-76. [PMID: 32344399 PMCID: PMC7513620 DOI: 10.1159/000506282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic glial dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenesis of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of glia-derived proteins YKL-40 and chitotriosidase are increased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) but have not been explored in detail across the spectrum of FTD. METHODS We investigated whether CSF YKL-40 and chitotriosidase levels differed between FTD patients and controls, across different clinical and genetic subtypes of FTD, and between individuals with a clinical FTD syndrome due to AD versus non-AD (frontotemporal lobar degeneration, FTLD) pathology (based on CSF neurodegenerative biomarkers). Eighteen healthy controls and 64 people with FTD (behavioural variant FTD, n = 20; primary progressive aphasia [PPA], n = 44: nfvPPA, n = 16, svPPA, n = 11, lvPPA, n = 14, PPA-NOS, n = 3) were included. 10/64 had familial FTD, with mutations in GRN(n = 3), MAPT(n = 4), or C9orf72 (n = 3). 15/64 had neurodegenerative biomarkers consistent with AD pathology. Levels were measured by immunoassay and compared using multiple linear regressions. We also examined relationships of YKL-40 and chitotriosidase with CSF total tau (T-tau), phosphorylated tau 181 (P-tau) and β-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ42), with each other, and with age and disease du-ration. RESULTS CSF YKL-40 and chitotriosidase levels were higher in FTD, particularly lvPPA (both) and nfvPPA (YKL-40), compared with controls. GRN mutation carriers had higher levels of both proteins than controls and C9orf72 expansion carriers, and YKL-40 was higher in MAPT mutation carriers than controls. Individuals with underlying AD pathology had higher YKL-40 and chitotriosidase levels than both controls and those with likely FTLD pathology. CSF YKL-40 and chitotriosidase levels were variably associated with levels of T-tau, P-tau and Aβ42, and with each other, depending on clinical syndrome and underlying pathology. CSF YKL-40 but not chitotriosidase was associated with age, but not disease duration. CONCLUSION CSF YKL-40 and chitotriosidase levels are increased in individuals with clinical FTD syndromes, particularly due to AD pathology. In a preliminary analysis of genetic groups, levels of both proteins are found to be highly elevated in FTD due to GRN mutations, while YKL-40 is increased in individuals with MAPT mutations. As glia-derived protein levels generally correlate with T-tau and P-tau levels, they may reflect the glial response to neurodegeneration in FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ione O.C. Woollacott
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer M. Nicholas
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolin Heller
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martha S. Foiani
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina M. Moore
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy L. Russell
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ross W. Paterson
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashvini Keshavan
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason D. Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jonathan D. Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom,*Dr. Jonathan D. Rohrer, Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG (UK),
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20
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Papuć E, Rejdak K. Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid S100B and NSE Reflect Neuronal and Glial Damage in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:156. [PMID: 32792937 PMCID: PMC7387568 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) mainly relies on clinical manifestation, but may be difficult to make in very early stages of the disease, especially in pre-motor PD. Thus, there is great interest in finding a biomarker for PD. Among diagnostic biomarkers, the most promising molecules are those which reflect the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease. Until now, only α-synuclein, a classical CSF Alzheimer’s disease biomarker, and neurofilament light (NFL) chains have turned out to be helpful in differential diagnosis between PD and healthy control subjects. Aim: To assess whether CSF molecules related to some pathological processes present in PD might be of interest in the diagnosis of PD and whether they correlate with disease severity. Methods: CSF levels of S100B and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were measured in 58 PD patients and in 28 healthy control subjects. Correlations were determined between the levels of these CSF molecules and measures of disease severity (Hoehn–Yahr scale and UPDRS part III), as well as disease duration and levodopa dose. Results: CSF S100B and CSF NSE were both significantly increased in PD subjects vs. healthy controls (p = 0.007 and p = 0.00035, respectively). CSF S100B was significantly positively correlated with measures of disease severity (H-Y score and UPDRS part III), as well as disease duration (p < 0.05). No correlation was found between CSF NSE levels and disease severity or disease duration (p > 0.05). CSF S100B levels alone provided a relatively high discrimination (AUC 0.77) between PD and healthy controls, with 60.7% sensitivity and 88.5% specificity (p < 0.001) at a cut-off value of 123.22 pg/ml. Similarly, CSF NSE levels alone provided a relatively high discrimination (AUC 0.775) between PD and healthy controls, with 78.6% sensitivity and 74.1% specificity at a cut-off value of 51.56 ng/ml (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results show that both CSF S100B and CSF NSE seem to be promising markers of the axonal and glial degeneration present in PD. Additionally CSF S100B may be a promising marker of PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Papuć
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Konrad Rejdak
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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21
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Santaella A, Kuiperij HB, van Rumund A, Esselink RAJ, Bloem BR, Verbeek MM. Cerebrospinal fluid myelin basic protein is elevated in multiple system atrophy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 76:80-84. [PMID: 32576494 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) have overlapping symptoms, challenging an early diagnosis. Diagnostic accuracy is important because PD and MSA have a different prognosis and response to treatment. Here, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of brain-specific structural proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of PD and MSA patients, as well as their association with cognitive decline. METHODS CSF samples were collected from patients with clear signs of parkinsonism, but with uncertain diagnosis at the time of inclusion. Clinical diagnoses of PD (n = 55) and MSA (n = 22) were established after 3 and 10 years of follow-up and re-evaluated after 12 years, according to the most updated clinical criteria. CSF from controls (n = 118) was studied for comparison. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) and myelin basic protein (MBP) levels in CSF were measured using ELISA. Protein levels were also correlated with cognitive decline, i.e. worsening of the mini mental state examination (MMSE) over a period of three years. RESULTS MBP concentrations were increased in MSA compared to PD and controls (p < 0.005) and could differentiate MSA and PD with high accuracy (AUC = 0.781; p < 0.001). Concentrations of MPB, GFAP and S100B, but not NSE, were significantly elevated in PD patients compared to controls (p = 0.05). None of the brain-specific structural proteins correlated with MMSE progression. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that MBP differentiates PD from MSA at early stages of the disease, indicating that demyelination and axonal damage may already occur in early stages of MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santaella
- Departments of Neurology, the Netherlands; Laboratory Medicine, Radboud university Medical Center and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, the Netherlands; Center of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - H Bea Kuiperij
- Departments of Neurology, the Netherlands; Laboratory Medicine, Radboud university Medical Center and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rianne A J Esselink
- Departments of Neurology, the Netherlands; Center of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Departments of Neurology, the Netherlands; Center of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Departments of Neurology, the Netherlands; Laboratory Medicine, Radboud university Medical Center and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, the Netherlands; Center of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Gmitterová K, Gawinecka J, Llorens F, Varges D, Valkovič P, Zerr I. Cerebrospinal fluid markers analysis in the differential diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 270:461-470. [PMID: 30083957 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) share a couple of clinical similarities that is often a source of diagnostic pitfalls. We evaluated the discriminatory potential of brain-derived CSF markers [tau, p-tau (181P), Aβ1-42, NSE and S100B] across the spectrum of Lewy body disorders and assessed whether particular markers are associated with cognitive status in investigated patients. The tau CSF level, amyloid β1-42 and p-tau/tau ratio were helpful in the distinction between DLB and PDD (p = 0.04, p = 0.002 and p = 0.02, respectively) as well as from PD patients (p < 0.001, p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). Furthermore, the p-tau/tau ratio enabled the differentiation of DLB with mild dementia from PDD patients (p = 0.02). The CSF tau and p-tau levels in DLB and CSF tau and p-tau/tau ratio in PDD patients reflected the severity of dementia. Rapid disease course was associated with the decrease of Aβ1-42 in DLB but not in PDD. Elevation of S100B in DLB (p < 0.0001) as well as in PDD patients (p = 0.002) in comparison to controls was estimated. Hence, with the appropriate clinical context; the CSF marker profile could be helpful in distinguishing DLB from PDD patients even in early stages of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Gmitterová
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, National TSE Reference Centre, University Medical School, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Second Department of Neurology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Joanna Gawinecka
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, National TSE Reference Centre, University Medical School, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franc Llorens
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, National TSE Reference Centre, University Medical School, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Varges
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, National TSE Reference Centre, University Medical School, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Valkovič
- Second Department of Neurology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE, National TSE Reference Centre, University Medical School, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
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Kubis-Kubiak A, Dyba A, Piwowar A. The Interplay between Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease-In the Hunt for Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082744. [PMID: 32326589 PMCID: PMC7215807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is an organ in which energy metabolism occurs most intensively and glucose is an essential and dominant energy substrate. There have been many studies in recent years suggesting a close relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as they have many pathophysiological features in common. The condition of hyperglycemia exposes brain cells to the detrimental effects of glucose, increasing protein glycation and is the cause of different non-psychiatric complications. Numerous observational studies show that not only hyperglycemia but also blood glucose levels near lower fasting limits (72 to 99 mg/dL) increase the incidence of AD, regardless of whether T2DM will develop in the future. As the comorbidity of these diseases and earlier development of AD in T2DM sufferers exist, new AD biomarkers are being sought for etiopathogenetic changes associated with early neurodegenerative processes as a result of carbohydrate disorders. The S100B protein seem to be interesting in this respect as it may be a potential candidate, especially important in early diagnostics of these diseases, given that it plays a role in both carbohydrate metabolism disorders and neurodegenerative processes. It is therefore necessary to clarify the relationship between the concentration of the S100B protein and glucose and insulin levels. This paper draws attention to a valuable research objective that may in the future contribute to a better diagnosis of early neurodegenerative changes, in particular in subjects with T2DM and may be a good basis for planning experiments related to this issue as well as a more detailed explanation of the relationship between the neuropathological disturbances and changes of glucose and insulin concentrations in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Kubis-Kubiak
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50367 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksandra Dyba
- Students Science Club of the Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Piwowar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50367 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Regional brain volumetric changes despite 2 years of treatment initiated during acute HIV infection. AIDS 2020; 34:415-426. [PMID: 31725432 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess changes in regional brain volumes after 24 months among individuals who initiated combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) within weeks of HIV exposure. DESIGN Prospective cohort study of Thai participants in the earliest stages of HIV-1infection. METHODS Thirty-four acutely HIV-infected individuals (AHI; Fiebig I-V) underwent brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR spectroscopy at 1.5 T and immediately initiated cART. Imaging was repeated at 24 months. Regional brain volumes were quantified using FreeSurfer's longitudinal pipeline. Voxel-wise analyses using tensor-based morphometry (TBM) were conducted to verify regional assessments. Baseline brain metabolite levels, blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers assessed by ELISA, and peripheral blood monocyte phenotypes measured by flow cytometry were examined as predictors of significant volumetric change. RESULTS Participants were 31 ± 8 years old. The estimated mean duration of infection at cART initiation was 15 days. Longitudinal analyses revealed reductions in volumes of putamen (P < 0.001) and caudate (P = 0.006). TBM confirmed significant atrophy in the putamen and caudate, and also in thalamic and hippocampal regions. In exploratory post-hoc analyses, higher baseline frequency of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1)-expressing total monocytes correlated with greater caudate volumetric decrease (ρ = 0.67, P = 0.017), whereas the baseline density of PSGL-1-expressing inflammatory (CD14CD16) monocytes correlated with putamen atrophy (ρ = 0.65, P = 0.022). CONCLUSION Suppressive cART initiated during AHI may not prevent brain atrophy. Volumetric decrease appears greater than expected age-related decline, although examination of longitudinal change in demographically similar HIV-uninfected Thai individuals is needed. Mechanisms underlying progressive HIV-related atrophy may include early activation and enhanced adhesive and migratory capacity of circulating monocyte populations.
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Fong TG, Vasunilashorn SM, Libermann T, Marcantonio ER, Inouye SK. Delirium and Alzheimer disease: A proposed model for shared pathophysiology. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 34:781-789. [PMID: 30773695 PMCID: PMC6830540 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara G. Fong
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA,Aging Brain Center, Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Towia Libermann
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, BIDMC, Boston, MA.,BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Boston, MA
| | - Edward R. Marcantonio
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Sharon K. Inouye
- Aging Brain Center, Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
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Cristóvão JS, Gomes CM. S100 Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:463. [PMID: 31156365 PMCID: PMC6532343 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
S100 proteins are calcium-binding proteins that regulate several processes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) but whose contribution and direct involvement in disease pathophysiology remains to be fully established. Due to neuroinflammation in AD patients, the levels of several S100 proteins are increased in the brain and some S100s play roles related to the processing of the amyloid precursor protein, regulation of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) levels and Tau phosphorylation. S100 proteins are found associated with protein inclusions, either within plaques or as isolated S100-positive puncta, which suggests an active role in the formation of amyloid aggregates. Indeed, interactions between S100 proteins and aggregating Aβ indicate regulatory roles over the aggregation process, which may either delay or aggravate aggregation, depending on disease stage and relative S100 and Aβ levels. Additionally, S100s are also known to influence AD-related signaling pathways and levels of other cytokines. Recent evidence also suggests that metal-ligation by S100 proteins influences trace metal homeostasis in the brain, particularly of zinc, which is also a major deregulated process in AD. Altogether, this evidence strongly suggests a role of S100 proteins as key players in several AD-linked physiopathological processes, which we discuss in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana S. Cristóvão
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudio M. Gomes
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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AGE-RAGE stress: a changing landscape in pathology and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 459:95-112. [PMID: 31079281 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous hypotheses including amyloid cascade, cholinergic, and oxidative have been proposed for pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The data suggest that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and its receptor RAGE (receptor for AGE) are involved in the pathogenesis of AD. AGE-RAGE stress, defined as a balance between stressors (AGE, RAGE) and anti-stressors (sRAGE, AGE degraders) in favor of stressors, has been implicated in pathogenesis of diseases. AGE and its interaction with RAGE-mediated increase in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage brain because of its increased vulnerability to ROS. AGE and ROS increase the synthesis of amyloid β (Aβ) leading to deposition of Aβ and phosphorylation of tau, culminating in formation of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. ROS increase the synthesis of Aβ, high-mobility group box 1(HMGB1), and S100 that interacts with RAGE to produce additional ROS resulting in enhancement of AD pathology. Elevation of ROS precedes the Aβ plaques formation. Because of involvement of AGE and RAGE in AD pathology, the treatment should be targeted at lowering AGE levels through reduction in consumption and formation of AGE, and lowering expression of RAGE, blocking of RAGE ligand binding, increasing levels of soluble RAGE (sRAGE), and use of antioxidants. The above treatment aspect of AD is lacking. In conclusion, AGE-RAGE stress initiates, and Aβ, HMGB1, and S100 enhance the progression of AD. Reduction of levels of AGE and RAGE, elevation of sRAGE, and antioxidants would be beneficial therapeutic modalities in the prevention, regression, and slowing of progression of AD.
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Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein most abundant in neuronal tissue. It is expressed in glial cells and Schwann cells and exerts both intra- and extracellular effects. Depending on the concentration, secreted S100B exerts either trophic or toxic effects. Its functions have been extensively studied but are still not fully understood. It can be measured in cerebrospinal fluid and in blood, and increased S100B level in blood can be seen after, e.g., traumatic brain injury, certain neurodegenerative disorders, and malignant melanoma. This chapter provides a short background of protein S100B, commercially available methods of analysis, and its clinical use, especially as a biomarker in minor head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Astrand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Johan Undén
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Länssjukhuset Halland, Halmstad, Sweden
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Grandpierre RG, Bobbia X, de La Coussaye JE, Claret PG. Intérêt clinique des concentrations sériques de la protéine S100β dans l’évaluation des patients traumatisés crâniens. ANNALES FRANCAISES DE MEDECINE D URGENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3166/afmu-2018-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Les recommandations de la Société française de médecine d’urgence concernant la prise en charge des patients traumatisés crâniens légers ont été éditées en 2012, complétées par des recommandations sur la bonne utilisation du biomarqueur S100β deux ans plus tard. Grâce à son excellente valeur prédictive négative, la protéine S100β utilisée à travers des règles strictes de prescription a été définie comme une alternative solide à la tomodensitométrie. Cependant, plusieurs questions restent en suspens concernant le délai maximum de réalisation du prélèvement par rapport à l’heure du traumatisme, l’impact médicoéconomique, les variations en rapport avec l’âge du patient, l’impact des agents anticoagulants ou antiagrégants plaquettaires et l’utilité du dosage sérique de cette protéine dans d’autres cadres nosologiques.
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Chen M, Lee HK, Moo L, Hanlon E, Stein T, Xia W. Common proteomic profiles of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional neurons and brain tissue from Alzheimer patients. J Proteomics 2018; 182:21-33. [PMID: 29709615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We established a unique platform for proteomic analysis of cultured three-dimensional (3D) neurons and brain tissue from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. We collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), converted PBMC to induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines, and differentiated the iPSC into human 3D neuro-spheroids. The postmortem brain tissue from the superior frontal cortex, inferior frontal cortex and cerebellum area of the AD patients was compared to the same regions from the control subjects. Proteomic analysis of 3D neuro-spheroids derived from AD subjects revealed the alteration of a number of proteins involved in axon growth, mitochondrial function, and antioxidant defense. Similar analysis of post-mortem AD brain tissue revealed significant alteration in proteins involved in oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, along with proteins related to axonal injury. These results clearly indicate that the dysfunction of 3D neurons from AD patients in our in vitro environment is comparable to the post-mortem AD brain tissue in vivo. In conclusion, our study revealed a number of candidate proteins that have important implications in AD pathogenesis and supports the notion that the iPSC-derived 3D neuronal system functions as a model to examine novel aspects of AD pathology. SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we present a unique platform for proteomic analysis of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived three dimensional (3D) neurons and compare the results to those from three regions of post-mortem brain tissue from Alzheimer's disease patients and normal control subjects. Our results show that the dysfunction of 3D neurons from AD patients in our in vitro environment is comparable to the post-mortem AD brain tissue in vivo. Our results revealed several candidate proteins that have important implications in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Han-Kyu Lee
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States
| | - Lauren Moo
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States
| | - Eugene Hanlon
- Office of Research and Development, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States
| | - Thor Stein
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States; Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Weiming Xia
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
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Blood biomarkers are associated with brain function and blood flow following sport concussion. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 319:1-8. [PMID: 29685283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary injury pathophysiology after sport-related concussion (SRC) is poorly understood. Blood biomarkers may be a useful tool for characterizing these processes, yet there are limitations in their application as a single modality. Combining blood biomarker analysis with advanced neuroimaging may help validate their continued utility in brain injury research by elucidating important secondary injury mechanisms. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate co-modulation between peripheral blood biomarkers and advanced functional brain imaging after SRC. METHODS Forty-three university level athletes from 7 sports were recruited (16 recently concussed athletes; 15 healthy athletes with no prior history of concussion; 12 healthy athletes with a history of concussion). Seven blood biomarkers were evaluated: s100B, total tau (T-tau), von Willebrand factor (vWF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), peroxiredoxin (PRDX)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and -4. Resting-state functional MRI was employed to assess global neural connectivity (Gconn), and arterial spin labelling was used to evaluate cerebral blood flow (CBF). We tested for concurrent alterations in blood biomarkers and MRI measures of brain function between athlete groups using a non-parametric, bootstrapped resampling framework. RESULTS Compared to healthy athletes, recently concussed athletes showed greater concurrent alterations in several peripheral blood biomarker and MRI measures: a decrease in T-Tau and Gconn, a decrease in T-Tau and CBF, a decrease in Gconn with elevated PRDX-6, a decrease in CBF with elevated PRDX-6, and a decrease in Gconn with elevated MCP-4. In addition, compared to healthy athletes with no concussion history, healthy athletes with a history of concussion displayed greater concurrent alterations in blood biomarkers and Gconn; lower GConn covaried with higher blood levels of s100B and MCP-4. CONCLUSION We identified robust relationships between peripheral blood biomarkers and MRI measures in both recently concussed athletes and healthy athletes with a history of concussion. The results from this combinatorial approach further support that human concussion is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular damage, and that physiological perturbations may extend chronically beyond recovery. Finally, our results support the continued implementation of blood biomarkers as a tool to investigate brain injury, particularly in a multimodal framework.
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Khan MI, Su YK, Zou J, Yang LW, Chou RH, Yu C. S100B as an antagonist to block the interaction between S100A1 and the RAGE V domain. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190545. [PMID: 29444082 PMCID: PMC5812564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-binding human S100A1 protein is a type of S100 protein. S100A1 is a significant mediator during inflammation when Ca2+ binds to its EF-hand motifs. Receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) correspond to 5 domains: the cytoplasmic, transmembrane, C2, C1, and V domains. The V domain of RAGE is one of the most important target proteins for S100A1. It binds to the hydrophobic surface and triggers signaling transduction cascades that induce cell growth, cell proliferation, and tumorigenesis. We used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to characterize the interaction between S100A1 and the RAGE V domain. We found that S100B could interact with S100A1 via NMR 1H-15N HSQC titrations. We used the HADDOCK program to generate the following two binary complexes based on the NMR titration results: S100A1-RAGE V domain and S100A1-S100B. After overlapping these two complex structures, we found that S100B plays a crucial role in blocking the interaction site between RAGE V domain and S100A1. A cell proliferation assay WST-1 also supported our results. This report could potentially be useful for new protein development for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Imran Khan
- National Tsing Hua University, Chemistry Department, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Su
- National Tsing Hua University, Chemistry Department, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jinhao Zou
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Wei Yang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hwang Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin Yu
- National Tsing Hua University, Chemistry Department, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Momtaz S, Hassani S, Khan F, Ziaee M, Abdollahi M. Cinnamon, a promising prospect towards Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Res 2017; 130:241-258. [PMID: 29258915 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, an exponential increase of efforts concerning the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been practiced. Phytochemicals preparations have a millenary background to combat various pathological conditions. Various cinnamon species and their biologically active ingredients have renewed the interest towards the treatment of patients with mild-to-moderate AD through the inhibition of tau protein aggregation and prevention of the formation and accumulation of amyloid-β peptides into the neurotoxic oligomeric inclusions, both of which are considered to be the AD trademarks. In this review, we presented comprehensive data on the interactions of a number of cinnamon polyphenols (PPs) with oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in the brain. In addition, we discussed the potential association between AD and diabetes mellitus (DM), vis-à-vis the effluence of cinnamon PPs. Further, an upcoming prospect of AD epigenetic pathophysiological conditions and cinnamon has been sighted. Data was retrieved from the scientific databases such as PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine, Scopus and Google Scholar without any time limitation. The extract of cinnamon efficiently inhibits tau accumulations, Aβ aggregation and toxicity in vivo and in vitro models. Indeed, cinnamon possesses neuroprotective effects interfering multiple oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory pathways. Besides, cinnamon modulates endothelial functions and attenuates the vascular cell adhesion molecules. Cinnamon PPs may induce AD epigenetic modifications. Cinnamon and in particular, cinnamaldehyde seem to be effective and safe approaches for treatment and prevention of AD onset and/or progression. However, further molecular and translational research studies as well as prolonged clinical trials are required to establish the therapeutic safety and efficacy in different cinnamon spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran; Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Hassani
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazlullah Khan
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran Iran
| | - Mojtaba Ziaee
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran Iran.
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Llorens F, Thüne K, Tahir W, Kanata E, Diaz-Lucena D, Xanthopoulos K, Kovatsi E, Pleschka C, Garcia-Esparcia P, Schmitz M, Ozbay D, Correia S, Correia Â, Milosevic I, Andréoletti O, Fernández-Borges N, Vorberg IM, Glatzel M, Sklaviadis T, Torres JM, Krasemann S, Sánchez-Valle R, Ferrer I, Zerr I. YKL-40 in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of neurodegenerative dementias. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:83. [PMID: 29126445 PMCID: PMC5681777 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND YKL-40 (also known as Chitinase 3-like 1) is a glycoprotein produced by inflammatory, cancer and stem cells. Its physiological role is not completely understood but YKL-40 is elevated in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in several neurological and neurodegenerative diseases associated with inflammatory processes. Yet the precise characterization of YKL-40 in dementia cases is missing. METHODS In the present study, we comparatively analysed YKL-40 levels in the brain and CSF samples from neurodegenerative dementias of different aetiologies characterized by the presence of cortical pathology and disease-specific neuroinflammatory signatures. RESULTS YKL-40 was normally expressed in fibrillar astrocytes in the white matter. Additionally YKL-40 was highly and widely expressed in reactive protoplasmic cortical and perivascular astrocytes, and fibrillar astrocytes in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). Elevated YKL-40 levels were also detected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) but not in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). In AD, YKL-40-positive astrocytes were commonly found in clusters, often around β-amyloid plaques, and surrounding vessels with β-amyloid angiopathy; they were also distributed randomly in the cerebral cortex and white matter. YKL-40 overexpression appeared as a pre-clinical event as demonstrated in experimental models of prion diseases and AD pathology. CSF YKL-40 levels were measured in a cohort of 288 individuals, including neurological controls (NC) and patients diagnosed with different types of dementia. Compared to NC, increased YKL-40 levels were detected in sCJD (p < 0.001, AUC = 0.92) and AD (p < 0.001, AUC = 0.77) but not in vascular dementia (VaD) (p > 0.05, AUC = 0.71) or in DLB/Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) (p > 0.05, AUC = 0.70). Further, two independent patient cohorts were used to validate the increased CSF YKL-40 levels in sCJD. Additionally, increased YKL-40 levels were found in genetic prion diseases associated with the PRNP-D178N (Fatal Familial Insomnia) and PRNP-E200K mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our results unequivocally demonstrate that in neurodegenerative dementias, YKL-40 is a disease-specific marker of neuroinflammation showing its highest levels in prion diseases. Therefore, YKL-40 quantification might have a potential for application in the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in dementias with a neuroinflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franc Llorens
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Thüne
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Waqas Tahir
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eirini Kanata
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Daniela Diaz-Lucena
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Konstantinos Xanthopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Present address: Unit of Lymphoid Malignancies, Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleni Kovatsi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Paula Garcia-Esparcia
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Duru Ozbay
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susana Correia
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ângela Correia
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Olivier Andréoletti
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Ina M. Vorberg
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Theodoros Sklaviadis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Juan Maria Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
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Hov KR, Bolstad N, Idland AV, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Chaudhry FA, Frihagen F, Ræder J, Wyller TB, Watne LO. Cerebrospinal Fluid S100B and Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers in Hip Fracture Patients with Delirium. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2017; 7:374-385. [PMID: 29282410 PMCID: PMC5731172 DOI: 10.1159/000481853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) S100B astrocyte-derived protein and delirium and to perform stratified analyses according to clinical and CSF markers of dementia. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study in a university hospital setting. The participants were patients admitted for hip fracture (n = 98) or for elective surgery (n = 50). Delirium was assessed daily perioperatively in hip fracture patients using the Confusion Assessment Method. A consensus-based diagnosis of prefracture dementia was made using all available information. CSF was drawn at the onset of spinal anesthesia. S100B and phosphorylated tau (P-tau) concentrations were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. Results In the hip fracture population (n = 98) there was no significant difference in CSF S100B concentrations between patients with ongoing preoperative (i.e., prevalent) delirium (n = 36, median [interquartile range] 1.11 μg/L [0.91–1.29]) and patients who never developed delirium (n = 46, 1.08 μg/L [0.92–1.28], p = 0.92). In patients without preoperative delirium, those who developed delirium postoperatively (i.e., incident delirium) (n = 16, 1.38 μg/L [1.08–1.62]) had higher concentrations of S100B than the 46 who never did (p = 0.013). This difference was confined to patients with pathological concentrations of P-tau (≥60 ng/L, n = 38). We also found that P-tau and S100B were correlated in CSF in the elective surgery patients. Conclusions CSF S100B was elevated in patients with incident delirium who also had pathological levels of the Alzheimer disease biomarker P-tau, suggesting vulnerability caused by a preexisting process of astrocytic activation and tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Roksund Hov
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Bolstad
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane-Victoria Idland
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Farrukh A Chaudhry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frede Frihagen
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Ræder
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Anesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torgeir Bruun Wyller
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leiv Otto Watne
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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D'Cunha NM, McKune AJ, Panagiotakos DB, Georgousopoulou EN, Thomas J, Mellor DD, Naumovski N. Evaluation of dietary and lifestyle changes as modifiers of S100β levels in Alzheimer's disease. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:1-18. [PMID: 28696163 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1349032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant body of research undertaken in order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as to discover early detection biomarkers and potential therapeutic strategies. One such proposed biomarker is the calcium binding protein S100β, which, depending on its local concentration, is known to exhibit both neurotrophic and neuroinflammatory properties in the central nervous system. At present, relatively little is known regarding the effect of chronic S100β disruption in AD. Dietary intake has been identified as a modifiable risk factor for AD. Preliminary in vitro and animal studies have demonstrated an association between S100β expression and dietary intake which links to AD pathophysiology. This review describes the association of S100β to fatty acids, ketone bodies, insulin, and botanicals as well as the potential impact of physical activity as a lifestyle factor. We also discuss the prospective implications of these findings, including support of the use of a Mediterranean dietary pattern and/or the ketogenic diet as an approach to modify AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M D'Cunha
- a University of Canberra Health Research Institute (UCHRI) , University of Canberra , Locked Bag 1, Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Andrew J McKune
- b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,c University of Canberra, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,d Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban 4041 , South Africa
| | - Demosthenes B Panagiotakos
- e Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, School of Health and Education , Harokopio University , Athens 176 71 , Greece
| | - Ekavi N Georgousopoulou
- b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,e Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, School of Health and Education , Harokopio University , Athens 176 71 , Greece
| | - Jackson Thomas
- a University of Canberra Health Research Institute (UCHRI) , University of Canberra , Locked Bag 1, Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Duane D Mellor
- a University of Canberra Health Research Institute (UCHRI) , University of Canberra , Locked Bag 1, Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- a University of Canberra Health Research Institute (UCHRI) , University of Canberra , Locked Bag 1, Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia.,b Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers Group (CRIBB) , University of Canberra , Bruce , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia
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37
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Wallin A, Kapaki E, Boban M, Engelborghs S, Hermann DM, Huisa B, Jonsson M, Kramberger MG, Lossi L, Malojcic B, Mehrabian S, Merighi A, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Paraskevas GP, Popescu BO, Ravid R, Traykov L, Tsivgoulis G, Weinstein G, Korczyn A, Bjerke M, Rosenberg G. Biochemical markers in vascular cognitive impairment associated with subcortical small vessel disease - A consensus report. BMC Neurol 2017; 17:102. [PMID: 28535786 PMCID: PMC5442599 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-017-0877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is a heterogeneous entity with multiple aetiologies, all linked to underlying vascular disease. Among these, VCI related to subcortical small vessel disease (SSVD) is emerging as a major homogeneous subtype. Its progressive course raises the need for biomarker identification and/or development for adequate therapeutic interventions to be tested. In order to shed light in the current status on biochemical markers for VCI-SSVD, experts in field reviewed the recent evidence and literature data. Method The group conducted a comprehensive search on Medline, PubMed and Embase databases for studies published until 15.01.2017. The proposal on current status of biochemical markers in VCI-SSVD was reviewed by all co-authors and the draft was repeatedly circulated and discussed before it was finalized. Results This review identifies a large number of biochemical markers derived from CSF and blood. There is a considerable overlap of VCI-SSVD clinical symptoms with those of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although most of the published studies are small and their findings remain to be replicated in larger cohorts, several biomarkers have shown promise in separating VCI-SSVD from AD. These promising biomarkers are closely linked to underlying SSVD pathophysiology, namely disruption of blood-CSF and blood–brain barriers (BCB-BBB) and breakdown of white matter myelinated fibres and extracellular matrix, as well as blood and brain inflammation. The leading biomarker candidates are: elevated CSF/blood albumin ratio, which reflects BCB/BBB disruption; altered CSF matrix metalloproteinases, reflecting extracellular matrix breakdown; CSF neurofilment as a marker of axonal damage, and possibly blood inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules. The suggested SSVD biomarker deviations contrasts the characteristic CSF profile in AD, i.e. depletion of amyloid beta peptide and increased phosphorylated and total tau. Conclusions Combining SSVD and AD biomarkers may provide a powerful tool to identify with greater precision appropriate patients for clinical trials of more homogeneous dementia populations. Thereby, biomarkers might promote therapeutic progress not only in VCI-SSVD, but also in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wallin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden. .,Memory Clinic at Department of Neuropsychiatry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Wallinsgatan 6, SE-431 41, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - E Kapaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M Boban
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - S Engelborghs
- Memory Clinic and Department of Neurology, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and HogeBeuken, Antwerp, Belgium.,Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - D M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - B Huisa
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - M Jonsson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - M G Kramberger
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - L Lossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - B Malojcic
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - S Mehrabian
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - A Merighi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - E B Mukaetova-Ladinska
- Institute of Neuroscience, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - G P Paraskevas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - B O Popescu
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - R Ravid
- Brain Bank Consultants, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Traykov
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - G Tsivgoulis
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Weinstein
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Korczyn
- Department of Neurology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Bjerke
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - G Rosenberg
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
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Dá Mesquita S, Ferreira AC, Sousa JC, Correia-Neves M, Sousa N, Marques F. Insights on the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease: The crosstalk between amyloid pathology, neuroinflammation and the peripheral immune system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:547-562. [PMID: 27328788 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, whose prevalence is growing along with the increased life expectancy. Although the accumulation and deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in the brain is viewed as one of the pathological hallmarks of AD and underlies, at least in part, brain cell dysfunction and behavior alterations, the etiology of this neurodegenerative disease is still poorly understood. Noticeably, increased amyloid load is accompanied by marked inflammatory alterations, both at the level of the brain parenchyma and at the barriers of the brain. However, it is debatable whether the neuroinflammation observed in aging and in AD, together with alterations in the peripheral immune system, are responsible for increased amyloidogenesis, decreased clearance of Aβ out of the brain and/or the marked deficits in memory and cognition manifested by AD patients. Herein, we scrutinize some important traits of the pathophysiology of aging and AD, focusing on the interplay between the amyloidogenic pathway, neuroinflammation and the peripheral immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Dá Mesquita
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimaraes, Portugal.
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Early CSF and Serum S100B Concentrations for Outcome Prediction in Traumatic Brain Injury and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2016; 145:79-83. [PMID: 27101088 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES S100B has been proposed as a putative biochemical marker in determining the extent of brain injury and corresponding prognosis in neurotrauma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of S100B early concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), to determine prognostically relevant threshold values and to evaluate fluctuation following EVD placement. PATIENTS AND METHODS In 102 patients (45 SAH and 57 TBI) under intensive care unit (ICU) treated between January 2011 and December 2012 with external ventricular drain (EVD) S100B measurements were performed simultaneously in serum and CSF during the first 5 days and before and after EVD exchange. Glasgow coma scale (GCS) was assessed on admission and Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) 6 months later. RESULTS Peak S100B levels in CSF and serum were measured on the first day after admission and concentrations decreased during the ensuing days post injury gradually. CSF and serum S100B concentrations in TBI patients were significantly higher than in SAH (p<0.005). Both in TBI and SAH patients S100B concentrations in CSF and serum were significantly higher in patients with an unfavorable outcome (GOS 1-3) in comparison to patients with a good outcome (GOS 4-5). Correlation of S100B concentrations in serum and GOS score at 6 months was significant both in TBI and SAH (p<0.05). Serum S100B concentrations >0.7μg/l correlated with 100% mortality. Correlation between S100B in CSF and GOS was significant in SAH (p<0.05), whereas it was not significant in TBI. After EVD exchange (n=53) we found a significant increase of S100B concentration in CSF (p<0.005). CONCLUSION Initial S100B levels have a limited prognostic value in neurotrauma with CSF concentrations being highly sensitive to smallest influences like EVD placement. However, high initial S100B levels of >0.7μg/dl in serum are associated with 100% mortality, which might help to guide therapy strategies in severe neurotrauma.
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40
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Linsenmaier U, Wirth S, Kanz KG, Geyer LL. Imaging minor head injury (MHI) in emergency radiology: MRI highlights additional intracranial findings after measurement of trauma biomarker S-100B in patients with normal CCT. Br J Radiol 2015; 89:20150827. [PMID: 26607648 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20150827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether MRI in emergency radiology can detect (a) additional trauma-related findings after minor head injury (MHI) or (b) structural, non-trauma-related intracranial lesions when trauma biomarker S-100B concentration is raised, or clinical symptoms are unexplained, or both. METHODS 41 patients with MHI were included. Concentrations of S-100B in serum were measured and categorized using an established cut-off at 0.1 μg l(-1). Intracerebral trauma-related as well as non-trauma-related chronic structural findings (atrophy, microangiopathy and chronic parenchymal defects) were assessed by cranial CT (CCT) and MRI by two independent radiologists (UL and LLG). All CCT and MRI results were compared with biomarker S-100B. RESULTS Compared with CCT, MRI detected 10 additional lesions. 5 patients had abnormal MRI with a total of 15 trauma-related lesions and showed elevated S-100B concentrations. Although sensitivity of S-100B was 100%, specificity was only 25%. Patients with structural brain lesions showed significantly higher S-100B serum levels (0.50 and 0.14 μg l(-1), p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Biomarker S-100B has proven its high negative-predictive value to rule out intracranial bleeding in patients after MHI even if MRI is used as imaging modality. Regarding the low specificity of S-100B, structural lesions of the brain parenchyma not related to the acute trauma may be associated with increased serum concentrations of protein S-100B. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Biomarker S-100B has a high negative-predictive value to rule out intracranial bleeding after MHI. Biomarker S-100B's low specificity may be associated with non-traumatic brain parenchyma lesions. MRI is superior to CCT in detecting subtle findings in neuroimaging after MHI. Biomarker S-100B can potentially reduce the large number of normal CCT studies after MHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Linsenmaier
- 1 Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, HELIOS Kliniken München WEST & München Perlach & Klinikum Augustinum München, Munich, Germany.,2 ESER, European Society of Emergency Radiology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Wirth
- 3 Department of Clinical Radiology, LMU University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Georg Kanz
- 4 Department of Trauma Surgery, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas L Geyer
- 3 Department of Clinical Radiology, LMU University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Carvalho DZ, Schönwald SV, Schumacher-Schuh AF, Braga CW, Souza DO, Oses JP, Donis KC, Rieder CR. Overnight S100B in Parkinson's Disease: A glimpse into sleep-related neuroinflammation. Neurosci Lett 2015; 608:57-63. [PMID: 26453767 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-binding protein B (S100B), a primary product of astrocytes, is a proposed marker of Parkinson's Disease (PD) pathophysiology, diagnosis and progression. However, it has also been implicated in sleep disruption, which is very common in PD. To explore the relationship between S100B, disease severity, sleep symptoms and polysomnography (PSG) findings, overnight changes in serum S100B levels were investigated for the first time in PD. 17 fully treated, non-demented, moderately advanced PD patients underwent PSG and clinical assessment of sleep symptoms. Serum S100B samples were collected immediately before and after the PSG. Results are shown as median [interquartile range]. Night and morning S100B levels were similar, but uncorrelated (rs=-0.277, p=0.28). Morning S100B levels, as opposed to night levels, positively correlated with the Unified Parkinson's Disease rating scale (UPDRS) subsections I and II (rs=0.547, p=0.023; rs=0.542, p=0.025). Compared to those with overnight S100B reduction, patients with overnight S100B elevation had higher H&Y scores (2.5 [0.87] vs. 2 [0.25], p=0.035) and worse total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scores (10 [3.2] vs. 8 [4.5], p=0.037; 92.9 [39] vs. 131.4 [28], p=0.034). Correlation between morning S100B levels and total UPDRS score was strengthened after controlling for total PSQI score (rs=0.531, p=0.034; partial rs=0.699, p=0.004, respectively). Overnight S100B variation and morning S100B were associated with PD severity and perceived sleep disruption. S100B is proposed as a putative biomarker for sleep-related neuroinflammation in PD. Noradrenergic-astrocytic dysfunction is hypothesized as a possible mechanism underlying these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Z Carvalho
- Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - S V Schönwald
- Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Sleep and Movement Disorders Clinics, Division of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A F Schumacher-Schuh
- Sleep and Movement Disorders Clinics, Division of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C W Braga
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - D O Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - J P Oses
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Postgraduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center for Life and Health Sciences, Universidade Católica de Pelotas (UCPel), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - K C Donis
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C R Rieder
- Sleep and Movement Disorders Clinics, Division of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Takahashi Y, Kanbayashi T, Hoshikawa M, Imanishi A, Sagawa Y, Tsutsui K, Takeda Y, Kusanagi H, Nishino S, Shimizu T. Relationship of orexin (hypocretin) system and astrocyte activation in Parkinson's disease with hypersomnolence. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/sbr.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Akita University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Takashi Kanbayashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Akita University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsukuba Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS); University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Masamitsu Hoshikawa
- Discovery Research Laboratories; Department of Biology and Pharmacology; Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd; Osaka Japan
| | - Aya Imanishi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Akita University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Yohei Sagawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Akita University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Kou Tsutsui
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Akita University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takeda
- Discovery Research Laboratories; Department of Biology and Pharmacology; Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd; Osaka Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kusanagi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Akita University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Seiji Nishino
- Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology Laboratory; Stanford University; Palo Alto California USA
| | - Tetsuo Shimizu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry; Akita University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsukuba Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS); University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
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43
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Nuzzo D, Picone P, Caruana L, Vasto S, Barera A, Caruso C, Di Carlo M. Inflammatory mediators as biomarkers in brain disorders. Inflammation 2015; 37:639-48. [PMID: 24292800 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington are incurable and debilitating conditions that result in progressive death of the neurons. The definite diagnosis of a neurodegenerative disorder is disadvantaged by the difficulty in obtaining biopsies and thereby to validate the clinical diagnosis with pathological results. Biomarkers are valuable indicators for detecting different phases of a disease such as prevention, early onset, treatment, progression, and monitoring the effect of pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. Inflammation occurs in neurodegenerative diseases, and identification and validation of molecules involved in this process could be a strategy for finding new biomarkers. The ideal inflammatory biomarker needs to be easily measurable, must be reproducible, not subject to wide variation in the population, and unaffected by external factors. Our review summarizes the most important inflammation biomarkers currently available, whose specificity could be utilized for identifying and monitoring distinctive phases of different neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Nuzzo
- Institute of Biomedicine ed Molecular Immunology, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
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Oeckl P, Steinacker P, Feneberg E, Otto M. Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics and protein biomarkers in frontotemporal lobar degeneration: Current status and future perspectives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1854:757-68. [PMID: 25526887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) comprises a spectrum of rare neurodegenerative diseases with an estimated prevalence of 15-22 cases per 100,000 persons including the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA), semantic dementia (SD), FTD with motor neuron disease (FTD-MND), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS). The pathogenesis of the diseases is still unclear and clinical diagnosis of FTLD is hampered by overlapping symptoms within the FTLD subtypes and with other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Intracellular protein aggregates in the brain are a major hallmark of FTLD and implicate alterations in protein metabolism or function in the disease's pathogenesis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which surrounds the brain can be used to study changes in neurodegenerative diseases and to identify disease-related mechanisms or neurochemical biomarkers for diagnosis. In the present review, we will give an overview of the current literature on proteomic studies in CSF of FTLD patients. Reports of targeted and unbiased proteomic approaches are included and the results are discussed in regard of their informative value about disease pathology and the suitability to be used as diagnostic biomarkers. Finally, we will give some future perspectives on CSF proteomics and a list of candidate biomarkers which might be interesting for validation in further studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuroproteomics: Applications in neuroscience and neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Oeckl
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Petra Steinacker
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Emily Feneberg
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Ahmed RM, Paterson RW, Warren JD, Zetterberg H, O'Brien JT, Fox NC, Halliday GM, Schott JM. Biomarkers in dementia: clinical utility and new directions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85:1426-34. [PMID: 25261571 PMCID: PMC4335455 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-307662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Imaging, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood-based biomarkers have the potential to improve the accuracy by which specific causes of dementia can be diagnosed in vivo, provide insights into the underlying pathophysiology, and may be used as inclusion criteria and outcome measures for clinical trials. While a number of imaging and CSF biomarkers are currently used for each of these purposes, this is an evolving field, with numerous potential biomarkers in varying stages of research and development. We review the currently available biomarkers for the three most common forms of neurodegenerative dementia, and give an overview of research techniques that may in due course make their way into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Ahmed
- Neuroscience Research Australia and the University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R W Paterson
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - J D Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - H Zetterberg
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - J T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - G M Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia and the University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Mikuła E, Wysłouch-Cieszyńska A, Zhukova L, Puchalska M, Verwilst P, Dehaen W, Radecki J, Radecka H. Voltammetric detection of S100B protein using His-tagged receptor domains for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) immobilized onto a gold electrode surface. SENSORS 2014; 14:10650-63. [PMID: 24940866 PMCID: PMC4118347 DOI: 10.3390/s140610650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work we report on an electrochemical biosensor for the determination of the S100B protein. The His-tagged VC1 domains of Receptors for Advanced Glycation End (RAGE) products used as analytically active molecules were covalently immobilized on a monolayer of a thiol derivative of pentetic acid (DPTA) complex with Cu(II) deposited on a gold electrode surface. The recognition processes between the RAGE VC1 domain and the S100B protein results in changes in the redox activity of the DPTA-Cu(II) centres which were measured by Osteryoung square-wave voltammetry (OSWV). In order to verify whether the observed analytical signal originates from the recognition process between the His6–RAGE VC1 domains and the S100B protein, the electrode modified with the His6–RAGE C2 and His6–RAGE VC1 deleted domains which have no ability to bind S100B peptides were applied. The proposed biosensor was quite sensitive, with a detection limit of 0.52 pM recorded in the buffer solution. The presence of diluted human plasma and 10 nM Aβ1-40 have no influence on the biosensor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Mikuła
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | | | - Liliya Zhukova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Puchalska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Peter Verwilst
- Chemistry Department, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Chemistry Department, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jerzy Radecki
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Hanna Radecka
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Maldonado JR. Neuropathogenesis of delirium: review of current etiologic theories and common pathways. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 21:1190-222. [PMID: 24206937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Delirium is a neurobehavioral syndrome caused by dysregulation of neuronal activity secondary to systemic disturbances. Over time, a number of theories have been proposed in an attempt to explain the processes leading to the development of delirium. Each proposed theory has focused on a specific mechanism or pathologic process (e.g., dopamine excess or acetylcholine deficiency theories), observational and experiential evidence (e.g., sleep deprivation, aging), or empirical data (e.g., specific pharmacologic agents' association with postoperative delirium, intraoperative hypoxia). This article represents a review of published literature and summarizes the top seven proposed theories and their interrelation. This review includes the "neuroinflammatory," "neuronal aging," "oxidative stress," "neurotransmitter deficiency," "neuroendocrine," "diurnal dysregulation," and "network disconnectivity" hypotheses. Most of these theories are complementary, rather than competing, with many areas of intersection and reciprocal influence. The literature suggests that many factors or mechanisms included in these theories lead to a final common outcome associated with an alteration in neurotransmitter synthesis, function, and/or availability that mediates the complex behavioral and cognitive changes observed in delirium. In general, the most commonly described neurotransmitter changes associated with delirium include deficiencies in acetylcholine and/or melatonin availability; excess in dopamine, norepinephrine, and/or glutamate release; and variable alterations (e.g., either a decreased or increased activity, depending on delirium presentation and cause) in serotonin, histamine, and/or γ-aminobutyric acid. In the end, it is unlikely that any one of these theories is fully capable of explaining the etiology or phenomenologic manifestations of delirium but rather that two or more of these, if not all, act together to lead to the biochemical derangement and, ultimately, to the complex cognitive and behavioral changes characteristic of delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Maldonado
- Departments of Psychiatry, Internal Medicine & Surgery and the Psychosomatic Medicine Service, Stanford University School of Medicine, and Board of Directors, American Delirium Society, Stanford, CA.
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Liu B, Liu Y, Yang G, Xu Z, Chen J. Ursolic acid induces neural regeneration after sciatic nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:2510-9. [PMID: 25206561 PMCID: PMC4145935 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.27.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to explore the role of ursolic acid in the neural regeneration of the injured sciatic nerve. BALB/c mice were used to establish models of sciatic nerve injury through unilateral sciatic nerve complete transection and microscopic anastomosis at 0.5 cm below the ischial tube-rosity. The successfully generated model mice were treated with 10, 5, or 2.5 mg/kg ursolic acid via intraperitoneal injection. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that serum S100 protein expression level gradually increased at 1-4 weeks after sciatic nerve injury, and significantly decreased at 8 weeks. As such, ursolic acid has the capacity to significantly increase S100 protein expression levels. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that S100 mRNA expression in the L4-6 segments on the injury side was increased after ursolic acid treatment. In addition, the muscular mass index in the soleus muscle was also increased in mice treated with ursolic acid. Toluidine blue staining revealed that the quantity and average diameter of myelinated nerve fibers in the injured sciatic nerve were significantly increased after treatment with ursolic acid. 10 and 5 mg/kg of ursolic acid produced stronger effects than 2.5 mg/kg of ursolic acid. Our findings indicate that ursolic acid can dose-dependently increase S100 expression and promote neural regeneration in BALB/c mice following sciatic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zemin Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
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Ondruschka B, Pohlers D, Sommer G, Schober K, Teupser D, Franke H, Dressler J. S100B and NSE as useful postmortem biochemical markers of traumatic brain injury in autopsy cases. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:1862-71. [PMID: 23796187 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Postmortem analysis of relevant biomarkers might aid in characterizing causes of death and survival times in legal medicine. However, there are still no sufficiently established results of practical postmortem biochemical investigations in cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The two biomarkers--S100 protein subunit B (S100B) and neuronal specific enolase (NSE)--could be of special interest. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate changes in their postmortem levels for further determination of brain damage in TBI. In 17 cases of TBI (average age, 58 years) and in 23 controls with different causes of death (average age, 59 years), serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were analyzed with a chemiluminescence immunoassay for marker expression. An increase in serum S100B, as well as a subsequent decrease after survival times>4 days, were detected in TBI cases (p<0.01). CSF NSE values >6,000 ng/mL and CSF S100B levels >10,000 ng/mL seem to indicate a TBI survival time of at least 15 min (p<0.01). It is of particular interest that CSF S100B levels (p<0.01) and serum S100B levels (p<0.05) as well as CSF NSE values (p<0.01) were significantly higher in TBI cases in comparison to the controls, especially when compared with fatal non-head injuries. In conclusion, the present findings emphasize that S100B and NSE are useful markers in postmortem biochemistry in cases of suspected TBI. Further, S100B may be helpful to estimate the survival time of fatal injuries in legal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ondruschka
- 1 Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty University of Leipzig, Leipzig , Germany
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50
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Sathe K, Maetzler W, Lang JD, Mounsey RB, Fleckenstein C, Martin HL, Schulte C, Mustafa S, Synofzik M, Vukovic Z, Itohara S, Berg D, Teismann P. S100B is increased in Parkinson's disease and ablation protects against MPTP-induced toxicity through the RAGE and TNF-α pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 135:3336-47. [PMID: 23169921 PMCID: PMC3501971 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that can, at least partly, be mimicked by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. S100B is a calcium-binding protein expressed in, and secreted by, astrocytes. There is increasing evidence that S100B acts as a cytokine or damage-associated molecular pattern protein not only in inflammatory but also in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we show that S100B protein levels were higher in post-mortem substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson’s disease compared with control tissue, and cerebrospinal fluid S100B levels were higher in a large cohort of patients with Parkinson’s disease compared with controls. Correspondingly, mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine showed upregulated S100B messenger RNA and protein levels. In turn, ablation of S100B resulted in neuroprotection, reduced microgliosis and reduced expression of both the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts and tumour necrosis factor-α. Our results demonstrate a role of S100B in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. Targeting S100B may emerge as a potential treatment strategy in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinnari Sathe
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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